@article {7442, title = {Revealing Hazards Along Vessel Trajectories Through Electronic Navigational Charts}, year = {Submitted}, month = {September 25-28}, pages = {Gulfport, MS}, keywords = {data fusion, marine navigation, navigational charts}, author = {Eric Klein and Robert DeVito and Forrest Mitchell and Sean M. Kohlbrenner and Alexandros Troupiotis-Kapeliaris and Christos Kastrisios and Dimitris Zissis} } @article {7510, title = {Spatial Distributions of Cold-Water Coral Mound Associates with Respect to Biotope Boundaries}, year = {Submitted}, author = {Benjamin J. Stablow and Thomas E. Lovejoy and Jennifer L. Salerno and Thomas C. Wood and Jennifer A. Dijkstra and Mashkoor A Malik and Esther C. Peters} } @article {7447, title = {Towards Automated Compilation of Electronic Navigational Charts: Automated Nautical-Chart Generalization Model}, year = {Submitted}, month = {May 2022}, author = {Tamer Nada and Christos Kastrisios and Brian R Calder and Ence Christie and Craig Greene and Amber Bethell} } @article {7642, title = {Exploring Ancillary Parameters for Quantifying Interpolation Uncertainty in Digital Bathymetric Models}, year = {2024}, month = {04/17/2024}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis Group}, abstract = {

The oceans remain one of Earth\&$\#$39;s most enigmatic frontiers, with approximately 75\% of the world\&$\#$39;s oceans still unmapped. To create a seamless digital bathymetric model (DBM) from sparse bathymetric datasets, interpolation is employed, but this introduces uncertainties of unknown nature. This study aims to estimate and characterize these uncertainties, which is important in many fields, particularly nautical charting, and navigational safety. Complete seafloor coverage sonar depth data for five testbeds that varied in slope and roughness are sampled at a range of densities (1\% to 50\%) and interpolated across an entire area using Spline, Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW), and Linear interpolation. The resulting uncertainties are evaluated from both scientific and operational perspectives. Employing linear regression and machine learning techniques, the relationships between these uncertainties and ancillary parameters (distance to the nearest measurement, seabed roughness, and slope) are examined for quantifying and characterising the interpolation uncertainty. Results indicate insignificant operational differences among the three interpolators in depth estimation, as well as the statistical significance of the examined uncertainty predictors. Additionally, findings suggest the potential presence of unaccounted-for factors shaping uncertainty, yet this work lays a foundational understanding for improving the estimate of uncertainty in DBMs.

}, keywords = {Geospatial Analysis, hydrography, interpolation-based digital bathymetric models, Machine Learning, Nautical Charting, Uncertainty Estimation}, doi = {10.1080/01490419.2024.2338730}, author = {Elias Adediran and Kim Lowell and Christos Kastrisios and Glen Rice and Qi Zhang} } @article {7549, title = {Mapping and Geomorphic Characterization of the Vast Cold-Water Coral Mounds of the Blake Plateau}, volume = {4(1)}, year = {2024}, month = {12 January 2024}, pages = {17-47}, publisher = {MDPI}, abstract = {

A coordinated multi-year ocean exploration campaign on the Blake Plateau offshore of the south-23 eastern U.S. has mapped what appears to be the most expansive cold-water coral (CWC) mound 24 province thus far discovered. Nearly continuous CWC mound features span an area up to 500 km 25 long and 110 km wide, with a core area of high density mounds up to 254 km long by 42 km wide. 26 This study synthesized bathymetric data from 31 multibeam sonar mapping surveys and generated 27 a standardized geomorphic classification of the region in order to delineate and quantify CWC 28 mound habitats and compare mound morphologies among subregions of the coral province. Based 29 on the multibeam bathymetry, a total of 83,908 individual peak features were delineated, providing 30 the first estimate of the overall number of potential CWC mounds mapped in the region to date. 31 Five geomorphic landform classes were mapped and quantified: peaks (411 km2), valleys (3,598 32 km2), ridges (3,642 km2), slopes (23,082 km2), and flats (102,848 km2). The complex geomorphology 33 of eight subregions was described qualitatively with geomorphic \“fingerprints\” (spatial patterns) 34 and quantitatively by measurements of mound density and vertical relief. This study demonstrated 35 the value of applying an objective automated terrain segmentation and classification approach to 36 geomorphic characterization of a highly complex CWC mound province. Manual delineation of 37 these features in a consistent repeatable way with a comparable level of detail would not have been 38 possible.

}, keywords = {automated, bathymetry, Blake Plateau, cold-water corals, Desmophyllum, geomorphology, Lophelia, mapping, multibeam sonar, Ocean exploration, reef}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/geomatics4010002}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7418/4/1/2}, author = {Derek Sowers and Larry A Mayer and Giuseppe Masetti and Erik Cordes and Ryan Gasbarro and Elizabeth Lobecker and Kasey Cantwell and Samuel Candio and Shannon Hoy and Mashkoor A Malik and Michael White and Matt Dornback} } @article {7633, title = {Natural Warming Differentiates Communities and Increases Diversity in Deep-Sea Ridge Flank Hydrothermal Systems}, volume = {7}, year = {2024}, month = {2024}, pages = {379}, publisher = {Nature Springer}, doi = {doi.org/10.1038/s42003-024-06070}, url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-024-06070-3-3}, author = {Hartwell, A.M. and Wheat, A. and Jennifer A. Dijkstra} } @article {7257, title = {Notes from the Past Show How Local Variability Can Stymie Urchins and the Rise of the Reds in the Gulf of Maine}, volume = {15}, year = {2024}, month = {April, 2024}, pages = {e4800}, publisher = {Ecological Society of America}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.4800}, author = {Byrnes, J.E.K. and Brown, A. and Sheridan, K. and Peller, T. and Lawlor, J. and Beaulieu, J. and Munoz, J. and Hesketh, A. and Pereira, A. and Knight, N.S. and Super, L. and Bledsoe, E.K. and Burant, J.B. and Jennifer A. Dijkstra and Benes, K.} } @mastersthesis {7474, title = {Advancing a Design for Trusted Community Bathymetry}, volume = {Master of Science}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {100}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

The design for a Trusted Community Bathymetry (TCB) system, presented in Calder et al., 2020, demonstrates a data collection system capable of collecting precisely geo-referenced depth soundings from any navigational echosounder installed on a volunteer vessel. The TCB system is capable of autonomously determining any vertical installation offset with respect to the waterline, and provides sufficient guarantees of data quality to allow the soundings to be considered for hydrographic use.

This thesis presents two contributions to advance the original TCB system design. First, it capitalizes on the widespread availability of low-cost sidescan modules in the recreational sonar market by describing a method to integrate one of these units with the existing TCB datalogger. This integration adds significant richness to a volunteer dataset by enabling a hydrographic office to benefit from imagery of targets and obstructions in the vicinity of TCB vessels. Additionally, a method for autonomous operation is presented in which the TCB datalogger may command the sidescan to automatically log imagery in the vicinity of targets of interest specified by the hydrographic office.

Second, this work demonstrates it is possible to replace the survey-grade GNSS receiver antenna used in the original system design with a comparatively inexpensive unit. The replacement antenna does not provide equivalent real-time performance but can collect observations which can be post-processed to produce solutions with uncertainties on the same order as the survey-grade antenna. Since real-time performance is not important in a TCB application, this development represents a significant reduction in total system cost and increases the viability of widespread deployment without sacrificing data quality.\ 

}, author = {Daniel Tauriello} } @article {7367, title = {Aggregation Methods Using Bathymetry Sources of Differing Subjective Reliabilities for Navigation Mapping}, volume = {46}, year = {2023}, month = {6 February 2023}, pages = {99-128}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, abstract = {

When planning for ship navigation or compiling data for a bathymetry map, the navigator or mapper uses many different sources of bathymetry information and navigation hazards. The quality of these sources is inconsistent in general, however, making it challenging to provide a coherent picture for planning. Here, we describe an approach for consistent planning/mapping that uses a combination of soft computing and Bayesian estimation. The case study used to exercise this system involves NOAA Electronic Nautical Charts for an area in the Chesapeake Bay. We first interpolate each set of irregularly spaced soundings to gridded versions of each point-cloud set. Each of these intermediate grids is then aggregated into a fused bathymetric realization using order weighted averaging (OWA) to provide the weights for each source based on their subjective reliabilities. The OWA allows for fusion informed by the user\’s subjective risk allowed in the reconstruction of the seafloor surface and provides quantitative methods to generate, use, and record subjective reliability weights. Each sounding point that went into the bathymetry estimate is then categorized as \“no-go,\” \“caution,\” or \“go\” status. Reliability estimates are reused for weighted Bayesian categorization of each output grid cell to compute the navigable surface.

}, keywords = {Bathymetry Fusion, Bayesian Categorical Estimation, Navigation Risk, Order Weighted Average}, doi = {10.1080/01490419.2023.2166173}, author = {Paul A. Elmore and Brian R Calder and Fred Petry and Giuseppe Masetti and Ron Yager} } @article {7566, title = {Automated Machine Learning-based Extraction of Shallow Water Bathymetry from LiDAR Point Clouds: Developing an Operational Workflow Via Accuracy Analysis}, year = {2023}, month = {March 12-16}, pages = {Mobile, AL}, author = {Kim Lowell}, editor = {Brian Miles} } @article {7387, title = {An Automated Nautical Chart Generalization Model}, year = {2023}, month = {March 13-17}, pages = {Mobile, AL}, abstract = {

Nautical chart generalization is a tedious task and one of the most challenging and time consuming process in any Hydrographic Office (HO). Significant amounts of labor-intensive effort and time are needed for compiling, generalizing and maintaining those products (e.g., Electronic Navigation Charts \‘ENCs\’). Accordingly, nowadays, one of the main objectives in many HOs is using automated generalization to achieve a perfect compromise for ENCs compilation in a cost-effective manner. However, regardless of the various relevant research efforts and the advancements in technology, generalization tasks are still performed mostly manually or semi-manually, where a likelihood of human error is admitted. Therefore, the ideal situation that would increase efficiency of data production at multiple scales and enable customized data products, is a fully automated generalization solution. \ Such a solution would minimize the time and effort needed for ENC production and support rapid chart updates. In addition, it would solve many compilation problems by generating products on demand, at the right scale, at the point of use, and directly from the best available data respecting the main nautical chart constraints (i.e., Topology, Safety). For instance, since most available ENCs were originally compiled directly from the existing paper charts with digitization, following their traditional overlapping limits, inconsistency between adjacent ENCs are most likely encountered at the cells boundaries. These inconsistencies might affect the performance of the Electronic Chart Display Information System (ECDIS) that uses the data for analyses to the safety of the vessels underway. Thus, an automated generalization solution would significantly save time, and instead, HOs efforts can be steered toward compiling the largest scale cells with harmonizing data on the boundaries.

Towards this optimum goal, we present a research that aims to translate cartographic practice and theory into algorithmic building blocks that can iterate and cooperate to find the appropriate chart representation for any given area, at any scale, optimized according to set criteria. First of all, previous efforts for automated map production were investigated, and available nautical cartographic specifications were comprehensively reviewed. Secondly, generalization guidelines were extracted, categorized and translated into rules to be defined in a template as conditions to be respected during the generalization process. Lastly, an automated nautical generalization (AGN) model was developed to form a comprehensive process that utilizes; the generated template, as the input that derives the data generalization for any desired output scale, the source data, within the areas of interest, to perform the generalization to the target scale respecting topology constraints. However, since safety constraints cannot be ignored, a validation tool was developed that is capable of detecting all the safety violation spots in the output database.\ 

}, keywords = {automated cartography, ENCs, Nautical chart constraints, nautical chart generalization, safety of navigation}, author = {Tamer Nada and Christos Kastrisios and Brian R Calder and Ence Christie and Craig Greene and Amber Bethell} } @article {7554, title = {BathyGlobe GapFiller: A Planning Tool to Help Fill the Gaps in World Bathymetry}, volume = {29(2)}, year = {2023}, month = {November 30}, pages = {16-27}, publisher = {International Hydrographic Organization}, abstract = {

To efficiently map the oceans in support of the SeaBed 2030 project and other mapping programs, newly collected mapping lines should ideally not duplicate existing data but slightly overlap prior mapping coverage. BathyGlobe GapFiller is a software tool designed to support planning for transit and area mapping. At its core is an algorithm that adjusts transit lines so that they overlap existing lines by a specified amount. Two novel methods for accomplishing this are presented. The better solution uses a custom overlap detecting filter. While it is more computationally intensive than the alternative, it performs better and is robust. Other capabilities of the BathyGlobe GapFiller are described, including swath width estimation based on system specifications and/or past performance, automatic transit planning, polygon filling, and the production of detailed statistics representing planned survey coverage, overlap and time to complete the survey.

}, keywords = {bathymetry, gap filler, mutibeam echo sounders, ocean mapping, seabed 2030, survey planning, transit planning}, doi = {https://ihr.iho.int/articles/bathyglobe-gapfiller-a-planning-tool-to-help-fill-the-gaps-in-world-bathymetry/}, author = {Ware, Colin and Larry A Mayer and Paul Johnson} } @mastersthesis {7576, title = {Building an Open Source Toolkit for Integrating Multiple Datasets for Seafloor Characterization and Habitat Mapping}, volume = {Oceanography}, year = {2023}, month = {September}, pages = {182}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Characterizing and mapping the seafloor and its features requires collecting and analyzing\ datasets of varied types and scales. Remotely-sensed data can increase our understanding of seafloor processes by providing insight into seabed geomorphology, substrate characteristics,\ etc., over large areas. Collecting direct observations or physical samples of the seafloor, also\ known as ground-truth data, holds the key to interpreting and validating remote sensing\ data. In this thesis, the case is made that by concurrently analyzing some or all of these\ datasets, knowledge about seafloor processes is gained more efficiently and to demonstrate\ this a suite of software tools has been developed to support seafloor habitat mapping.\ 

In Paper I, novel ways to use Digital Bathymetric Models (DBMs) and their derivatives\ to describe bedforms are proposed. In particular, a spatial analysis procedure for the quantitative characterization of large, straight, isolated (LSI) bedforms found in the Great South\ Channel (GSC) is presented. The procedure is objective and repeatable. This study led to\ an increased understanding of the large, straight, isolated bedforms of the GSC, including\ the geological processes associated with them. It was also discovered that these bedforms do\ not migrate, contrary to previous thought. This discovery prompted the study of the role\ of these bedforms as habitat, which is described in Paper II, where the outputs from the\ previous analysis are complemented with co-registered seafloor images.\ 

Paper III, lastly, directly addresses the need for a unified software platform for collecting\ and concurrently analyzing such diverse datasets. In this paper, I present Groundtruther, a\ toolbox for linking marine datasets in space and time, thus enabling the user to interact with\ multiple datasets simultaneously, with the aim of obtaining a synoptic view of a particular\ portion of the seafloor. The contributions from this thesis feed directly into spatial planning\ and ecosystem-based management.

}, url = {https://www.proquest.com/docview/2866362596?pq-origsite=gscholar\&fromopenview=true\&sourcetype=Dissertations\%20\&\%20Theses}, author = {Massimo Di Stefano} } @article {7451, title = {Chart Features, Data Quality, and Scale in Cartographic Sounding Selection from Composite Bathymetric Data}, year = {2023}, month = {31 Oct 2023}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, abstract = {

Cartographic sounding selection is a constraint-based bathymetric generalization process for identifying navigationally relevant soundings for nautical chart display. Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs) are the premier maritime navigation medium and are produced according to international standards and distributed around the world. Cartographic generalization for ENCs is a major bottleneck in the chart creation and update process, where high volumes of data collected from constantly changing seafloor topographies require tedious examination. Moreover, these data are provided by multiple sources from various collection platforms at different levels of quality, further complicating the generalization process. Therefore, in this work, a comprehensive sounding selection algorithm is presented that focuses on safe navigation, leveraging both the Digital Surface Model (DSM) of multi-source bathymetry and the cartographic portrayal of the ENC. A taxonomy and hierarchy of soundings found on ENCs are defined and methods to identify these soundings are employed. Furthermore, the significant impact of depth contour generalization on sounding selection distribution is explored. Incorporating additional ENC bathymetric features (rocks, wrecks, and obstructions) affecting sounding distribution, calculating metrics from current chart products, and introducing procedures to correct cartographic constraint violations ensures a shoal-bias and mariner-readable output. This results in a selection that is near navigationally ready and complementary to the specific waterways of the area, contributing to the complete automation of the ENC creation and update process for safer maritime navigation.

}, keywords = {automation, bathymetry, cartography, ENC, generalization, hydrography, Nautical Chart, navigation}, doi = {10.1080/10095020.2023.2266222}, author = {Noel Dyer and Christos Kastrisios and Leila De Floriani} } @article {7552, title = {Deep Dives and High Tissue Density Increase Mean Dive Costs in California Sea Lions (Zalophus californianus)}, volume = {226(14)}, year = {2023}, month = {June}, abstract = {

Diving is central to the foraging strategies of many marine mammals and seabirds. Still, the effect of dive depth on foraging cost remains elusive because energy expenditure is difficult to measure at fine temporal scales in wild animals. We used depth and acceleration data from 8 lactating California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) to model body density and investigate the effect of dive depth and tissue density on rates of energy expenditure. We calculated body density in 5 s intervals from the rate of gliding descent. We modeled body density across depth in each dive, revealing high tissue densities and diving lung volumes (DLV). DLV increased with dive depth in four individuals. We used buoyancy calculated from dive-specific body density models and drag calculated from swim speed to estimate metabolic power (W kg-1) and cost of transport (COT; J m-1 kg-1) in 5 s intervals during descents and ascents. Deeper dives required greater mean power for round-trip vertical transit, especially in individuals with higher tissue density. These trends likely follow from increased mean swim speed and buoyant hinderance that increasingly outweighs buoyant aid in deeper dives. This suggests deep diving is either a \&$\#$39;high cost, high reward\&$\#$39; strategy or an energetically expensive option to access prey when shallow prey are limited, and that poor body condition may increase the energetic costs of deep diving. These results add to our mechanistic understanding of how foraging strategy and body condition affect energy expenditure in wild breath-hold divers.

}, doi = {DOI:10.1242/jeb.246059}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371782006_Deep_dives_and_high_tissue_density_increase_mean_dive_costs_in_California_sea_lions_Zalophus_californianus}, author = {Cole, Mason R and Ware, Colin and McHuron, Elizabeth A and Daniel P Costa and Ponganis, Paul J and McDonald, Birgitte I} } @article {7366, title = {Design of a Wireless, Inexpensive Ocean of Things System for Volunteer Bathymetry}, year = {2023}, publisher = {IEEE}, abstract = {

Although much progress has been made in recent years to fully map the world ocean, only approximately 20\% is adequately mapped to modern standards. Filling in the remain- der must by necessity be a multi-modal effort, with traditional ocean mapping technologies such as crewed survey ships with multibeam echosounders being mixed with newer systems such as uncrewed, sail-powered mapping systems. Volunteer data from any ship with an echosounder can also be used, but although there have been commercial efforts in this field, most of these systems do not contribute data into the public arena and public entities have largely avoided this field due to complexities of costs, data processing, and uncertainty on how to handle the effort. This paper describes the design of an end-to-end system for managed volunteer bathymetric collection consisting of an inexpensive (\∼$20) wireless \“ocean of things\” data logger for NMEA0183 and NMEA2000 data, associated firmware to manage the collection, a mobile device application to off-load, aggregate, and transfer the data into the cloud, and a cloud segment to process the data and submit it to an international data repository. All of the design has been released under an Open Hardware or Open Source license, allowing independent organizations to initiate data collection efforts without having to do any of the design work themselves. The goal is to provide a simple, approachable\ implementation, encouraging greater adoption of these ideas in hard-to-reach areas of the world with minimal effort on the part of the host organization.

}, keywords = {Cloud-enabled Data Processing, Crowdsourced Bathymetry, Internet of Things, Ocean of Things, Volunteer Bathymetric Information}, doi = {10.1109/JIOT.2023.3234500}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10007655}, author = {Brian R Calder} } @article {7522, title = {The effect of surface orientation on early successional fouling communities in the southern Gulf of Maine}, volume = {569}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {151952}, author = {Kaitlin Van Volkom and Larry G. Harris and Walter J. Lambert and Jennifer A. Dijkstra} } @proceedings {7388, title = {Efforts to Streamline Bathymetry Compilation for Marine Navigation}, year = {2023}, month = {August 13-18}, pages = {Cape Town, South Africa}, publisher = {International Cartographic Association (ICA)}, address = {Cape Town, South Africa}, abstract = {

Maritime shipping is the backbone of international trade and the global economy, as it is the most economically and environmentally efficient mode of transport. To ensure the safe navigation of ships and timely delivery of goods to global ports, mariners rely on up-to-date nautical charts, which portray navigation related information of the coastal and marine environment. Updating nautical charts, and particularly the bathymetric information, is not only costly but also a challenging and time-consuming task. Specialized vessels collect high-resolution bathymetry that is subsequently generalized by cartographers to the scale of the product. Spot soundings and depth curves, complemented by features such as rocks and wrecks, are used to maintain and emphasize the morphological details and characteristic features of the seafloor on charts. Among the vast number of survey soundings, the cartographer is called to select only a fraction of representative soundings for charting, and to produce safe and aesthetically pleasing depth contours from the raw derivations.

Two are the main product constraints that drive chart data generalization, i.e., safety and topology, while requirements such as the minimum allowable distance of vertices forming the contours\’ straight-line segments add to cartographers\’ lot. For the safety constraint, the requirement is that the expected depth, based on the charted bathymetry, must not appear deeper than the source information. Safety is of utmost importance in nautical cartography and the reason that most algorithms developed for topo mapping are not readily applicable for use in the domain. In terms of topology, for example, displacement of soundings, self-crossing of contours, as well as gaps and overlaps of the, so-called, \“Skin of the Earth\” features are not permitted. Violation of the former may result in vessels\’ groundings, whereas violations of the latter may cause the Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDISs) on board, loaded with the official Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs), to crash (while they may also be a safety issue).

A long-term goal of the cartographic community has been the automation of the tasks involved in nautical chart production, and particularly those associated with bathymetry, with the aim to streamline the data collection to product dissemination workflow. Various researchers have developed algorithms for sounding selection and depth contour generalization and the IHO has compiled a series of validation tests for the verification of safety and topology. Recent works have identified some limitations and proposed improvements to the \–not exhaustive\– list of validation tests. This work reviews the current state of the art in automation of the above generalization tasks, as well as recent efforts for modelling the compilation workflow towards a fully automated solution, their limitations, challenges, and possible future work. For example, most automation efforts in sounding selection investigate the task in isolation, although it is known that depth contours and other features play a role in making the cartographic judgements. Furthermore, they predominantly do not assess the safety of the output; however, recent works incorporate forms of safety validation in their process. Also, the output of contour generalization algorithms is sometimes judged as unnatural, or that contours may be pushed extensively toward deep waters, or, most commonly, that the contours\’ point density exceeds the requirements for ENCs and ECDIS.

}, keywords = {depth contours, generalization, Nautical Chart, safety of navigation, Sounding Selection}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-6-119-2023}, author = {Christos Kastrisios} } @article {7548, title = {Emergency Towing of Drix}, year = {2023}, pages = {5}, institution = {UNH Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Towing DriX from a large vessel is considered an emergency response. As such, this procedure does not include the required markings, lights and other accessories required to establish a long duration tow. It is appropriate for short durations (\<24 hours), when the DriX cannot be recovered through normal means. Examples include fouling of the keel such that it cannot be retracted for recovery, malfunction of DriX docking and associated systems, or malfunction of DriX itself when weather and seas prohibit safe deployment of a small boat recovery team.

