@article {7552, title = {Deep Dives and High Tissue Density Increase Mean Dive Costs in California Sea Lions (Zalophus californianus)}, volume = {226(14)}, year = {2023}, month = {June}, abstract = {
Diving is central to the foraging strategies of many marine mammals and seabirds. Still, the effect of dive depth on foraging cost remains elusive because energy expenditure is difficult to measure at fine temporal scales in wild animals. We used depth and acceleration data from 8 lactating California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) to model body density and investigate the effect of dive depth and tissue density on rates of energy expenditure. We calculated body density in 5 s intervals from the rate of gliding descent. We modeled body density across depth in each dive, revealing high tissue densities and diving lung volumes (DLV). DLV increased with dive depth in four individuals. We used buoyancy calculated from dive-specific body density models and drag calculated from swim speed to estimate metabolic power (W kg-1) and cost of transport (COT; J m-1 kg-1) in 5 s intervals during descents and ascents. Deeper dives required greater mean power for round-trip vertical transit, especially in individuals with higher tissue density. These trends likely follow from increased mean swim speed and buoyant hinderance that increasingly outweighs buoyant aid in deeper dives. This suggests deep diving is either a \&$\#$39;high cost, high reward\&$\#$39; strategy or an energetically expensive option to access prey when shallow prey are limited, and that poor body condition may increase the energetic costs of deep diving. These results add to our mechanistic understanding of how foraging strategy and body condition affect energy expenditure in wild breath-hold divers.
}, doi = {DOI:10.1242/jeb.246059}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371782006_Deep_dives_and_high_tissue_density_increase_mean_dive_costs_in_California_sea_lions_Zalophus_californianus}, author = {Cole, Mason R and Ware, Colin and McHuron, Elizabeth A and Daniel P Costa and Ponganis, Paul J and McDonald, Birgitte I} } @article {7366, title = {Design of a Wireless, Inexpensive Ocean of Things System for Volunteer Bathymetry}, year = {2023}, publisher = {IEEE}, abstract = {Although much progress has been made in recent years to fully map the world ocean, only approximately 20\% is adequately mapped to modern standards. Filling in the remain- der must by necessity be a multi-modal effort, with traditional ocean mapping technologies such as crewed survey ships with multibeam echosounders being mixed with newer systems such as uncrewed, sail-powered mapping systems. Volunteer data from any ship with an echosounder can also be used, but although there have been commercial efforts in this field, most of these systems do not contribute data into the public arena and public entities have largely avoided this field due to complexities of costs, data processing, and uncertainty on how to handle the effort. This paper describes the design of an end-to-end system for managed volunteer bathymetric collection consisting of an inexpensive (\∼$20) wireless \“ocean of things\” data logger for NMEA0183 and NMEA2000 data, associated firmware to manage the collection, a mobile device application to off-load, aggregate, and transfer the data into the cloud, and a cloud segment to process the data and submit it to an international data repository. All of the design has been released under an Open Hardware or Open Source license, allowing independent organizations to initiate data collection efforts without having to do any of the design work themselves. The goal is to provide a simple, approachable\ implementation, encouraging greater adoption of these ideas in hard-to-reach areas of the world with minimal effort on the part of the host organization.
\
}, keywords = {Cloud-enabled Data Processing, Crowdsourced Bathymetry, Internet of Things, Ocean of Things, Volunteer Bathymetric Information}, doi = {10.1109/JIOT.2023.3234500}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10007655}, author = {Brian R Calder} } @article {7385, title = {Data Quality Indicators for Bathymetric Data on ECDIS Display}, year = {2022}, month = {November}, institution = {IHO Nautical Cartography Working Group (NCWG)}, address = {Wollongong, Australia}, abstract = {Zones of Confidence (ZOC) are used with Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs) to inform mariners about the confidence the producing nation places in bathymetric data. Accident reports show that failing to account for the varying data quality may result in maritime accidents, environmental disasters, and loss of life (e.g., (BSU, 2020; DSB, 2017; RMIMA, 2020)). A major concern with the ZOC concept has been the utilized symbology with glyphs consisting of stars. Due to its recognized deficiencies, star symbology has been rejected for use with the Quality of Bathymetric Data (QoBD) (DQWG, 2019a), the successor of ZOC in S-101, and, therefore, alternative methods are being investigated. Recognizing the importance of the visualization of bathymetric data quality, the Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping of the University of New Hampshire (UNH/CCOM) has been working toward new intuitive symbology for the QoBD numerical scheme (1 for best quality and 5 for worst). One potential solution is with the use of see-through textures consisting of countable elements. Two countable textures were developed, one consisting of lines and one of clusters of dots, while three more color-based schemes were developed building upon ideas previously discussed within the hydrographic community. The five coding schemes were evaluated through an online survey specifically designed for professionals in the field working with nautical charts and an in-lab, controlled, experiment. This paper presents the coding schemes, the findings of the survey and experiment, discusses future work, and seeks feedback, recommendations for improvements, and collaborators.
\
}, keywords = {CATZOC, Electronic Navigational Chart, Portrayal, Quality of Bathymetric Data, safety of navigation, symbology}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364209412_Data_Quality_Indicators_for_bathymetric_data_on_ECDIS_display}, author = {Christos Kastrisios and Colin Ware} } @article {7357, title = {Denmark{\textquoteright}s Depth Model: Compilation of Bathymetric Data within the Danish Waters}, volume = {2(4)}, year = {2022}, month = {November 11}, pages = {486-498}, abstract = {Denmark\’s Depth Model (DDM) is a Digital Bathymetric Model based on hundreds of bathymetric survey datasets and historical sources within the Danish Exclusive Economic Zone. The DDM represents the first publicly released model covering the Danish waters with a grid resolution of 50 m. When modern datasets are not available for a given area, historical sources are used, or, as the last resort, interpolation is applied. The model is generated by averaging depths values from validated sources, thus, not targeted for safety of navigation. The model is available by download from the Danish Geodata Agency website. DDM is also made available by means of Open Geospatial Consortium web services (i.e., Web Map Service). The original datasets\—not distributed with the model\—are described in the auxiliary layers to provide information about the bathymetric sources used during the compilation.
}, keywords = {digital bathymetric model}, doi = {10.3390/geomatics2040026}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7418/2/4/26}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti and Andersen, Ove and Nicki Andreasen and Christiansen, Philip S. and Cole, Marcus A. and Harris, James P. and Langdahl, Kasper and Schwenger, Lasse M. and Sonne, Ian B.} } @article {7371, title = {Distribution and Predicted Climatic Refugia for a Reef-Building Cold-Water Coral on the Southeast US Margin}, volume = {28(23)}, year = {2022}, month = {September 2}, pages = {7108-7125}, publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Ltd. }, address = {Online}, abstract = {Climate change is reorganizing the planet\&$\#$39;s biodiversity, necessitating proactive management of species and habitats based on spatiotemporal predictions of distributions across climate scenarios. In marine settings, climatic changes will predominantly manifest via warming, ocean acidification, deoxygenation, and changes in hydrodynamics. Lophelia pertusa, the main reef-forming coral present throughout the deep Atlantic Ocean (\>200 m), is particularly sensitive to such stressors with stark reductions in suitable habitat predicted to accrue by 2100 in a business-as- usual scenario. However, with new occurrence data for this species along with higher-resolution\ bathymetry and climate data, it may be possible to locate further climatic refugia. Here, we synthesize new and published biogeographic, geomorphological, and climatic data to build ensemble, multi-scale habitat suitability models for L. pertusa on the continental margin of the southeast United States (SEUS). We then project these models in two timepoints (2050, 2100) and four climate change scenarios to characterize the occurrence\ probability of this critical cold-water coral (CWC) habitat now and in the future. Our models reveal the extent of reef habitat in the SEUS and corroborate it as the largest currently known essentially continuous CWC reef province on earth, and also predict abundance of L. pertusa to identify key areas, including those outside areas currently protected from bottom-contact fishing. Drastic reductions in L. pertusa climatic suitability index emerged primarily after 2050 and were concentrated at the shallower end (\<~550 m) of the regional distribution under the Gulf Stream main axis. Our results thus suggest a depth-driven climate refuge effect where deeper, cooler reef sites experience lesser declines. The strength of this effect increases with climate scenario severity. Taken together, our study has implications for the regional and global management of this species, portending changes in the biodiversity reliant on
CWC habitats and the critical ecosystem services they provide.
The 3.3 million km\² marine ecosystem around the North Pole, defined as the Central Arctic Ocean (CAO), is a blind spot on the map of the world\’s fish stocks. The CAO essentially comprises the permanently ice-covered deep basins and ridges outside the continental shelves, and is only accessible by ice-breakers. Traditional trawling for assessing fish stocks is impossible under the thick pack ice, and coherent hydroacoustic surveys are unachievable due to ice-breaking noise. Consequently, nothing is known about the existence of any pelagic fish stocks in the CAO, although juveniles of Boreogadus saida richly occur at the surface associated with the sea ice and ice-associated Arctogadus glacialis has been reported as well. We here present a first indication of a possible mesopelagic fish stock in the CAO. We had the opportunity to analyse a geophysical hydroacoustic data set with 13 time windows of usable acoustic data over a transect from 84.4 oN in the Nansen Basin, across the North Pole (90.0 oN), to 82.4 oN in the Canada Basin. We discovered a deep scattering layer (DSL), suggesting the presence of zooplankton and fish, at 300-600 m of depth in the Atlantic water layer of the CAO. Maximum possible fish abundance and biomass was very low; values of ca. 2,000 individuals km$^{-}$\² and ca. 50 kg km$^{-}$\² were calculated for the DSL in the North-Pole area according to a model assuming that all acoustic backscatter represents 15-cm long B. saida and/or A. glacialis. The true abundance and biomass of fish is even lower than this, but cannot be quantified from this dataset due to backscatter originating from pneumatophores of physonect siphonophores that are known to occur in the area. Further studies on the DSL of the CAO should include sampling and identification of the backscattering organisms. From our study we can conclude that if the DSL of the CAO contains fish, their biomass is currently too low for any sustainable fishery.
}, keywords = {acoustics, Arctogadus, Atlantic water layer, Boreogadus, Central Arctic Ocean (CAO), Echosounder, Siphonophore}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2021.102560}, author = {Snoejis-Leijonmalm, Pauline and Harald Gj{\o}s{\ae}ter and Randi B. Ingvaldsen and Tor Knutsen and Rolf Korneliussen and Egil Ona and Hein Rune Skjoldal and Christian Stranne and Larry A Mayer and Martin Jakobsson and Katarina G{\r a}rdfeldt} } @article {7006, title = {A Deposition Baseline for Microplastic Particle Distribution in an Estuary}, volume = {170}, year = {2021}, month = {09/2021}, pages = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112653}, publisher = {ScienceDirect}, abstract = {Microplastics (MP) known to be ubiquitous in the plastisphere, have yet to be quantified within Great Bay Estuary (GBE) in the Gulf of Maine region of North America. We extracted and analyzed MP in archived sediment cores obtained from representative transects across GBE. Results indicated that MP are distributed in GBE sediments, 0-30 cm, at an average occurrence of 100\±50 particles g-1 and that morphology varies by site and depth. Analysis by sediment depth and age class indicated that MP deposition increased over several decades but recently (5-10 years) has likely begun to decrease. Hydrodynamic and particle transport modeling indicated that bed characteristics are a more controlling factor in MP distribution than MP properties and that the highest deposition likely occurs in regions with weaker hydrodynamic flows and lower bed shear stress e.g., eelgrass meadows and along the fringes of the Bay. These results provide a baseline and predictive understanding of the occurrence, morphology, and sedimentation of MP in the estuary.
