Publications
“Automatic Processing of Bathymetric Data from Multibeam Echosounders”, EOS Transactions, American Geophysical Union , vol. 82. San Francisco, CA, USA, pp. 0-0, 2001.
, “Approaches and Requirements of Quantitative Comparison of the Multibeam Sonar Benthic Acoustic Backscatter”, Shallow Water Survey Conference (SWS). Durham, NH, USA, 2008.
, “Bottom Segmentation and Classification Using Expectation-maximization Clustering Methods on SHOALS Data”, American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS). Denver, CO, USA, pp. 0-0, 2004.
, “Lidar Wavelength Considerations and Radiometric Performance Analysis for Coastal Applications (Invited)”, American Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall Meeting. San Francisco, CA, USA, 2011.
, “New Multibeam Mapping of the Gulf of Maine”, GIS Conference. Cambridge, MA, USA, 2006.
, “MIOs: The What, Why, and How: Seaways”, ACM Computing Surveys. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), New York, NY, USA, pp. 13-15, 2008.
, “Preliminary Report on Issues Affecting the Usability of Data Collected During October 2006 WASSP Tests in New Hampshire”, University of New Hampshire (UNH), Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC), 2006.
, “Bat Brushes: On the uses of six position and orientation parameters in a paint program”, ACM Computer Human Interaction (CHI), vol. 189. Austin, TX, USA, pp. 155-160, 1989.
, “Simultaneous Display of Chart and Navigation-related Information”, AIS: Maritime Communication in the New Era. St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada, pp. 0-0, 2001.
, “Why Do We Keep Turning Time into Space?”, in Understanding Dynamics of Geographic Domains, Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press, LLC, 2008, pp. 3-12.
, “Using Visual Texture for Information Display”, ACM Transactions on Graphics, vol. 14. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), New York, NY, USA, pp. 3-20, 1995.
, “Paleomagnetic Chronology of Arctic Ocean Sediment Cores: Reversals and Excursions -The Conundrum”, EGS-AGU-AUG Joint Assembly. Nice, Nice, France, pp. 0-0, 2003.
, “Automated Segmentation of Seafloor Bathymetry from Multibeam Echosounder Data Using Local Fourier Histogram Texture Features”, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol. 285. Elsevier, New York, NY, USA, pp. 355-370, 2003.
, “Field Verification of MBES Error Models”, International Conference on High-Resolution Survey in Shallow Water (HRSSW). Plymouth, Devon, UK, pp. 0-0, 2005.
, “Physiography of the Eastern Mendocino Ridge, NE Pacific Ocean”, American Geophysical Union (AGU). San Francisco, CA, USA, 2009.
, “Remote estimation of surficial seafloor properties through the application Angular Range Analysis to multibeam sonar data”, Marine Geophysical Researches, vol. 28. Springer Publisher, New York, NY, USA, pp. 119-126, 2007.
, “Inland ECDIS Development and Standardization”, International Hydrographic Office (IHO), CHRIS, 2004.
, “Lidar as a Shoreline Mapping Tool”, U.S. Hydrographic Conference (US HYDRO). Norfolk, VA, USA, 2007.
, “Inferring the Vertical Turbulent Diffusion Coefficient from Backscatter Measurements with a Multibeam Sonar”, Acoustical Society of America (ASA). Austin, TX, USA, pp. 0-0, 2003.
, “Drowned barrier-island complexes and shelf-edge deltas on the northwest Florida outer continental self”, Geomorphology, vol. 64. Elsevier, New York, NY, USA, pp. 133-166, 2004.
, “Interactively Visualizing Oceanographic Time-varying Oceanographic Data”, Offshore Technology Conference (OTC). Houston, TX, USA, pp. 0-0, 2005.
, “Modeling uncertainty in the lidar-derived NOAA shoreline”, Joint Airborne LIDAR Bathymetry Technical Center of Expertise Coastal Mapping and Charting Workshop (JALBTCX). Mobil, AL, USA, 2010.
, “Inland ENC Encoding Guide”, University of New Hampshire (UNH), Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC), 2005.
, “Five Years of the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans”, International Hydrographic Organization (IHO). Monaco, Monaco, Monaco, pp. 1-18, 2007.
, “Calculation of in situ acoustic wave properties in marine sediments”, in Impact of Littoral Environmental Variability on Acoustic Predictions and Sonar Performance, no. N.G. Pace & F.N. Jensen, Dordrecht, Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Press, 2002, pp. 115-130.
, “Geodatabase Development to Support Hyperspectral Imagery Exploitation”, IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). Honolulu, HI, USA, 2010.