}, author = {Val Schmidt and Kenneth G. Fairbarn and McLeod, M} } @article {7574, title = {Evaluating Connectivity of Coastal Marine Habitats in the Gulf of Maine by Integrating Passive Acoustics and Metabarcoding}, volume = {36(Supplement 1)}, year = {2023}, month = {January 20}, pages = {100-101}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2023.s1.32}, author = {Milne, Grant and Jennifer Miksis-Olds and Alyssa Stasse and Lee, Bo-Young and Dylan C. Wilford and Brown, Bonnie} } @mastersthesis {7578, title = {An Exploration of Conventional Beamforming Applied to a Phase Measuring Sonar}, volume = {Ocean Engineering/Ocean Mapping}, year = {2023}, month = {September}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Brazilian rivers are a particularly challenging navigation environment because of frequent changes in bathymetry due to sediment transport. To accelerate the release of hydrographic information for these regions, the Brazilian Hydrographic Office has been investigating efficient ways of riverine surveying. In this context, Phase Measuring Bathymetric Sonars (PMBS) are being considered because of their potential to provide wider swaths than traditional Multibeam Echo Sounders (MBES) in shallow waters. Although these systems used to have severe limitations in sounding quality and nadir density, new models with multiple stave pairs are being built to overcome these issues, including the EdgeTech 6205, which claimed to use beamforming to resolve nadir gaps, a long-term problem of PMBS.

This research reproduced conventional phase detection algorithms and compared them to an in-house developed differential phase Direction of Arrival (DOA) estimator, which used phase-delay beamforming to constrain the receiver elevation angle sensitivity. To assess the performance, a shallow water region, known to have meaningful characteristics, such as rough, smooth, target-filled, and seafloor gradient, was investigated by both an EdgeTech 6205 and, as a benchmark reference, an MBES Kongsberg EM2040P, already well-assessed and used in high-quality hydrographic surveys around the world. Depths were comparable to shallow rivers to assess if it would provide reasonable quality and efficiency for riverine surveys.

The results obtained indicated that the use of beamforming significantly contributed to multipath and noise suppression. At the same time, the system evaluation attested to its potential to be used in hydrographic surveys, being an efficient alternative to conventional multibeam systems for IHO S-44 Order 1 riverine surveys.

}, author = {Silva de Deus, Jo{\~a}o Celso} } @mastersthesis {7577, title = {Fine-scale Niche Modeling Growth and Disease Cover Trends of Long-term Outplanted Staghorn Corals (Acropora cervicornis) in the Lower Florida Keys}, volume = {Oceanography}, year = {2023}, month = {July}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Habitat suitability models have long been utilized within restoration ecology to project areas of range expansion, diversity hotspots, and potential locations for nursery-reared outplant success. In the Florida Keys, multiple species have been targeted for coral restoration, especially Acropora cervicornis due to its importance as a reef building stony coral. To date, habitat suitability models have used data with coarse spatial resolution on wild A. cervicornis populations, resulting in recommended sites that are logistically and financially difficult to outplant to by restoration groups. Additionally, coral outplant success can vary widely within a limited space, necessitating the understanding of how to project optimal outplant locations within a restoration site. With the advent of Structure-from-motion reconstruction, fine-scale digital elevation models can be created which can assist in developing targeted habitat suitability models from extacted terrain variables. This study uses fine-scale seafloor variables within a generalized mixed models to project site-specific location of high A. cervicornis growth and healthy coral cover in the long-term. Convex terrain, rough terrain, marine heat and cold waves projected negative relations to coral growth. Slope, distance from coast, and high wind events projected positive relations to growth. Percent healthy cover significantly decreased after two years of outplantation. Depth, distance from coast, decreasing terrain roughness, and proximity to the spur-and-groove interface projected higher percentages of healthy coral cover. Cumulatively, these results emphasize the importance in long-term monitoring and fine-scale surveying when utilizing habitat suitability models to make site recommendations for coral outplanting.\ 

}, author = {Glenna Dyson} } @article {7535, title = {From Kelp Forests to Cunner: The Long-Tendrilled Impact of a 50-Year Career Studying Marine Ecology in the Gulf of Maine}, volume = {569}, year = {2023}, month = {December}, pages = {151951}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2023.151951}, author = {Jennifer A. Dijkstra and Erica L. Westerman} } @article {7570, title = {A GEBCO Community Vision for Improving the Availability, Discoverability \& Accessibility of Bathymetric Data, Proposed Action Plan 2023-2026: Prepared for the GEBCO Technical Sub-Committee for Ocean Mapping (TSCOM)}, year = {2023}, month = {October}, pages = {8}, institution = {GEBCO }, address = {Monaco}, url = {https://iho.int/uploads/user/Inter-Regional\%20Coordination/GEBCO/GGC/GGC40/TSCOM40/TSCOM40_2023_5a_EN_A\%20GEBCO\%20Community\%20Vision\%20for\%20Improving\%20the\%20Availability\%20Discoverability\%20Accessibility\%20of\%20Bathymetric\%20Data\%20Action\%20Plan\%202023-}, author = {Improving Data Discovery \& Access Workshop Participants and Vicki L Ferrini and Jennifer Jencks and Alex Bastos and Kelley Brumley and Daniel Damaske and Federica Foglini and Erin Heffron and Shannon Hoy and Juliet Kinney} } @article {7568, title = {The GEBCO_2023 Grid - A Continuous Terrain Model of the Global Oceans and Land}, year = {2023}, month = {April 18}, publisher = {NERC EDS British Oceanographic Data Centre NOC}, abstract = {

The GEBCO_2023 Grid is a global continuous terrain model for ocean and land with a spatial resolution of 15 arc seconds. In regions outside of the Arctic Ocean area, the grid uses as a base Version 2.5.5 of the SRTM15_plus data set (Tozer, B. et al, 2019). This data set is a fusion of land topography with measured and estimated seafloor topography. Included on top of this base grid are gridded bathymetric data sets developed by the four Regional Centers of The Nippon Foundation-GEBCO Seabed 2030 Project. The GEBCO_2023 Grid represents all data within the 2023 compilation. The compilation of the GEBCO_2023 Grid was carried out at the Seabed 2030 Global Center, hosted at the National Oceanography Centre, UK, with the aim of producing a seamless global terrain model. Outside of Polar regions, the Regional Centers provide their data sets as sparse grids i.e. only grid cells that contain data are populated. These data sets were included on to the base using a \&$\#$39;remove-restore\&$\#$39; blending procedure. This is a two-stage process of computing the difference between the new data and the base grid and then gridding the difference and adding the difference back to the existing base grid. The aim is to achieve a smooth transition between the new and base data sets with the minimum of perturbation of the existing base data set. The data sets supplied in the form of complete grids (primarily areas north of 60N and south of 50S) were included using feather blending techniques from GlobalMapper software. The GEBCO_2023 Grid has been developed through the Nippon Foundation-GEBCO Seabed 2030 Project. This is a collaborative project between the Nippon Foundation of Japan and the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO). It aims to bring together all available bathymetric data to produce the definitive map of the world ocean floor by 2030 and make it available to all. Funded by the Nippon Foundation, the four Seabed 2030 Regional Centers include the Southern Ocean - hosted at the Alfred Wegener Institute, Germany; South and West Pacific Ocean - hosted at the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, New Zealand; Atlantic and Indian Oceans - hosted at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, USA; Arctic and North Pacific Oceans - hosted at Stockholm University, Sweden and the Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping at the University of New Hampshire, USA.

}, keywords = {elevation, Oceans}, doi = {doi:10.5285/f98b053b-0cbc-6c23-e053-6c86abc0af7b}, url = {https://www.gebco.net/data_and_products/gridded_bathymetry_data/gebco_2023/}, author = {Pauline Weatherall and Michael Bogonko and Caroline Bringensparr and Sheila C{\'a}ceres Ferreras and Sara Cardigos and Boris Dorschel and Hayley Drennon and Simon Dreutter and Vicki L Ferrini and Laura Hehemann and Martin Jakobsson and Paul Johnson and Marcus Karlsson and Juliet Kinney and Kevin Mackay and Sarah M Maher and Tinah V Martin and Larry A Mayer and Jamie McMichael-Phillips and Rezwan Mohammad and Frank O Nitsche and Jaya Roperez and Silvia Salas-Romero and David T Sandwell and Yvonne Schulze Tenberge and Patrick Schwarzbach and Helen Snaith and Sacha Viquerat and GEBCO Bathymetric Compilation Group 2023 and Fynn Warnke} } @article {7551, title = {Groundtruther: A QGIS Plug-in for Seafloor Characterization, Environmental Modelling and Software}, volume = {171}, year = {2023}, month = {October 25}, abstract = {

This work focuses on developing a software system for concurrently analyzing co-located multibeam echo sounder (MBES) datasets and seafloor imagery, fulfilling the need for a unified seafloor data exploration and analysis platform. The system comprises a graphical user interface where image browsing and geospatial data are linked and several toolboxes for extracting backscatter distribution, its angular response, and bathymetric derivatives to ultimately build detailed quantitative reports. The overall objective is to provide an efficient means of understanding the relationships between morphology, backscatter, and the observed biota and, thus, understanding the relationship between the physical and ecological elements of the seafloor. In addition, Groundtruther provides new ways to interpret remotely sensed information derived from MBES and aid the development of spatial distribution models. Furthermore, it could lead to the enrichment of ground-truth databases used to develop formal geophysical models that link acoustic backscatter observations to intrinsic properties of the seafloor.

}, keywords = {GIS, Ground truth, multibeam, Remote Sensing, Seafloor images}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2023.105861}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364815223002475}, author = {Massimo Di Stefano and G. Gonzalez Mirelis and Larry A Mayer} } @proceedings {7463, title = {Improving Hydrographic Data Quality with MAC Assessment Tools and the HydrOffice Suite}, year = {2023}, month = {June 20-22}, address = {Barcelona, Spain}, keywords = {Ocean mapping Multibeam Advisory Committee HydrOffice assessment tools}, author = {Kevin Jerram and Giuseppe Masetti and Paul Johnson and Vicki L Ferrini} } @article {7567, title = {Improving Shallow Water Nautical Charts Via Operational Automated Machine Learning-based Bathymetry Extraction from Airborne LiDAR Point Clouds}, year = {2023}, month = {November 28-30}, pages = {Kiln, Mississippi}, author = {Kim Lowell}, editor = {Brian Miles} } @article {7398, title = {Increasing Efficiency of Nautical Chart Production and Accessibility to Marine Environment Data through an Open-Science Compilation Workflow}, volume = {12(3)}, year = {2023}, month = {8 March}, pages = {116}, abstract = {

Electronic Navigational Chart (ENC) data are essential for safe maritime navigation and have multiple other uses in a wide range of enterprises. Charts are relied upon to be as accurate and as up-to-date as possible by the vessels moving vast amounts of products to global ports each year. However, cartographic generalization processes for updating and creating ENCs are complex and time-consuming. Increasing the efficiency of the chart production workflow has been long sought by the nautical charting community. Toward this effort, approaches must consider intended scale, data quality, various chart features, and perform consistently in different scenarios. Additionally, supporting open-science initiatives through standardized open-source workflows will increase marine data accessibility for other disciplines. Therefore, this paper reviews, improves, and integrates available open-source software, and develops new custom generalization tools, for the semi-automated processing of land and hydrographic features per nautical charting specifications. The robustness of this approach is demonstrated in two areas of very different geographic configurations and the effectiveness for use in nautical charting was confirmed by winning the first prize in an international competition. The presented rapid data processing combined with the ENC portrayal of results as a web-service provides new opportunities for applications such as the development of base-maps for marine spatial data infrastructures.


}, doi = {10.3390/ijgi12030116}, author = {Christos Kastrisios and Noel Dyer and Tamer Nada and Stilianos Contarinis and Jose Cordero} } @article {7468, title = {Integration and Operation of DriX-12 Aboard NOAA Ship Thomas Jefferson}, year = {2023}, month = {March 13-16}, pages = {Biloxi, MS}, abstract = {

In the summer of 2023, through funding provided by NOAA\’s Uncrewed Systems (UxS) Operations Center within the Office of Marine Operations, NOAA acquired a DriX uncrewed surface vehicle (USV) (Exail Inc.). The project is a collaborative effort by NOAA\’s Office of Coast Survey and NOAA Fisheries to operationalize the use of uncrewed systems to improve the efficiency of acoustic surveys from NOAA\&$\#$39;s ships. Sea Acceptance Testing of the vehicle was performed in collaboration with the University of New Hampshire\’s Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM) in August 2022. Initial deployment and training of personnel aboard the NOAA Ship\ Thomas Jefferson\ occurred in early September. Afterward, two weeks of production survey operations were performed with DriX-12 as part-and-parcel of the ship\’s routine operations. Lessons learned during initial sea acceptance, shipboard integration, personnel training and staffing, and deployment and recovery will be discussed. An evaluation of survey operations in conjunction with the ship and DriX-12 data will also be provided.

}, author = {Val Schmidt and Downs, Rob and Levano, Michelle} } @article {7437, title = {Introducing the Denmark Depth Model}, volume = {2}, year = {2023}, month = {April 6}, pages = {40-42}, publisher = {Geomares Publishing}, abstract = {
The Denmark Depth Model (DDM) is a digital bathymetric model covering Denmark\’s exclusive economic zone (EEZ). It was developed based on hundreds of bathymetric survey datasets and historical sources and is the first model released by the Danish Geodata Agency to cover Danish waters with a grid resolution of 50 metres. In light of increasing environmental concerns, the DDM makes a significant contribution to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 14, which aims to \“conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development.\”
}, url = {https://www.hydro-international.com/content/article/introducing-the-denmark-depth-model}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti} } @article {7390, title = {A Machine Learning Approach to Characterizing Uncertainty in Interpolated Bathymetric Datasets}, year = {2023}, month = {March 13-17}, pages = {Mobile, AL}, abstract = {

The oceans are truly Earth\’s last great unknown. With about 75\% of the world\&$\#$39;s ocean and 53\% of the U.S. ocean, coastal, and Great Lakes waters unmapped, interpolation across large distances is typically required among sparse bathymetric datasets/measurements in order to fill the data gaps and create a definitive model of the seafloor. As with any scientific measurement, the uncertainty that comes with bathymetry is important, but particularly for the application of nautical charting and navigational safety, it is crucial as it can be one of the factors of maritime accidents. The widespread use of digital bathymetric models developed using interpolation methods across numerous disciplines in the academic, government, and private sectors are on the increase with little or no accompanying estimates of the uncertainty inherent in the models. This calls for additional work to bolster the existing ones in this area of research in ocean mapping as the significance of estimating uncertainty in these models ranges from academically and commercially beneficial to potentially lifesaving. Hence, this work will present a novel machine learning approach to estimating and characterizing the uncertainties in bathymetric models given different datasets combinations, qualities, and seafloor morphologies to better quantify the estimate of interpolation uncertainty. Our ongoing investigation is evaluating the performance of deterministic and stochastic interpolation techniques on different testbeds with different datasets in the U.S. This effort is targeted at determining an optimal interpolation method that is fit for purpose and provides the best estimate of uncertainty based on different data combinations, qualities, and seafloor morphologies in operational settings. An optimal interpolation method in the context of this work is one that meets the application requirements (for example preserves shallow depths and does not overestimate depth for nautical charting and safety of navigation; preserves morphology for modeling applications, etc.) while still providing the best estimate of uncertainty. Beyond the broader impact of better filling the bathymetric gaps, the findings of this work are expected to help the hydrospatial community confidently choose a situation-specific \– i.e., based on location, depth, data characteristics, morphologies \– optimal interpolation method. Consequently, the eventual benefits will be enhancing nautical chart accuracy, hydrographic survey planning, and improving National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) data-driven projects such as the National Bathymetric Source, Hydrographic Health Modelling, Precision Navigation, etc.

}, keywords = {interpolated bathymetry, Machine Learning}, author = {Elias Adediran and Kim Lowell and Christos Kastrisios and Glen A Rice} } @article {7467, title = {Mapping and Geomorphic Characterization of the Vast Cold-Water Coral Mounds of the Blake Plateau}, year = {2023}, month = {May 29-June 2}, address = {Edinburgh, Scotland, UK}, abstract = {

The full extent of the largest cold-water coral (CWC) mound province thus far discovered has been recently revealed through multibeam sonar surveys completed during a multi-year exploration campaign on the Blake Plateau offshore of the southeastern U.S. CWC mounds in this region form distinct bumps or pinnacles (composed of slope, ridge, and peak features) readily observable in multibeam bathymetry data and were mapped in depth ranges spanning approximately 350-900 m.

Bathymetric data from 31 multibeam sonar mapping surveys were synthesized and used to generate a standardized geomorphic classification of the region in order to delineate and quantify CWC mound habitats. Seafloor terrain features were classified using the Bathymetry- and Reflectivity-based Estimator for Seafloor Segmentation (BRESS) method developed by Masetti et al. (2018) into five geomorphic landform classes (peaks, valleys, ridges, slopes, and flats) to support the enumeration of coral mound features and to quantify the area of each landform class. The \“peak\” landform class was utilized to identify and count the number of individual apparent CWC mounds.

The complex geomorphology of eight subregions representing distinct spatial patterns of CWC mound formation was described qualitatively with geomorphic \“fingerprints\” and quantitatively by measurements of mound density and vertical relief. Ground-truth for the bathymetric analysis was provided by direct substrate observations from 23 submersible dive videos that revealed coral rubble to be the dominant substrate component within the peak, ridge, and slope landforms explored, thereby validating the interpretation of these bathymetric features as CWC mounds.

The methods used in this study provide a pragmatic standardized approach for identifying, characterizing, and quantifying CWC mound-forming habitats and could be applied to other CWC provinces to enable more direct comparisons among geographically diverse settings.

}, author = {Derek Sowers and Larry A Mayer and Giuseppe Masetti and Erik Cordes and Ryan Gasbarro and Elizabeth Lobecker and Kasey Cantwell and Shannon Hoy and Michael White and Samuel Candio and Mashkoor A Malik and Matt Dornback} } @article {7541, title = {Mapping Northern Greenland Waters}, volume = {4}, year = {2023}, month = {November 3}, abstract = {

An understanding of the interplay between glaciers and the ocean is needed to improve sea-level rise projections. Seafloor mapping is critical in this pursuit, particularly where the ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica meet the ocean. Northern Greenland\’s marine realm remains one of Earth\’s least explored areas, with completely uncharted fjords. In 2019, one of these fjords was mapped by the Swedish icebreaker Oden, with the next unmapped fjord to the east the target for 2024.

}, url = {https://www.hydro-international.com/content/article/mapping-northern-greenland-waters}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Larry A Mayer} } @article {7550, title = {Mapping Northern Greenland Waters: A Blank Spot on Nautical Charts in Ice-Infested Waters}, volume = {27,3}, year = {2023}, month = {November 3}, pages = {17-21}, url = {https://www.hydro-international.com/content/article/mapping-northern-greenland-waters}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Larry A Mayer} } @article {7232, title = {Marine protected areas and electronic navigational charts: legal foundation, mapping methods, IHO S-122 portrayal, and advanced navigation services}, volume = {8}, year = {2023}, month = {January 5}, publisher = {Springer}, abstract = {

A strategic instrument for the sustainable conservation of the fragile marine ecosystem is the designation of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), within which various regulations exist for the protection of highly vulnerable species and habitats. These regulations can be depicted on Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs) based on the new International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) S-100 series of standards, which support Marine Information Overlays (MIOs) that enrich the portrayed information by including both static and dynamic information, such as vessels traffic, tides, currents, and weather conditions, as well as essential information for the regulation of MPAs. Although, the new IHO S-122 Product Specification introduced specifically for the MPAs has been developed to encapsulate geospatial information for these regulations, the present edition does not specify portrayal. This paper reviews the legal foundation for the protection of marine mammals as well as the mapping methods used in selected study cases and builds upon these to present new, intuitive portrayal symbols for depicting the type of MPAs in combination with the regulations to be enforced on ENCs. Moreover, to support the global efforts for the protection of marine biodiversity, contemporary navigation systems aboard vessels can be used to enforce environmental regulations, and operations centers ashore can also monitor vessels\’ passage and activities in MPAs. In that respect, this paper also discusses the concepts of Ecosystem Protection Zones and Environmental Risk Contours that can facilitate environmental risk-based voyage planning and preventive alarm services through Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS).

}, keywords = {Ecosystem Protection Zone (EPZ), Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS), Electronic Navigational Chart (ENC), ENCs Portrayal, Environmental Risk Contour (ERC), Environmentally Sensitive Sea Areas (ESSA), IHO S-100 Standard, IHO S-122 Product Specification, Marine Information Overlay (MIO), Marine Protected Areas (MPA)}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s41207-023-00343-9}, author = {Stilianos Contarinis and Christos Kastrisios and Nakos, Byron} } @proceedings {7565, title = {The Multibeam Advisory Committee and Ocean Mapping Community Wiki}, year = {2023}, month = {September 26-29}, abstract = {

The NSF-funded Multibeam Advisory Committee (MAC) aims to improve and maintain high-quality mapping data throughout the United States Academic Research Fleet (USARF).\  The MAC will describe approaches for sea acceptance testing, routine performance monitoring, planning opportunistic assessments, and reporting results publicly.\  This talk will also demonstrate the Ocean Mapping Community Wiki and invite the audience to share expertise and \‘lessons learned\’ from their field experiences.

}, author = {Kevin Jerram and Paul Johnson and Vicki L Ferrini and Hayley Drennon} } @proceedings {7462, title = {The Multibeam Advisory Committee and Ocean Mapping Community Wiki}, year = {2023}, month = {June 20-22}, address = {Barcelona, Spain}, keywords = {Ocean mapping Multibeam Advisory Committee}, author = {Kevin Jerram and Giuseppe Masetti and Paul Johnson and Vicki L Ferrini} } @proceedings {7464, title = {Multibeam Advisory Committee assessment tools workshop}, year = {2023}, month = {June 20-22}, address = {Barcelona, Spain}, keywords = {Multibeam Advisory Committee ocean mapping multibeam assessment tools}, author = {Kevin Jerram and Giuseppe Masetti and Paul Johnson and Vicki L Ferrini} } @article {7573, title = {Multidimensional Comparison of Underwater Soundscapes Using the Soundscape Code}, volume = {154(5)}, year = {2023}, month = {November 1}, pages = {3438-3453}, abstract = {

The soundscape of a given habitat is a product of its physical environment, human activity, and presence of soniferous marine life, which can be used to understand ecosystem processes, habitat quality, and biodiversity. Shallow coral habitats are hotspots of biodiversity and marine life. Deep-sea coral environments, in comparison, are generally poorly understood. Four soundscapes along the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) and one soundscape from the Great Barrier Reef were quantified to explore how differences in habitat, depth, and substrate manifest acoustically. Comparisons were made between (1) deep, cold-water and shallow, warm-water coral reefs and (2) deep-sea coral and sandy bottom habitats. Application of the soundscape code to recordings in each location seeded cluster analyses of soundscape metrics and an assessment of daily trends to quantitatively compare the soundscapes. The shallow, tropical reef soundscape differed from the deep-sea soundscapes in amplitude and impulsiveness. Differences in soundscape properties among the deep-sea soundscapes suggested cold-water coral sites produce different soundscapes than the deep sites without live hard bottom. This initial assessment of deep-sea soundscapes along the U.S. OCS provides baseline acoustic properties in a region likely to experience changes due to climate and human use.