}, keywords = {great bay estuary, microplastics, sedimentation}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112653}, author = {Cheng, M.L.H and Lippmann, T. C. and Jennifer A. Dijkstra and Bradt, G. and Cook, S. and Choi, J.-G. and Brown, B.L.} } @article {7205, title = {Development and Experimental Validation of Endfire Synthetic Aperture Sonar for Sediment Acoustics Studies}, year = {2021}, month = {October 28}, pages = {1-11}, abstract = {Seafloor sediment acoustic returns are comprised of scattering from both the sediment-water interface and the sediment volume. For low frequencies, volume scattering is often the dominant mechanism; however, direct measurements of this component have rarely been made, owing to the large beamwidths typically associated with low-frequency echosounder systems. When beamwidths are large, the sediment interface and volume returns arrive at the same time, causing estimates of volume scattering to become biased by the interface scattering. Endfire synthetic aperture sonar (EF-SAS) can achieve narrower beamwidths by coherently combining multiple acoustic returns as a vertically oriented transmitter and/or receiver is moved toward the seafloor. This article will present a proof of concept for EF-SAS, which will include an analysis of EF-SAS processing methods and an experimental verification of EF-SAS beamwidth improvements. Results from a motion-controlled EF-SAS experiment indicate that EF-SAS gains can be accurately predicted and that these gains are significant enough to remove the interface scattering bias.
}, doi = {10.1109/JOE.2021.3107590}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9591662}, author = {S.M. Steele and A.P. Lyons} } @article {6853, title = {A Decade of Marine Mammal Acoustical Presence and Habitat Preference in the Bering Sea}, volume = {43}, year = {2020}, month = {August 18}, pages = {1549{\textendash}1569}, abstract = {As Arctic seas rapidly change with increased ocean temperatures and decreased sea ice extent, traditional Arctic marine mammal distributions may be altered, and typically temperate marine mammal species may shift poleward. Extant and seasonal odontocete species on the continental shelves of the Bering and Chukchi Seas include killer whales (Orcinus orca), sperm whales (Physeter microcephalus), beluga whales (Delphiapterus leucas), harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena), and Dall\’s porpoises (Phocoenoides dalli). Newly documented, typically temperate odontocete species include Risso\’s dolphins (Grampus griseus) and Pacific white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens). Until recently, recording constraints limited sampling rates, preventing the acoustic detection of many of these high frequency-producing (\>\ 22 kHz) species in the Arctic seas. Using one of the first long-term datasets to record frequencies up to 50 kHz in these waters, clicks, buzzes, and whistles have been detected, classified, and paired with environmental data to explore which variables best parameterize habitat preference. Typically temperate species were associated temporally with cold Bering Sea Climate Regimes in tandem with negative Pacific Decadal Oscillations. Typically Arctic species\’ strongest explanatory variables for distribution were largely species and site specific. Regardless of species, however, the environmental cues (e.g. percent ice cover or zooplankton community structure) marine mammals use for locating viable habitat space are ones that will change as temperatures increase. This 10-year dataset documents the current state and tracks recent dynamics of odontocetes and their habitats along the Pacific Arctic Corridor to contribute to ongoing discussions about future Arctic conditions.
}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-020-02727-x}, author = {Kerri D Seger and Jennifer Miksis-Olds} } @article {6784, title = {Deepwater Exploration of Kingman Reef, Palmyra Atoll, and Jarvis Island}, volume = {33(1)}, year = {2020}, month = {2020}, pages = {38-39}, publisher = {The Oceanography Society}, doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2020.supplement.01}, url = {https://tos.org/oceanography/assets/docs/33-1_supplement.pdf}, author = {Steven Auscavitch and Robert Pockalny and Kevin Konrad and Jennifer Humphreys and Timothy B. Clark and Erin Heffron and Allison Fundis} } @article {6608, title = {A Design for a Trusted Community Bathymetry System}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, abstract = {Marine Volunteered Geographic Information (informally \“crowdsourced bathymetry\”) has raised much interest within the authoritative hydrographic community as a means to cheaply gather information to satisfy chart updating requirements. So far, however, a routine path to the official chart has been rare, mainly due to lack of calibration and other metadata that would satisfy liability concerns.\ As an alternative to these ideas, a data collection system is proposed which, by design, can auto-calibrate and provide other data quality guarantees, and thereby generate data that by construction should be qualified for hydrographic use.\ This idea is termed here Trusted Community Bathymetry (TCB). A design for such a system is outlined, and its performance demonstrated experimentally through a prototype system based on a low-cost, post-processed GNSS receiver and NMEA data logger.\ By comparison against NGS control and survey-grade GNSS equipment, it is shown that the TCB system achieves centimeter to decimeter-level positioning in 3D, auto-calibrates vertical offsets to the sonar transducer within a decimeter, and provides realtime uncertainty estimates for ellipsoid-referenced soundings. Additionally, in an underway field trial, the total vertical uncertainty of the soundings is shown to be within the limits required for IHO Order 1b (S.44, 5 Ed.) surveys.
}, keywords = {bathymetry, Crowdsourced Bathymetry, Ellipsoid-Referenced Survey, GNSS, Trusted Community Bathymetry, Volunteered Geographical Information}, doi = {DOI 10.1080/01490419.2020.1718255}, author = {Brian R Calder and Semme J Dijkstra}, editor = {Shannon Hoy and Kenneth Himschoot and Andrew Schofield} } @proceedings {6860, title = {Designing Pairs of Colormaps for Visualizing Bivariate Scalar Fields}, year = {2020}, month = {May 24 - 29}, publisher = {Eurovis Confererence Proceedings}, address = {Norrk{\"o}ping, Sweden}, author = {Colin Ware and Samsel, F and David H Rogers and Navratil, P.} } @proceedings {6960, title = {Developing Machine Learning Models for Quality Assurance and Continuous Improvement of Bathymetry Extraction from Lidar Point Clouds}, year = {2020}, month = {February 24-27}, address = {Quebec City, Quebec, Canada}, keywords = {bathymetric mapping, LIDAR, Machine Learning}, author = {Kim Lowell and Brian R Calder and Anthony P. Lyons} } @article {6835, title = {Direct Inference of First-Year Sea Ice Thickness Using Broadband Acoustic Backscattering}, volume = {147}, year = {2020}, month = {February 6}, pages = {824-838}, publisher = {American Institute of Physics}, abstract = {Accurate measurements of sea ice thickness are critical to better understand climate change, to provide situational awareness in ice-covered waters, and to reduce risks for communities that rely on sea ice. Nonetheless, remotely measuring the thickness of sea ice is difficult. The only regularly employed technique that accurately measures the full ice thickness involves drilling a hole through the ice. Other presently used methods are either embedded in or through the ice (e.g., ice mass balance buoys) or calculate thickness from indirect measurements (e.g., ice freeboard from altimetry; ice draft using sonars; total snow and ice thickness using electromagnetic techniques). Acoustic techniques, however, may provide an alternative approach to measure the total ice thickness. Here laboratory-grown sea ice thicknesses, estimated by inverting the time delay between echoes from the water-ice and ice-air interfaces, are compared to those measured using ice cores. A time-domain model capturing the dominant scattering mechanisms is developed to explore the viability of broadband acoustic techniques for measuring sea ice thickness, to compare with experimental measurements, and to investigate optimal frequencies for in situ applications. This approach decouples ice thickness estimates from water column properties and does not preclude ice draft measurements using the same data.
}, doi = {10.1121/10.0000619}, author = {Bassett, Christopher and Lavery, Andone and Anthony P. Lyons and Wilkinson, Jeremy and Maksym, Ted} } @article {6727, title = {Daily Bathymetric Surveys Document How Stratigraphy is Built and Its Extreme Incompleteness in Submarine Channels}, volume = {515}, year = {2019}, month = {June 1}, pages = {231-247}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {Turbidity currents are powerful flows of sediment that pose a hazard to critical seafloor infrastructure and transport globally important amounts of sediment to the deep sea. Due to challenges of direct monitoring, we typically rely on their deposits to reconstruct past turbidity currents. Understanding these flows is complicated because successive flows can rework or erase previous deposits. Hence, depositional environments dominated by turbidity currents, such as submarine channels, only partially record their deposits. But precisely how incomplete these deposits are, is unclear. Here we use the most extensive repeat bathymetric mapping yet of any turbidity current system, to reveal the stratigraphic evolution of three submarine channels. We re-analyze 93 daily repeat surveys performed over four months at the Squamish submarine delta, British Columbia in 2011, during which time \>100 turbidity currents were monitored. Turbidity currents deposit and rework sediments into upstream-migrating bedforms, ensuring low rates of preservation (median 11\%), even on the terminal lobes. Large delta-lip collapses (up to 150,000 m3) are relatively well preserved, however, due to their rapidly emplaced volumes, which shield underlying channel deposits from erosion over the surveyed timescale. The biggest gaps in the depositional record relate to infrequent powerful flows that cause significant erosion, particularly at the channel-lobe transition zone where no deposits during our monitoring period are preserved. Our analysis of repeat surveys demonstrates how incomplete the stratigraphy of submarine channels can be, even over just 4 months, and provides a new approach to better understand how the stratigraphic record is built and preserved in a wider range of marine settings.
}, keywords = {channel-lobe transition zone, crescentic bedform, stratigraphic completeness, submarine channel, submarine landslide, turbidity current}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2019.03.033}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X19301815}, author = {D. Vendettuoli and M.A. Clare and John E. Hughes Clarke and A. Vellinga and J. Hizzet and S. Hage and Matthieu J.B. Cartigny and P.J. Talling and D. Waltham and S.M. Hubbard and C.D. Stacey and D.G. Lintern} } @article {6836, title = {Danger to Navigation Report - 2019 Summer Hydrographic Field Course CCOM-UNH}, year = {2019}, month = {June}, pages = {46}, institution = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping / Joint Hydrographic Center}, address = {Durham, NH}, author = {Semme J Dijkstra} } @article {6837, title = {Data Acquisition and Processing Report - Summer Hydro 2019}, year = {2019}, month = {June}, pages = {32}, institution = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping / Joint Hydrographic Center}, address = {Durham, NH}, author = {Semme J Dijkstra} } @proceedings {6907, title = {Data Standards for Navigation Systems and Beyond {\textendash} The World of S-100}, year = {2019}, month = {March 19-21}, publisher = {Hydrographic Society of America}, address = {Biloxi, MS}, author = {Powell, Julia and Albert Armstrong and Yong Baek and David Brazier and Kurt Hess and Joseph Philips and Gregory Seroka and Neil Weston} } @article {6838, title = {Descriptive Report - Summer Hydro 2019}, year = {2019}, month = {June}, pages = {45}, institution = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping / Joint Hydrographic Center}, address = {Durham, NH}, author = {Semme J Dijkstra} } @mastersthesis {6733, title = {Development and Experimental Validation of End-Fire Synthetic Aperture Sonar for Sediment Scattering Studies}, volume = {Oceanography}, year = {2019}, month = {March}, pages = {100}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {Seafloor sediment acoustic returns are comprised of scattering from both the sediment-water interface and the sediment volume. At low-frequencies, volume scattering is often the dominant mechanism; however, direct measurements of this component have rarely been made, owing to the large beamwidths typically associated with low-frequencies. When beamwidths are large, the sediment interface and volume returns arrive at the same time, causing estimates of volume scattering to become biased by the interface scattering. End-Fire Synthetic Aperture Sonar (EF-SAS) can achieve narrower beamwidths by coherently combining multiple acoustic returns as a vertically oriented transmitter and/or receiver is moved towards the seafloor. A beampattern model developed for EF-SAS suggests EF-SAS processing can reduce the beamwidth of a sonar by a factor of five with an array length of 100 wavelengths. In this thesis, EF-SAS processing methods were developed and the resulting gains were experimentally verified through a motion-controlled EF-SAS field trial. Experimental tests indicate that EF-SAS gains can be accurately predicted using the EF-SAS beampattern model. Analysis of the data demonstrates the ability of EF-SAS to reduce interface scattering. EF-SAS can produce a variety of data products relevant to seafloor characterization, including: the angular response of interface and volume scattering, the sediment reflection coefficient, and the sediment attenuation coefficient. This thesis concludes with recommendations for the development of a specialized EF-SAS tool, and an analysis of its applications.