, “Differential Phase Estimation with the SeaMARC II Bathymetric Sidescan Sonar System”, IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, vol. 17. IEEE, Washington DC, Washington DC, USA, pp. 239-251, 1992.
, “Lake Tahoe's submerged record of active faulting is characteristic of the Basin and Range”, Geological Society of America (GSA), vol. 33. Cedar City, UT, USA, pp. 0-0, 2002.
, “Development of a high frequency underwater acoustic intensity probe”, IEEE Oceans. Biloxi, MS, USA, pp. 0-0, 2002.
, “The impacts of a non-accepted boundary claim: Russia's frontier in the Arctic Ocean”, Association of American Geographers (AAG). Boston, MA, USA, 2004.
, “New Approach to Autoextraction and Attribution of Airport Obstructions from LIDAR Data”, Transportation Research Board (TRB) . Washington DC, Washington DC, USA, 2008.
, “Fred Fisher's high pressure work with eyewash and epsom salts”, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 120. Acoustical Society of America, Melville, NY, USA, pp. 3299-3299, 2006.
, “The Compilation and Analysis of Data Relevant to a U.S. Claim Under United Nations Law of the Sea Article 76: Maps”, U.S. Congress, 2002.
, “A Surprise Occurrence in Acoustic Bottom Backscatter Measurements Conducted in the Eastern Bering Sea”, U.S. Hydrographic Conference (US HYDRO). Norfolk, VA, USA, pp. 0-0, 2007.
, “Precise Distributed Timekeeping in Hydrographic Survey”, Systems Professional Surveyor Magazine, vol. 29. Flatdog Media Inc., Frederick, MD, USA, 2009.
, “Lidar Obstruction Surveys and Imagery Data for Airport Applications”, International Conference on Transport Infrastructure (ICTI). Beijing, Beijing, China, 2008.
, “Subjective Contours Independent of Subjective Brightness”, Perception and Psychophysics, vol. 29. Psychonomic Society, pp. 500-504, 1981.
, “Africa Partnership Station”, Department of Defense (DoD), Office of Naval Research (ONR), 2009.
, “Passive Force Feedback for Velocity Control”, ACM Computer Human Interaction (CHI). Boston, MA, USA, pp. 255-256, 1994.
, “Morphology and processes in Lake Tahoe (California-Nevada)”, Geological Society of America Bulletin (GSAB), vol. 112. The Geological Society of America (GSA), pp. 736-746, 2000.
, “Mosaic tools for lidar surveying”, Joint Airborne LIDAR Bathymetry Technical Center of Expertise Coastal Mapping and Charting Workshop (JALBTCX). Seattle, WA, USA, 2007.
, “High-resolution Delineation of Acoustically Homogeneous Areas in Multibeam Backscatter Maps”, Gulf of Maine Symposium. St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada, 2009.
, “Using Color Dimensions to Display Data Dimensions”, ACM Computing Surveys, vol. 30. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), New York, NY, USA, pp. 127-142, 1988.
, “Dealing with increasing data volumes and decreasing resources”, IEEE Oceans. Biloxi, MS, USA, pp. 0-21, 2002.
, “Bathymetry and Seafloor Acoustic Backscatter Imagery with a Volume Search Sonar”, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 115, pp. 0-1, 2004.
, “3-D visualization for pelagic fisheries assessment and research”, ICES Journal of Marine Science, vol. 59. Elsevier, New York, NY, USA, pp. 216-225, 2001.
, “A 60 k.y. record of extension across the western boundary of the Basin and Range Province: Estimate of slip-rates from offset shoreline terraces and a catastrophic slide beneath Lake Tahoe”, Geology, vol. 33. The Geological Society of America (GSA), pp. 365-368, 2005.
, “IASC/IOC/IAO Editorial Board for the International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean”, Geological Survey of Canada (GSC), 2001.
, “Acoustic Backscatter and Remote Seafloor Characterization”, International Marine Technicians Symposium (INMARTECH). Woods Hole, MA, USA, 2006.
, “Visual Thinking with Interactive Diagram”, Lecture Notes on Artificial Intelligence, vol. 5223. Springer Publisher, New York, NY, USA, pp. 118-126, 2008.
, “e-Navigation, ECDIS and MIOs: At Present and in the Future”, eNavigation Conference. Seattle, WA, USA, 2008.
, “CUBE User Guide”, University of New Hampshire (UNH), Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC), 2006.
, “Sidescan Sonar Image Enchancement Using a Decomposition Based on Orthogonal Functions. Applications with Chebyshev Polynomials”, IEEE Oceans. St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada, pp. 942-947, 1991.