}, doi = {DOI: 10.1121/10.0022514}, author = {Dylan C. Wilford and Jennifer Miksis-Olds and S. Bruce Martin} } @proceedings {7600, title = {The National Bathymetric Source}, year = {2023}, month = {September 25-28}, pages = {1-7}, address = {Biloxi, MS}, doi = {10.23919/OCEANS52994.2023.10337401}, author = {Glen A Rice and Wyllie, Katrina and Gallagher, Barry and Geleg, Phuntsok} } @proceedings {7547, title = {New Developments in Bathymetric Lidar TPU Modeling and cBLUE Software}, year = {2023}, month = {November 28-30}, publisher = {USACE JALBTCX}, address = {Kiln, MS}, author = {C. Parrish and S. Lambert and K. Kief and F. Corcoran and S. White and J. Kum and G. Imahori and B. R. Calder} } @article {7571, title = {Ocean Sound Essential Ocean Variable Implementation Plan}, year = {2023}, month = {November 8}, pages = {96}, institution = {Partnership for Observation of the Global Ocean (POGO)}, abstract = {

This document provides guidance for the addition of acoustic observations to the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) through implementation of the Ocean Sound Essential Ocean Variable (EOV). The goal of this Ocean Sound EOV Implementation Plan is to define a baseline of how ocean sound observations are collected, analyzed, managed and reported. The Implementation Plan has been produced by a Committee of the International Quiet Ocean Experiment (IQOE), a project co-sponsored by the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) and the Partnership for Observation of the Global Ocean (POGO).

}, url = {https://zenodo.org/records/10067187}, author = {Peter L Tyack and Akamatsu, Tomonari and Olaf Boebel and Chapuis, L and Debusschere, Elizabeth and C.A.F. de Jong and Erbe, C and Evans, Karen and Jason Gedamke and Jennifer Miksis-Olds and Hanne Sagen and Thomsen, Frank and Thomisch, Karolin and Ed Urban} } @inbook {7572, title = {Ocean Sound: More than Just Amplitude}, booktitle = {The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life}, year = {2023}, month = {November 20}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, abstract = {

The Soundscape Code was originally proposed in 2021 to rapidly assess and direct multidimensional comparisons of salient soundscape properties across time and space. The Soundscape Code metrics represent the amplitude, impulsiveness, uniformity, and periodicity properties of an acoustic environment. Here they were applied to recordings from four deep ocean environments along the US Outer Continental Shelf and the shallow water of the Great Barrier Reef. The assessment and comparison of soundscapes recorded in deep sea sand versus deep coral locations and deep versus shallow water coral sites showed the habitat soundscapes exhibited both similarities and unique acoustic properties which were metric dependent. This initial characterization will aid in directing further analyses and guide subsequent assessments to more comprehensively understand soundscape dynamics and the role the local soundscape plays in deep sea ecosystems and coral reef habitats.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10417-6_111-1}, author = {Jennifer Miksis-Olds and Dylan C. Wilford and S. Bruce Martin}, editor = {A.N. Popper and Sisneros, J. and Hawkins, A.D. and Thomsen, Frank} } @mastersthesis {7546, title = {Potential Vorticity Dynamics Driving Variability in Mean Tidal Currents Flowing Through Bounded Estuarine Channels}, volume = {Oceanography}, year = {2023}, month = {December}, pages = {157}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Tidally induced pressure gradients in sea level drive mean estuarine tidal currents that can have horizontal spatial variability across a bounded channel or inlet. Strong cross-channel gradients in along-channel mean velocity set up extremums in the background potential vorticity that can support instabilities of tidal currents flowing through narrow, bounded estuarine channels and tidal inlets. In addition, conservation of potential vorticity including frictional terms, results in intensification of along-channel tidal currents over shallow lateral shelves. In the first part of this dissertation (Chapter 2), the dispersion equation of barotropic instabilities of tidal currents is analytically solved for simple bathymetry defined by idealized and variable channel geometries that include lateral shelves. The solution is third-order and the cross-channel velocity structure, bathymetry, and geometry can be altered to approximate typical natural inlet geometries allowing for a range of scenarios to be examined. The resulting fastest growing unstable modes have wavelengths of O(102 m), periods of O(102 - 103 s), and growth rates of O(10-3 - 10-2 s-1) with phase speeds approximately one third of the maximum velocity, consistent with instabilities of longshore currents studied in the nearshore (Bowen and Holman, 1989; Dodd and Thornton, 1990). In the second part of this dissertation (Chapter 3), the presence of instabilities of tidal currents is\ observed from a spatially lagged along-channel array consisting of seven current meters and pressure sensors deployed in the Hampton-Seabrook Inlet, NH for one week encompassing the spring tides in May 2021. Using iterative maximum likelihood estimators, wavenumber-frequency spectra are estimated during 3-4 hour time periods with approximately steady currents on both the flood and ebb tides. Dominant wavenumbers (\± 0.002 - 0.02 m-1) of the low frequency motions (0.0006 - 0.01 s-1) with corresponding wavelengths (\± 314.2 \– 3141.6 m) and periods (628.3 \– 10472 s) are resolved and consistent with motions estimated in Chapter 2. The lack of breaking wave group modulations within the inlet and the presence of the seaward (shoreward) propagating instabilities on the ebb (flood) flow indicate that the presence of the instabilities can be attributed to the shear of the tidal current. In the third part of the dissertation (Chapter 4), a numerical hydrodynamic model (ROMS) is used to better understand the forcing mechanisms driving intensification of velocity over the shallow lateral shelf in the Piscataqua River observed from ADCP transects obtained in 2015 during both the flood and ebb of the spring tide. Results show that the along-channel flow is intensified (convergence of streamlines) over the lateral shelf under high Reynolds number conditions, where the inertial forces dominate over the frictional and viscous forces, during both quasi-steady flooding and ebbing currents. Given the cross-channel structure of the velocity, the water circulates up onto the shelf by the conservation of potential vorticity. Due to the shallower depth over the shelf, the velocities increase due to conservation of volume, which leads to even stronger horizontal shear in the mean along-channel tidal currents. The spatial and temporal variability in mean tidal currents (consistent with instabilities of the flow) results from the background potential vorticity that mixes momentum horizontally across the channel and smooths the cross-channel velocity structure; thus, the potential vorticity balance leads to both velocity intensification over the shelf and unstable motions. Changes to the mean flow\ structure and mixing by instabilities have implications for estuarine dynamics such as the fate and transport of organic and inorganic matter, navigational safety, and tidal energy resource assessment.

}, author = {Katherine A. Kirk} } @article {7553, title = {Rainbow Colormaps Are Not All Bad}, volume = {43(3)}, year = {2023}, month = {May 17}, pages = {88-93}, publisher = {IEEE}, abstract = {

Some 15 years ago, Visualization Viewpoints published an influential article titled Rainbow Color Map (Still) Considered Harmful (Borland and Taylor, 2007). The paper argued that the \“rainbow colormap\’s characteristics of confusing the viewer, obscuring the data and actively misleading interpretation make it a poor choice for visualization.\” Subsequent articles often repeat and extend these arguments, so much so that avoiding rainbow colormaps, along with their derivatives, has become dogma in the visualization community. Despite this loud and persistent recommendation, scientists continue to use rainbow colormaps. Have we failed to communicate our message, or do rainbow colormaps offer advantages that have not been fully appreciated? We argue that rainbow colormaps have properties that are underappreciated by existing design conventions. We explore key critiques of the rainbow in the context of recent research to understand where and how rainbows might be misunderstood. Choosing a colormap is a complex task, and rainbow colormaps can be useful for selected applications.

}, doi = {10.1109/MCG.2023.3246111}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10128890}, author = {Ware, Colin and Stone, Maureen and Szafir, Danielle Albers} } @article {7563, title = {R/V Kilo Moana 2023 EM122 EM710 QAT Report}, year = {2023}, month = {June 9}, pages = {48}, institution = {Multibeam Advisory Committee}, url = {https://mac.unols.org/reports/2023-r-v-kilo-moana-em122-em710-qat-report/}, author = {Kevin Jerram and Paul Johnson and Vicki L Ferrini} } @article {7561, title = {R/V Marcus G. Langseth 2023 EM122 QAT Report}, year = {2023}, month = {June 1}, pages = {51}, institution = {Multibeam Advisory Committee}, url = {https://mac.unols.org/reports/2023-r-v-langseth-em122-qat-report/}, author = {Kevin Jerram and Paul Johnson and Vicki L Ferrini and Hayley Drennon} } @article {7562, title = {R/V Sally Ride 2023 EM124 EM712 QAT Report}, year = {2023}, month = {June 1}, pages = {24}, institution = {Multibeam Advisory Committee}, url = {https://mac.unols.org/reports/2023-r-v-sally-ride-em124-em712-qat/}, author = {Kevin Jerram and Paul Johnson and Vicki L Ferrini} } @article {7560, title = {R/V Sikuliaq 2023 EM302 EM710 QAT Report}, year = {2023}, month = {April 11}, pages = {19}, institution = {Multibeam Advisory Committee}, url = {https://mac.unols.org/reports/2023-r-v-sikuliaq-em302-em710-qat-report/}, author = {Kevin Jerram and Paul Johnson and Vicki L Ferrini} } @article {7452, title = {Stay the Course: Leveraging Maritime Traffic Patterns to Predict Future Behavior}, year = {2023}, month = {October 11-14}, pages = {Pittsburgh, PA}, abstract = {

Sudden changes in a vessel\&$\#$39;s path are common, complicating efforts to predict future behavior. In this work, we leverage existing traffic to develop an algorithm that makes informed trajectory predictions. Our method begins with analyzing historical maritime traffic using AIS data from vessels in southern New England. This analysis culminates in creating representative trajectories of this data that are validated against nautical charts. The algorithm matches a given path to these trajectories and uses them to model their behavior. This developing effort aims to reduce the cognitive load for mariners and support autonomous navigation efforts by predicting the probable movement of nearby vessels and their future waypoints.

}, doi = {10.13140/RG.2.2.34719.94883}, author = {Sean M. Kohlbrenner and Christos Kastrisios and Alexandros Troupiotis-Kapeliaris} } @article {7475, title = {Time-Lapse Seafloor Surveys Reveal How Turbidity Currents and Internal Tides in Monterey Canyon Interact With the Seabed at Centimeter-Scale}, volume = {128 (4)}, year = {2023}, month = {April 6}, publisher = {American Geophysical Union}, abstract = {

Here we show how ultra-high resolution seabed mapping using new technology can help to understand processes that sculpt submarine canyons. Time-lapse seafloor surveys were conducted in the axis of Monterey Canyon, \∼50 km from the canyon head (\∼1,840 m water depth) over an 18-month period. These surveys comprised 5-cm resolution multibeam bathymetry, 1-cm resolution lidar bathymetry, and 2-mm resolution stereophotographic imagery. Bathymetry data reveal centimeter-scale textures that would be undetectable by more traditional survey methods. Upward-looking Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers at the site recorded the flow character of internal tides and the passage of three turbidity currents, while sediment cores collected from the site record flow deposits. Combined with flow and core data, the bathymetry shows how turbidity currents and internal tides modify the seabed. The turbidity currents drape sediment across the site, infilling bedform troughs and smoothing erosional features carved by the internal tides (e.g., rippled scours). Turbidity currents with speeds of 0.9\–3.3 m/s failed to cause notable bedform movement, which is surprising given that flows with similar speeds produced rapid bedform migration elsewhere, including the upper Monterey Canyon. The lack of migration may be related to the character of the underlying substrate or indicate that turbidity currents at the site lack dense, near-bed layers. The scale of scours produced by the internal tides (\≤0.7 m/s) approaches the scale of features recorded in the ancient rock record. Thus, these results illustrate how the scale gap between seabed mapping technology and the rock record may eventually be bridged.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JF006705}, author = {Monica L Wolfson-Schwehr and Paull, C.K. and Caress, D.W. and Gwiazda, R. and Nieminski, N.M. and P.J. Talling and Simmons, S. and Troni, G.} } @proceedings {7389, title = {Towards Automated Nautical Chart Compilation and Verification of Output Topology and Safety}, year = {2023}, month = {August 13-18}, publisher = {International Cartographic Association (ICA)}, address = {Cape Town, South Africa}, abstract = {

The compilation of Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs) requires significant amount of time, labor-intensive efforts, and cost. Despite the advancements in technology and the various research efforts, generalization tasks are still performed manually or semi-manually with expected human errors. The dramatic increase in the amount of data that is collected by modern acquisition systems, in addition to the increasing timeline expected by the end-users, are constantly driving Hydrographic Offices (HOs) toward the investigation and adoption of more advanced and effective ways for automating the generalization tasks to speed up the process, minimize the cost, and improve productivity. Full automation of the nautical chart compilation process has been unreachable due to the strict nautical cartographic constraints (and particularly those of safety and topology) that pose a challenge for most of the available generalization tools, while it remains questionable whether automation can replace human thought processes. In this paper, we discuss a research effort for an Automated Nautical Generalization (ANG) model in the Esri environment. The ANG model builds upon the nautical chart generalization guidelines and practice and utilizes available tools in the Esri environment to perform the generalization of selected ENC features to the target scale. Safety constraints in\ the marine domain is of utmost importance, however, since most of the readily available tools do not respect safety, the main goal of this effort has been an output with no topological violations. In the current phase of the project, we evaluate safety of soundings and contour for user fixing and while the validation of bathymetry is a well-researched topic, there was the need for an automated process to identify the sections of the generalized contours that have been displaced toward the shallow water side Therefore, this work also presents a safety validation tool that detects the contours\’ safety violations in the output. The tool is composed of three main stages that run individually after the ANG model is complete with the aim to highlight the safety violations for fixing by cartographers

}, keywords = {automated cartography, ENCs, Nautical chart constraints, nautical chart generalization, safety of navigation}, doi = {10.5194/ica-proc-5-14-2023}, author = {Tamer Nada and Christos Kastrisios and Brian R Calder and Ence Christie and Craig Greene and Amber Bethell} } @mastersthesis {7449, title = {Towards Automation of Volunteered and Authoritative Bathymetric Data Comparisons}, volume = {Ocean Engineering/Ocean Mapping}, year = {2023}, month = {May }, pages = {67}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Hydrographic data, including sonar, positioning, and oceanographic data used for\ sea floor mapping, are used all over the world for many purposes. Large volumes of\ high-quality hydrographic data are required to create high-accuracy nautical charts and\ bathymetric models required by national defense, resource management, shipping, and\ scientific interest groups, among others. However, across the world, the amount of high quality\ data available is limited. Volunteered Bathymetric Information (VBI) is a relatively\ untapped data source that could be used in many ways such as filling data gaps and\ informing future data collection expeditions. Determining the quality of VBI, especially\ Crowdsourced Bathymetry (CSB), has been difficult and time consuming leading to\ limited use in official nautical charts by national Hydrographic Offices. Despite this, the\ International Hydrographic Organization continues to collect and store CSB in its Data\ Centre for Digital Bathymetry (DCDB) in the hopes of widespread future use.\ 

Recent developments in VBI quality assessment have made its regular use more\ viable, however data discovery, acquisition, and correlation with authoritative data is still\ a time-consuming and error-prone manual process that must be improved upon before\ more widespread use of VBI is possible. In the case of CSB, data discovery involves the use of the DCDB web map viewers to identify and request individual files via email.

There is currently no permanent programmatic solution to data discovery in DCDB. In a\ world of limited staff resources, automating this process will help to increase the speed\ with which VBI could be assessed for quality and incorporated into nautical charts,\ bathymetric models, survey planning, and decision-making tools.

Herein, the design of an open source, Python-based tool called VBI Compare is\ described. VBI Compare automates the data discovery and acquisition phase of VBI\ quality analysis workflows and allows for VBI data reputation calculations to be initiated.\ As part of the data discovery process, VBI Compare ensures co-location of VBI and\ authoritative chart data and displays the data collected and processing status to the\ user.

Further, the functionality of VBI Compare is demonstrated by a case study in the\ Houston Ship Channel, United States using the NOAA National Bathymetric Source\ (NBS) as the source of authoritative data and DCDB CSB data as the VBI input. This\ case study shows the start-to-finish use of VBI Compare to locate and collect required\ data and feed it into VBI reputation calculation tools being developed by the Center for\ Coastal and Ocean Mapping. This case study demonstrates the real-world utility of VBI\ Compare to a Hydrographic Office for VBI evaluation.

}, author = {Patrick J. Debroisse} } @article {7448, title = {Uncrewed Surface Systems Facilitating a New Era of Global Ocean Exploration}, volume = {29(1)}, year = {2023}, month = {May 1}, publisher = {International Hydrographic Office (IHO)}, abstract = {

There is growing recognition that key to addressing critical issues like climate change, global sea level rise and the long-term sustainability of humankind is a more complete understanding of our oceans and processes within them that account for the distribution of global heat, CO and provide sustenance to so many. Yet, despite years of effort, less than 25\% of the global ocean seafloor has been mapped and less than 5\% of the ocean volume explored, likely due to the cost and inefficiency of traditional ocean mapping and exploration techniques using large, very expensive, crewed research vessels. Recent advances in the development of uncrewed surface vessels offer the possibility to reduce costs and increase efficiency of ocean mapping and exploration. Such efficiencies can be gained by using small mother ship-deployed uncrewed vessels acting as relatively inexpensive mapping and sampling force multipliers or the use of small uncrewed vessels launched to from a mother ship to monitor and control autonomous underwater vehicles, allowing multiple operations simultaneously and \“verified, directed sampling\”, all while freeing the mother ship for independent operations. We are also seeing the development of larger uncrewed vessels launched from shore with long-endurance and range, capable of carrying a full suite of deep ocean mapping and exploration tools. All of these systems and approaches offer great hope but it is very early in our understanding of their full capabilities, costs and limitations and we must be careful not to overpromise, leading to disappointments and early abandonment of a potentially innovative approach, while at the same time maintaining the patience required to continue the research, investment and innovation that will hopefully bring us to a new world of efficient and effective ocean mapping and exploration that will allow us to meet our goal of complete coverage of the ocean.

}, keywords = {Ocean exploration, ocean mapping, Seafloor exploration, Seafloor Mapping, Uncrewed surface vehicles}, url = {https://ihr.iho.int/articles/uncrewed-surface-systems-facilitating-a-new-era-of-global-ocean-exploration/}, author = {Larry A Mayer} } @article {7564, title = {USCGC Healy 2023 EM122 QAT Report}, year = {2023}, month = {October 16}, pages = {47}, institution = {Multibeam Advisory Committee}, url = {https://mac.unols.org/reports/2023-r-v-healy-em122-qat-report/}, author = {Kevin Jerram and Paul Johnson and Vicki L Ferrini} } @article {7391, title = {User-Centered Design of Nautical Chart Symbols}, year = {2023}, month = {March 13 -17}, pages = {Mobile, AL}, abstract = {

The new S-1xx product specifications being developed by the International Hydrographic Organization\’s (IHO) Working Groups enrich the navigation related information on Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS). However, many of them do not yet have defined symbology. Symbology is an essential part of the cartographic profession as it helps humans to decode the mapped real-world features. \Ιn this work we present a developing project toward new symbology that currently targets the S-122 Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) (IHO, 2019), S-126 Marine Physical Environment (under development), S-127 Marine Traffic Management (IHO, 2018), and S-131 Marine Harbour Infrastructure (under development). The work follows a user-centered design consisting of four phases: the understanding of context of use, the user requirements, the symbology design, and the iterative process for making improvements to the initially developed symbology based on feedback by stakeholders. For the first two phases, we utilize the wealth of information in the existing IHO publications. Aspects such as the use of color and utilized enclosing shapes are derived from the long-lasting practice in the nautical charting profession. Other relevant sources are also investigated, e.g., current MPAs portrayal methods in national thematic maps. For the symbology design we focus on developing icons representative of the mapped feature, rather than abstract symbols, utilizing existing chart symbols where available / possible, and the selection of symbol color, enclosing shape, and size. Sample preliminary symbols are presented as well as the feedback from professional cartographers for making improvements toward an effective symbology, i.e., symbols that achieve an optimal visual hierarchy and are intuitive, while they occupy the minimum possible chart space.


}, keywords = {Electronic Navigational Chart, IHO Product Specification, Portrayal, safety of navigation, symbology}, author = {Christos Kastrisios and Stilianos Contarinis and Butkiewicz, Thomas and Nakos, Byron and Briana M Sullivan and Harmon, Colby and Ence Christie and Megan Bartlett} } @article {7223, title = {Acoustic Predictors of Active Fluid Expulsion From a Hydrothermal Vent Field, Offshore Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand}, volume = {9:785396}, year = {2022}, month = {January 24}, abstract = {

Understanding fluid expulsion is key to estimating gas exchange volumes between the seafloor, ocean, and atmosphere; for locating key ecosystems; and geohazard modelling. Locating active seafloor fluid expulsion typically requires acoustic backscatter data. Areas of very-high seafloor backscatter, or \“hardgrounds,\” are often used as first-pass indicators of potential fluid expulsion. However, varying and inconsistent spatial relationships between active fluid expulsion and hardgrounds means a direct link remains unclear. Here, we investigate the links between water-column acoustic flares to seafloor backscatter and bathymetric metrics generated from two calibrated multibeam echosounders. Our site, the Calypso hydrothermal vent field (HVF) in the Bay of Plenty, Aotearoa/New Zealand, has an extensive catalogue of vents and seeps in \<250 m water depth. We demonstrate a method to quantitatively link active fluid expulsion (flares) with seafloor characteristics. This allows us to develop predictive spatial models of active fluid expulsion. We explore whether data from a low (30 kHz), high (200 kHz), or combined frequency model increases predictive accuracy of expulsion locations. This research investigates the role of hardgrounds or surrounding sediment cover on the accuracy of predictive models. Our models link active fluid expulsion to specific seafloor characteristics. A combined model using both the 30 and 200 kHz mosaics produced the best results (predictive accuracy: 0.75; Kappa: 0.65). This model performed better than the same model using individual frequency mosaics as input. Model results reveal active fluid expulsion is not typically associated with the extensive, embedded hardgrounds of the Calypso HVF, with minimal fluid expulsion. Unconsolidated sediment around the perimeter of and between hardgrounds were more active fluid expulsion sites. Fluids exploit permeable pathways up to the seafloor, modifying and refashioning the seafloor. Once a conduit self-seals, fluid will migrate to a more permeable pathway, thus reducing a one-to-one link between activity and hardgrounds. Being able to remotely predict active and inactive regions of fluid expulsion will prove a useful tool in rapidly identifying seeps in legacy datasets, as well as textural metrics that will aid in locating nascent, senescent, or extinct seeps when a survey is underway.