}, doi = {https://unh.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/2270137965?accountid=14612}, author = {S.M. Steele} } @article {6725, title = {Direct Monitoring Reveals Initiation of Turbidity Currents From Extremely Dilute River Plumes}, volume = {46(20)}, year = {2019}, month = {28 October}, pages = {11310-11320}, abstract = {Rivers (on land) and turbidity currents (in the ocean) are the most important sediment transport processes on Earth. Yet how rivers generate turbidity currents as they enter the coastal ocean remains poorly understood. The current paradigm, based on laboratory experiments, is that turbidity currents are triggered when river plumes exceed a threshold sediment concentration of ~1 kg/m3. Here we present direct observations of an exceptionally dilute river plume, with sediment concentrations 1 order of magnitude below this threshold (0.07 kg/m3), which generated a fast (1.5 m/s), erosive, short-lived (6 min) turbidity current. However, no turbidity current occurred during subsequent river plumes. We infer that turbidity currents are generated when fine sediment, accumulating in a tidal turbidity maximum, is released during spring tide. This means that very dilute river plumes can generate turbidity currents more frequently and in a wider range of locations than previously thought.
}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL084526}, author = {S. Hage and Matthieu J.B. Cartigny and Sumner, E. and M.A. Clare and John E. Hughes Clarke and P.J. Talling and Lintern, G. and Simmons, S. and Jacinto, R. and A. Vellinga and Allin, J. and Azpiroz-Zabala, M. and Gales, J. and Hizzett, J. and Hunt, J. and Mozzato, A. and Parsons, D. and Pope, E. and C.D. Stacey and Symons, W. and Vardy, M. and C. Watts} } @proceedings {6335, title = {Design of a Trusted Community Bathymetry System}, year = {2018}, month = {March 27 - 29}, publisher = {Canadian Hydrographic Association}, address = {Victoria, BC, Canada}, abstract = {When planning for ship navigation or compiling data for a bathymetry map, the navigator or mapper use many different sources of bathymetry information and navigation hazards. Sources include electronic charts at different scales, gridded bathymetry of different ages and quality, special purpose vector products, sonar data, crowdsourced data, etc. The quality of these sources, however, are inconsistent in general, making it especially challenging to provide a coherent picture for planning. An experienced navigator or mapper not only would use more than just the soundings, grids and depth areas to form a mental model of the seafloor, but also subjective assessment of information reliability and attitudinal character varying between optimistic/aggressive to pessimistic/conservative outlooks (or in between) depending on the purpose for the map. Here, we present an expert system approach for consistent planning/mapping that uses a combination of Bayesian and fuzzy logic processes. We present two examples of using these processes with sources of differing subjective reliabilities as follows: 1) navigation risk surface / or safety contour and 2) fusion of multiple bathymetry grids/sources for mapping. The major contribution of this process is the capability to record subjective weighting of source and the fusion process used. For the first application, we first interpolate each bathymetry source with control over the user\&$\#$39;s subjective risk allowed in the reconstruction. Each cell is set to 2, 1, or 0, for \"Known Unsafe\", \"Maybe Safe\" and \"Known Safe\" status, based on the ship\&$\#$39;s current draft. Weighted Bayesian categorical estimation (Dirichlet conjugate prior) computes a fused risk surface. The fuzzy logic process known as Order Weighted Averaging (OWA) provides the weights for each source. This component provides quantitative methods to generate, use and record subjective weights. The maximum a posteriori reconstruction for each cell provides a best estimate of status from all sources; analysis of the probability mass distribution in the cell provides guidance on reliability of the assignment. The second application uses this same process, but instead of pre-interpolation and categorical fusion, the OWA provides average bathymetry directly.
}, url = {https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm18/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/393098}, author = {Paul A. Elmore and Brian R Calder and Giuseppe Masetti and Ronald R Yager and Fredrick E Petry} } @article {6236, title = {The De Long Trough: A Newly Discovered Glacial Trough on the East Siberian Continental Margin}, volume = {13,9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 28}, pages = {1269-1284}, publisher = {Copernicus Publications}, abstract = {Ice sheets extending over parts of the East Siberian continental shelf have been proposed for the last glacial period and during the larger Pleistocene glaciations. The sparse data available over this sector of the Arctic Ocean have left the timing, extent and even existence of these ice sheets largely unresolved. Here we present new geophysical mapping and sediment coring data from the East Siberian shelf and slope collected during the 2014 SWERUS-C3 expedition (SWERUS-C3: Swedish \– Russian \– US Arctic Ocean Investigation of Climate-Cryosphere-Carbon Interactions). The multibeam bathymetry and chirp sub-bottom profiles reveal a set of glacial landforms that include grounding zone formations along the outer continental shelf, seaward of which lies a \>65m thick sequence of glacio-genic debris flows. The glacial landforms are interpreted to lie at the seaward
end of a glacial trough \– the first to be reported on the East Siberian margin, here referred to as the De Long Trough because of its location due north of the De Long Islands. Stratigraphy and dating of sediment cores show that a drape of acoustically laminated sediments covering the glacial deposits is older than 50 cal kyr BP. This provides direct evidence for extensive glacial activity on the Siberian shelf that predates the Last Glacial Maximum and most likely occurred during the Saalian (Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 6).
The climate-carbon-cryosphere (C3) interactions in the East Siberian Arctic Ocean and related ocean, river and land areas of the Arctic have been the focus for the SWERUS-C3 Program (Swedish \– Russian \– US Arctic Ocean Investigation of Climate-Cryosphere-Carbon Interactions). This multi-investigator, multi-disciplinary program was carried out on a two-leg 90-day long expedition in 2014 with Swedish icebreaker Oden. One component of the expedition consisted of geophysical mapping and coring of Herald Canyon, located on the Chukchi Sea shelf north of the Bering Strait in the western Arctic Ocean. Herald Canyon is strategically placed to capture the history of the Pacific-Arctic Ocean connection and related changes in Arctic Ocean paleoceanography. Here we present a summary of key results from analyses of the marine geophysical mapping data and cores collected from Herald Canyon on the shelf and slope that proved to be particularly well suited for paleoceanographic reconstruction. For example, we provide a new age constraint of 11 cal ka BP on sediments from the uppermost slope for the initial flooding of the Bering Land Bridge and reestablishment of the Pacific-Arctic Ocean connection following the last glaciation. This age corresponds to meltwater pulse 1b (MWP1b) known as a post-Younger Dryas warming in many sea level and paleoclimate records. In addition, high late Holocene sedimentation rates that range between about 100 and 300 cm kyr-1, in Herald Canyon permitted paleoceanographic reconstructions of ocean circulation and sea ice cover at centennial scales throughout the late Holocene. Evidence suggests varying influence from inflowing Pacific water into the western Arctic Ocean including some evidence for quasi-cyclic variability in several paleoceanographic parameters, e.g. micropaleontological assemblages, isotope geochemistry and sediment physical properties.
}, url = {https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm17/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/214305}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Anderson, L and Backman, Jan and Barrientos, Natalia and Bjork, G and Helen K. Coxall and Cronin, Tomas and de Boer, A. and Laura Gemery and Kevin Jerram and Johansson, Carina and Kirchner, N. and Larry A Mayer and M{\"o}rth, C-M. and Johan Nilsson and Noormets, R. and O{\textquoteright}Regan, M A and Pearce, Christof and Semiltov, I. and Christian Stranne} } @proceedings {6224, title = {Designing Augmented Reality Marine Navigation Aids Using Virtual Reality}, year = {2017}, month = {Sept 18-21}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Anchorage, AK}, abstract = {Augmented reality (AR) is an emerging technology that superimposes digital information directly on top of a user{\textquoteright}s real world view. AR may have great potential for aiding safe marine navigation, however the devices currently available have significant limitations that prevent them from being practical for marine usage. While suitable devices are still a few years away from the market, we propose that research into AR-aided marine navigation can and should be conducted now. Towards this goal, we have developed a virtual reality simulation system that allows us to experiment with a range of possible AR devices and information overlays within a dynamic and highly flexible ship simulation. This strategy avoids challenging registration issues and being tied to any particular prototype AR hardware. The project{\textquoteright}s goals include identifying the technical specifications required for future AR devices to be useful in navigation, what information is most beneficial to display, and what types of visual representations are best for conveying that information. }, keywords = {augmented reality, navigation, virtual reality, Visualization}, author = {Butkiewicz, Thomas} } @article {6810, title = {Detection and Characterization of Hydrocarbon Droplets Using Broadband Echosounders}, volume = {142(4)}, year = {2017}, month = {November 15}, pages = {2506-2506}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, abstract = {Investigation of the fate and transport of liquid hydrocarbons is limited by the small field of view of current instrumentation. Mass spectrometers, fluorometers, and megahertz sonars\—the typical instrumentation for detection and classification of liquid hydrocarbons in the marine environment are limited to detections are ranges of less than a few tens of meters. Lower frequency (80\–500 kHz) broadband acoustic backscattering from weakly scattering liquid hydrocarbon targets has been investigated using a novel droplet making device. Results show that such instrumentation should be capable of detections at significantly greater ranges than current instrumentation. The results are compared to a variety of models of acoustic scattering from spherical targets to determine the most accurate model for predicting the frequency response of weakly scattering spheres. The frequency response can be used to characterize the liquid hydrocarbon droplets, as long as the acoustic impedance of the hydrocarbon is well known for the range of temperatures and pressures affecting the droplet.