, “ECDIS and ENCs: Where are We Heading?”, CARIS. San Diego, CA, USA, pp. 0-0, 2001.
, “Multimedia Output Devices and Techniques”, ACM Computing Surveys, vol. 28. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), New York, NY, USA, pp. 181-183, 1996.
, “Diagramming Information Structures Using 3D Perceptual Primitives”, ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (CHI), vol. 10. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), New York, NY, USA, pp. 1-19, 2003.
, “Geocoder: An Efficient Backscatter Map Constructor”, U.S. Hydrographic Conference (US HYDRO). San Diego, CA, USA, pp. 0-0, 2005.
, “Environmental Response Management Application (ERMA) - Web-based GIS Data Display and Management System for Oil Spill Planning and Environmental Response”, Coastal Geotools. Myrtle Beach, SC, USA, 2009.
, “Acoustic Propagation in Bubble Clouds Exhibiting Spatial Structure in the Fluctuating Number Density”, IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, vol. 32. IEEE, Washington DC, Washington DC, USA, pp. 513-523, 2007.
, “Security in the Open Navigation Surface Model”, University of New Hampshire (UNH), Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC), 2004.
, “Vertical Object Identification in Full-Waveform Topographic Lidar Data”, Joint Airborne LIDAR Bathymetry Technical Center of Expertise Coastal Mapping and Charting Workshop (JALBTCX). Seattle, WA, USA, 2007.
, “Preliminary Studies of the Impact of Sea Level Rise on Coastal Environments (New Hampshire, USA)”, International Conference on Coastal Sediments (ICCS). Clearwater Beach, FL, USA, pp. 0-13, 2003.
, “Multibeam Error Management: New Data Processing Trends in Hydrography”, Hydro International, vol. 8. Geomatics Information & Trading Center - GITC, Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 6-9, 2004.
, “Underwater behavior of humpback whales in a western North Atlantic foraging area”, Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals (CBMM). San Diego, CA, USA, 2005.
, “Application of the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) Digital Atlas in the Delineation of Continental Shelves Under Article 76”, Journal of Ocean Technology, vol. 3. Journal of Ocean Technology (JOT), pp. 24-29, 2008.
, “Demonstration Project: Supervised LFH Texture Feature Classification of Gridded Bathymetric Data from Saint John, U.S. Virgin Island Survey, Western Subarea for Habitat Structure Class Prediction (Saint John West - LFH)”, University of New Hampshire (UNH), Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC), 2005.
, “Contour Perception and Components of the Visual Array”, Society of Photographic Scientists and Engineers. Rochester, NY, USA, 1977.
, “Design as Applied Perception”, in HCI Models, Theories and Frameworks, no. J. Carroll, Burlington, MA, USA: Morgan Kaufman, 2003, pp. 10-26.
, “4D Multimodal Visualization and Analysis of Seafloor Vents and Plumes”, Canadian Hydrographic Conference (CHC). Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, pp. 1-2, 2010.
, “Simple Animation as a Human Interrupt”, International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, vol. 4. Elsevier, New York, NY, USA, pp. 341-348, 1992.
, “Resolving the Ripples (and a Mine): High-Resolution Multibeam Survey of Martha's Vineyard ONR Mine Burial Program Field Area”, EOS Transactions, American Geophysical Union , vol. 83. San Francisco, CA, USA, pp. 0-0, 2002.
, “Deep-water 'Reefs' of the Northern Gulf of Mexico”, ACM Computer Human Interaction (CHI). San Jose, CA, USA, 2002.
, “The Navigation Surface: A New Database Approach to Creating Multiple Products from High-Density Surveys”, International Hydrographic Review, vol. 3. Geomatics Information & Trading Center - GITC, Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 12-16, 2002.
, “Haptic Gdraw: A fun and Easy to Use 3D Haptically Enhanced Sculpting Program”, EuroHaptics (EH). Munich, Bavaria, Germany, pp. 436-439, 2004.
, “Okeanos Explorer - Aligning Today's Technology to a New Paradigm of Ocean Exploration”, FEMME - Kongsberg (users conference). Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009.
, “A Process for Producing Ice Coverage Marine Information Objects (MIOs) in IHO S-57 Format”, International Hydrographic Review, vol. 7. Geomatics Information & Trading Center - GITC, Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 55-63, 2006.
, “Constructing Composite Chart/Bathymetry Hybrids with Fledermaus”, University of New Hampshire (UNH), Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC), 2003.
, “AIS Binary Messages, Domain Examples and a Case for a XML Message Definition Language”, USCG Puget Sound VTS. Seattle, WA, USA, pp. 1-47, 2007.