}, doi = { 10.3389/feart.2021.785396}, author = {Erica Spain and Geoffroy Lamarche and Vanessa Lucieer and Sally Watson and Yoann Ladroit and Erin Heffron and Arne Pallentin and Joanne M. Whittaker} } @mastersthesis {7280, title = {Analysis of Acoustic Scattering Layers In and Around Petermann Fjord, Northwest Greenland}, volume = {Earth Sciences/Ocean Mapping}, year = {2022}, month = {May}, pages = {469}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

In 2015 a major international collaborative expedition took place focused on understanding the processes associated with the recent rapid decline of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) and the impact that this decline could have on global sea-level rise. The Petermann Expedition collected a broad range of data designed to characterize the Petermann Glacier system, a marine-terminating glacier with a floating ice tongue that has undergone dramatic changes in the last decade. During the expedition, sonars were used to map the seafloor and the water column, generating a continuous dataset over 30 days. The water column mapping revealed extensive acoustic scattering layers, so called because the components of the layer \– typically zooplankton and fish \– scatter acoustic energy when concentrated in layers in the water column. The scattering layer was observed to change depth in a geospatially consistent manner and corresponded to our general, but limited understanding of the complex circulation patterns in the study area. This unexpected observation became the research question investigated in this thesis: Is the distribution of the acoustic scattering layer observed in and around Petermann Fjord a proxy for spatial and temporal changes in water mass structure and interactions? In order to answer this question, we focused on four objectives: determine the geospatial distribution of the scattering layer, determine if light influences the scattering layer depth distribution, determine if there is a consistent relationship to water column structure and circulation, and investigate the components of the scattering layer for clues as to its make-up and subsequently any potential reasoning for its distribution. Understanding the distribution of water masses and their circulation patterns in Arctic fjords are critical to understanding the fate of floating ice shelves and the glaciers they buttress, as the most pronounced change is occurring where ice sheets are grounded below sea level due to enhanced interaction with warming ocean waters. However, our ability to predict future sea level rise is hampered by our limited knowledge of these glacial systems, including the regional water mass distribution and circulation responsible for that enhanced ocean-ice interaction. Indeed, quantification of melting processes at marine terminating glaciers represents the largest source of uncertainty in predicting global sea level rise (Church et al., 2013). Traditional methods of oceanographic observation provide relatively sparse information at high cost, whereas acoustic records are continuous and, if the observed relationship between scattering layer depth and regional hydrography holds true, can potentially provide information about circulation, productivity, and ocean dynamics over large areas from underway platforms. Evaluation of the scattering layer distribution focused on the continuous Simrad EK80 18 kHz split-beam echosounder sonar records (section 3.1.1.1). The top of the scattering layer was manually picked on each echogram, providing the latitude, longitude, and depth for the top of each layer (section 3.2.1) that were then plotted to show the geospatial and depth distribution. The resulting distributions (section 4.1) showed a recognizable geospatial pattern that was consistent with our understanding of the distribution of water masses. Broadly, there was a scattering layer generally present in the fjord along the coast of Greenland (eastern Hall Basin) and ringing central Hall Basin, and absent in northern Hall Basin, along the coast of Ellesmere Island (northern Nares Strait and western Hall Basin), central Hall Basin, and southern Nares Strait. The top of the scattering layer was significantly shallower in the fjord and along the coast of Greenland, deepening in the central ring and western Hall Basin (when it was present). We evaluated whether there was a linear correlation between the scattering layer depth and the bathymetric depth and slope (sections 3.1.1.2, 3.1.1.5, 3.2.2), but no correlation was found (section 4.2.1). The second objective was to determine whether the scattering layer distribution was influenced by light rather than water mass distribution. This analysis was undertaken because of the typical association of scattering layers with daily migrations corresponding to daily light cycles as a means of predator avoidance (section 1.3.3). Though the expedition took place in Arctic summer during the \‘midnight sun\’ regime of 24-hour light, there was enough daily change to discern a cycle in the ship-based radiation data collected by a Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) Sensor mounted on the roof of the ship\’s bridge (section 3.1.2.2). The relationship between light levels and scattering layer depth was examined (section 3.2.3), finding no linear correlation (section 4.2.2). A second analysis was done to see if we could discern a difference in water clarity across the study area using satellite-derived Kd(490) data, the diffuse attenuation coefficient for downwelling irradiance at 490 nm (section 3.1.3), and evaluate its effect on the scattering layer depth. Though available data for this region was very limited and there was some evidence of higher attenuation in the fjord where the shallower scattering layers were typically located, no correlation between scattering layer depth and Kd(490) values was found (section 4.2.3). Thus, neither light levels nor water clarity were responsible for the depth distribution of the scattering layer. The third objective was to determine if there was a consistent relationship between water mass properties and scattering layer depth beyond that established by initial observations (section 1.1). Profiles of conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTDs) were collected at 46 sites during the expedition to provide information on water mass properties and facilitate interpretation of regional circulation (section 3.1.2.1). Plots of temperature versus salinity (T-S diagrams) and temperature and salinity versus depth were generated for each CTD location, and the average depth of the scattering layer for that location was overlain on the plots (section 3.2.5). Examination of the T-S diagrams revealed a pattern in scattering layer preference for specific sections of the water column (section 4.2.4). Of the 38 profiles with an associated scattering layer, 22 had scattering layers with a preferred depth range that fell in the deeper, warmer, saltier portion of the water column associated with Atlantic Water, where salinity and temperature (and therefore density) values were steady \– we called this group the \‘homogeneous preference\’ scattering layers, in reference to the lack of change or stratification in the water column. Twelve of the profiles had scattering layers with a preferred depth range that fell in the shallower, cooler, fresher portion of the water column associated with Winter Water (or more generally, the Arctic outflow), where salinity and temperature (and therefore density) were changing relatively quickly with depth \– we called this group the \‘heterogenous preference\’ scattering layers, in reference to the changing, or stratified, water column. Four of the profiles had scattering layers that fell right at the location where the water column properties were moving from stratified to steady. This group we refer to as \‘transitional\’ scattering layers. The homogeneous preference scattering layers were found primarily in Hall Basin and the western side of the fjord mouth, areas associated with inflow of Winter Water and Atlantic Water from the Arctic Ocean to Nares Strait. The heterogeneous preference scattering layers were found in the fjord, an area associated with the influence of meltwater from the glacier (Petermann Glacier Water) and outflow from the glacier face through the fjord. Transitional preference layers were found primarily on eastern side of the fjord mouth, an area associated with meltwater-influenced outflow moving up along the coast of Greenland. Six of the profiles did not have an associated scattering layer, and all were found along the western edge of Nares Strait/Hall Basin, a region associated with low oxygen, cold, fast flow from the Arctic Ocean moving south through Nares Strait. These results show a clear relationship between the scattering layer depth and regional water column structure and circulation (Conclusions, Chapter 5). The final objective was to investigate, if possible, what the scattering targets in the layers were (section 3.2.6). Target strength analysis of individual targets visible in and around the scattering layers in the EK80 data showed average target strengths of -42.04 to -44.04 dB (section 4.3.2). Estimates of volume scattering for larger sections of the scattering layer were fairly weak, 57.17 to -81.70 dB (section 4.3.2). The high individual target strengths and visual observations of single targets in the echograms (section 4.3.1) seem to indicate larger targets, with a strong possibility being Boreogadus saida, polar cod. The low volume scattering values and density estimates made using the volume scattering and individual targets strength values, however, do not seem to indicate that the visually dense scattering layers in the echograms were composed entirely of these fish, so we believe the scattering layers may be a mix of fish interspersed with smaller fish and zooplankton (Conclusions, Chapter 5). All analyses described in this thesis was complicated by the fact that this was a \‘dataset of opportunity\’, i.e., the objectives of this study were not at all part of the original work plan of the expedition. Water column sonar data were collected continuously, but that collection was focused on the search for gas seeps and secondary to the many other data collection efforts taking place on the expedition. Ship radiation data were collected as a matter of course but via an uncalibrated instrument not intended for this expedition. Lack of water clarity data led to the use of remotely sensed data to attempt to estimate this parameter, and lack of biological sampling pushed us to dig into the echograms for clues as to the scattering layer components, as no ground truthing of either parameter was available. Despite these complications and imitations, we were able to extract useful information from the data and clearly demonstrate that acoustic records such as these can be used to show patterns in water mass distribution and circulation and provide clues to biological communities in this region. Optimizing water column profiling for these objectives opens up the potential of using a rapidly-acquired acoustic remote sensing technique to provide critical information on water mass distribution as a standard underway tool.

}, url = {https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis/1557}, author = {Erin Heffron} } @article {7221, title = {Buoyancy-Modified Entrainment in Plumes: Theoretical Predictions}, volume = {34(1)}, year = {2022}, month = {January 12}, abstract = {

A theoretical analysis, based on the self-similar velocity and buoyancy profiles for plumes in the far field region, is conducted to show how buoyancy dually shapes the flow behavior. In particular, it is shown that while buoyancy flux makes a positive contribution to the mean kinetic energy flux, buoyancy also enhances the momentum flux, through which the mean shear is enhanced. This amplifies the loss of mean kinetic energy into turbulent kinetic energy. The ability of buoyancy to increase the range of flow length scales is discussed in terms of its impact on the evolutionary dynamics of the flow structures. It is also shown, as a result of the scaling laws that follow from the analysis, that the ability of buoyancy to strengthen the eddy vorticity in plumes is primarily through its leading order effect of enhancing the mean flow, and hence the mean shear, and less so through its lower order contributions to the baroclinic component of torque. We then provide a perspective on how the small-scale nibbling contribution to the entrainment process is affected by such buoyancy-induced modifications to the mean flow. Finally, key takeaways from the analysis are juxtaposed with the modern-day view provided by the literature on the entrainment process to propose a mechanistic picture of buoyancy-modified entrainment in plumes.

}, doi = {10.1063/5.0065265}, author = {Zeeshan Saeed and Elizabeth Weidner and Blair A Johnson and Tracy L Mandel} } @article {7284, title = {Connecting Science and Community: Volunteer Beach Profiling to Increase Coastal Resilience}, volume = {242(5) 104733}, year = {2022}, month = {May}, abstract = {

The New Hampshire (NH) Volunteer Beach Profile Monitoring Program (VBPMP) was developed as a partnership\ between University of New Hampshire scientists, community volunteers through the Coastal Research Volunteer\ program, the NH Coastal Program, and the NH Geological Survey. The program addresses multiple needs\ including building a robust dataset to understand beach erosion and accretion trends on the New Hampshire\ Atlantic Coast and developing the capacity to maintain the program over an extended period (years). Also, very\ important to the program is the engagement of local and regional residents in the study as partners and sharing\ the results to increase awareness of coastal issues to inform coastal management. Starting in December 2016,\ three profile stations were established at three NH beaches to train volunteers and establish the monitoring\ program. In January 2018, the number of profile stations was expanded to thirteen, increasing coverage to six\ major beaches.. Analysis of the beach profile database focuses on the period from January 2018 to October 2021.\ As expected, NH beaches showed seasonal variations with erosion in winter followed by extended accretional\ periods. The beaches were significantly eroded during a series of severe nor\’easters in March 2018. For example,\ Hampton Beach experienced up to ~1.4 m of vertical erosion and ~30 m of berm retreat. An unexpected result\ from this study was the large differences in the mean elevations between the beaches based on the elevation\ profiles. The lower elevation beaches were far more susceptible to storm flooding, erosion, and damage to\ infrastructure. In addition to greater capacity for data collection toward decision-making, adopting a citizen\ science approach resulted in benefits to community and academic partners, such as improved methods, varied\ perspectives, increased knowledge about coastal processes and climate threats, connection to place, and motivation\ to take action.

}, keywords = {citizen science, coastal management, data quality, Emery method, Engagement}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2022.104733}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278434322000875}, author = {Alyson L Eberhardt and Larry G Ward and Rachel C Morrison and Wellsley J. Costello and Christian Williams} } @article {7276, title = {Cross Check of Data Quality Chapters of S-1xx Product Specifications}, year = {2022}, month = {June 6-9}, pages = {Ottawa, Canada}, abstract = {
Geospatial data may vary in quality in accuracy, precision, completeness, and consistency in space, time, and theme. Geospatial data quality allows producers to evaluate and report how well a dataset meets the criteria set forth in the product specification and users to assess fitness for use for a particular application. Working with data quality includes understanding the data quality concepts, defining data quality conformance levels in data product specifications based on product requirements, specifying quality aspects in application schemas, evaluating, and reporting. The IHO Data Quality Working Group (DQWG) provides guidance on data quality aspects to hydrographic offices to ensure harmonized implementation. In 2021 DQWG Meeting, a sub-WG was formed and tasked to perform a cross-check of the existing S-1xx Product Specifications and their respective data-quality chapters to the data quality aspects described in IHO S-97 (IHO Guidelines for Creating S-100 Product Specifications). In this work we present the results of the comparison that identified various discrepancies between the S-1xx Product Specifications and IHO S-97, as well as inconsistencies among them. Accordingly, we discuss the development of a template that aims to ensure harmonization across product specifications, and a cross-check of data quality evaluation methods.

}, keywords = {CATZOC, ENC, Nautical cartography}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361183119_Cross_check_of_Data_Quality_Chapters_of_S-1xx_Product_Specifications}, author = {Wu Lingzhi and Christos Kastrisios} } @article {7385, title = {Data Quality Indicators for Bathymetric Data on ECDIS Display}, year = {2022}, month = {November}, institution = {IHO Nautical Cartography Working Group (NCWG)}, address = {Wollongong, Australia}, abstract = {

Zones of Confidence (ZOC) are used with Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs) to inform mariners about the confidence the producing nation places in bathymetric data. Accident reports show that failing to account for the varying data quality may result in maritime accidents, environmental disasters, and loss of life (e.g., (BSU, 2020; DSB, 2017; RMIMA, 2020)). A major concern with the ZOC concept has been the utilized symbology with glyphs consisting of stars. Due to its recognized deficiencies, star symbology has been rejected for use with the Quality of Bathymetric Data (QoBD) (DQWG, 2019a), the successor of ZOC in S-101, and, therefore, alternative methods are being investigated. Recognizing the importance of the visualization of bathymetric data quality, the Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping of the University of New Hampshire (UNH/CCOM) has been working toward new intuitive symbology for the QoBD numerical scheme (1 for best quality and 5 for worst). One potential solution is with the use of see-through textures consisting of countable elements. Two countable textures were developed, one consisting of lines and one of clusters of dots, while three more color-based schemes were developed building upon ideas previously discussed within the hydrographic community. The five coding schemes were evaluated through an online survey specifically designed for professionals in the field working with nautical charts and an in-lab, controlled, experiment. This paper presents the coding schemes, the findings of the survey and experiment, discusses future work, and seeks feedback, recommendations for improvements, and collaborators.

}, keywords = {CATZOC, Electronic Navigational Chart, Portrayal, Quality of Bathymetric Data, safety of navigation, symbology}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364209412_Data_Quality_Indicators_for_bathymetric_data_on_ECDIS_display}, author = {Christos Kastrisios and Colin Ware} } @article {7357, title = {Denmark{\textquoteright}s Depth Model: Compilation of Bathymetric Data within the Danish Waters}, volume = {2(4)}, year = {2022}, month = {November 11}, pages = {486-498}, abstract = {

Denmark\’s Depth Model (DDM) is a Digital Bathymetric Model based on hundreds of bathymetric survey datasets and historical sources within the Danish Exclusive Economic Zone. The DDM represents the first publicly released model covering the Danish waters with a grid resolution of 50 m. When modern datasets are not available for a given area, historical sources are used, or, as the last resort, interpolation is applied. The model is generated by averaging depths values from validated sources, thus, not targeted for safety of navigation. The model is available by download from the Danish Geodata Agency website. DDM is also made available by means of Open Geospatial Consortium web services (i.e., Web Map Service). The original datasets\—not distributed with the model\—are described in the auxiliary layers to provide information about the bathymetric sources used during the compilation.

}, keywords = {digital bathymetric model}, doi = {10.3390/geomatics2040026}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7418/2/4/26}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti and Andersen, Ove and Nicki Andreasen and Christiansen, Philip S. and Cole, Marcus A. and Harris, James P. and Langdahl, Kasper and Schwenger, Lasse M. and Sonne, Ian B.} } @article {7371, title = {Distribution and Predicted Climatic Refugia for a Reef-Building Cold-Water Coral on the Southeast US Margin}, volume = {28(23)}, year = {2022}, month = {September 2}, pages = {7108-7125}, publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Ltd. }, address = {Online}, abstract = {

Climate change is reorganizing the planet\&$\#$39;s biodiversity, necessitating proactive management of species and habitats based on spatiotemporal predictions of distributions across climate scenarios. In marine settings, climatic changes will predominantly manifest via warming, ocean acidification, deoxygenation, and changes in hydrodynamics. Lophelia pertusa, the main reef-forming coral present throughout the deep Atlantic Ocean (\>200 m), is particularly sensitive to such stressors with stark reductions in suitable habitat predicted to accrue by 2100 in a business-as- usual scenario. However, with new occurrence data for this species along with higher-resolution\ bathymetry and climate data, it may be possible to locate further climatic refugia. Here, we synthesize new and published biogeographic, geomorphological, and climatic data to build ensemble, multi-scale habitat suitability models for L. pertusa on the continental margin of the southeast United States (SEUS). We then project these models in two timepoints (2050, 2100) and four climate change scenarios to characterize the occurrence\ probability of this critical cold-water coral (CWC) habitat now and in the future. Our models reveal the extent of reef habitat in the SEUS and corroborate it as the largest currently known essentially continuous CWC reef province on earth, and also predict abundance of L. pertusa to identify key areas, including those outside areas currently protected from bottom-contact fishing. Drastic reductions in L. pertusa climatic suitability index emerged primarily after 2050 and were concentrated at the shallower end (\<~550 m) of the regional distribution under the Gulf Stream main axis. Our results thus suggest a depth-driven climate refuge effect where deeper, cooler reef sites experience lesser declines. The strength of this effect increases with climate scenario severity. Taken together, our study has implications for the regional and global management of this species, portending changes in the biodiversity reliant on
CWC habitats and the critical ecosystem services they provide.

}, keywords = {climate change, cold-water coral, coral reef, deep-sea, habitat suitability model, Lophelia pertusa, species distribution model}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.16415}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16415}, author = {Ryan Gasborro and Derek Sowers and Alex Margolin and Erik Cordes} } @article {7321, title = {Effective Automated Procedures for Hydrographic Data Review}, volume = {2(3)}, year = {2022}, month = {August 25}, pages = { 338-354}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel, Switzerland}, abstract = {

Reviewing hydrographic data for nautical charting is still a predominately manual process, performed by experienced analysts and based on directives developed over the years by the hydrographic office of interest. With the primary intent to increase the effectiveness of the review process, a set of automated procedures has been developed over the past few years, translating a significant portion of the NOAA Office of Coast Survey\’s specifications for hydrographic data review into code (i.e., the HydrOffice applications called QC Tools and CA Tools). When applied to a large number of hydrographic surveys, it has been confirmed that such procedures improve both the quality and timeliness of the review process. Increased confidence in the reviewed data, especially by personnel in training, has also been observed. As such, the combined effect of applying these procedures is a novel holistic approach to hydrographic data review. Given the similarities of review procedures among hydrographic offices, the described approach has generated interest in the ocean mapping community.

}, keywords = {automated procedures, data review, hydrographic survey, nautical charts}, doi = { https://doi.org/10.3390/geomatics2030019}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7418/2/3/19/htm}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti and Tyanne Faulkes and Matthew J. Wilson and Julia Wallace} } @article {7386, title = {Efforts for Developing Symbology for New S-1xx PS}, year = {2022}, month = {November 2-4}, institution = {IHO Nautical Cartography Working Group (NCWG)}, address = {Wollongong, Australia}, abstract = {

The new S-1xx product specifications being developed by IHO WGs enrich the navigation related information on Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS). However, many of them do not yet have defined symbology, e.g., the S-122 Marine Protected Areas (IHO, 2019), S-126 Marine Physical Environment (under development), S-127 Marine Traffic Management (IHO, 2018), and S-131 Marine Harbour Infrastructure (under development). Therefore, as S-122 Edition 1.0.0 explains, implementers are allowed to select the technique and style of representation that they believe is most suited to their requirements, but they should plan for future versions that may contain a portrayal catalogue by making adequate preparations in the system (IHO, 2019). Identifying the need, the Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping of the University of New Hampshire (UNH/CCOM), in collaboration with the National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), initiated a research work toward the development of new symbology for the recently developed / under development S-1xx Product Specifications. This paper presents the purpose of the research, what has been done so far, future work, and seeks feedback / guidance / collaborators.

}, keywords = {Electronic Navigational Chart, IHO Product Specification, Portrayal, safety of navigation, symbology}, author = {Christos Kastrisios and Stilianos Contarinis and Butkiewicz, Thomas and Nakos, Byron and Briana M Sullivan and Harmon, Colby and Ence Christie and Megan Bartlett} } @proceedings {7278, title = {Evaluating Countable Texture Elements to Represent Bathymetric Uncertainty}, year = {2022}, month = {June 13-17}, publisher = {The Eurographics Association}, address = {Rome, Italy}, abstract = {
Measurements of the depth of the seabed vary widely in both horizontal and vertical accuracy. To convey this information to mariners, Zones of Confidence (ZOC) are defined for charts. A mosaic of ZOCs can be represented as a chart overlay. This study evaluates two novel designs for textures to represent ZOCs. Both use textures with countable elements to represent different ZOC levels. One uses a texture made of lines where the number of lines in a texture cell represents the confidence level; the other uses dot clusters where the number of dots similarly represents the ZOC level. In the study, these were compared with three alternatives that used color to respond and accuracy as dependent variables. The dot clusters design yielded the fastest responses overall. A method using levels of color transparency proved to be the slowest and least accurate.

}, keywords = {color mapping, data quality visualization, Data uncertainty, design study, ecdis, user surveys, Visual Variables, Zones of Confidence}, doi = {10.2312/evs.20221084}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361524294_Evaluating_Countable_Texture_Elements_to_Represent_Bathymetric_Uncertainty}, author = {Colin Ware and Christos Kastrisios} } @article {7368, title = {The GEBCO 2022 Grid - A Continuous Terrain Model of the Global Oceans and Land}, year = {2022}, month = {June 22}, publisher = { NERC EDS British Oceanographic Data Centre NOC}, abstract = {

The GEBCO_2022 Grid is a global continuous terrain model for ocean and land with a spatial resolution of 15 arc seconds. In regions outside of the Arctic Ocean area, the grid uses as a base Version 2.4 of the SRTM15_plus data set (Tozer, B. et al, 2019). This data set is a fusion of land topography with measured and estimated seafloor topography. Included on top of this base grid are gridded bathymetric data sets developed by the four Regional Centers of The Nippon Foundation-GEBCO Seabed 2030 Project. The GEBCO_2022 Grid represents all data within the 2022 compilation. The compilation of the GEBCO_2022 Grid was carried out at the Seabed 2030 Global Center, hosted at the National Oceanography Centre, UK, with the aim of producing a seamless global terrain model. Outside of Polar regions, the Regional Centers provide their data sets as sparse grids i.e. only grid cells that contain data are populated. These data sets were included on to the base using a remove-restore blending procedure. This is a two-stage process of computing the difference between the new data and the base grid and then gridding the difference and adding the difference back to the existing base grid. The aim is to achieve a smooth transition between the new and base data sets with the minimum of perturbation of the existing base data set. The data sets supplied in the form of complete grids (primarily areas north of 60N and south of 50S) were included using feather blending techniques from GlobalMapper software. The GEBCO_2022 Grid has been developed through the Nippon Foundation-GEBCO Seabed 2030 Project. This is a collaborative project between the Nippon Foundation of Japan and the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO). It aims to bring together all available bathymetric data to produce the definitive map of the world ocean floor by 2030 and make it available to all. Funded by the Nippon Foundation, the four Seabed 2030 Regional Centers include the Southern Ocean - hosted at the Alfred Wegener Institute, Germany; South and West Pacific Ocean - hosted at the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, New Zealand; Atlantic and Indian Oceans - hosted at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, USA; Arctic and North Pacific Oceans - hosted at Stockholm University, Sweden and the Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping at the University of New Hampshire, USA.