}, doi = {10.1121/1.5014152}, author = {Loranger, Scott and Thomas C Weber} } @article {6103, title = {Development of a New Acoustic Mapping Method for Eelgrass Using a Multi-Beam Echo-Sounder}, year = {2017}, month = {May 1-5}, pages = {Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada}, abstract = {Eelgrass plays important roles in temperate coastal ecosystems, including as primary producers and as habitat for many species. The distribution and health of eelgrass beds are also sometimes used as a bio-indicator for water quality. The deepest edges of eelgrass beds are especially vulnerable to water quality issues because of the pre-existing light limitation with increasing depth due to natural light attenuation. However, the deep edges of beds are also often the most difficult to delineate with satellite and aerial imagery often used for large-scale seagrass mapping programs; the use of aerial imagery for mapping eelgrass beds is also sometimes hindered by turbidity issues common in estuarine environments. We are in particular developing methods to determine and map the maximum depth limit (\‘deep edge\’), percent cover, functional type (i.e., macroalgae or eelgrass) and canopy height of the beds using water column backscatter data from a multi-beam echo-sounder because these characteristics are difficult to obtain using existing optical and acoustic methods. Water column data was collected using an Odom MB1 sonar in 2014 and 2015 over a variety of vegetated sites in New Hampshire and Massachusetts, selected to represent a range of conditions: dense/sparse eelgrass, long/short eelgrass, mixed macroalgae and eelgrass, eelgrass on muddy or hard substrates, etc. The data processing workflow will look at both echo and terrain characteristics to determine the presence and characteristics of vegetation. In addition to sonar data, drop camera data was collected, and data from a regional aerial mapping program also exist for comparison. Initial data analysis shows good agreement between drop camera and sonar detections, and patches as small as 1m2 and as short as 20 cm are detectable.
}, keywords = {acoustic mapping, eelgrass, multi-beam, multibeam}, author = {Ashley R Norton}, editor = {Semme J Dijkstra} } @article {5947, title = {Development of an Uncertainty Propagation Equation for Scalar Fields}, volume = {40, 5}, year = {2017}, month = {August 1}, pages = {341-360}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis Group}, abstract = {The uncertainty of a scalar field is essential structuring information for any estimation problem. Establishing the uncertainty in a dense gridded product from sparse or random uncertainty-attributed input data is not, however, routine.\ This manuscript develops an equation that propagates the uncertainty of individual observations, arbitrarily distributed in R2, to a common estimation location at which they can be used to determine the composite uncertainty of the output field. The equation includes the effect of the distance between the observation and estimation locations, the field and horizontal uncertainty of the observation, and user-parameters to control the expected variability in the field as a function of distance. Two computational versions of the equation, a lower cost conservative approach and a higher cost mean-distance approach, are developed and evaluated for computational cost and resulting accuracy in numerical experiments over simulated bathymetric data. The mean-distance approach is more accurate, but more costly; suitable numerical approximations are proposed to control computational costs. A benefit of the work described is flexibility and enhancement for applications of the model, such as the Combined Uncertainty and Bathymetry Estimator (CUBE) algorithm, which is used as a demonstration of the difference between the two versions of the equation.
}, keywords = {bathymetry, DEM, hydrographic survey, mapping, multibeam sonar, ocean mapping}, doi = {10.1080/01490419.2017.1345811}, author = {Brian R Calder and Paul A. Elmore} } @article {6225, title = {Distribution of an Acoustic Scattering Layer, Petermann Fjord, Northwest Greenland}, year = {2017}, month = {December 11-15}, pages = {New Orleans, LA}, abstract = {The Petermann 2015 Expedition was a comprehensive paleoceanographic and paleoclimatological study of the marine-terminating Petermann Glacier and its outlet system in Northwest Greenland carried out July-August 2015. The purpose was the reconstruction of glacial history and current glacial processes in Petermann Fjord to better understand the fate of the Petermann Glacier and its floating ice tongue that acts as a critical buttressing force to the outlet glacier draining about 4\% of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Seafloor mapping was a critical component of the study and an EM122 multibeam sonar was utilized for this purpose; additionally, water column data were acquired with this sonar and an EK80 split-beam echosounder.
During the expedition, the mapping team noted an acoustic scattering layer in the EK80 and EM122 water column data which was observed to change depth in a spatially consistent manner that appeared to be related to location. Initial onboard processing revealed what appears to be a strong spatial coherence in the layer distribution that corresponds to our understanding of the complex circulation pattern in the study area, including inflow of warmer Atlantic waters and outflow of subglacial waters. This initial processing was limited to observations at 46 discrete locations that corresponded to CTD stations, a very small subset of the 4800 line kilometers of data collected by each sonar. Both sonars were run 24 hours per day over the 30-day expedition, providing continuous time-varying acoustic coverage of the study area.
Post-cruise additional data has been processed to extract the acoustic returns from the scattering layer using a combination of commercial sonar processing software and specialized MATLAB and Python routines. 3-D surfaces have been generated from the extracted points in order to visualize the continuous spatial and temporal distribution of the scattering layer across the entire study area. Multiple crossings of the same location at different times of day address the question of the temporal stability of the scattering layer while the detailed map of the spatial distribution demonstrates the relationship of the scattering layer to the water masses and implies that continuous acoustic coverage may be a powerful proxy for oceanography.
}, keywords = {acoustic, arctic, DSL, EK80, EM122, Petermann, scattering layer}, url = {https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm17/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/287293}, author = {Erin Heffron and Larry A Mayer and Martin Jakobsson and Hogan, Kelly and Kevin Jerram} } @article {5941, title = {Detection and Quantification of Submerged Oil Droplets by a Broadband, High-frequency Echo Sounder}, year = {2016}, month = {February 1-4}, pages = {Tampa, FL}, abstract = {The evolution and fate of dispersed oil droplets in the marine environment is crucial to the development of response protocols and to the assessment of risk for areas surrounding a spill. Current models of the movement of submerged oil droplets suffer from a lack of in-situ data for verification. Current in-situ measurement depends on short range instrumentation that is only capable of evaluating small segments of a spill at a time. Very high-frequency acoustics (few MHz), mass spectrometers, fluorometers and water sampling systems have very small fields of view, creating observational challenges when trying to generate a synoptic view of a spill. As an alternative, the use of broad-band high-frequency acoustics (100-500 kHz) is being explored. Broad-band high-frequency acoustics are capable of measuring and quantifying oil droplets at ranges of tens to hundreds of meters in a single measurement. The frequency-dependent acoustic response of oil droplets is dependent on the size, sound speed and density of oil droplets. Broadband high-frequency acoustic measurements of a variety of oils have been measured in the laboratory setting to quantify the droplet size dependent acoustic response of oils of varying density and sound speed. This instrumentation was able to differentiate between droplets with different radii. Results indicate that broadband high-frequency acoustics can be used to map the location of submerged oil droplets and to evaluate changes in the physical properties of oil for large areas of a spill.
}, keywords = {acoustics, oil fate, physical processes, submerged oil droplets}, url = {https://event.crowdcompass.com/gulfconference2016}, author = {Loranger, Scott and Thomas C Weber} } @proceedings {5837, title = {Detection of Internal Waves Using Multi-Aspect Processing in Synthetic Aperture Sonar}, year = {2016}, month = {June 6 - 9}, pages = {757-760}, address = {Hamburg, Germany}, author = {R.E. Hansen and Anthony P. Lyons and D.A. Cook and T.O. S{\ae}b{\o}} } @article {5253, title = {Detector Array Design for Optical Communication Between Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs)}, volume = {40(1)}, year = {2016}, pages = {18-26}, publisher = {IEEE Oceanic Engineering Society}, keywords = {detector array, optical communication, uuv}, author = {Eren, Firat and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Yuri Rzhanov and May-Win Thein and Celikkol, Barbaros} } @article {6232, title = {Determining the Flux of Methane into Hudson Canyon at the Edge of Methane Clathrate Hydrate Stability}, volume = {17,10}, year = {2016}, month = {October 13}, pages = {3882{\textendash}3892}, publisher = {American Geophysical Union }, abstract = {Methane seeps were investigated in Hudson Canyon, the largest shelf-break canyon on the northern U.S. Atlantic Margin. The seeps investigated are located at or updip of the nominal limit of methane clathrate hydrate stability. The acoustic identification of bubble streams was used to guide water column sampling in a 32 km2 region within the canyon\&$\#$39;s thalweg. By incorporating measurements of dissolved methane concentration with methane oxidation rates and current velocity into a steady state box model, the total emission of methane to the water column in this region was estimated to be 12 kmol methane per day (range: 6\–24 kmol methane per day). These analyses suggest that the emitted methane is largely retained inside the canyon walls below 300 m water depth, and that it is aerobically oxidized to near completion within the larger extent of Hudson Canyon. Based on estimated methane emissions and measured oxidation rates, the oxidation of this methane to dissolved CO2 is expected to have minimal influences on seawater pH.
}, doi = {10.1002/2016GC006421}, author = {Weinstein, Alexander and Navarrete, Luis and Carolyn Ruppel and Thomas C Weber and Leonte, Mihai and Kellermann, Matthias Y and Arrington, Eleanor C and David L Valentine and Scranton, Mary I and John D Kessler} } @mastersthesis {6008, title = {Development of Autonomous Surface Vessels for Hydrographic Survey Applications}, volume = {Ocean Engineering}, year = {2016}, month = {05/2016}, pages = {123}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {Autonomously navigating surface vessels have a variety of potential applications for ocean mapping. The use of small vessels for coastal mapping is investigated through development of hardware and software that form a complete system for survey operations. The hardware is selected to minimize cost while maximizing flexibility for installation on different platforms. MOOS-IvP open-source autonomy software enables independent operation of the vessel and provides for human monitoring. Custom applications allow the sensors and actuators of the hardware platforms to interface with MOOS-IvP.
An autonomy behavior is developed that replicates current human driven survey acquisition, in which the boat plans paths automatically to achieve full survey coverage with a swath sonar system. With initial input of a survey boundary and depths from the onboard sonar system, subsequent paths are planned to be offset based on the collected data. This behavior is tested in simulation and field experiments.
A model reference adaptive control system for the heading of the vessel is investigated for improved reliability of vessel operation in a variety of conditions and over the full range of operation speeds. Simulations tests verify the adaptation of two types of controllers. A new method for speed control to increase endurance and decrease engine wear is also proposed and simulated. Together, these developments form an easily configurable system that provides automated hydrographic survey capability to a vessel with minimal human involvement for optimal performance.
}, keywords = {Applied sciences; ASV; Autonomous surface vessel; Control system; Hydrography; Path planning; Unmanned}, author = {Damian Manda} } @article {5838, title = {Developments in Eelgrass Mapping Methodology Using Hydrographic Multi-beam Sonar}, year = {2016}, month = {March 30}, address = {EPA District 1 Offices, Boston, MA}, abstract = {The goal of this work is to develop a data collection and processing methodology for water column backscatter data collected with a multi-beam echo-sounder (Teledyne Odom MB1) to determine the presence or absence, percent cover, maximum depth limit, and canopy height of eelgrass beds. Acoustic eelgrass mapping is of particular use in deep waters and turbid estuaries, where aerial imagery does not reveal the necessary detail for analysis. Presented here are updates to this project, including fieldwork completed in the summer and fall of 2015. The three main updates to the project are: a more comprehensive delineation of the deep edge of eelgrass beds in Portsmouth Harbor; trials of a remotely-operated survey vehicle with the same sensor package used for our boat-based multi-beam surveys over eelgrass beds; and the extension of canopy and bottom picks further out across the swath of the multi-beam.