, “Improved Approach to LIDAR Airport Obstruction Surveying Using Full-Waveform Data”, Journal of Surveying Engineering, vol. 135. Amercian Society of Civil Engineers , Reston, VA, USA, pp. 72-82, 2009.
, “Human Axial Chromatic Aberration Found Not to Decline with Age, Graefes Archiv”, Ophthalmologie: Journal of The American Academy of Ophthalmology, vol. 218. Elsevier, New York, NY, USA, pp. 39-41, 1982.
, “Observations of River Topography and Flow Around Bridges”, Ohio State University
, USGS Water Resources Research Institute, 2009.
, “Aplicação de geoprocessamento, processamento digital de imagens e fotogrametria terrestre no rastreamento litofaciológico de afloramentos (Use of geoprocessing, digital image processing and terrestrial photogrametry for tracing lithof”, Brazilian Symposium of Quantification on Geosciences (BSQG). Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brazil, pp. 0-0, 1995.
, “From High-Denisty Bathymetry to Next Generation ENC”, International ECDIS Conference. Singapore, Singapore, Singapore, pp. 0-0, 2001.
, “Analysis of Lidar Leaf Penetration Indices for Selected Plant Species in a Coastal Marsh and Correlation with Terrain Elevation Accuracy”, American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS). Baltimore, MD, USA, 2009.
, “Estimation and Visualization of Seafloor Uncertainty - Annual Report”, University of New Hampshire (UNH), Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC), 2004.
, “History and Activities of GEBCO Guiding Committee”, Symposium on Application of Marine Geophysical Data and Undersea Features. Incheon, Sudogwon, Korea, pp. 4-13, 2007.
, “A Simple Heuristically-Based Method for Expressive Stimulus-Response Animations”, Computer Graphics, vol. 13. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), New York, NY, USA, pp. 297-303, 1989.
, “Crater Lake Revealed: Using GIS to Visualize and Analyze Post Caldera Volcanoes Beneath Crater Lake”, EOS Transactions, American Geophysical Union , vol. 82. San Francisco, CA, USA, pp. 0-0, 2001.
, “Automated Interpretation of Sidescan and Single-beam Sonar for Characterization and Mapping the Extent of Subtidal Oyster Reefs”, National Shellfisheries Association (NSA). Mystic, CT, USA, pp. 0-0, 2002.
, “Comparison of Extended Kalman Filtering with Split-aperture Processing for Angle of Arrival Estimation in Multibeam Echo-sounding”, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 119, pp. 0-3, 2006.
, “Waveform characterization, clustering and segmentation of SHOALS”, Joint Airborne LIDAR Bathymetry Technical Center of Expertise Coastal Mapping and Charting Workshop (JALBTCX). St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada, pp. 0-0, 2004.
, “A Workable Schema for Editing Multibeam Backscatter”, Shallow Water Survey Conference (SWS). Durham, NH, USA, 2008.
, “High-Resolution Mapping of Mines and Ripples at the Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory”, IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, vol. 32. IEEE, Washington DC, Washington DC, USA, pp. 133-149, 2005.
, “Modern Surface Morphology of the Eastern Juan de Fuca Strait”, Geological Survey of Canada (GSC), 2001.
, “Long Range Side Scan Sonar for Fishery Research”, Oceanology International (OI). London, London, UK, 2006.
, “Open Geoscience: Using Free and Open Source Software for Research and Education”, American Geophysical Union (AGU). Orlando, FL, USA, 2008.
, “FishPAC Field Report for the Free-fall Cone Penetrometer”, University of New Hampshire (UNH), Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC), 2006.
, “Ocean Mapping Initiatives in Canada”, Canadian Hydrographic Conference (CHC). Rimouski, Quebec, Canada, pp. 1-7, 1991.
, “Robustness in Automatic Processing of Multibeam Echosounder Data”, International Conference on High-Resolution Survey in Shallow Water (HRSSW). Portsmouth, NH, USA, pp. 0-0, 2001.
, “Seafloor Mapping and Exploration in a Changing Arctic Sea Ice Environment”, in Changes in the Arctic Environment and the Law of the Sea, vol. 33, no. M.H Nordquist, J.N. Moore & T. Heider, Leiden, South Holland, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff legacy_publishers, 2010, pp. 83-106.
, “Three Dimensional Imaging of the Belousov Zhabotinsky Reaction using Magnetic Resonance”, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, vol. 15. Elsevier, New York, NY, USA, pp. 719-728, 1997.