}, keywords = {bathymetric grid, ocean map, terrain model}, url = {https://www.bodc.ac.uk/data/published_data_library/catalogue/10.5285/e0f0bb80-ab44-2739-e053-6c86abc0289c/}, author = {Pauline Weatherall and Caroline Bringensparr and Castro, C.F. and Dorschel, B. and Drennon, H. and Vicki L Ferrini and Harper, H.A. and Laura Hehemann and Martin Jakobsson and Paul Johnson and Juliet Kinney and Mackay, K. and Maher, S.M. and Martin, T.V. and Larry A Mayer and McMichael-Phillips, J. and Mohammad, R. and Nitsche, F.O. and Jaya Roperez and David T Sandwell and Helen Snaith and Tozer, B. and Sacha Viquerat and Fynn Warnke and Yu, Y.} } @mastersthesis {7334, title = {A Geographic Segmentation Approach for Satellite Derived Bathymetry}, volume = {Earth Sciences/Oceanography}, year = {2022}, month = {September 2}, pages = {147}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Safety of navigation depends on our knowledge of seabed and its features, and, as such, any improvements in deriving bathymetry for nautical chart updating are of major importance. Satellite-Derived Bathymetry (SDB) is an alternative to traditional surveys using ship and airborne sensors, particularly for mapping remote and shallow areas, due to its reduced cost and the absence of navigational risks in very shallow and unsurveyed areas. However, the accuracy of SDB can be judged as relatively low for nautical charting purposes and, therefore, is mostly used for reconnaissance or/and for filling gaps in remote or very shallow areas. One of the reasons may be that the conventional approaches assume that bottom type and water clarity are constant and negligible within the entire image, and consequently, a single (global) and linear model is performed to retrieve bathymetric information. To address the spatial heterogeneity within a scene and with the aim to increase the accuracy and coverage of estimated depths, this work investigates the segmentation of the scene, both horizontally and vertically, into smaller spatial units, and accounts for water column parameters in the SDB equation. In practice, the main idea of the segmentation is to divide the image scene into small spatial units and then calibrate the model within each segment. The individual models use the same algorithm but varying model parameters from place to place. Also, to account for water column and sea bottom variations, an extended Dierssen model is applied. The performance of the methods is evaluated in two study areas in the Dry Tortugas, Florida, and St. Thomas East and Reserve, U.S. Virgin Islands. Overall, the results indicate that the accuracy of bathymetry may be improved when the area is divided into smaller spatial units, particularly with a vertical (by depth) segmentation of the scene. In detail, compared to the conventional global and linear approach, the accuracy in both study areas is increased by over 40\% with segmenting the area and calibrating the water parameters within each spatial unit. Furthermore, as it is demonstrated with the two study areas, besides the improvements in the depth accuracy, the SDB coverage\ is increased with the extraction of bathymetry beyond the depth considered as the effective optical depth of the conventional global and linear approach. However, further work is recommended to investigate and verify the accuracy improvement demonstrated by the vertical segmentation and particularly that of the smallest utilized depth range of 1m. since questions are raised about the discontinuity of the models and their quantized depth predictions, and more precisely whether this is due to overfitting rather than an actual improvement in accuracy. Lastly, the results demonstrate that considering the water column and sea bottom heterogeneity for solving the global SDB model increases the accuracy of bathymetry estimates. Nonetheless, when the area is segmented into small spatial units, adding the water column contribution as a parameter to the equation did not produce a significant contribution.

}, author = {Juliane Affonso} } @article {7277, title = {A Geographically Adaptive Model for Satellite Derived Bathymetry}, year = {2022}, month = {June 6-9}, pages = {Ottawa, Canada}, abstract = {
Airborne lidar bathymetry (ALB) and multi-beam echo-sounders (MBES) are two commonly used methods employed by the hydrographic community for bathymetric data collection. Although these technologies can collect high resolution and accurate depth data, they present some limitations related to whether, cost, time, and survey difficulties in near-shore environments. Satellite Derived Bathymetry (SDB) is a relatively new promising technique that utilizes optical satellite remote sensing sensors for estimating bathymetry in shallow water areas. The practice in previous works is with considering a linear relationship between calibrations points and the SDB model, assuming null water column and constant bottom type returns, while a single global bathymetric model is calibrated for the entire scene. To address areas where these assumptions fail and non-uniform water column or bottom conditions can affect the performance of conventional global models, this work presents a vertically and horizontally adaptive model to improve bottom depth estimation. With a case study in Dry-Tortugas, Florida and utilizing Sentinel-2A image, lidar, and chart data in depths up to 30m, we demonstrate the ability of a locally calibrated, piecewise linear function, in providing improved bathymetric estimates compared to conventional techniques. The improved accuracy of the bathymetric estimates with the presented geographically adapted model can enhance the use of satellite derived bathymetry for nautical chart purposes. Figure: Workflow for deriving bathymetry using geographically adaptive model.

}, keywords = {CATZOC, ENC, Nautical cartography, sdb}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361307070_A_geographically_adaptive_model_for_satellite_derived_bathymetry}, author = {Juliane Affonso and Christos Kastrisios and Parrish Christopher and Brian R Calder} } @article {7318, title = {A Global Assessment of the Mixed Layer in Coastal Sediments and Implications for Carbon Storage}, volume = {13, 4903}, year = {2022}, month = {August 20}, abstract = {

The sediment-water interface in the coastal ocean is a highly dynamic zone controlling biogeochemical fluxes of greenhouse gases, nutrients, and metals. Processes in the sediment mixed layer (SML) control the transfer and reactivity of both particulate and dissolved matter in coastal interfaces. Here we map the global distribution of the coastal SML based on excess 210Pb (210Pbex) profiles and then use a neural network model to upscale these observations. We show that highly dynamic regions such as large estuaries have thicker SMLs than most oceanic sediments. Organic carbon preservation and SMLs are inversely related as mixing stimulates oxidation in sediments which enhances organic matter decomposition. Sites with SML thickness \>60\ cm usually have lower organic carbon accumulation rates (\<50\ g\ C m\−2 yr\−1) and total organic carbon/specific surface area ratios (\<0.4\ mg\ m\−2). Our global scale observations reveal that reworking can accelerate organic matter degradation and reduce carbon storage in coastal sediments.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32650-0}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32650-0}, author = {Sasha Song and Isaac R. Santos and Huaming Yu and Faming Wang and William C. Burnett and Thomas S. Bianchi and Junyu Dong and Ergang Lian and Bin Zhao and Larry A Mayer and Qingzhen Yao and Zhigang Yu and Bochao Xu} } @inbook {7230, title = {Hydrographic Geospatial Data Standards}, booktitle = {The Geographic Information Science \& Technology Body of Knowledge}, year = {2022}, edition = {2nd Quarter 2022 }, abstract = {

Coastal nations, through their dedicated Hydrographic Offices (HOs), have the obligation to provide nautical charts for the waters of national jurisdiction in support of safe maritime navigation. Accurate and reliable charts are essential to seafarers whether for commerce, defense, fishing, or recreation. Since navigation can be an international activity, mariners often use charts published from different national HOs. Standardization of data collection and processing, chart feature generalization methods, text, symbology, and output validation becomes essential in providing mariners with consistent and uniform products regardless of the region or the producing nation. Besides navigation, nautical charts contain information about the seabed and the coastal environment useful in other domains such as dredging, oceanography, geology, coastal modelling, defense, and coastal zone management. The standardization of hydrographic and nautical charting activities is achieved through various publications issued by the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO). This chapter discusses the purpose and importance of nautical charts, the establishment and role of the IHO in coordinating HOs globally, the existing hydrographic geospatial data standards, as well as those under development based on the new S-100 Universal Hydrographic Data Model.

}, keywords = {Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS), Electronic Navigational Chart (ENC), hydrography, Marine Spatial Planning (MSP), Nautical cartography, Nautical Chart, S-100, S-57, safety of navigation}, doi = {10.22224/gistbok/2022.2.5}, author = {Christos Kastrisios and Briana M Sullivan and Powell, Julia and Yong Baek} } @mastersthesis {7279, title = {The Impact of Hurricanes on the Acoustic Detection of Cetaceans}, volume = {Ocean Engineering}, year = {2022}, month = {May}, pages = {365}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) is valuable for understanding the presence, behavior, distribution, and population density of marine mammals. While long-term variability of ambient sound is typically evaluated, the impact of short-term variability due to episodic events has not been assessed until now. Hurricanes Dorian (Category 5; 2019), Florence (Category 4; 2018), and Humberto (Category 3; 2019) impacted the soundscape as observed from the passive acoustic data at the Atlantic Deepwater Ecosystem Observatory Network (ADEON) locations in the US Mid- and South Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf. Hurricanes are increasingly prevalent in the North Atlantic and increase the ambient sound level at frequencies \> 100 Hz, which may impact the detectability of cetaceans vocalizing at those frequencies. The probability of detection (Pd) of fin whales (low-frequency), minke whales (mid-frequency), and pilot whales (mid- to high frequency) was estimated at each ADEON location. Pd changed considerably during hurricane presence with site-specific impacts for each of the cetaceans, which may affect estimates of their population density from passive acoustic recordings. The findings from this study provide a baseline for impacts of episodic variability of varying intensities on signal detection, and can be translated to additional episodic events and sound sources of interest, to further enhance PAM efforts.

}, url = {https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis/1580}, author = {Aditi Tripathy} } @mastersthesis {7377, title = {Implementing a Reference Backscatter Calibration Technique on a Multi-Sector Multibeam Echosounder}, volume = {Earth Science/Ocean Mapping}, year = {2022}, month = {September 2022}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Increasingly, national hydrographic agencies are committing to routine acquisition of seabed backscatter strength estimates from multibeam echosounders (MBES) as part of national programs for seabed characterization. As part of their bathymetric survey mandate, these agencies have a long history of sounding quality control utilizing absolute and relative calibration (reference surfaces and crossover comparisons). Equivalent quality control is, however, not yet in place for managing seabed backscatter strength measurements, as the majority of the collected data is not absolutely referenced.

Herein, a new technique for cross-calibrating a MBES with a reference calibrated split beam echosounder (SBES) was implemented. Broadband reference bottom backscatter strength (45-450 kHz) from areas with different seafloor types, derived from data obtained with Simrad EK80 SBES, is used to adjust the received acoustic intensities acquired from the same areas with several multi-sector MBES (Kongsberg Maritime EM2040P, EM710 and EM712), thereby enabling the routine collection of absolutely referenced bottom backscatter strength measurements. Previous efforts to implement a similar cross-calibration only considered a simplified vertically referenced ensonification geometry, ignoring the dynamic variations due to vessel rotations. As a result, neither the rotation of the beam pattern with respect to the vertical reference nor the compensation due to active beam stabilization were accounted for. Furthermore, this method properly accounts for modern MBES which have multiple transmit sectors over multiple swaths with the associated changes in frequency and signal modulation.

The main output of this research is a set of two-dimensional arrays of correctors, derived for each transmit sector - the correction heatmap - providing estimates of the necessary calibration, as a function of across and along track sonar referenced angles. To test the repeatability of the proposed technique, correction heatmaps derived for the same system (using the same settings), but with data from different reference areas, were compared, resulting in differences generally within \± ~2 dB.

Finally, a pre-calibrated MBES was used to survey a different location and establish a reference area, enabling the subsequent calibration of sonars that use the same frequencies.

}, author = {C{\^a}ndido, Miguel} } @article {7270, title = {The International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean Version 2}, volume = {9(1)}, year = {2022}, month = {June 7}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, abstract = {

The Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica is a region that is key to a range of climatic and oceanographic processes with worldwide effects, and is characterised by high biological productivity and biodiversity. Since 2013, the International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean (IBCSO) has represented the most comprehensive compilation of bathymetry for the Southern Ocean south of 60\°S. Recently, the IBCSO Project has combined its efforts with the Nippon Foundation \– GEBCO Seabed 2030 Project supporting the goal of mapping the world\’s oceans by 2030. New datasets initiated a second version of IBCSO (IBCSO v2). This version extends to 50\°S (covering approximately 2.4 times the area of seafloor of the previous version) including the gateways of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the Antarctic circumpolar frontal systems. Due to increased (multibeam) data coverage, IBCSO v2 significantly improves the overall representation of the Southern Ocean seafloor and resolves many submarine landforms in more detail. This makes IBCSO v2 the most authoritative seafloor map of the area south of 50\°S.

}, doi = {10.1038/s41597-022-01366-7}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Larry A Mayer and al et} } @article {7298, title = {The International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean Version 2}, volume = {9, 275}, year = {2022}, month = {June 7}, abstract = {

The Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica is a region that is key to a range of climatic and oceanographic processes with worldwide effects, and is characterised by high biological productivity and biodiversity. Since 2013, the International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean (IBCSO) has represented the most comprehensive compilation of bathymetry for the Southern Ocean south of 60\°S. Recently, the IBCSO Project has combined its efforts with the Nippon Foundation \– GEBCO Seabed 2030 Project supporting the goal of mapping the world\’s oceans by 2030. New datasets initiated a second version of IBCSO (IBCSO v2). This version extends to 50\°S (covering approximately 2.4 times the area of seafloor of the previous version) including the gateways of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the Antarctic circumpolar frontal systems. Due to increased (multibeam) data coverage, IBCSO v2 significantly improves the overall representation of the Southern Ocean seafloor and resolves many submarine landforms in more detail. This makes IBCSO v2 the most authoritative seafloor map of the area south of 50\°S.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01366-7}, author = {Dorschel, B. and Laura Hehemann and Sacha Viquerat and Fynn Warnke and Simon Dreutter and Yvonne Schulze Tenberge and Accettella, D. and Lu An and Barrios, Felipe R and Evgenia Bazhenova and Jenny Black and Fernando Bohoyo and Craig Davey and Laura De Santis and Jennifer Jencks and Hogan, Kelly and Martin Jakobsson and Larry A Mayer and Ivan Ryzhov and al. et} } @article {7375, title = {Introducing Programming to Ocean Mapping Students}, volume = {28}, year = {2022}, month = {November 11}, pages = {108-120}, publisher = {International Hydrographic Office (IHO)}, address = {Monaco}, abstract = {

The next generation of ocean mappers need to master programming skills to meet increasingly higher expectations for timely ping-to-public data workflows. As such, the e-learning Python for Ocean Mapping (ePOM) project was established at the Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/NOAA-UNH Joint Hydrographic Center (University of New Hampshire). The project aims to support new ocean mapping students and professionals in reaching a minimum level of programming skills. These skills are then expanded with further powerful capabilities by leveraging the open-source Python scientific stack and the NOAA (National Oceanic \& Atmospheric Administration) Office of Coast Survey\’s Pydro distribution. To the best of our knowledge, the ePOM project represents the first attempt at creating a set of comprehensive open-source courses providing students with the required initial coding skills for a career in the ocean mapping field.

}, keywords = {education, ocean data science, ocean mapping, programming, scientific computing}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.58440/ihr-28-a13}, url = {https://ihr.iho.int/articles/introducing-programming-to-ocean-mapping-students/}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti and Semme J Dijkstra and Rochelle Wigley and Tyanne Faulkes} } @article {7054, title = {Label-Based Generalization of Bathymetry Data for Hydrographic Sounding Selection}, volume = {49(4)}, year = {2022}, month = {24 January 2022}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, abstract = {

Hydrographic sounding selection is the process of generalizing high-resolution bathymetry data to a more manageable subset capable of supporting nautical chart compilation or bathymetric modelling, and thus, is a fundamental task in nautical cartography. As technology improves and bathymetric data are collected at higher resolutions, the need for automated generalization algorithms that respect nautical cartographic constraints increases, since errors in this phase are carried over to the final product. Currently, automated algorithms for hydrographic soundings selection rely on radius- and grid-based approaches; however, their outputs contain a dense set of soundings with a significant number of cartographic constraint violations, thus increasing the burden and cost of the subsequent, mostly manual, cartographic sounding selection. This work presents a novel label-based generalization algorithm that utilizes the physical dimensions of the symbolized depth values on charts to avoid the over-plot of depth labels at scale. Additionally, validation tests based on cartographic constraints for nautical charting are implemented to compare the results of the proposed algorithm to radius and grid-based approaches. It is shown that the label-based generalization approach best adheres to the constraints of functionality (safety) and legibility.

}, keywords = {bathymetry, cartographic constraint, generalization, hydrography, Nautical cartography, symbology}, doi = {10.1080/15230406.2021.2014974}, author = {Noel Dyer and Christos Kastrisios and Leila De Floriani} } @mastersthesis {7378, title = {The Layer That Didn{\textquoteright}t Swim Away: Broadband Acoustic Characterization of Oceanic Stratification Structure}, volume = {Oceanography}, year = {2022}, month = {September 2022}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Ocean stratification structure plays a critical role in many oceanographic processes. The magnitude of mixing between stable water masses is regulated, in part, by the intensity of stratification. As such, stratification structure modulates the vertical transport of heat and many important dissolved constituents in the water column, influencing such processes as ocean ventilation, and ocean heat and carbon uptake. As human induced climate change alters oceanic stratification structure a thorough understanding of its the distribution and variability is critical in the study of the world\’s oceans. However, traditional methods are limited in terms of spatial context and rapid, synoptic observational methods, such as those provided by active acoustic systems, are needed to fill in the gaps.

Broadband acoustic water column data have already been used to observe ocean structure and commercial systems are becoming increasingly available. However, broadband acoustic methods for characterizing oceanic stratification structure are not well developed, limiting of applicability of broadband data to the study, quantification, and monitor ocean stratification structure as the world warms. This thesis aims to develop quantitative acoustic methods for characterization of ocean stratification structure using active broadband acoustic systems.

This work leveraged the high range resolution and signal to noise ratios, as well as the frequency-modulated scattering response of broadband acoustic systems. Broadband acoustic methods were developed and established through 1) the analysis of field data from different ocean basins and 2) the development and application of acoustic scattering models. This work will provide the means to better understand the physical mechanisms responsible for acoustic backscattering from stratification structure, working towards rapid, remote, high-resolution measurements of ocean stratification structure through acoustic inversion, in order to monitor and quantify changes in ocean structure.

}, author = {Elizabeth Weidner} } @article {7370, title = {Mapping the Seafloor with ROS Using Project11}, year = {2022}, month = {October 19-21}, pages = {Kyoto, Japan}, abstract = {

Project11 is a ROS based open-source framework for surface marine robots specializing in seafloor mapping. The operator\’s interface is used to quickly specify, modify and send missions to a robot while a robust bridge helps manage data flow over unreliable network links. A plugin enabled navigation stack allows the development and testing of planners and controllers designed for mapping tasks. Contributions to the community include features from Project11 being adapted by commercial partners as well as the development of open source drivers for sensors.

}, keywords = {ROS marine robotics}, url = {http://download.ros.org/downloads/roscon/2022/Mapping\%20the\%20seafloor\%20with\%20ROS\%20using\%20Project11.pdf}, author = {Roland Arsenault} } @inbook {7214, title = {Marine Spatial Data Infrastructure}, booktitle = {The Geographic Information Science \& Technology Body of Knowledge}, year = {2022}, month = {03/2022}, abstract = {

Marine Spatial Data Infrastructure (MSDI), the extension of terrestrial Spatial Data Infrastructure to the marine environment, is a type of cyberinfrastructure that facilitates the discovery, access, management, distribution, reuse, and preservation of hydrospatial data. MSDIs provide timely access to data from public and private organizations of marine related disciplines such as hydrography, oceanography, meteorology and maritime economic sectors, to be used for applications such as the safety of navigation, aquatic and marine activities, economic development, security and defence, scientific research, and marine ecosystems sustainability. This chapter discusses the main pillars of a MSDI, its importance for facilitating public processes such as Marine Spatial Planning and Coastal Zone Management, the wide range of stakeholders, implementation challenges, and future developments, such as the FAIR design principles, new data sources and services.

}, keywords = {data architecture, FAIR Principles, Hydrospatial, Marine Spatial Planning (MSP), maritime big data, nautical charts, S-100, SDI, spatial data infrastructure}, doi = {10.22224/gistbok/2022.1.6}, author = {Stilianos Contarinis and Christos Kastrisios} } @article {7365, title = {Minimal COVID-19 Quieting Measured in the Deep, Offshore Waters of the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf}, volume = {2(9)}, year = {2022}, month = {September 9}, pages = {090801}, abstract = {

Using a two-year time series (2019-2020) of one-minute sound pressure level averages from seven sites, the extension of COVID-related quieting documented in coastal soundscapes to deep (approximately 200-900m) waters off the southeastern United States was assessed. Sites ranged in distance to the Continental shelf break and shipping lanes. Sound level decreases in 2020 were observed at sites closest to the shelf break and shipping lanes but were inconsistent with the timing of shipping changes related to a COVID-19 slow down. These observations are consistent with increased numbers of vessel tracks in 2020 compared to 2019 at a majority of sites.

}, keywords = {Atlantic Deepwater Ecosystem Observatory Network/ADEON, change-point analysis, COVID-19, marine traffic, sound level}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0013999}, author = {Miksis-Olds, J., and Martin, B. and Kim Lowell and Verlinden, C. and Kevin Heaney} } @article {7327, title = {Modeling the Effect of Random Roughness on Synthetic Aperture Sonar Image Statistics}, volume = {152}, year = {2022}, month = {September 2}, pages = {1363-1374}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, abstract = {

A model has been developed to predict the effect of random seafloor roughness on synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) image statistics, based on the composite roughness approximation\–a physical scattering model. The continuous variation in scattering strength produced by a random slope field is treated as an intensity scaling on the image speckle produced by the coherent SAS imaging process. Changes in image statistics caused by roughness are quantified in terms of the scintillation index (SI). Factors influencing the SI include the seafloor slope variance, geo-acoustic properties of the seafloor, the probability density function describing the speckle, and the signal-to-noise ratio. Example model-data comparisons are shown for SAS images taken at three different sites using three different high-frequency SAS systems. Agreement between the modeled and measured SI show that it is possible to link range-dependent image statistics to measurable geo-acoustic properties, providing the foundation necessary for solving problems related to the detection of targets using high-frequency imaging sonars, including performance prediction or adaptation of automated detection algorithms. Additionally, this work illustrates the possible use of SAS systems for remote sensing of roughness parameters such as root mean square slope or height.