}, keywords = {eelgrass mapping}, author = {Ashley R Norton and Semme J Dijkstra} } @article {5644, title = {Distribution and Diversity of Tunicates Utilizing Eelgrass as Substrate in the Western North Atlantic: A Latitudinal Study Between N 39{\textdegree} and N 47{\textdegree}}, volume = {7}, year = {2016}, month = {February 8}, pages = {51-57}, abstract = {Seagrass meadows are ecologically important habitats that are declining globally at an accelerating rate due to natural and anthropogenic stressors. Their decline is a serious concern as this habitat provides many ecosystem services. Eelgrass (Zostera marina) is the dominant seagrass species in the western North Atlantic. It has recently been established that invasive tunicate species possibly threaten the health of eelgrass beds. Colonization of eelgrass leaves by tunicates can inhibit eelgrass growth and may cause shoot mortality. To document the distribution and diversity of tunicate species that attach to eelgrass in the western North Atlantic, we surveyed twenty-one eelgrass sites from New Jersey to Newfoundland. Eight species of tunicates were found to be colonizing eelgrass, of which 6 are considered invasive.
Botrylloides violaceus and Botryllus schlosseri were most commonly attached to eelgrass, with B. schlosseri having the largest latitudinal range of any species. Tunicate faunas attached to eelgrass were less diverse north of Gloucester, Massachusetts, where individual survey sites exhibited two species at most and only 4 of the 8 species observed in this study. Percent tunicate cover on eelgrass tended to fall within the 1\–25 range, with occasional coverage up to \>75\–100. Density of eelgrass was highly variable among sites, ranging from \<1 to 820 shoots/m2. The solitary tunicate Ciona intestinalis was only found on eelgrass at the highest latitude sampled, in Newfoundland, where it is a new invader. The tunicates observed in this study, both solitary and colonial, are viable when attached to eelgrass and pose a potential threat to overgrow and weaken seagrass shoots and reduce the sustainability of seagrass meadows.\
In many planning applications, a computational model is used to make predictions about the effects of management or engineering decisions. To understand the implications of alternative scenarios, a user typically adjusts one or more of the input parameters, runs the model, and examines the outcomes using simple charts. For example, a time series showing changes in productivity or revenue might be generated. While this approach can be effective in showing the projected effects of changes to the model\&$\#$39;s input parameters, it fails to show the mechanisms that cause those changes. In order to promote understanding of model mechanics using a simple graphical device, we propose dynamic change arcs. Dynamic change arcs graphically reveal the internal model structure as cause and effect linkages. They are signed to show both positive and negative effects. We implemented this concept using a species interaction model developed for fisheries management based on a system of Lotka-Volterra equations. The model has 10 economically important fish species and incorporates both predation and competition between species. The model predicts that changing the catch of one species can sometimes result in changes in biomass of another species through multi-step causal chains. The dynamic change arcs make it possible to interpret the resulting complex causal chains and interaction effects. We carried out an experiment to evaluate three alternative forms of arcs for portraying causal connections in the model. The results show that all linkage representations enabled participants to reason better about complex chains of causality than not showing linkages. However, none of them were significantly better than the others.
}, doi = {10.1111/cgf.12907}, author = {Carmen St Jean and Colin Ware and Robert Gamble} } @article {5594, title = {Dedication to Dr. Michele Dionne (1954 - 2012)}, volume = {38}, year = {2015}, pages = {1213-1214}, publisher = {Springer}, author = {R.A. MacKenzie and C Y Chen and Jennifer A. Dijkstra} } @article {5708, title = {Depositional Systems on the Northern Massachusetts and New Hampshire Inner Continental Shelf: Use of High Resolution Seafloor Mapping to Understand Impacts of Glaciation, Marine Processes and Sea-Level Fluctuations}, year = {2015}, month = {November 1 - 4}, address = {Baltimore, MD}, abstract = {Depositional features on the continental shelf off northern Massachusetts and New Hampshire are dominated by remnant glacial features (e.g., drumlins, subaqueous deltas, moraines) that have been significantly modified by marine processes as sea level fluctuated following deglaciation. The sedimentologic, morphologic and controlling processes of many of these features have been studied over the last 15 years using high resolution multibeam echosounder bathymetry and backscatter, subbottom seismics, videography, and bottom sediment sampling. Glacial features on the inner shelf (within 20 km of shore) clearly show the impact of sea-level fluctuations and marine processes. Apparent glacial deposits (e.g., drumlins) have been eroded leaving very coarse lag deposits while supplying sand to develop wave formed features (shoals?). These coarse lag deposits are defined by higher backscatter intensity and surface rugosity index. Many of these features have positive relief standing above the seafloor, lending evidence of their formation by waves and shallow water currents. Of particular interest is a large sand body that is ~3.2 km in length, ~1.3 km in width and has a maximum relief of ~7 m (in comparison to the surrounding seafloor). Subbottom seismics display moderate to intense, parallel to subparallel top reflectors with a mounding geometry. The sand body appears to extend between two eroded drumlins. Further offshore (~50 km) the seaward boundary of the study area is formed by Jeffreys Ledge, a major physiographic feature in the western Gulf of Maine. Jeffreys Ledge rises over 150 m from nearby basins to depths less than 50 m on the ridge surface. The seafloor on Jeffreys Ledge typically ranges from sandy pebble gravel to pebble cobble gravel with boulders. Major glacial features include several boulder ridges ~ 5m in elevation that likely reflect winnowed recessional moraines. On the seaward edge of the platform facing the open Gulf of Maine is an apparent subaqueous delta. Subbottom seismics show evidence of soft sediment faulting and slumping on the flanks of the ridge and in the adjacent muddy basins. The Quaternary geology of the New Hampshire and vicinity shelf exemplifies the interplay between glacial features, sea-level fluctuations and modifications by marine processes.\
}, url = {http://community.geosociety.org/gsa2015/home}, author = {Larry G Ward and Zachary S. McAvoy and M. Vallee-Anziani and Erin Nagel and Nifong, K} } @proceedings {5697, title = {Depth Adaptive Hydrographic Survey Behavior for Autonomous Surface Vessels}, year = {2015}, month = {Oct 19 - 22}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {National Harbor, MD}, abstract = {Eelgrass plays many important roles in temperate coastal ecosystems, including as habitat for many species, and as a bio-indicator for water quality in many areas. The deepest edges of eelgrass beds are considered more vulnerable to water quality issues because of the pre-existing light limitation with increasing depth due to natural light attenuation. However, the deep edges of beds are also often the most difficult to delineate with satellite and aerial imagery often used for large-scale seagrass mapping programs. We are developing a methodology to characterize the depth limit (\‘deep edge\’), percent cover and canopy height of eelgrass beds at high resolution (~1 m) using water column acoustic backscatter data from a multi-beam echo-sounder.An automated data processing workflow is being developed that will use a combination of digital signal and image-processing techniques, including techniques originally developed for medical ultrasound imagery. These data can provide georeferenced acoustic imagery and depth information needed to document the location, structure, and spatial heterogeneity of eelgrass beds, with more spatial coverage than existing acoustic tools that mostly utilize single-beam echosounders. Water column data were collected over beds at 3 locations in the estuary in the summer of 2014, and preliminary data analysis shows that eelgrass patches as small as 1m2 and as short as 20 cm are detectable. Data was also collected concurrently in the summer of 2015, and they include 1) ground-truth data from drop camera imagery and field surveys; 2) aerial surveys; and 3) acoustic backscatter data.
The ability to process multi-beam water column data for eelgrass characterization may provide a new data source and tool for ecologists and managers interested in eelgrass distribution and characterization, as well as bathymetric information used for charting depths.
}, keywords = {canopy height, eelgrass}, author = {Ashley R Norton and Semme J Dijkstra} } @article {5557, title = {Developing methodology for efficient eelgrass habitat mapping across lidar systems}, year = {2015}, month = {May 3-8}, address = {Salvador, Brazil}, author = {Price, V.E. and Jennifer A. Dijkstra and O{\textquoteright}Neil-Dunne, J.P.M. and Christopher E Parrish and Erin Nagel and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri} } @article {5709, title = {Development of Late Quaternary Depositional History of Portsmouth Harbor, NH}, year = {2015}, month = {November 1 - 4}, address = {Baltimore, MD}, abstract = {The sedimentological and stratigraphic characteristics of Portsmouth Harbor, New Hampshire and adjacent inner continental shelf were described using high resolution multibeam echosounder (MBES) bathymetry and backscatter, side scan sonar (SSS), subbottom seismics, videography, and bottom sediment samples in order to develop a depositional model and assess the late Quaternary geologic history. Several major depositional environments were identified within Portsmouth Harbor including coarse channel lags, sand wave fields, and extensive bedrock outcrops that strongly influence the channel configuration. The inner harbor shows mainly high intensity backscatter, with the sand wave fields identified by less intense backscatter than the surrounding channel lag deposits. At the mouth of the harbor, an apron of low intensity backscatter, a fine sand, extends offshore onto the inner shelf. The inner shelf shows mixed high and low intensity backscatter reflecting bedrock outcrops interspersed with fine to coarse sand and gravel fields. The seismic characteristics of the major depositional environments of Portsmouth Harbor and inner shelf were characterized based on reflector intensity, internal structure, and external shape. The subbottom seismics associated with the sand wave fields were highly reflective with no internal structure, and the sand waves clearly visible. The main river channel deposits were a mix of stratified glaciomarine sediments filling carved channels, mounded stratified units, and beds sloping towards the river mouth. Offshore, paleochannels apparently associated with the extension of the Piscataqua River during the sea-level lowstand, are filled by glaciomarine sediments, the largest containing several stratified units, both glaciomarine and recent sediments. Determination of the surficial geology based on the high resolution bathymetry, SSS and direct sampling, coupled with an assessment of the underlying seismic stratigraphy enhances the development of a 3D depositional model.
}, url = {http://community.geosociety.org/gsa2015/home}, author = {Nifong, K}, editor = {Larry G Ward} } @article {5942, title = {Diameter and Density Dependent Target Strength of Submerged Oil Droplets Measured by a Broadband, High-frequency Echo Sounder}, year = {2015}, month = {May 18-22}, pages = {Pittsburgh, PA}, abstract = {Over two million tons of oil enters marine environments from anthropogenic sources annually with severe environmental consequences. The most effective method of cleaning spills is to biodegrade them by dispersing the oil as droplets. However, the ultimate fate of dispersed oil in the environment is largely unknown. Acoustic remote sensing may offer a means by which to assess the quantity, characteristics, and ultimate fate of submerged oil droplets. To provide a foundation for this work, we have made a series of laboratory measurements using a broadband, high-frequency, calibrated echo sounder. Measurements of oil droplet frequency-dependent target strength were made in a 6 m deep tank of fresh water. Target strength was measured and compared to droplet size and density. Droplet size ranged from 60 lm to 1 mm and was measured by high definition camera. Oils of different density were used including castor, gasoline, diesel, and crude oil. Sound speed of each oil was measured using a Digibar Pro sound velocimeter.
}, keywords = {acoustical engineering, density dependent target strength, submerged oil droplets}, url = {http://acousticalsociety.org/content/program-169th-meeting-acoustical-society-america}, author = {Loranger, Scott and Thomas C Weber} } @article {5934, title = {Discrete Versus Solid: Representing Quantity Using Linear, Area, and Volume Glyphs}, volume = {12, Issue 3}, year = {2015}, month = {July 28}, publisher = {Association for Computer Machinery}, address = {New York, NY}, abstract = {It is common in infographics for quantities to be represented by stacks of discrete blocks. For example, a magazine illustration showing automobile production in different countries might use stacks of blocks with each block representing a thousand cars. This is unlike what is done to represent quantity in the charts used by statisticians, or for quantitative glyphs used in maps. In these cases, solid bars or solid area glyphs such as circles are commonly used to represent quantity. This raises the question of whether breaking bars, area, or volume glyphs into discrete blocks can improve the rapid estimation of quantity. We report on a study where participants compared quantities represented using bar, area, and volume glyphs in both solid and discrete variants. The discrete variants used up to 4, 4 \× 4, and 4 \× 4 \× 4 blocks or 10, 10 \× 10, and 10 \× 10 \× 10 blocks for bar, area, and volume, respectively. The results show that people are significantly more accurate in estimating quantities using the discrete versions, but they take somewhat longer. For both areas and volumes, the accuracy gains were considerable.