, “Seafloor Sounding in Polar and Remote Regions (SSPARR) Project - Initial Field Trials”, EOS Transactions, American Geophysical Union . San Francisco, CA, USA, pp. 0-0, 2005.
, “Hydrographic Learning 24/7”, U.S. Hydrographic Conference (US HYDRO). Biloxi, MS, USA, pp. 0-0, 2003.
, “Physiographic Provinces of the Arctic Ocean Seafloor”, Geological Society of America Bulletin (GSAB), vol. 115. The Geological Society of America (GSA), pp. 1443-1455, 2003.
, “Concept: IALA AIS Binary Messages Web Site for Message Catalog and Register”, International Association of Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities (IALA-AISM). Key West, FL, USA, 2009.
, “GEBCO and Deep Water: data assembler, converter, interpreter and disseminator”, Hydro International, vol. 11. Geomatics Information & Trading Center - GITC, Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 7-9, 2007.
, “Comparison and Evaluation of Publicly Available Global Bathymetric Grids”, GEBCO. Lima, Peru, Peru, 2010.
, “Filtering and Intergrating Visual Information with Motion”, Information Visualization, vol. 1. Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 66-79, 2001.
, “Glaciogenic Bedforms on the Chukchi Borderland, Morris Jesup Rise and Yermak Plateau: Three Prolongations of the Arctic Ocean Continental Margin”, American Geophysical Union (AGU). San Francisco, CA, USA, 2008.
, “Detection of Direct-path Arrivals for Multi-narrowband Sequences (3-30 kHz) in Shallow Water”, American Institute of Physics (AIP), vol. 728. La Jolla, CA, USA, pp. 478-488, 2004.
, “GEBCO: The Second Century. Looking Towards a General Bathymetric Chart”, Hydro International, vol. 8. Geomatics Information & Trading Center - GITC, Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 45-47, 2004.
, “Sediment Characteristics of Submarine Landslides on the Upper East Australian Continental Margin--Preliminary findings”, American Geophysical Union (AGU). San Francisco, CA, USA, pp. 1-1, 2010.
, “The Use of Multibeam Sonars to Image Bubbly Shipwakes”, Underwater Acoustic Measurements: Technologies & Results (UAM). Heraklion, Crete, Greece, pp. 0-0, 2005.
, “High-precision, High-accuracy Timekeeping in Distributed Survey Systems”, International Hydrographic Review, vol. 9. Geomatics Information & Trading Center - GITC, Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 9-24, 2008.
, “Enhancement of Underwater Video Mosaics for Post-Processing”, IEEE Oceans. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 2007.
, “R/V Kilo Moana EM1002 Status Report”, University of New Hampshire (UNH), Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC), 2005.
, “Choosing a Colour Sequence for Univariate Maps”, IEEE Conference on Systems, Man & Cybernetics. New York, NY, USA, pp. 41-45, 1986.
, “Characteristics of Several Tsunamigenic Submarine Landslides”, in Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences: First International Symposium, no. J. Locat & J. Mienert, Amsterdam, North Holland, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic, 2003, pp. 357-366.
, “High Resolution Calibration of a Multibeam Echo Sounder”, IEEE Oceans. Seattle, WA, USA, 2010.
, “Is the central Arctic Ocean a sediment-starved basin?”, Geophysical Research Abstracts (GRA), vol. 5. St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada, pp. 0-0, 2003.
, “The Rise and Stall of ECDIS: Where are We heading?”, International ECDIS Conference. Singapore, Singapore, Singapore, pp. 0-0, 2003.
, “CHARTS data fusion: Multi-sensor imagery co-registration”, Coastal Geotools. Myrtle Beach, SC, USA, pp. 62-63, 2009.
, “Development Notes: The CCOM Implementation of CUBE”, University of New Hampshire (UNH), Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC), 2003.
, “Specification Format for AIS Binary Messages for Providing Hydrographic-related Information”, U.S. Hydrographic Conference (US HYDRO). Norfolk, VA, USA, pp. 0-21, 2007.
, “e-Navigation and Electronic Charting: Implications for Hydrographic Community”, U.S. Hydrographic Conference (US HYDRO). Norfolk, VA, USA, 2009.
, “The Chromatic Cornsweet Effect”, Vision Research, vol. 11. Elsevier, New York, NY, USA, pp. 1075-1077, 1983.
, “Assimilation of Airborne Imagery with Lidar for Surf Zone Bathymetric Estimation”, U.S. Army, Joint Airborne Lidar Bathymetry Technical Center of Expertise (JALBTCX), 2009.
, “Dynamic Stereo Displays”, ACM Computer Human Interaction (CHI). Denver, CO, USA, pp. 311-316, 1995.
,