}, keywords = {synthetic aperture sonar seafloor scattering}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0013837}, author = {Anthony P. Lyons and D. R. Olson and Roy E. Hansen} } @article {7283, title = {The Nautical Cartographic Constraints and an Automated Generalization Model}, year = {2022}, month = {June 6-9}, pages = {Ottawa, Canada}, abstract = {
Current methods for nautical charts generalization are strongly human interactive and time-consuming. Significant amounts of effort are needed for generalizing, compiling, updating, maintaining, and consistency checking those products. The ideal situation would be a fully automated solution for generating products on demand, at the right scale, at the point of use, and directly from the seamless database, that respect all application specific constraints (i.e., Safety, Legibility, Topology, and Morphology). Such a solution would solve many related problems, minimize the time and effort needed for ENC production and support rapid update. However, regardless of the advancements in technology and the various research efforts, generalization tasks for nautical chart compilation are still performed mostly manually or semi-manually, where a likelihood of human error must be admitted. Furthermore, practice has shown that there is often a trade off among the various generalization constraints as fixing one violation may result in the violation of another constraint. Towards this optimum goal, we are conducting a project that aims to investigate the previous efforts for automated map production, review the available relevant nautical cartographic standards and specifications, and extract and categorize the nautical chart generalization guidelines thereinto. These are subsequently translated into rules and defined in a template as conditions to be respected during the generalization process. According to a hierarchy level, a cost will be related to any violation according to its importance to the safety of navigation. Since fully satisfying all constraints seems infeasible, the optimal generalized chart should be the one with the lowest cost. For the implementation, a multi-agent generalization model is under development in the ESRI nautical environment that will utilize the template and the source data within the areas of interest to perform the generalization for the target scale (Figure). Figure: The concept of the nautical generalization model

}, keywords = {automated cartography, computer assisted cartography, ENC, Nautical cartography}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361189789_The_Nautical_Cartographic_Constraints_and_an_Automated_Generalization_Model}, author = {Tamer Nada and Christos Kastrisios and Brian R Calder and Ence Christie and Craig Greene and Amber Bethell and Madhu Hosuru} } @article {7364, title = {Operational Performance of a Combined Density- and Clustering-based Approach to Extract Bathymetry Returns from LiDAR Point Clouds}, volume = {107}, year = {2022}, month = {March}, pages = {102699}, abstract = {

An algorithm that combines a widely used sonar data processing method and a newly developed machine-learning-based algorithm to extract of shallow-water bathymetry from LiDAR point clouds was evaluated for accuracy and potential operationalisation. Data comprised 103 500 m-by-500 m data tiles located near the Florida Keys (United States) representing an operationally realistic range of environmental and data conditions. Tiles are processed tiles individually to classify each LiDAR pulse return (\“sounding\” in hydrographic terminology) as bathymetry or not.\  Compared to a reference classification an average agreement of about 90\% was produced; accuracy varied depending on ocean bottom and data conditions.\  The average false negative rate \– the most important metric in hydrographic mapping \– was about 5\%. Processing time for tiles containing the average number of soundings (seven million) on a desktop computer was approximately 100 minutes. A major advantage is that the algorithm does not require in situ ground-\“truth\” data for training or calibration.

}, keywords = {coral reefs, Florida Keys, k-means clustering, Machine Learning, shallow water bathymetry}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2022.102699}, author = {Kim Lowell and Brian R Calder} } @article {7255, title = {Perspectives on Ocean Mapping}, year = {2022}, month = {May 5}, keywords = {ocean mapping, ocean mapping priorities, ocean mapping survey}, author = {Chiaki Okada and Dulap Ratnayake and Elaina O{\textquoteright}Brien and Elias Adediran and Nicki Andreasen and Sally Jarmusz and Sara Cardigos} } @article {7374, title = {Polar Region Bathymetry: Critical Knowledge for the Prediction of Global Sea Level Rise}, year = {2022}, month = {January 17}, abstract = {

The ocean and the marine parts of the cryosphere interact directly with, and are affected by, the seafloor and its primary properties of depth (bathymetry) and shape (morphology) in many ways. Bottom currents are largely constrained by undersea terrain with consequences for both regional and global heat transport. Deep ocean mixing is controlled by seafloor roughness, and the bathymetry directly influences where marine outlet glaciers are susceptible to the inflow relatively warm subsurface waters - an issue of great importance for ice-sheet discharge, i.e., the loss of mass from calving and undersea melting. Mass loss from glaciers and the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, is among the primary drivers of global sea-level rise, together now contributing more to sea-level rise than the thermal expansion of the ocean. Recent research suggests that the upper bounds of predicted sea-level rise by the year 2100 under the scenarios presented in IPCC\’s Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCCC) likely are conservative because of the many unknowns regarding ice dynamics. In this paper we highlight the poorly mapped seafloor in the Polar regions as a critical knowledge gap that needs to be filled to move marine cryosphere science forward and produce improved understanding of the factors impacting ice-discharge and, with that, improved predictions of, among other things, global sea-level. We analyze the bathymetric data coverage in the Arctic Ocean specifically and use the results to discuss challenges that must be overcome to map the most remotely located areas in the Polar regions in general.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.788724}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Larry A Mayer} } @article {7369, title = {A ROS-Enabled Floating Hackathon: Coordinating Multiple Marine Robots}, year = {2022}, month = {October 19-21}, pages = {Kyoto, Japan}, abstract = {

The 2022 NOAA Ocean Exploration Cooperative Institute cruise featured 3 different marine robots from 3 different institutions operating in parallel from the Exploration Vessel Nautilus. Our goal was to demonstrate technologies that will increase the amount of scientific data collected per unit of (expensive!) ship time. We highlight 3 missions that demonstrated robot/robot and robot/human collaboration, as well as some of the factors that make marine robotics challenging. This talk focuses on two of these robots that run ROS and discusses how ROS enabled faster development and simplified collaboration between institutions.

}, keywords = {ROS marine robotics}, url = {http://download.ros.org/downloads/roscon/2022/A\%20ROS-enabled\%20floating\%20hackathon\%20coordinating\%20multiple\%20marine\%20robots.pdf}, author = {Roland Arsenault and Laura Lindzey} } @article {7558, title = {R/V Kilo Moana 2022 EM122 EM710 QAT Report}, year = {2022}, month = {May 24}, pages = {43}, institution = {Multibeam Advisory Committee}, url = {https://mac.unols.org/reports/2022-kilo-moana-em122-em710-qat-report/}, author = {Kevin Jerram and Paul Johnson and Vicki L Ferrini} } @article {7557, title = {R/V Sikuliaq 2022 EM302 EM710 QAT Report}, year = {2022}, month = {May 5}, pages = {22}, institution = {Multibeam Advisory Committee}, url = {https://mac.unols.org/reports/2022-sikuliaq-em302-em710-calibration-report/}, author = {Kevin Jerram and Paul Johnson and Vicki L Ferrini} } @article {7382, title = {S-122 Portrayal and Integration Concepts and Services}, year = {2022}, month = {June 6-9}, pages = {Ottawa, Canada}, abstract = {

The present edition of the IHO S-122 Marine Protected Areas Product Specification does not specify portrayal. Users are allowed to select the technique and style of representation most suited to their requirements, but, as stated in the current edition, \“future versions of S-122 may contain a portrayal catalogue, thus any implementer should plan for this and make adequate preparations in any system that supports S-122\”. This work aims to address this gap in the current IHO S-122 version that lacks portrayal. It presents a set of intuitive pictorial symbols for the MPA categories (categoryOfRestrictedArea enumeration) (Figure 1) representative of the endangered species, historical or cultural submerged sites, and for depicting Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) Areas within the MPA zones. This work also presents symbols for charting MPAs regulations (Figure 2), such as slow zones with specified speed limits, and permitted and restricted marine activities, such as anchoring, small- and large-scale fishing, passage for various types of vessels, and vessel traffic services. The presented symbols have been designed with primary criterion the ease of
understanding by the end user and may serve as the basis for discussions among IHO relevant bodies toward the future MPAs symbology on Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) screens.

}, keywords = {Electronic Navigational Chart, Marine Protected Areas, Portrayal, safety of navigation, symbology}, author = {Stilianos Contarinis and Christos Kastrisios and Nakos, Byron} } @article {7373, title = {A Solution to TSP for Survey Line Segments}, year = {2022}, month = {October 8}, address = {Lowell, MA}, abstract = {

When conducting seafloor mapping operations from a vessel at sea, a plan of parallel lines spaced to ensure adequate overlap in the mapping data are laid out in advance and then systematically followed by human or robotic survey vessels. During the course of survey, it is not uncommon to omit portions of lines, for example, to deviate from the line to avoid other vessels or hazards to navigation, or to need to re-run portions of lines, for example when the INS-aided GPS navigation uncertainty is temporarily too large to meet the uncertainty requirements of the project.\  These events cause \“holidays\” or holes in bathymetric surfaces created from the data collection effort if not remedied. Therefore, at the end of several days of systematic survey, an effort is made to repeat the survey lines that have been omitted. To do so in an optimal way, a routine has been developed to solve the Traveling Salesman Problem for a set of arbitrary survey lines. The algorithm extends an existing approximate solution to the standard point-wise TSP problem, so-called \“two-opt swap\”. The routine considers each step as the length of a line segment plus the path length to an arbitrary next line segment. In addition, the routine allows for the traversal of each line segment in either direction. The strategy for development of the algorithm will be presented along with simulated results.

}, keywords = {robotics, survey, TSP}, author = {Val Schmidt} } @article {7216, title = {Standardized Geomorphic Characterization of the Extensive Cold-Water Coral Mound Province of the Blake Plateau, USA}, year = {2022}, month = {Feb 24 - Mar 4}, abstract = {

A strategically-planned multi-year exploration campaign on the Blake Plateau offshore of the southeastern U.S. has mapped what appears to be the most expansive cold-water coral (CWC) mound province thus far discovered. Bathymetric data from twenty multibeam sonar mapping surveys were synthesized and used to generate a standardized geomorphic classification of the region in order to delineate and quantify CWC mound habitats. CWC mounds in this region form distinct bumps or pinnacles (composed of slope, ridge, and peak features) readily observable in multibeam bathymetry data and were mapped in depth ranges spanning approximately 350-900 m. Seafloor terrain features were classified using the Bathymetry- and Reflectivity-based Estimator for Seafloor Segmentation (BRESS) method developed by Masetti et al. (2018) into five geomorphic landform classes (peaks, valleys, ridges, slopes, and flats) to support the enumeration of coral mound features and to quantify the area of each landform class. The \“peak\” landform class was utilized to identify and count the number of individual apparent CWC mounds. The complex geomorphology of eight subregions representing distinct spatial patterns of CWC mound formation was described qualitatively with geomorphic \“fingerprints\” and quantitatively by measurements of mound density and vertical relief. Ground-truth for the bathymetric analysis was provided by direct substrate observations from 23 submersible dive videos that revealed coral rubble to be the dominant substrate component within the peak, ridge, and slope landforms explored, thereby validating the interpretation of these bathymetric features as CWC mounds. The methods used in this study provide a pragmatic standardized approach for identifying, characterizing, and quantifying CWC mound-forming habitats and could be applied to other CWC provinces to enable more direct comparisons among geographically diverse settings.

}, keywords = {Geomorphic Characterization}, url = {https://osm2022.secure-platform.com/a/gallery/rounds/3/details/6986}, author = {Derek Sowers and Larry A Mayer and Giuseppe Masetti and Erik Cordes and Ryan Gasbarro and Elizabeth Lobecker and Kasey Cantwell and Shannon Hoy and Michael White and Sam Candio and Mashkoor A Malik and Matt Dornback} } @proceedings {7384, title = {Subjective and Objective Evaluation of Data Quality Visualization Methods on Navigational Charts}, year = {2022}, month = {Novemebr 2-4}, address = {Redlands, CA}, abstract = {

Nautical charts are compiled with bathymetric data that differ in the year and method collected over areas varying from stable to mobile seafloor. Data quality on Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs) is mainly encoded as an overlay of polygonal regions, each assigned a Category Zone of Confidence (CATZOC) based on the positional and attribute accuracy of depth measurements and the completeness of the collected data. With CATZOC seafarers may estimate where it is safe to navigate, including areas of minimal underwater clearance, and where improved awareness is required for the presence of uncharted, or poorly charted, hazards. Failing to account for the varying data quality may result in maritime accidents, environmental disasters, and loss of life (e.g., (BSU, 2020; DSB, 2017; RMIMA, 2020)) Nautical cartography is undergoing major changes with the development of new data standards and products based on the S-100 framework (IHO, 2018; Kastrisios et al., 2022). This includes the transition from CATZOC to the new composite data quality indicator for ENCs, the Quality of Bathymetric Data (QoBD). The CATZOC alphanumeric codes (A1, A2, B, C, D) are replaced by a numerical scheme (1 for best quality and 5 for worst) with one more category O (\“Oceanic\”) for areas of depths greater than 200m (\“U\” for unassessed remains). Furthermore, the relevant committees\ of the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) have decided on replacing the current star symbology that has been proven problematic (see Kastrisios et al., 2020). One potential solution for the data quality sectors\’ visualization is with the use of seethrough textures consisting of countable elements. In this work we discuss the proposed coding schemes (Lines and Dot-Cluster) and the results of an online user survey and an in-lab experiment for their evaluation compared to three alternatives (Opaque-Colors, Color-Transparency, and Color-Textures). Furthermore, we discuss how the results compare to previous works on uncertainty visualization and how the concept of countable textures could be extended for other uses.

}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364200256_Subjective_and_Objective_Evaluation_of_Data_Quality_Visualization_Methods_on_Navigational_Charts }, author = {Christos Kastrisios and Colin Ware} } @article {7080, title = {Temporal Dynamics of Eastern Oyster Larval Abundance in Great Bay Estuary, New Hampshire}, volume = {403}, year = {2022}, pages = {401-408}, author = {Alyssa Stasse and Kelsey Meyer and Mathew L.H. Cheng and Nicole Bumbera and Kaitlin Van Volkom and Alix M. Laferriere and Jennifer A. Dijkstra and Bonnie Brown} } @article {7231, title = {Textures for Coding Bathymetric Data Quality Sectors on Electronic Navigational Chart Displays: Design and Evaluation}, volume = {49(6)}, year = {2022}, month = {28 April}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, abstract = {

The Zones of Confidence (ZOC) is a composite data quality indicator used in Electronic Navigational Charts. Accident reports show that failing to account for chart data quality can result in maritime accidents and loss of life. ZOC overlays are intended to help mariners in identifying potential seafloor hazards and in plotting routes safe for the vessel, but a major concern with the ZOC concept has been the utilized symbology with glyphs consisting of stars. Due to its recognized deficiencies, star-symbology has been rejected for use with the successor of ZOC, the Quality of Bathymetric Data (QoBD). This work presents a research effort towards a new QoBD representation. We define the requirements for the new coding scheme to be effective and propose two texture schemes incorporating countable elements, one consisting of lines and one of dot clusters. For comparison we developed three alternative, color-based, coding schemes based on ideas previously expressed in the maritime community. Lastly, we present the design, dissemination, and results of an online user survey carried out to evaluate the five coding schemes. The survey results demonstrate that the proposed textures are the most preferred coding schemes among survey respondents.

}, keywords = {data quality visualization, Data uncertainty, design study, ecdis, user surveys, Visual Variables, Zones of Confidence}, doi = {10.1080/15230406.2022.2059572}, author = {Christos Kastrisios and Colin Ware} } @article {7275, title = {Toward a Readily Available Maritime Route Suggestion and Prediction System Using Historic "Roads of the Sea"}, year = {2022}, month = {June 6-9}, pages = {Ottawa, Canada}, abstract = {

Unlike land routing, sea navigation takes place in \"free-space\", not constrained to strict road networks. To ensure safety of passage, mariners tend to use commonly traveled routes. Nautical and routing charts provide information regarding dangers to navigation and shipping routes and distances between major ports, however they are often outdated or not complete, while the routes can only be considered as recommendations. When ships are to stray from previously followed and recommended routes, there lies a higher risk of grounding, and in areas of high traffic, an increased risk of collision, potentially causing disruption of goods and services, loss of life, and environmental pollution. A system that could provide safe and efficient routes unique to specific ship characteristics and predict routes of nearby vessels would greatly alleviate those risks. Mapping the most frequently traveled sea routes using historical AIS data and predicting ship trajectories is a rising research topic, mostly with the aim to identify irregular behavior of vessels. However, we lack a readily available system aboard ships for use by mariners and autonomous systems. In this work we utilize sample \"Roads of the Sea\", derived using unsupervised learning techniques capable of identifying the spatiotemporal dynamics of historic ship routes, to build a prototype route suggestion and route prediction system (Figure). This system pulls data from a remote database hosted on a remote cloud platform, suggests optimal routes between ports, and predicts probable trajectories of nearby vessels based on current movement and location. An additional front-end application provides access to the system\&$\#$39;s services, letting users view routes and request route predictions and suggestions for specific vessel types. Though connected, these components are designed to be loosely coupled, allowing for changes to and improvements on the utilized graph while permitting the system to provide services to other applications as an API.\ 

}, keywords = {ais, automated cartography, computer assisted cartography, ENC, Nautical cartography, vector graphs}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361182963_Toward_a_Readily_Available_Maritime_Route_Suggestion_and_Prediction_System_Using_Historic_Roads_of_the_Sea}, author = {Cowan, Killian and Bernardini, Alesandra and Mercedes, Alexander and Alexandros Troupiotis-Kapeliaris and Dimitris Zissis and Christos Kastrisios and Val Schmidt} } @article {7274, title = {Towards an Automated Chart-Ready Cartographic Sounding Selection}, year = {2022}, month = {June 6-9}, pages = {Ottawa, Canada}, abstract = {
Cartographic sounding selection, the process of identifying navigationally relevant soundings for chart-display, is a time-consuming generalization process in the chart production workflow. Advances in bathymetric data collection and processing techniques are resulting in higher resolution data, which compounds the bottleneck of sounding selection. Thus, a comprehensive algorithm for generating a chart-ready set of soundings that adheres to cartographic constraints could vastly decrease the time from data collection to chart dissemination. Towards this goal, this work presents enhancements to our label-based hydrographic sounding selection (Dyer et al., 2022) and methods for identifying soundings for chart display. Enhancements to the hydrographic sounding selection algorithm include a method for cartographically generalizing Category Zone of Confidence (CATZOC) polygons (MQUALs), utilizing said generalized polygons for a constrained triangulation during validation, and an adjustment procedure to eliminate functionality (safety) constraint violations. This results in a hydrographic selection with zero functionality violations, albeit at the expense of legibility, where the introduced overlapping labels are handled later when deriving the chart-ready selection. The hydrographic sounding selection results serve as input to our cartographic sounding selection process that begins with defining the types of soundings found on nautical charts: least depth, critical, deep, supportive, and fill soundings. We present a method to extract these soundings based on analyzing the surface model of the hydrographic selection, the associated survey CATZOC value, and existing chart features.

}, keywords = {automated cartography, computer assisted cartography, ENC, Nautical cartography}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361435880_Towards_an_automated_chart-ready_cartographic_sounding_selection}, author = {Noel Dyer and Christos Kastrisios and Leila De Floriani} } @mastersthesis {7379, title = {Understanding Physical Properties of Gas Bubbles in the Ocean: How Does Reality Affect What We Think We Already Know?}, volume = {Ocean Engineering}, year = {2022}, month = {May 2022}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

The importance of methane as a greenhouse gas has led to widespread research focused on understanding the sinks and sources for atmospheric methane. One source of atmospheric methane could include methane bubbles released from the ocean\’s seafloor. These gas bubbles transport methane from the seafloor and through the ocean\’s water column, and the methane they release during ascent affects water column geochemistry and microbial populations. Under certain physical conditions, methane transported by gas bubbles can reach the upper water column and potentially leak across the sea-air interface. The dynamics of gas bubble emission, ascent, and dissolution in the water column have been studied using a combination of in-situ instruments (e.g., optical systems), numerical transport models, and acoustic systems. These methods often rely on assumptions related to physical bubble properties (e.g., shape, size, surface coating) that are violated in nature; therefore, there is a need to understand how deviations from these assumptions affect our understanding of the fate and transport of methane from emission at the seafloor through the water column.

This thesis aims to understand how external physical processes (i.e., tides, atmospheric pressure, etc.) and variations in bubble physical properties impact our capability to observe, measure, and quantify methane transport through the ocean and potentially to the atmosphere. Several controlled laboratory experiments were conducted to 1) quantify the effect that deviations in bubble size and shape have on the acoustic scattering properties of gas bubbles in liquid mediums and 2) quantify the effect that bubble shape, size, and hydrate coating on the bubble surface have on the rise velocity of gas bubbles. In addition, a field experiment that collected a long-term time series of acoustic backscatter measurements was conducted, within the Coal Oil Point seep field near Santa Barbara, California, to understand long-term variability of methane gas flow within a shallow water column.

}, author = {Alexandra M Padilla} } @article {7559, title = {USCGC Healy 2022 EM122 QAT Report}, year = {2022}, month = {June 27}, pages = {36}, institution = {Multibeam Advisory Committee}, url = {https://mac.unols.org/reports/2022-healy-em122-qat-report/}, author = {Kevin Jerram and Paul Johnson and Vicki L Ferrini} } @article {7233, title = {User Survey Results on Five Alternative QoBD Coding Schemes}, year = {2022}, month = {February 9}, institution = {International Hydrographic Organization}, chapter = {IHO Data Quality Working Group}, abstract = {

This work presents the results of an online user survey on five alternative coding schemes for the visualization of the new S-101 Quality of Bathymetric Data (QoBD) sectors on Electronic Chart Displays.

}, author = {Christos Kastrisios and Colin Ware} } @proceedings {7383, title = {Web-based Visualization of Integrated NextGeneration S-100 Hydrographic Datasets}, year = {2022}, month = {October 17-20}, address = {Hampton Roads, VA}, abstract = {

This paper discusses a variety of next-generation data products for marine navigation, many of which are encompassed by existing or planned S-100 standards developed by the International Hydrograph Organization. This includes electronic charts, bathymetric surfaces, shoreline lidar, and marine traffic and infrastructure features extracted from textual publications. A web-based visualization interface is presented, which demonstrates how these different data sources can be integrated together to support safer marine navigation, illustrate sailing directions, and aid efficient voyage planning.

}, keywords = {ENC, marine navigation, S-100, shoreline lidar, streamline flow visualization, web-based visualization}, doi = {10.1109/OCEANS47191.2022.9977133.}, author = {Butkiewicz, Thomas and Ilya Atkin and Briana M Sullivan and Christos Kastrisios and Andrew H. Stevens and Kindrat Beregovyi} } @article {7234, title = {ZOC / QoBD Matrices}, year = {2022}, month = {February 9}, institution = {International Hydrographic Organization}, chapter = {IHO Data Quality Working Group}, abstract = {

This work presented the development of matrices for the translation of Survey S-44 specifications to Zones of Confidence (ZOC) /Quality of Bathymetric Data (QoBD) categories.

}, author = {Christos Kastrisios and Gaumet, Morgane} } @article {7060, title = {Acoustic backscattering observations from non-spherical gas bubbles with ka between 0.03 {\textendash} 4}, volume = {149(4)}, year = {2021}, month = {March}, pages = {2504-2519}, abstract = {

The study of gas bubbles in liquid media is of importance in many areas of research. Gas bubbles are often studied using in situ measurement techniques; however, acoustic inversion techniques have also been used to extract physical properties of gas bubbles. These inversion techniques rely on existing analytical scattering models; however, these models often assume that the gas bubbles are spherical in shape and have an equivalent bubble radius, a, that is small compared to the incident acoustic wavelength (ka << 1), which is not always valid. This study aims to understand how the departure from these assumptions affects the acoustic backscattering cross section, \σbs, of non-spherical gas bubbles. Experimental estimates of \σbs of non-spherical gas bubbles of different sizes, with ka values ranging between 0.03 and 4.4, were compared to four commonly known analytical \σbs models. All models performed equally at predicting \σbs for ka smaller than 0.5; however, there was no model that better predicted the experimental estimates of \σbs for ka larger than 0.5, regardless of bubble shape. Large variabilities in the experimental estimates of \σbs are observed for ka larger than 0.5, which are caused by the variability in bubble shape and size, as well as the bubble\&$\#$39;s orientation.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0004246}, author = {Alexandra M Padilla and Thomas C Weber} } @article {7057, title = {Acoustic Monitoring and Tracking of Natural Hydrocarbons Gas Bubbles Over the Course of a Year}, year = {2021}, month = {May 5}, pages = {Virtual}, abstract = {

The release of natural hydrocarbon seeps (e.g., methane gas bubbles) is spatially distributed across the oceans seafloor and have been studied for decades. The flux of natural hydrocarbons from the seafloor has been observed to vary over a range of timescales and has been hypothesized to be linked to external physical processes, such as atmospheric pressure, currents, and tides. On September 2019, a Simrad ES200 split-beam echosounder was mounted to one of the cross-members of a decommissioned oil platform, known as Platform Holly, and has been collecting high-resolution temporal acoustic measurement since its deployment. Platform Holly is located within one of the world\’s most prolific natural hydrocarbon seep site, the Coal Oil Point (COP) seep field. Natural hydrocarbon seepage activity within the COP seep field has been active for several decades and previous research highlights both spatial and temporal variability within the seep field. The high-resolution, long-term time series of the acoustic measurements of seepage activity in the vicinity of the oil platform will provide insight on the spatial and temporal variability of seepage activity in the region and how it is affected by external physical processes.