}, doi = {10.1145/2767129 }, url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=2798084.2767129}, author = {Mihtsentu, Mezgeb Tesfayesus and Colin Ware} } @article {5534, title = {Does settlement plate material matter? The influence of substrate type on fouling community development}, year = {2015}, month = {March 4-8}, address = {Quebec City, Quebec, Canada}, abstract = {Benthic community composition and ascidian abundance can differ dramatically between adjacent man-made and natural substrates. Although multiple factors, including light exposure, surface orientation, predation exposure, and habitat type, are known to contribute to these patterns, few studies have directly tested the influence of substrate identity on community development. We compared fouling communities on settlement plates composed of commonly occurring natural (granite) and artificial (concrete, high density polyethylene, and PVC) marine materials deployed from late May to mid November 2014 from a floating dock in Newcastle, NH. We sought to determine if observed patterns resulted from differential recruitment onto substrate materials or post-settlement survival and growth. To do this, half of the plates were cleaned during bi-weekly examinations, and half were left un-cleaned. Preliminary analyses indicate that community composition differs between substrate types. These results will help us understand how substrate features contribute to non-native species establishment and habitat dominance, and may inform decisions regarding material usage in marine construction. These findings also underline the importance of settlement substrate choice in scientific studies, as plate material may influence experimental conclusions.
}, author = {A.L. Chase and Jennifer A. Dijkstra and Larry G. Harris} } @article {5258, title = {Dense reconstruction of underwater scenes from monocular sequences of images}, year = {2014}, keywords = {monocular, sequences}, author = {Yuri Rzhanov and Han Hu and Boyen, Thierry} } @article {5504, title = {Depositional Environments of Jeffreys Ledge, Western Gulf of Maine: Impacts of Glaciation, Sea-level Fluctuations and Marine Processes Assessed Using High Resolution Multibeam Bathymetry, Subbottom Seismics, Videography, and Direct Sampling}, year = {2014}, month = {December 15 - 19}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, author = {Larry G Ward}, editor = {Paul Johnson} } @proceedings {5992, title = {Description of an intermediate scale tidal energy test site in Great Bay Estuary, NH, with examples of technology deployments}, year = {2014}, month = {September 14-19}, pages = {1-7}, publisher = {Marine Technology Society}, address = {St. Johns, Newfoundland, CA}, abstract = {The Center for Ocean Renewable Energy (CORE) at the University of New Hampshire (UNH) operates a sheltered, intermediate scale (\“nursery\”) tidal energy test site suited for Marine Hydrokinetic (MHK) turbines up to 4 m (13 ft) in diameter at General Sullivan Bridge in Great Bay Estuary, NH. The UNH-CORE Tidal Energy Test Site is located in a constricted area, and has the fastest tidal current velocities in the estuary with maximum currents at over 5 knots (2.6 m/s), and typically greater than 4 knots (2.1 m/s). The test site has a nominal depth of 10 m, a flat bottom, easy access from two local UNH marine facilities and nearby marinas, and hence it is a cost-effective site for the testing of tidal energy conversion devices. An 11 m x 3 m test platform has been used for MHK turbines up to 1.5 m diameter since 2008, and a larger 20 m x 10 m test platform with a modular turbine deployment system was designed to accommodate larger turbines up to 4 m in diameter. A 4 m diameter axial turbine corresponds approximately to a 1:5 scale model of a utility-scale MHK turbine rated at 1 MWel (based on a full-scale diameter of 20 m, a tidal energy resource of 2.5 m/s and a water-to-wire conversion efficiency of 0.4). A number of MHK turbines have been deployed and evaluated at this test site, including cross-flow turbines with helical blades (Gorlov Helical Turbines), and more recently, an axial Mixer-Ejector Hydrokinetic Turbine designed by FloDesign Inc. under a US Department of Energy (DoE) SBIR phase 2 project. The UNH-CORE Tidal Energy Test Site is well suited to support open-water MHK testing through DoE Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) 5-6 and 7 (not including grid connection).
}, keywords = {field deployment, marine hydrokinetic turbines, scale model testing, test site, tidal energy}, author = {Martin Wosnick and Matt Rowell and Toby Dewhurst and Vincent Lyon and Thomas C Lippmann and Dr. Ken C Baldwin and Rob Swift} } @proceedings {6521, title = {Development of Acoustic Colour Technique Using Multi-Frequency Swath Acoustic Backscatter}, year = {2014}, month = {June 22-27}, address = {Rhodes, Greece}, abstract = {Swath acoustic data collected by multibeam sonar systems is a recognised tool to efficiently map the bathymetry and texture of large areas of seabed so aiding the definition of benthic habitats. Backscatter data may be spatially classified based on either standard measurements of characteristic acoustic angular response curves (ARCs) or backscatter model parameters (inverted from the ARCs) that depend on seabed physical properties. However, the inverted model parameter of \“roughness\” is intrinsically linked to the acoustic wavelength; only the roughness spectrum with wavelength less than half of the acoustic wavelength affects the surficial acoustic backscatter. Therefore, inferred surficial texture is intrinsically acoustic frequency-dependent. This research tests the feasibility of using multifrequency acoustic backscatter to create acoustic classes based on a broadband acoustic response to natural roughness spectra. The goal is to generate more accurate spatial delineation of facies. EM2040D (300 kHz (continuous wave (CW) pulse)), EM710 (100 kHz (CW)) and EM302 (30 kHz (CW)) benthic acoustic data were collected simultaneously using Kongsberg Maritime\’s test vessel, Simrad Echo, within the Orm\ø\–F\ærder Marine Protected Area in Oslofjorden, Norway. 47 line-km of multi-frequency data were collected resulting in a survey extending 2.9 km by 3.2 km. In addition to the latter overlapping survey lines, 5 non-overlapping, 2.9 km-long cross-lines were acquired to investigate anisotropic backscatter effects; the crosslines were run perpendicular to bathymetric contours to minimise variation of possible depthdependent benthic texture within a swath. This paper discusses the results of delineations and compares maps for datasets separately and jointly classified with different frequencies.
}, keywords = {acoustic classification, multi-frequency, multibeam}, url = {http://www.uaconferences.org/docs/Past_Proceedings/UACE2014_Proceedings.pdf}, author = {Garret Duffy and Yuri Rzhanov and Eli Rinde and Berit Horvei and Colin Brown} } @article {5266, title = {Development of an adaptive fusion algorithm for marine debris recognition within the post-Sandy restoration framework}, year = {2014}, month = {15-17 April 2014}, address = {St. John{\textquoteright}s, NL, Canada}, abstract = {Recognition of marine debris represent a difficult task due to the extreme variability of the marine environment, the possible targets, and the variable skill levels of human operators. The range of potential targets is much wider than similar fields of research such as mine hunting, localization of unexploded ordnance or pipeline detection. In order to address this additional complexity, an adaptive algorithm is being developing that appropriately responds to changes in the environment, and context.
The preliminary step is to properly geometrically and radiometrically correct the collected data. Then, the core engine manages the fusion of a set of statistically- and physically-based algorithms, working at different levels (swath, beam, snippet, and pixel) and using both predictive modeling (that is, a high-frequency acoustic backscatter model) and phenomenological (e.g., digital image processing techniques) approaches. The expected outcome is the reduction of inter-algorithmic cross-correlation and, thus, the probability of false alarm. At this early stage, we provide a proof of concept showing outcomes from algorithms that dynamically adapt themselves to the depth and average backscatter level met in the surveyed environment, targeting marine debris (modeled as objects of about 1-m size).
The project relies on a modular software library, called Matador (Marine Target Detection and Object Recognition).
}, keywords = {emergency response, fusion adaptive algorithm, marine debris, target classification, target detection}, url = {http://www.chc2014.ca/}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti and Brian R Calder} } @article {5506, title = {Direct Assessment of Juvenile Atlantic Bluefin Tuna: Integrating Sonar and Aerial Results in Support of Fishery-Incident Surveys}, year = {2014}, month = {1-5 September}, address = {Olh{\~a}o, Portugal}, abstract = {There is a clear need for direct assessment approaches for Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus, ABFT), including formulation of experimental designs and pilot surveys for abundance estimation. In the western Atlantic, aerial surveys are highly feasible for juvenile ABFT because of their surface availability in summer and autumn on the mid-Atlantic shelf. Our goals are to design, implement, and analyze a fisheries-independent survey of juvenile ABFT and to assess the feasibility of biomass estimation in the Gulf of Maine (USA). From initial field trials using sonar and aerial mapping we demonstrated feasibility of determining size, area, and total biomass of schools as well as sizes of individuals within schools. We used aerial imagery to determine the school{\textquoteright}s surface shape and to enumerate bluefin tuna visible in the upper few meters of the water column. The sonar data provided information on school height and number of individuals not captured in aerial photographs. By integrating sonar and aerial data we can estimate school biomass, number and sizes of individuals in schools, and aggregation behavior. In 2015 we plan to use a marine hexacopter to obtain more highly resolved aerial images of schools, with improved geo-rectification required for automated target recognition and objective counts of individuals. Current bluefin surveys rely primarily on observer and spotter pilot estimates of school metrics. Although not without challenges, the analytical techniques we{\textquoteright}re developing will provide more objective, multi-dimensional information on ABFT schools and less biased estimates of biomass. Direct assessment also offers a means of tracking shifts in coastal distribution of highly mobile ABFT, especially as traditional indices of abundance may no longer be appropriate.}, author = {Angelia S.M. Vanderlaan and Michael Jech and Thomas C Weber and Yuri Rzhanov and Molly E Lutcavage} } @article {5332, title = {Distribution and diversity of invasive tunicates on eelgrass in eastern North America: A latitudinal study between N 40{\textdegree} and N 50{\textdegree}, New Jersey to Newfoundland}, year = {2014}, month = {March 18}, address = {Boston, MA, USA}, author = {Carman, MR and Colarusso, PD and Grunden, DW and Wong, MC and McKenzie, C and Matheson, K and Davidson, J and Chris Heinig and Fox, S and Neckles, H and Schott, S and Pickerell, C and Jennifer A. Dijkstra} } @article {5977, title = {Decadal Trends in Indian Ocean Ambient Sound}, volume = {134}, year = {2013}, month = {November}, pages = {3464-3475}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, abstract = {The increase of ocean noise documented in the North Pacific has sparked concern on whether the observed increases are a global or regional phenomenon. This work provides evidence of low frequency sound increases in the Indian Ocean. A decade (2002-2012) of recordings made off the island of Diego Garcia, UK in the Indian Ocean was parsed into time series according to frequency band and sound level. Quarterly sound level comparisons between the first and last years were also performed. The combination of time series and temporal comparison analyses over multiple measurement parameters produced results beyond those obtainable from a single parameter analysis. The ocean sound floor has increased over the past decade in the Indian Ocean. Increases were most prominent in recordings made south of Diego Garcia in the 85-105\ Hz band. The highest sound level trends differed between the two sides of the island; the highest sound levels decreased in the north and increased in the south. Rate, direction, and magnitude of changes among the multiple parameters supported interpretation of source functions driving the trends. The observed sound floor increases are consistent with concurrent increases in shipping, wind speed, wave height, and blue whale abundance in the Indian Ocean.\
}, keywords = {Ambient Sound, Decadal Trends, Indian Ocean}, doi = {10.1121/1.4821537}, author = {Jennifer Miksis-Olds and Bradley, David L and X.M. Niu} } @article {5285, title = {Design and Fabrication of Nereid-UI: A Remotely Operated Underwater Vehicle for Oceanographic Access Under Ice}, year = {2013}, month = {9-13 December}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, keywords = {nereid-ui, under ice}, author = {Whitcomb, Louis L and Bowen, Andrew and Dana Yoerger and Christopher R. German and Kinsey, J and Larry A Mayer and Jakuba, Michael and Gomez-Ibanez, D. and Taylor, Christopher and Machado, Casey and Howland, J and C.L. Kaiser and Heintz, Matthew and Pontbriand, C. and Suman, S. and O{\textquoteright}hara, L.} } @article {5178, title = {Design of a standardized geo-database for risk monitoring of potentially polluting marine sites}, volume = {34(1)}, year = {2013}, month = {4 December 2013}, pages = {138-149}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, abstract = {An increasing availability of geospatial marine data provides an opportunity for hydrographic agencies to contribute to the identification of potentially polluting marine sites (PPMS).