}, author = {Alexandra M Padilla and Franklin S Kinnaman and David L Valentine and Thomas C Weber} } @article {7220, title = {An Acoustic Scattering Model for Stratification Interfaces}, volume = {150(6)}, year = {2021}, month = {December}, pages = {4353-4361}, publisher = {Acoustic Society of America}, abstract = {

Stable fluid bodies, such as the ocean and atmosphere, are composed of a series of increasingly dense layers, defined by density stratification interfaces in which the medium properties (e.g., temperature, salinity) change. The intensity of the stratification between the layers influences the internal mixing dynamics and entrainment, facilitating the transport of dissolved constituents within the fluid medium. Acoustic systems offer the means for high resolution observations of these interfaces, which allow for continuous data collection over broad spatial scales. Here, a one-dimensional acoustic scattering model is presented for predicting acoustic backscatter from stratification interfaces, which is widely applicable to the acoustic water column data collected with ship-mounted sonars. Model predictions based on hydrographic profiles suggest that in many oceanic cases, the density gradient perturbations can be disregarded, and sound speed perturbations alone drive the majority of the acoustic scattering. A frequency-dependent scattering intensity based on the sharpness of the stratification interface is predicted by the model, suggesting a path to remote estimations of the physical medium properties through broadband acoustic inversion.

}, doi = {10.1121/10.0009011}, author = {Elizabeth Weidner and Thomas C Weber} } @article {7219, title = {Amplified Climate Sensitivity of Northern Greenland Fjords through Sea-Ice Damming}, volume = {2(70)}, year = {2021}, month = {April 12}, abstract = {

Record-high air temperatures were observed over Greenland in the summer of 2019 and melting of the northern Greenland Ice Sheet was particularly extensive. Here we show, through direct measurements, that near surface ocean temperatures in Sherard Osborn Fjord, northern Greenland, reached 4\ \°C in August 2019, while in the neighboring Petermann Fjord, they never exceeded 0\ \°C. We show that this disparity in temperature between the two fjords occurred because thick multi-year sea ice at the entrance of Sherard Osborn Fjord trapped the surface waters inside the fjord, which led to the formation of a warm and fresh surface layer. These results suggest that the presence of multi-year sea ice increases the sensitivity of Greenland fjords abutting the Arctic Ocean to climate warming, with potential consequences for the long-term stability of the northern sector of the Greenland Ice Sheet.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00140-8}, author = {Christian Stranne and Johan Nilsson and Adam Ulfsbo and Matt O{\textquoteright}Regan and Helen K. Coxall and Lorenz Merie and Julia Muchowski and Larry A Mayer and Volker Br{\"u}chert and Jonas Fredriksson and Brett Thornton and Julek Chawarski and Gabriel West and Elizabeth Weidner and Martin Jakobsson} } @article {7089, title = {Analysis of Vibracores from the New Hampshire Continental Shelf from 1984 and 1988}, year = {2021}, pages = {173}, institution = {Department of Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Marine Minerals Division}, address = {Sterling, VA}, abstract = {

During this study, the twenty-three vibracores taken in 1984 and 1988 were reexamined, original descriptions verified and significantly expanded, and the cores sampled to provide complete grain size data (i.e. the original sediment grain size analyses were limited). The vibracores were grouped by location with respect to major physiographic features (geoforms) or surficial sediment type including Offshore Marine-Modified Glacial Features (Drumlins and Lodgement Till Deposits), Northern Sand Body, Isles of Shoals, Nearshore Marine-Modified Glacial Features (Eskers and Drumlins), Nearshore Sheet Sand, and Offshore Seafloor Plain.

The Northern Sand Body (NSB), located near the Isles of Shoals ~10 km from shore, is relatively large measuring ~3.2km in length and ~1.3km in width, with a maximum relief of ~7m. Earlier studies estimated the NSB may contain as much as 17 million m3 of sand and gravel, but this has not been verified. One of the vibracores taken at the northern end of the NSB has ~3.6m of medium to coarse sand with varying amounts of fine gravel overlying fine sand. Similarly, a vibracore from near the center of the NSB has ~3.1m of slightly granuley medium sand with shell fragments and scattered pebbles overlying fine sands. However, other vibracores taken at the NSB are largely fine to very fine sand of varying thickness. The NSB likely formed from deposits that were originally either a marine glacial delta, a subaqueous delta, or sandy outwash that was heavily modified by marine processes.

A vibracore taken on top of an offshore drumlin-like feature located ~24km from shore has ~4.7m of medium to coarse sand overlying fine sand and silty very fine sand to silt deposits. The upper sands likely represent a lag deposit formed by wave action during the last sea-level lowstand. However, it is not known if this lag deposit continues over the surface of the entire drumlin. Except for the NSB, and potentially the offshore drumlin, the other sand and gravel deposits examined are relatively small in aerial extent. However, several of the marine-modified glacial deposits have approximately three to five meters of sand and gravel. For example, a vibracore taken near an esker-like feature had ~5.75m of very coarse sand to gravelly sediments composing the matrix (the largest clasts were not measured due to limited sample size). The eskers were exposed during the last sea-level lowstand and were modified by shallow water waves and nearshore process during the Holocene transgression. The esker was likely eroded, the large gravel left as a lag deposit, and the finer sediment deposited as nearby shoals. The Nearshore Sheet Sand deposits located within a few kilometers of the coast are relatively thin (less than ~2.5m), flat-lying layers of sand and gravel unconformably overlying glacial marine sandy mud which were likely formed from reworked glacial marine sediment during the last transgression, especially wave-modified marine deltas or outwash. In addition, the deposits are likely part of the nearshore sand ramp extending from the beaches in southern NH.

}, doi = {https://dx.doi.org/10.34051/p/2021.26}, author = {Larry G Ward and Rachel C Morrison and Zachary S. McAvoy and M. Vallee-Anziani} } @article {7027, title = {Assessing Marginal Shallow-Water Bathymetric Information Content of Lidar Sounding Attribute Data and Derived Seafloor Geomorphometry}, volume = {13(9), 1604}, year = {2021}, month = {April 21}, publisher = {MDPI}, abstract = {

Shallow-water depth estimates from airborne lidar data might be improved by using\ sounding attribute data (SAD) and ocean geomorphometry derived from lidar soundings. Moreover,\ an accurate derivation of geomorphometry would be beneficial to other applications. The SAD\ examined here included routinely collected variables such as sounding intensity and fore/aft scan\ direction. Ocean-floor geomorphometry was described by slope, orientation, and pulse orthogonality\ that were derived from the depth estimates of bathymetry soundings using spatial extrapolation\ and interpolation. Four data case studies (CSs) located near Key West, Florida (United States)\ were the testbed for this study. To identify bathymetry soundings in lidar point clouds, extreme\ gradient boosting (XGB) models were fitted for all seven possible combinations of three variable\ suites\—SAD, derived geomorphometry, and sounding depth. R2 values for the best models were\ between 0.6 and 0.99, and global accuracy values were between 85\% and 95\%. Lidar depth alone\ had the strongest relationship to bathymetry for all but the shallowest CS, but the SAD provided\ demonstrable model improvements for all CSs. The derived geomorphometry variables contained\ little bathymetric information. Whereas the SAD showed promise for improving the extraction of\ bathymetry from lidar point clouds, the derived geomorphometry variables do not appear to describe\ geomorphometry well.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091604}, author = {Kim Lowell and Brian R Calder} } @article {7161, title = {Automatic Identification of Internal Wave Characteristics Affecting Bathymetric Measurement Based on Multibeam Echosounder Water Column Data Analysis}, volume = {14(16)}, year = {2021}, month = {August 5}, publisher = {MDPI}, abstract = {

The accuracy of multibeam echosounder bathymetric measurement depends on the accuracy of the data of the sound speed layers within the water column. This is necessary for the correct modeling of ray bending. It is assumed that the sound speed layers are horizontal and static, according to the sound speed profile traditionally used in the depth calculation. In fact, the boundaries between varying water masses can be curved and oscillate. It is difficult to assess the parameters of these movements based on the sparse sampling of sound velocity profiles (SVP) collected through a survey; thus, alternative or augmented methods are needed to obtain information about water mass stratification for the time of a particular ping or a series of pings. The process of water column data collection and analysis is presented in this paper. The proposed method updates the sound speed profile by the automated detection of varying water mass boundaries, giving the option to adjust the SVP for each beam separately. This can increase the overall accuracy of a bathymetric survey and provide additional oceanographic data about the study area.

}, doi = {10.3390/en14164774}, author = {Karolina Zwolak and Lukasz Marchel and Aileen Bohan and Masanao Sumiyoshi and Jaya Roperez and Artur Grz{\k a}dziel and Rochelle Wigley and Sattiabaruth Seeboruth} } @article {7056, title = {Bathymetric Data Quality and Autonomous Navigation Related Research Projects}, year = {2021}, month = {February}, pages = {33}, institution = {International Hydrographic Organization}, chapter = {IHO Data Quality Working Group}, address = {Online}, abstract = {
This work presents data quality and autonomous ship navigation related cartographic research projects conducted at the Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping, University of New Hampshire.
}, doi = {10.13140/RG.2.2.31828.53123/1}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349602900_Bathymetric_data_quality_and_autonomous_navigation_related_research_projects}, author = {Christos Kastrisios} } @article {7015, title = {A CFAR Detection Approach for Identifying Gas Bubble Seeps With Multibeam Echo Sounders}, year = {2021}, month = {March 21}, pages = {1-10}, abstract = {

A cell-averaged constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detector is described and applied to data collected with a multibeam echo sounder (MBES). The CFAR detector is designed specifically for transient targets observed with MBES, and operates under the assumption that background noise, including volume and seafloor reverberation, is locally stationary in time. This assumption, and the CFAR detector performance in general, was examined for data collected by a 30-kHz MBES operating in the Gulf of Mexico where the targets of interest were methane gas bubble plumes rising up from the seabed. Results with example data suggest that the CFAR detector was able to remove 99.1\% of the MBES raw data while preserving the targets of interest. False detections appear randomly distributed throughout a single MBES ping, unlike the targets, and a within-ping target clustering algorithm was able to remove many of the false detections. In a single ping, an example is shown where the combined CFAR detector and a target cluster-size rule was able to reduce the number of false detections to 99.8\% of the original data. The detector and cluster-size rules were applied to a sequence of approximately 400 pings, and two additional morphological rules based on the size and aspect ratio of the resulting target clusters were then applied to the detections to isolate the MBES backscatter intensity associated with gas bubbles. This combination of CFAR detector and simple morphological classification rules provides a useful way to detect gas bubble seeps or other transient targets.

}, doi = {10.1109/JOE.2021.3056910}, author = {Thomas C Weber} } @article {6900, title = {Challenges in Generating S-104/HDF5 Files of Water Level Forecast Guidance from NOAA/NOS{\textquoteright}s Operational Ocean Forecast Systems (OFS)}, year = {2021}, month = {January 10-15}, author = {Gregory Seroka and Erin Nagel and Greenlaw, Jason and John G Kelley and Neil Weston and Edward Myers and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Powell, Julia} } @article {7171, title = {Classifying 3-D Models of Coral Reefs Using Structure-from-Motion and Multi-View Semantic Segmentation}, volume = {8:706674}, year = {2021}, month = {October 29}, abstract = {

Benthic quadrat surveys using 2-D images are one of the most common methods of quantifying the composition of coral reef communities, but they and other methods fail to assess changes in species composition as a 3-dimensional system, arguably one of the most important attributes in foundational systems. Structure-from-motion (SfM) algorithms that utilize images collected from various viewpoints to form an accurate 3-D model have become more common among ecologists in recent years. However, there exist few efficient methods that can classify portions of the 3-D model to specific ecological functional groups. This lack of granularity makes it more difficult to identify the class category responsible for changes in the structure of coral reef communities. We present a novel method that can efficiently provide semantic labels of functional groups to 3-D reconstructed models created from commonly used SfM software (i.e., Agisoft Metashape) using fully convolutional networks (FCNs). Unlike other methods, ours involves creating dense labels for each of the images used in the 3-D reconstruction and then reusing the projection matrices created during the SfM process to project semantic labels onto either the point cloud or mesh to create fully classified versions. When quantitatively validating the classification results we found that this method is capable of accurately projecting semantic labels from image-space to model-space with scores as high as 91\% pixel accuracy. Furthermore, because each image only needs to be provided with a single set of dense labels this method scales linearly making it useful for large areas or high resolution-models. Although SfM has become widely adopted by ecologists, deep learning presents a steep learning curve for many. To ensure repeatability and ease-of-use, we provide a comprehensive workflow with detailed instructions and open-sourced the programming code to assist others in replicating our methodology. Our method will allow researchers to assess precise changes in 3-D community composition of reef habitats in an entirely novel way, providing more insight into changes in ecological paradigms, such as those that occur during coral-algae shifts.

}, keywords = {coral reefs, deep learning, semantic segmentation, structural complexity, structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.706674}, author = {Jordan Pierce and Mark J. Butler and Yuri Rzhanov and Kim Lowell and Jennifer A. Dijkstra} } @article {7058, title = {Controlled Laboratory Experiments on the Dissolution of Hydrate-Free and Hydrate-Coated Gas Bubbles in Water}, year = {2021}, month = {April 19-23}, abstract = {

Methane is released into the ocean from the seafloor in the form of gas bubbles, which transport methane through the water column and potentially into the atmosphere. A rising methane bubble loses methane to the surrounding water via methane dissolution through the bubble surface. When methane gas bubbles are released at certain elevated pressure and reduced temperature conditions, however, they can begin to form a solid gas hydrate that coats the bubble surface. Hydrate on the bubble surface slows down the dissolution process and can extend the lifetime of the bubble within the water column. Researchers have developed mathematical models to track the fate of methane transported in rising bubbles in order to understand how much methane dissolves into the water column as a function of depth. Tracking methane in this way is important because dissolved methane contributes to ocean acidification and reduced dissolved oxygen levels. Controlled laboratory experiments with a counter-flow device were conducted to test existing dissolution models for rising gas bubbles. The pressurized counter-flow device was used to trap gas bubbles (e.g., air, methane, xenon) and simulate the dissolution process of free-gas and hydrate-coated gas bubbles in water. Xenon was used as a proxy for methane during this experiment because though both gases form structure I hydrate, xenon hydrate can be formed at relatively lower pressures, allowing the counter-flow device to be made of clear acrylic for multi-directional viewing of the bubble. Two high-speed, high-resolution imaging cameras arranged at 90 degrees to each other were used to obtain information on bubble sizes, shapes and shrinkage rates in order to assess dissolution model predictions for the fate of the bubbles in the ocean.

}, author = {Alexandra M Padilla and William F Waite and Thomas C Weber} } @article {7014, title = {A Deep Scattering Layer Under the North Pole Pack Ice}, volume = {194}, year = {2021}, month = {June}, abstract = {

The 3.3 million km\² marine ecosystem around the North Pole, defined as the Central Arctic Ocean (CAO), is a blind spot on the map of the world\’s fish stocks. The CAO essentially comprises the permanently ice-covered deep basins and ridges outside the continental shelves, and is only accessible by ice-breakers. Traditional trawling for assessing fish stocks is impossible under the thick pack ice, and coherent hydroacoustic surveys are unachievable due to ice-breaking noise. Consequently, nothing is known about the existence of any pelagic fish stocks in the CAO, although juveniles of Boreogadus saida richly occur at the surface associated with the sea ice and ice-associated Arctogadus glacialis has been reported as well. We here present a first indication of a possible mesopelagic fish stock in the CAO. We had the opportunity to analyse a geophysical hydroacoustic data set with 13 time windows of usable acoustic data over a transect from 84.4 oN in the Nansen Basin, across the North Pole (90.0 oN), to 82.4 oN in the Canada Basin. We discovered a deep scattering layer (DSL), suggesting the presence of zooplankton and fish, at 300-600 m of depth in the Atlantic water layer of the CAO. Maximum possible fish abundance and biomass was very low; values of ca. 2,000 individuals km$^{-}$\² and ca. 50 kg km$^{-}$\² were calculated for the DSL in the North-Pole area according to a model assuming that all acoustic backscatter represents 15-cm long B. saida and/or A. glacialis. The true abundance and biomass of fish is even lower than this, but cannot be quantified from this dataset due to backscatter originating from pneumatophores of physonect siphonophores that are known to occur in the area. Further studies on the DSL of the CAO should include sampling and identification of the backscattering organisms. From our study we can conclude that if the DSL of the CAO contains fish, their biomass is currently too low for any sustainable fishery.

}, keywords = {acoustics, Arctogadus, Atlantic water layer, Boreogadus, Central Arctic Ocean (CAO), Echosounder, Siphonophore}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2021.102560}, author = {Snoejis-Leijonmalm, Pauline and Harald Gj{\o}s{\ae}ter and Randi B. Ingvaldsen and Tor Knutsen and Rolf Korneliussen and Egil Ona and Hein Rune Skjoldal and Christian Stranne and Larry A Mayer and Martin Jakobsson and Katarina G{\r a}rdfeldt} } @article {7006, title = {A Deposition Baseline for Microplastic Particle Distribution in an Estuary}, volume = {170}, year = {2021}, month = {09/2021}, pages = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112653}, publisher = {ScienceDirect}, abstract = {

Microplastics (MP) known to be ubiquitous in the plastisphere, have yet to be quantified within Great Bay Estuary (GBE) in the Gulf of Maine region of North America. We extracted and analyzed MP in archived sediment cores obtained from representative transects across GBE. Results indicated that MP are distributed in GBE sediments, 0-30 cm, at an average occurrence of 100\±50 particles g-1 and that morphology varies by site and depth. Analysis by sediment depth and age class indicated that MP deposition increased over several decades but recently (5-10 years) has likely begun to decrease. Hydrodynamic and particle transport modeling indicated that bed characteristics are a more controlling factor in MP distribution than MP properties and that the highest deposition likely occurs in regions with weaker hydrodynamic flows and lower bed shear stress e.g., eelgrass meadows and along the fringes of the Bay. These results provide a baseline and predictive understanding of the occurrence, morphology, and sedimentation of MP in the estuary.

}, keywords = {great bay estuary, microplastics, sedimentation}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112653}, author = {Cheng, M.L.H and Lippmann, T. C. and Jennifer A. Dijkstra and Bradt, G. and Cook, S. and Choi, J.-G. and Brown, B.L.} } @article {7205, title = {Development and Experimental Validation of Endfire Synthetic Aperture Sonar for Sediment Acoustics Studies}, year = {2021}, month = {October 28}, pages = {1-11}, abstract = {

Seafloor sediment acoustic returns are comprised of scattering from both the sediment-water interface and the sediment volume. For low frequencies, volume scattering is often the dominant mechanism; however, direct measurements of this component have rarely been made, owing to the large beamwidths typically associated with low-frequency echosounder systems. When beamwidths are large, the sediment interface and volume returns arrive at the same time, causing estimates of volume scattering to become biased by the interface scattering. Endfire synthetic aperture sonar (EF-SAS) can achieve narrower beamwidths by coherently combining multiple acoustic returns as a vertically oriented transmitter and/or receiver is moved toward the seafloor. This article will present a proof of concept for EF-SAS, which will include an analysis of EF-SAS processing methods and an experimental verification of EF-SAS beamwidth improvements. Results from a motion-controlled EF-SAS experiment indicate that EF-SAS gains can be accurately predicted and that these gains are significant enough to remove the interface scattering bias.

}, doi = {10.1109/JOE.2021.3107590}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9591662}, author = {S.M. Steele and A.P. Lyons} } @article {7204, title = {The Effect of Group Size on Individual Behavior of Bubble-net Feeding Humpback Whales in the Southern Gulf of Maine.}, year = {2021}, month = {In Press}, author = {Natalie C. Masticka and David N Wiley and David E. Cade and Colin Ware and Susan E. Parks and Ari S. Friedlaender} } @mastersthesis {7288, title = {The Effect of Ocean Mapping Multibeam Echosounder Signals on Beaked Whales and the Acoustic Environment}, volume = {Earth Science}, year = {2021}, month = {December}, pages = {376}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Sound can propagate great distances underwater and is an important mode for marine life to obtain information. Human activities in the ocean such as global shipping, coastal construction, gas and oil exploration, and mapping navigation routes intentionally and unintentionally emit sound into the ocean, potentially interacting with marine life. Therefore, it is essential that the effects of anthropogenic noise on marine life and the ambient marine acoustic environment be understood. Most of the work, to date, has focused on the impact of low-frequency (\<1 kHz) sources such as shipping noise, which is ubiquitous in the ocean, and mid-frequency (1-10 kHz) sources such as naval sonar, to which many marine mammals have shown to be sensitive. The effect of these sources can be as salient as a mass stranding event or as benign as an animal swimming away from a source of noise with no other effect. Less work has focused on higher frequency sources (\>10 kHz), including ocean-mapping sonar systems. However, most marine mammals, namely toothed whales (odontocetes), are capable of hearing mapping-sonar signals. The exposure of marine mammals to anthropogenic sound sources in the open ocean is regulated by the National Marine Fisheries Services through the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMC 2015), the Endangered Species Act (DoI 2003), and the National Environmental Policy Act. Without a better understanding of the interaction of mapping sonar with marine mammals, the current guidelines imposed for marine mammal protection may not be protective enough, or alternatively, may be too conservative.

To gain a better understanding of the potential effect of mapping sonar and marine mammals, a scenario was examined that is possible to occur and has a high potential for a biologically meaningful interaction between mapping sonar and a sensitive marine mammal species: a 12-kHz multibeam echosounder (MBES) mapping survey and beaked whale foraging. This represents a possible interaction since 1) the relatively low frequency of the 12 kHz MBES propagates further in the ocean environment than other mapping sonar frequencies (\>30 kHz), and 2) beaked whales commonly reside in the deep-water environments where mapping with such a system would occur. Due to 1) the overlap of the frequency of this mapping system with beaked whales hearing, and 2) the life-sustaining nature of the behavior under consideration, this interaction has the potential to be biologically meaningful.

To understand the effect of deep-water multibeam mapping activity on beaked whale foraging, the temporal and spatial foraging behavior of beaked whales was assessed during two three-day ocean mapping surveys over the Southern California Antisubmarine Warfare Range hydrophone array (SOAR, featuring 89 bottom-mounted receivers over a 1800 km2 area) utilizing a 12-kHz deep-water multibeam echosounder. Echolocation clicks recorded on the hydrophone receivers from foraging Cuvier\’s beaked whales were used as a proxy to assess their foraging behavior. In addition, a soundscape analysis was conducted using the acoustic data from the hydrophone array to provide context for the behavior study findings, as well as provide a more general perspective on the contribution of the deep-water mapping activity to the marine acoustic environment.