This new acronym has been created not only to refer to shipwrecks of modern vessels, but also for other types of marine sites such as dumping areas, pipelines, etc. Independent of the specific type, a PPMS represents a potential source of pollution for the marine environment. Although several type-specific databases are available worldwide (from local to global scale), there is an evident lack of uniformity (e.g., different aims of data collection). A common approach description of these sites at local single-site level may permit aggregation for multiscale decisions, e.g., for remediation and incident response.
To adequately manage these sites, a standardized PPMS geospatial database (GeoDB) application has been designed to collect relevant information suitable for site inventory and geo-spatial analysis. In particular, benefits in structuring the data in conformance with the Universal Hydrographic Data Model (IHO S-100) and encoding using the Geographic Markup Language (GML) are presented.
A possible practical storage solution is proposed using a GML-enabled spatial relational database management system. Finally, a Web GIS deployment is illustrated, being the simplest way to communicate to the public the collected information, with the related possibility of using the data as a Web Map Service in almost any GIS, allowing for better development and integration with other available datasets. The adoption of the PPMS GeoDB product
specification as part of the IHO S-100 series would represent an innovative and important contribution from the hydrographic community to reduce, or at least better manage, environmental and economic risks related to PPMSs.
On 30 October 2012, Hurricane Sandy made landfall near Brigantine New Jersey bringing widespread erosion and damage to the coastline. We have obtained a unique set of high-resolution before and after storm measurements of seabed morphology and in situ hydrodynamic conditions (waves and currents) capturing the impact of the storm at an inner continental shelf field site known as the \“Redbird reef\”. Understanding the signature of this storm event is important for identifying the impacts of such events and for understanding the role that such events have in the transport of sediment and marine debris on the inner continental shelf. As part of an ONR-sponsored program designed to understand and characterize the ripple dynamics and scour processes in an energetic, heterogeneous inner-shelf setting, a series of high-resolution geoacoustic surveys were conducted before and after Hurricane Sandy. Our overall goal is to improve our understanding of bedform dynamics and spatio-temporal length scales and defect densities through the application of a recently developed fingerprint algorithm technique. Utilizing high-resolution swath sonar collected by an AUV and from surface vessel sonars, our study focuses both on bedforms in the vicinity of manmade seabed objects and dynamic natural ripples on the inner shelf in energetic coastal settings with application to critical military operations such as mine countermeasures.
}, keywords = {AUV, Littoral processes, Submergence instruments: ROV, submersibles}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ggge.20260/full}, author = {Arthur Trembanis and Duval, C. and Beaudoin, Jonathan and Val Schmidt and Miller, D. and Larry A Mayer} } @article {5252, title = {A detailed seabed signature from Hurricane Sandy revealed in bedforms and scour}, volume = {14}, year = {2013}, month = {10/3/2013}, publisher = {AGU and the Geochemical Society}, abstract = {On 30 October 2012, Hurricane Sandy made landfall near Brigantine New Jersey bringing widespread erosion and damage to the coastline. We have obtained a unique set of high-resolution before and after storm measurements of seabed morphology and in situ hydrodynamic conditions (waves and currents) capturing the impact of the storm at an inner continental shelf field site known as the \‘\‘Redbird reef\’\’. Understanding the signature of this storm event is important for identifying the impacts of such events and for understanding the role that such events have in the transport of sediment and marine debris on the inner continental shelf. As part of an ONR-sponsored program designed to understand and characterize the ripple dynamics and scour processes in an energetic, heterogeneous inner-shelf setting, a series of high-resolution geoacoustic surveys were conducted before and after Hurricane Sandy. Our overall goal is to improve our understanding of bedform dynamics and spatio-temporal length scales and defect densities through the application of a recently developed fingerprint algorithm technique. Utilizing high-resolution swath sonar collected by an AUV and from surface vessel sonars, our study focuses both on bedforms in the vicinity of manmade seabed objects and dynamic natural ripples on the inner shelf in energetic coastal settings with application to critical military operations such as mine countermeasures.\
\
}, keywords = {bedforms, multibeam, Sandy, scour}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ggge.20260/full}, author = {Arthur Trembanis and Duval, C. and Beaudoin, Jonathan and Val Schmidt and Miller, D. and Larry A Mayer} } @proceedings {5104, title = {Developing an acceptance test for non-hydrographic airborne bathymetric lidar data application to NOAA charts in shallow waters}, year = {2013}, month = {Mar 25 - Mar 28}, publisher = {THSOA}, address = {New Orleans, LA, USA}, author = {Imahori, Gretchen and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Christopher E Parrish and Wozumi, Toshi and White, Stephen A and Jeong, Inseong and Macon, C.L.} } @article {5167, title = {Development of a Method for a Relative Backscatter Field Calibration using Reson 7125 Multibeam Sonar Systems}, year = {2013}, month = {March 25 - 28}, address = {New Orleans, LA, USA}, abstract = {Acoustic backscatter measurements made by NOAA hydrographic multibeam systems are increasingly requested for use in seafloor characterization for other scientific applications.\ However, variability in backscatter measurements made by each of NOAA\’s Reson 7125 multibeam sonar systems over the same area of seafloor is routinely observed and largely due to the fact that the systems are not calibrated.\ Such variability in junction areas of backscatter measurements made by separate systems results in poor mosaic quality and, in general, detracts from confidence in seafloor characterization efforts.\ A Reson 7125 SV1 multibeam sonar calibrated in the acoustic test tank at the University of New Hampshire in the spring of 2012 is currently in operation by NOAA Ship Fairweather. The data from this calibrated system is being used in an attempt to develop an indirect method of determining backscatter measurement corrections for seven other un-calibrated systems currently in use by NOAA Ships Fairweather and Rainier. Acoustic backscatter measurements of a well known area of seafloor in Shilshole Bay, Puget Sound, WA, made over the last three years using eight Reson 7125s, including the calibrated system, are being used.\ Preliminary results of this research will be presented.
}, keywords = {multibeam backscatter calibration}, author = {Welton, Briana and Beaudoin, Jonathan and Thomas C Weber and Lanzoni, Carlo and Glen A Rice} } @proceedings {5174, title = {Distribution-free, Variable Resolution Depth Estimation with Composite Uncertainty}, year = {2013}, month = {March 25-27}, publisher = {The Hydrographic Society of America}, address = {New Orleans, LA, USA}, abstract = {The increasing availability of geospatial marine data provides an opportunity for hydrographic offices to contribute to the identification of \“Potentially Polluting Marine Sites\” (PPMS). These include shipwrecks, oil rigs, pipelines, and dumping areas. To adequately assess the environmental risk of these sites, relevant information must be collected and converted into a multi-scale geodatabase suitable for site inventory and geo-spatial analysis. In addition, a Risk Index \– representing an assessment of the magnitude of risk associated with any site \– can be derived to determine the potential impacts of these PPMS. However, the successful collection and integration of PPMS information requires some effort to \‘normalize\’ and standardize the data based on recognized international standards. In particular, there is benefit in structuring the data in conformance with the Universal Hydrographic Data Model (IHO S-100) recently adopted by the International Hydrographic Organization. In this paper, an S-100 compliant product specification for a PPMS geo-spatial database and associated Marine Site Risk Index is proposed which can be used by national hydrographic offices and marine protection agencies.
}, keywords = {GIS Database; Risk Index for Potentially Polluting Marine Sites; GML; PPMS; MaSiRI; shipwreck; IHO S-100}, url = {www.chc2012.ca}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti and Brian R Calder and Alexander, Lee} } @proceedings {4890, title = {Developing a Methodology for the Mapping and Characterization of the Nigerian Coastline Using Remote Sensing}, year = {2012}, month = {May 14 - May 17}, address = {Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada}, keywords = {Data Processing}, url = {chc2012.ca}, author = {Fadahunsi, Olumide and Andrew A. Armstrong and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Alexander, Lee and Christopher E Parrish} } @proceedings {4861, title = {Development of a Geo-spatial Analysis Methodology for Assessing the Adequacy of Hydrographic Surveying and Nautical Charts}, year = {2012}, month = {May 15 - May 17}, address = {Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada}, keywords = {Chart of the Future}, url = {www.chc2012.ca}, author = {Azuike, Chukwuma and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Alexander, Lee and Christopher E Parrish and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @mastersthesis {7294, title = {Development of a Geo-spatial Analysis Methodology for Assessing the Adequacy of Hydrographic Surveys and Nautical Charts}, volume = {Ocean Engineering/Ocean Mapping}, year = {2012}, month = {December}, pages = {163}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {IHO Publication C-55 contains information about the progress of hydrographic surveying and nautical charting for littoral states. Listed primarily as percent coverage, it is difficult to use this information to determine: 1) if the current level of surveying or charting is adequate or in need of action, or 2) can be used to compare different locations. An analysis methodology has been developed to assess the adequacy of hydrographic surveying and nautical charting coverage. Indications of chart adequacy as depicted on charts or sailing directions are spatially correlated with significant maritime areas associated with navigational/national interest. However, an analysis based solely on these datasets is limited without access to the current depth information. Publically-available, multi-spectral satellite imagery can be used to derive estimates of bathymetry and provide information in previously unsurveyed areas. Preliminary results show that multi-spectral satellite remote sensing is potentially beneficial as a reconnaissance tool prior to a hydrographic survey.
}, url = {https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis/746}, author = {Azuike, Chukwuma} } @article {5076, title = {Development of Nereid-UI: A Remotely Operated Underwater Vehicle for Oceanographic Access Under Ice}, year = {2012}, month = {Dec 3 - Dec 7}, address = {San Francisco, CA, United States}, abstract = {Abs. $\#$ C13E-0654
}, author = {Whitcomb, Louis L and Bowen, Andrew and Dana Yoerger and Christopher R. German and Kinsey, J and Larry A Mayer and Jakuba, Michael and Gomez-Ibanez, D. and Taylor, Christopher and Machado, Casey and Howland, J and Kaiser, Karl and Heintz, Matthew} } @article {5044, title = {Development of the geoCamera, a system for mapping ice from a ship}, year = {2012}, month = {Dec 3 - Dec 7}, address = {San Francisco, CA, United States}, abstract = {The geoCamera produces maps of the ice surrounding an ice-capable ship by combining images from one or more digital cameras with the ship\&$\#$39;s position and attitude data. Maps are produced along the ship\&$\#$39;s path with the achievable width and resolution depending on camera mounting height as well as camera resolution and lens parameters. Our system has produced maps up to 2000m wide at 1m resolution. Once installed and calibrated, the system is designed to operate automatically producing maps in near real-time and making them available to on-board users via existing information systems. The resulting small-scale maps complement existing satellite based products as well as on-board observations. Development versions have temporarily been deployed in Antarctica on the RV Nathaniel B. Palmer in 2010 and in the Arctic on the USCGC Healy in 2011. A permanent system has been deployed during the summer of 2012 on the USCGC Healy. To make the system attractive to other ships of opportunity, design goals include using existing ship systems when practical, using low costs commercial-off-the-shelf components if additional hardware is necessary, automating the process to virtually eliminate adding to the workload of ships technicians and making the software components modular and flexible enough to allow more seamless integration with a ship\&$\#$39;s particular IT system.\
}, author = {Roland Arsenault and Clemente-Colon, Pablo} } @article {4962, title = {Develping a Methodology for the Mapping and Characterization of the Nigerian Coastline Using Remote Sensing}, year = {2012}, month = {May 15 - May 17}, address = {Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada}, keywords = {Remote Sensing, Shoreline Delineation}, url = {www.chc2012.ca}, author = {Fadahunsi, Olumide and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Alexander, Lee and Christopher E Parrish} } @proceedings {5018, title = {Digital terrain mapping of Petermann Ice Island fragments in the Canadian High Arctic}, year = {2012}, month = {June 2011}, address = {Dalian, China}, author = {Forrest, A.L. and A.K. Hamilton and Val Schmidt and B E Laval and D. Mueller and Crawford, A. J. and Brucker, S. and Hamilton, T} } @proceedings {5102, title = {Distance Detection of Unmanned Underwater Vehicles by Utilizing Optical Sensor Feedback in Leader-Follower Formation}, year = {2012}, month = {Oct 14 - Oct 19}, publisher = {IEEE/MTS}, address = {Hampton Falls, VA}, author = {Eren, Firat and May-Win Thein and Celikkol, Barbaros and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Decew, Jud} } @article {4783, title = {A dual-spectrometer approach to reflectance measurements under sub-optimal sky conditions}, volume = {20}, year = {2012}, month = {In press}, publisher = {The Optical Society (OSA)}, abstract = {Abstract: This paper presents a practical method for the development of spectral reflectance libraries under sub-optimal sky conditions.\ Although there are commercially available spectrometers which simultaneously measure both downwelling and upwelling radiance to mitigate the impact of sub-optimal sky conditions, these spectrometers only record in the visible and near infra-red.\ There are presently no commercially available spectrometers with this capability that can record the visible through short-wave infra-red.\ This paper presents a practical method of recording and processing data using coordinated measurements from two full-range spectrometers and discusses potential pitfalls and solutions required to achieve accurate reflectance spectra.\ Results demonstrate that high-quality spectral reflectance libraries can be developed with this approach.
}, keywords = {Spectrometers and spectroscopic instrumentation, Spectroscopy}, url = {http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/home.cfm}, author = {Bachmann, Charles M and Montes, Marcos J and Christopher E Parrish and Fusina, Robert A and C. Reid Nichols and Rong-Rong Li and Eric Hallenborg and Christopher A. Jones and Krista Lee and Sellars, Jon and White, Stephen A and John C. Fry} } @article {4318, title = {Data visualization optimization via a computational model of human perception}, volume = {17}, year = {2011}, pages = {p. 292 - 300}, author = {Colin Ware and Pineo, Daniel} } @article {4263, title = {Dead Sea Multi-beam Echo Sounder Survey}, volume = {15}, year = {2011}, month = {12/2011}, pages = {21-23}, author = {Beaudoin, Jonathan and Sade, A. and Schulze, B. and John K Hall} } @article {4298, title = {Descriptive Report for Project BY1001}, year = {2011}, month = {07/2011}, institution = {NOAA Integrated Ocean and Coastal Mapping Center}, address = {Durham, NH, USA}, keywords = {Sonar Capabilities}, author = {Glen A Rice and Thomas C Weber and Beaudoin, Jonathan and Jodi L Pirtle} } @proceedings {4332, title = {Design and Implementation of an Extensible Variable Resolution Bathymetric Estimator}, year = {2011}, month = {25-28 April}, address = {Tampa, FL, USA}, author = {Brian R Calder and Glen A Rice} } @article {4324, title = {Detecting and mapping gas seeps with a deepwater multibeam echosounder}, year = {2011}, month = {8-9 November}, address = {Houston, TX, USA}, author = {Thomas C Weber and Beaudoin, Jonathan and Shedd, B. and Mashkoor A Malik and Kevin Jerram and Glen A Rice and Larry A Mayer} } @article {4304, title = {Detection, measurement and recognition of fish species underwater}, year = {2011}, month = {20-22 June 2011}, address = {Faro, Algarve, POR}, keywords = {Species detection and recognition}, url = {http://www.meshatlantic.eu/assets/files/video_survey_worksho_0432011p.pdf}, author = {Yuri Rzhanov and Randy G Cutter Jr. and Matal, Yanarbek and Kastner, Ryan} } @article {2882, title = {Detection of Deep Water Benthic Macroalgae Using Image-based Classification Techniques on Multibeam Backscatter at Cashes Ledge, Gulf of Maine, USA}, volume = {91}, year = {2011}, month = {1 January 2011}, pages = {87-101}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {backscatter, classification, image-based, kelps, macroalgae, multibeam sonar, Water Column Mapping}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272771410003586}, author = {McGonigle, C and Grabowski, J and Craig Brown and Thomas C Weber and Quin, R} } @article {4288, title = {Digital Airborne Vide System for Unbiased Image Matching with Shallow Water Applicationsv}, year = {2011}, address = {Baltimore, MD, USA}, author = {Thomas C Lippmann and Yuri Rzhanov and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri} } @mastersthesis {1828, title = {Detecting Bedform Migration from High Resolution Multibeam Bathymetry in Portsmouth Harbor, New Hampshire, USA}, volume = {Earth Sciences/Ocean Mapping}, year = {2009}, month = {09/2009}, pages = {107}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {A study was undertaken to quantify dune migration in Portsmouth Harbor, New Hampshire, USA from repeat high-resolution multibeam echosounder (MBES) surveys. Repeat MBES surveys were conducted in June 2007 and July 2008 over periods ranging from 6 hours to 7 days in order to capture the response of dune morphology to ebb-flood and spring-neap tidal cycles. A new technique was developed for detecting bedform migration. This approach utilizes a fingerprint-detection algorithm (Bishnu et al., 2002) to convert the bathymetric surface to a binary map of bedform crests, which are subsequently tracked using a spatial cross-correlation technique (Duffy and Hughes-Clarke, 2005). Acoustic current-meter observations from July 2008 provided context for the observed bedform-migration patterns, and were subsequently used to compute bed shear stress. Results indicate that dune migration occurred over periods as short as 6 hours. Dune migration distances in excess of 2 m were observed over 6- and 7-day periods.\
}, keywords = {bedform migration, portsmouth harbor}, author = {Felzenberg, Janice} } @article {5527, title = {Depositional systems on the New Hampshire continental shelf: formation and controlling processes}, year = {2007}, author = {Larry G Ward} } @proceedings {3175, title = {Detection of Vertical Objects in Full-Waveform Lidar Data Using a 3D Wavelet-Based Approach}, year = {2007}, month = {May 7 - May 11}, chapter = {Annual Conference}, address = {Tampa, FL, USA}, keywords = {LIDAR}, author = {Christopher E Parrish and Scarpace, F L} } @mastersthesis {1820, title = {Development and Characterization of a Side Scan Sonar Towfish Stabilization Device}, year = {2006}, pages = {167}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Conrad, Rebecca} } @article {6044, title = {Differential Response by Manatees to Playbacks of Sounds Simulating Approaching Vessels}, journal = {Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, year = {2004}, abstract = {One of the most pressing concerns associated with the endangered Florida manatee is mortality due to collisions with watercraft. Watercraft collisions are the leading identified cause of adult mortality, resulting in greater than 30\% of manatee deaths each year. Reducing adult mortalities is critical to the recovery of the manatee population, as population trends are more sensitive to adult deaths than to those of other age groups. Acoustic playback experiments were conducted to assess the behavioral responses of manatees to watercraft approaches. Playback stimuli were constructed to simulate a vessel approach to approximately 10 m in seagrass habitats. Stimulus categories were (1) silent control; (2) idle outboard approach; (3) planing outboard approach; and (4) fast personal watercraft approach. These results are the first to document responses of wild manatees to playback stimuli. Analyses of swim speed, changes in behavioral state, and respiration rate indicate that the animals respond differentially to the playback categories. The most pronounced responses, relative to the controls, were elicited by the personal watercraft. Quantitative documentation of response during playbacks will provide data that may be used as the basis for future models to predict the impact of specific human activities on manatee and other marine mammal populations.
}, keywords = {Approaching Vessels, Mantatees, Responses, Sounds}, doi = { http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4785203}, author = {Jennifer Miksis-Olds and Miller, J H and Peter L Tyack and J.E. Reynolds and P.L. Donaghay} } @inbook {3940, title = {Detection of Sonar Induced Measurement Uncertainties in Environment Sensing: A Case Study with the Torodial Volume Search Sonar}, booktitle = {Impact of Littoral Environmental Variability on Acoustic Predictions and Sonar Performance}, year = {2003}, pages = {571-577}, publisher = {Kluwer Press}, organization = {Kluwer Press}, address = {Dordrecht, Dordrecht, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Other}, author = {de Moustier, Christian and Gallaudet, T C} } @article {2719, title = {Designing with a 2 1/2-D Attitude}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, year = {2001}, pages = {255-262}, publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing Company}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware} } @proceedings {2958, title = {Diagrams Based on Structured Object Perception}, year = {2000}, month = {May 23 - May 26}, pages = {61-67}, address = {Palermo, Palermo, Italy}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Irani, P and Colin Ware} } @proceedings {2955, title = {Data handling methods and target detection results for multibeam and sidescan data collected as part of the search for SwissAir Flight 111}, year = {1999}, month = {Oct 20 - Oct 23}, pages = {0-11}, edition = {1st}, chapter = {International}, address = {St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {John E. Hughes Clarke and Larry A Mayer and Shaw, J and Parrott, R and Lamplugh, Mike and Bradford, J} } @article {2694, title = {Dynamic adjustment of stereo display parameters}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, year = {1998}, pages = {56-65}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware and Gobrecht, Cyril and Paton, Mark} } @proceedings {2940, title = {The DragMag Image Magnifier}, year = {1995}, month = {May 7 - May 11}, pages = {407-408}, address = {Denver, CO, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware and Lewis, Marlon} }