In the first phase of this work, passive acoustic monitoring data was used to identify foraging events of beaked whales. Four characteristics of the foraging events were used as proxies for foraging behavior and were subsequently compared Before, During, and After two deep-water ocean mapping surveys. These included 1) the number of foraging events (Group Vocal Periods, or GVPs), 2) the number of clicks per GVP, 3) GVP duration and 4) click rate per GVP. The findings of this effort revealed that only the number of GVPs increased during the deep-water mapping surveys, largely driven by the observations in just one of the survey years. This temporal analysis showed no impact on beaked whale foraging except for an increase in foraging effort during mapping activity. In addition, this finding was a stark contrast to foraging behavior of beaked whales during MFAS activity, during which the number of foraging events decreased.

In the second phase of this work, an approach\—the Global-Local-Comparison Approach (GLC)--was developed and tested that uses existing disparate spatial statistics and statistical hypothesis testing to assess whether a change in spatial behavior has occurred. Using three-prongs of assessment\—global, local, and comparison\—the approach provided knowledge about 1) the general distribution of observations over the entire area of study (i.e., clustered, random, dispersed), 2) identification of local hot and cold spots of activity, and 3) order-of-magnitude differences across distinct analysis periods, respectively. The approach was demonstrated on synthetic data and empirical case studies of marine mammal behavior to determine its effectiveness and limitations in assessing change in spatial observations across analysis periods. The results revealed that the approach was effective at identifying visually identifiable spatial changes, with robust statistical support.

The GLC Approach was then used to assess spatial change in beaked whale foraging behavior before, during, and after ocean mapping activity using the spatial data from the foraging events used in the first phase of work. The analysis revealed that for one of the years of study there was no obvious change in foraging behavior globally, locally, or in magnitude in response to the mapping activity, whereas a local change in beaked whale foraging effort was identified during the second mapping survey year. There were obvious differences in the spatial use of the array by foraging animals between the two years outside of the survey work, which in addition to the differences in results between the two years of study, provided little support that the local change identified was necessarily a response to the mapping activity.

The final phase of research was to characterize the contribution of one of the two ocean mapping surveys to the marine soundscape utilizing the acoustic data from the SOAR array, with a particular emphasis on understanding the contribution of the 12 kHz deep-water MBES. A comprehensive, multi-analysis approach focused on amplitude and frequency features of the changing soundscape across a nine-hydrophone subset of the array and across four analysis periods with respect to the survey activity: No Activity, Vessel Only, Vessel and MBES, and Mixed Acoustics was conducted. The analyses revealed that the contribution of the deep-water MBES to the acoustic environment was very stereotyped: contributing most substantially to the loudest sound levels in the soundscape, particularly in the 12.5 kHz decidecade band. These results aligned well with the physical characteristics of the system, i.e., nominal frequency, duty-cycle, transmission geometry, etc., suggesting these parameters can be reliably used to identify this source in subsequent soundscape studies. The assessment revealed that the MBES was the most consistent loud source throughout the survey period, but was intermittently present. There were other loud acoustic sources detected throughout the survey period, most frequently other vessels and biological activity. Several of the metrics used were weighted based on the hearing sensitivity of a mid-frequency cetacean, chosen specifically to provide context for what a Cuvier\’s beaked whale may have heard if in the area where the survey was conducted. The most important finding related to this aspect of the work was that the survey activity, particularly the MBES sound, did not contribute uniformly in space, time, or frequency to the SOAR soundscape of the mapping survey: it had a very local and transient effect.

In summary, at the resolution of the SOAR hydrophone array, this empirical work assessing beaked whale foraging during deep-water MBES mapping activity demonstrated: 1) no adverse changes in Cuvier\’s beaked whale foraging behavior, and 2) no clear response to the deep-water MBES mapping activity. Deep-water MBES mapping activity contributed substantially to the change in sound levels at a finite scale around the survey vessel. This led to a temporally intermittent impact on the soundscape at a given location. Within these spatio-temporal bounds, deep-water MBES mapping activity has the potential to be detected by a Cuvier\’s beaked whale due to its spectral overlap with the frequencies of best hearing sensitivity of this species, as well as its loudness. However, no adverse effects on Cuvier\’s beaked whale foraging were observed here.

}, url = {https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/2648}, author = {Hilary Kates Varghese} } @article {7055, title = {EMODNET Bathymetry Services and Free and Open-Source Software in Support of Hydrographic Survey Procedures}, year = {2021}, month = {June 14-18}, pages = {Online}, abstract = {

Bathymetric data collection in hydrographic and marine geophysical surveys is mostly achieved by utilizing vessel-mounted multibeam echo sounders (MBES), resulting in Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) of the seafloor and derived products. Previous knowledge of the seafloor depth and existing features is essential for surveyors to effectively design a survey, estimate mapping efforts, compensate for data gaps, and evaluate and visualize results. The scientific community has put in a great effort to develop and make publicly available bathymetric models of the seafloor, such as that by EMODNET and GEBCO, and customized tools for fulfilling application specific requirements. These data and software resources have the potential to improve the workflow from survey planning to data visualization. This poster demonstrates the use of the EMODNET harmonized Bathymetric DTM for the European sea regions and Free and Open-Source Software for Ocean Mapping (FOSSOM), with the aim to improve hydrographic procedures. Particularly, with a recently conducted deep-water mapping survey in European waters, it illustrates that the use of FOSSOM, such as QGIS, GLOBE, Kluster, PyGMT, and Rayshader, can complement commercial software in the hydrographic workflow, as they provide features not available with the latter. These additional capabilities of FOSSOM can reduce processing time and overall production costs, thus enhancing the overall planning-to-product process.

}, keywords = {EMODNet, FOSSOM, hydrography, Hydrospatial, multibeam echosounder, seabed 2030}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352057344_EMODNET_bathymetry_services_and_Free_and_Open-Source_Software_in_support_of_hydrographic_survey_procedures }, author = {Jose M. Cordero Ros and Christos Kastrisios} } @mastersthesis {7079, title = {An Empirical Evaluation of Visual Cues for 3D Flow Field Perception}, volume = {Computer Science}, year = {2021}, month = {February}, pages = {129}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {Three-dimensional vector fields are common datasets throughout the sciences. They often represent physical phenomena that are largely invisible to us in the real world, like wind patterns and ocean currents. Computer-aided visualization is a powerful tool that can represent data in any way we choose through digital graphics. Visualizing 3D vector fields is inherently difficult due to issues such as visual clutter, self-occlusion, and the difficulty of providing depth cues that adequately support the perception of flow direction in 3D space. Cutting planes are often used to overcome these issues by presenting slices of data that are more cognitively manageable. The existing literature provides many techniques for visualizing the flow through these cutting planes; however, there is a lack of empirical studies focused on the underlying perceptual cues that make popular techniques successful. The most valuable depth cue for the perception of other kinds of 3D data, notably 3D networks and 3D point clouds, is structure-from-motion (also called the Kinetic Depth Effect); another powerful depth cue is stereoscopic viewing, but none of these cues have been fully examined in the context of flow visualization. This dissertation presents a series of quantitative human factors studies that evaluate depth and direction cues in the context of cutting plane glyph designs for exploring and analyzing 3D flow fields. The results of the studies are distilled into a set of design guidelines to improve the effectiveness of 3D flow field visualizations, and those guidelines are implemented as an immersive, interactive 3D flow visualization proof-of-concept application.}, author = {Andrew H. Stevens} } @article {7170, title = {Environmental and Geomorphological Effects on the Distribution of Deep-Sea Canyon and Seamount Communities in the Northwest Atlantic}, volume = {8:691668.}, year = {2021}, month = {September 20}, abstract = {

Deep sea canyons and seamounts are topographically complex features that are considered to be biological hotspots. Anthropogenic pressures related to climate change and human activities are placing the species that inhabit these features at risk. Though studies have examined species composition on seamounts and canyons, few have compared communities between them, and even fewer studies have examined how species\’ abundances correlate with environmental conditions or geomorphology. Consequently, this study compares species composition, community structure, and environmental variables between Northwest Atlantic continental margin canyons and seamounts along the New England Seamount Chain. Geoforms were also related to the occurrence of phyla and biodiversity. Overall, there was a significant difference in species composition between canyons and seamounts with sponges, corals, sea urchins and seastars contributing heavily to observed differences. Environmental conditions of temperature and salinity and the seafloor property slope contributed significantly to communities observed on seamounts, while substrate, depth and salinity contributed significantly to canyon communities. Abundances were significantly higher in canyons, but taxonomic richness, evenness, and diversity were all greater on seamounts. In an era where climate change and human activity have the potential to alter environmental parameters in the deep sea, it is important to examine factors that influence the spatial distribution of deep-sea benthic communities.

}, keywords = {climate change, communities, corals, deep sea canyons, North Atlantic, seamounts, sponges}, doi = {10.3389/fmars.2021.691668}, url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.691668/full}, author = {Kristen Mello and Derek Sowers and Mashkoor A Malik and Les Watling and Larry A Mayer and Jennifer A. Dijkstra} } @article {7071, title = {Envisioning a Global Multi-Purpose Ocean Acoustic Network}, volume = {55 (3)}, year = {2021}, month = {May 15}, pages = {78-79}, abstract = {

Due to the efficient propagation of sound in water, sound in the deep ocean propagates such great distances that soundscapes are influenced not only by local conditions but also by distant sound sources. Ocean Sound is now an Essential Ocean Variable within the Global Ocean Observing System making passive acoustic monitoring routine. Active acoustic probing of the environment informs us about ocean topography, currents and temperature, and abundance and type of marine life vital to fisheries and biodiversity related interests.

Efficient sound propagation is the foundation of a proposed multipurpose acoustic network. Judiciously placed low-frequency acoustic sources transmitting to globally distributed passive acoustic systems provide: (1) high temporal resolution measurements of large-scale ocean temperature/heat content variability using tomography; and (2) underwater geo-positioning (UW-GPS) and communication services enabling basin-scale underwater operation of floats, gliders, and AUVs. Every platform (fixed or moving) equipped with a hydrophone becomes a \“GPS\” receiver, while listening to the ocean soundscape. The combined active and passive acoustic technology will lead to multi-disciplinary discovery and improved understanding of ocean ecosystem health and biodiversity, climate variability and change, marine hazards, and maritime safety. The same system will improve the operation of gliders, floats and AUVs.

}, doi = {10.4031/MTSJ.55.3.27}, url = {https://doi.org/10.4031/MTSJ.55.3.27}, author = {Jennifer Miksis-Olds and Rehm, E and Howe, BM and Worcester, PF and Haralabus, G and Sagen, H} } @article {7100, title = {Erosion and Accretion Trends of New Hampshire Beaches from December 2016 to March 2020: Results of the Volunteer Beach Profile Monitoring Program}, year = {2021}, pages = {420}, institution = {New Hampshire Sea Grant and University of New Hampshire Extension}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

New Hampshire Atlantic beaches were monitored from December 2016 to March 2020 to determine seasonal changes in morphology and elevation, assess the response of the beaches to storms with respect to erosion and subsequent recovery, and develop a baseline to determine long-term trends in beach size, elevation, and position. A unique aspect of this study was the involvement of community volunteers working together with the University of New Hampshire (UNH) Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping, UNH Cooperative Extension, New Hampshire Sea Grant, and the New Hampshire Geological Survey. The monitoring network consisted of thirteen stations located at six of the major beaches, including each of the state beaches. Monitoring stations were located at Wallis Sands, Jenness Beach, North Hampton Beach, North Beach, Hampton Beach, and Seabrook Beach. At least two stations were located at each beach (Seabrook Beach had three stations). Beach elevation profiles were run routinely at each station at approximately three- to four-week intervals. Additional measurements were made following several major storms. In total, approximately 400 elevation profiles were run at the thirteen stations. The elevation profiles were run using the Emery (1961) method which utilizes two calibrated rods and the horizon for leveling. Sediment volume calculations were made for each profile that approximated the amount of material in the intertidal zone for that profile at that point in time for a one-meter wide swath of the beach. Seasonal changes and storm impacts on beach elevations, profile characteristics, and sediment volumes are discussed in detail for each beach and the major conditions and processes that control their stability discussed.

}, doi = {https://dx.doi.org/10.34051/p/2021.34}, author = {Larry G Ward and Rachel C Morrison and Alyson L Eberhardt and Wellsley J. Costello and Zachary S. McAvoy and Caitlin P. Mandeville} } @article {6959, title = {Estimating Observer and Data Reputation in Mariner-volunteered Bathymetry}, volume = {2021}, year = {2021}, month = {June 11}, pages = {77-96}, publisher = {International Hydrographic Organisation}, address = {Monaco}, abstract = {

Volunteered Bathymetric Information has the potential to assist authoritative charting but a lack of formal assessment methods has limited uptake of this idea. This paper proposes a reputation system for observers (and data) to estimate the observer\’s ability to match authoritative depths; a time-sequence estimate of vertical bias is also computed. This reputation can form the basis for decisions on how many observations are required from a VBI source before charting actions could be considered. Using data from the IHO DCDB and NOAA surveys from the Puget Sound area, bias estimate and reputation assessment are demonstrated for archetypal observers.

}, keywords = {Crowdsourced Bathymetry, Mobile Crowd Sensing, Observer Reputation, Ranking System, Volunteered Bathymetric Information, Volunteered Geographic Information}, author = {Brian R Calder} } @mastersthesis {7212, title = {Exploring Mechanisms to Resolve Position and Intensity Disparities to Create a Combined Sidescan and Multibeam Sonar Backscatter Image}, volume = {Earth Sciences/Ocean Maping}, year = {2021}, month = {12/2021}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

The need for comprehensive seabed characterization has increased as fields such as offshore engineering and habitat management have expanded. Sidescan sonars and multibeam echosounders have generally been used as separate means to provide high-resolution imagery of the seabed, as there are a number of factors such as different grazing angles and high positioning uncertainty that prevent a cohesive product. By using the \“true\” position of a feature from a multibeam grid to reposition sidescan navigation data, the associated sidescan imagery positions are now recalculated with a reduced uncertainty. Once all sidescan navigation has been recalculated, the multibeam backscatter can be used to visually adjust the sidescan imagery to create a near homogenous mosaic of the seabed. By creating this product, one can now have a full coverage backscatter product with greater positional accuracy and a relatively homogeneous visual scale. The combination of these mosaics from sources typically used by NOAA\’s Office of Coast Survey for bathymetric surveys, creates a new product can be utilized by customers outside of typical navigational charting communities.

}, author = {Clint Marcus} } @article {7064, title = {Extracting Shallow-water Bathymetry from Lidar Point Clouds Using Pulse Attribute Data: Merging Density-based and Machine Learning Approaches}, volume = {44(4) (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01490419.2021.1925790)}, year = {2021}, month = {May 25}, pages = {259-286}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, abstract = {

To automate extraction of bathymetric soundings from lidar point clouds, two machine learning (ML[1]) techniques were combined with a more conventional density-based algorithm.\  The study area was four data \“tiles\” near the Florida Keys.\  The density-based algorithm determined the most likely depth (MLD) for a grid of \“estimation nodes\” (ENs).\  Unsupervised k-means clustering determined which EN\’s MLD depth and associated soundings represented ocean depth rather than ocean surface or noise to produce a preliminary classification.\  An extreme gradient boosting (XGB) model was fitted to pulse return metadata \– e.g., return intensity, incidence angle -- to produce a final Bathy/NotBathy classification.\  Compared to an operationally produced reference classification, the XGB model increased global accuracy and decreased the false negative rate (FNR) \– i.e., undetected bathymetry \– that are most important for nautical navigation for all but one tile.\  Agreement between the final XGB and operational reference classifications ranged from 0.84 to 0.999.\  Imbalance between Bathy and NotBathy was addressed using a probability decision threshold that equalizes the FNR and the true positive rate (TPR).\  Two methods are presented for visually evaluating differences between the two classifications spatially and in feature-space.

}, keywords = {airborne lidar, Extreme Gradient Boosting, Florida Keys, k-means clustering, shallow water bathymetry}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/01490419.2021.1925790}, author = {Kim Lowell and Brian R Calder} } @article {6957, title = {Fine-scale Mapping of Deep-Sea Habitat-Forming Species Densities Reveals Taxonomic Specific Environmental Drivers}, volume = {30}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {1286-1298}, publisher = {Wiley}, abstract = {

Aim
Environmental variables are strongly tied to species occurrence and population growth, but approaches to predicting the location of deep-sea species or their ability to withstand a changing environment stem primarily from presence data. We coupled environmental data with observed densities of deep-sea habitat-forming corals and sponges to determine the environmental variables and geomorphology that contributed best to their occurrence.

Location
Northwest Atlantic.

Time period
2013 and 2014.

Major taxa studied
Deep-sea coral and sponge communities.

Methods
Multivariate and univariate analyses were used to determine significant environmental contributors to densities of genera and families of corals and sponges. We then assessed the relationship of densities of genera and families of corals and sponges with environmental variables found to be significant contributors to their occurrence and to geomorphology.

Results
Sponge and coral genera and families were influenced by different environment variables. Temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen contributed to the occurrence of sponges, whereas seafloor properties of slope and substrate contributed to the occurrence of corals. Although individuals of corals and sponges were observed across a range of a contributing environmental variable, high densities were observed only in very narrow ranges.

Main conclusions
Geomorphic setting is an effective approach for discerning the associations of coral with seabed features. High densities of coral and sponge genera and families restricted to narrow environmental ranges might be at greater risk of local extinction. Differences in the occurrence of coral and sponge genera and families with environmental conditions suggest that they will differentially respond to predicted environmental changes. As conditions in the deep sea change with ongoing changes in climate, population expansion might be limited owing to suboptimal conditions, and established populations might persist but might have fewer individuals or species, which might lead to a loss in biodiversity.

}, keywords = {Biodiversity, climate change, coral, deep-sea canyons, geomorphology, global warming, Northwestern Atlantic, seamounts, sponge}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13285}, author = {Jennifer A. Dijkstra and Kristen Mello and Derek Sowers and Mashkoor A Malik and Les Watling and Larry A Mayer} } @article {7007, title = {Geomorphometric Descriptions of Archipelagic Aprons off the Southern Flanks of French Frigate Shoals and Necker Island Edifices, Northwest Hawaiian Ridge}, volume = {133(9/10)}, year = {2021}, month = {March 1}, pages = {2189-2209}, publisher = {Geological Society of America}, abstract = {

This study describes the geomorphometries of archipelagic aprons on the southern flanks of the French Frigate Shoals and Necker Island edifices on the central Northwest Hawaiian Ridge that are hotspot volcanoes that have been dormant for 10\–11 m.y. The archipelagic aprons are related to erosional headwall scarps and gullies on landslide surfaces but also include downslope gravitational features that include slides, debris avalanches, bedform fields, and outrunners. Some outrunners are located 85 km out onto the deep seafloor in water depths of 4900 m. The bedforms are interpreted to be the result of slow downslope sediment creep rather than products of turbidity currents. The archipelagic aprons appear to differ in origin from those off the Hawaiian Islands. The landslides off the Hawaiian Islands occurred because of oversteepening and loading during the constructive phase of the islands whereas the landslides off the French Frigate Shoals and Necker Island edifices may have resulted from vertical tectonics due to the uplift and relaxation of a peripheral bulge or isolated earthquakes long after the edifices passed beyond the hotspot. The lack of pelagic drape in water depths above the 4600 m depth of the local carbonate compensation depth suggests that the archipelagic apron off the French Frigate Shoals edifice is much younger, perhaps Quaternary in age, than that off the Necker Island edifice, which has a 50 m pelagic drape. The pelagic drape off the Necker Island edifice suggests that the landslides may be as old as 9 Ma. The lack of pelagic drape off the French Frigate Shoals edifice suggests that the most recent landslides are more recent, perhaps even Quaternary in age. The presence of a chute-like feature on the mid-flank of the French Frigate Shoals edifice appears to be the result of rejuvenated volcanism that occurred long after the initial volcanism ceased to build the edifice.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1130/B35875.1}, author = {James V. Gardner and Brian R Calder and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @article {7078, title = {Global-Local-Comparison Method: Understanding Marine Mammal Spatial Behavior by Applying Spatial Statistics and Hypothesis Testing to Passive Acoustic Data}, volume = {8:625322}, year = {2021}, month = {October 1}, abstract = {

Technological innovation in underwater acoustics has progressed research in marine mammal behavior by providing the ability to collect data on various marine mammal biological and behavioral attributes across time and space. But with this comes the need for an approach to distill the large amounts of data collected. Though disparate general statistical and modeling approaches exist, here, a holistic quantitative approach specifically motivated by the need to analyze different aspects of marine mammal behavior within a Before-After Control-Impact framework using spatial observations is introduced: the Global-Local-Comparison (GLC) approach. This approach capitalizes on the use of data sets from large-scale, hydrophone arrays and combines established spatial autocorrelation statistics of (Global) Moran\’s I and (Local) Getis-Ord Gi\∗ (Gi\∗) with (Comparison) statistical hypothesis testing to provide a detailed understanding of array-wide, local, and order-of-magnitude changes in spatial observations. This approach was demonstrated using beaked whale foraging behavior (using foraging-specific clicks as a proxy) during acoustic exposure events as an exemplar. The demonstration revealed that the Moran\’s I analysis was effective at showing whether an array-wide change in behavior had occurred, i.e., clustered to random distribution, or vice-versa. The Gi\∗ analysis identified where hot or cold spots of foraging activity occurred and how those spots varied spatially from one analysis period to the next. Since neither spatial statistic could be used to directly compare the magnitude of change between analysis periods, a statistical hypothesis test, using the Kruskal-Wallis test, was used to directly compare the number of foraging events among analysis periods. When all three components of the GLC approach were used together, a comprehensive assessment of group level spatial foraging activity was obtained. This spatial approach is demonstrated on marine mammal behavior, but it can be applied to a broad range of spatial observations over a wide variety of species.

}, keywords = {Before-After Control-Impact, GLC approach, hypothesis testing, marine mammal, spatial autocorrelation, spatial change}, doi = {doi: 10.3389/fmars.2021.625322}, author = {Hilary Kates Varghese and Kim Lowell and Jennifer Miksis-Olds} } @article {7021, title = {The Holocene Dynamics of Ryder Glacier and Ice Tongue in North Greenland}, volume = {15(8)}, year = {2021}, month = {August 24}, pages = {4073-4097}, publisher = {European Geosciences Union}, abstract = {

The northern sector of the Greenland ice sheet is considered to be particularly susceptible to ice mass loss arising from increased glacier discharge in the coming decades. However, the past extent and dynamics of outlet glaciers in this region, and hence their vulnerability to climate change, are poorly documented. In the summer of 2019, the Swedish icebreaker Oden entered the previously unchartered waters of Sherard Osborn Fjord, where Ryder Glacier drains approximately 2 \% of Greenland\&$\#$39;s ice sheet into the Lincoln Sea. Here we reconstruct the Holocene dynamics of Ryder Glacier and its ice tongue by combining radiocarbon dating with sedimentary facies analyses along a 45 km transect of marine sediment cores collected between the modern ice tongue margin and the mouth of the fjord. The results illustrate that Ryder Glacier retreated from a grounded position at the fjord mouth during the Early Holocene (\>10.7 \± 0.4 cal ka BP) and receded more than 120 km to the end of Sherard Osborn Fjord by the Middle Holocene (6.3 \± 0.3 cal ka BP), likely becoming completely land-based. A re-advance of Ryder Glacier occurred in the Late Holocene, becoming marine-based around 3.9 \± 0.4 cal ka BP. An ice tongue, similar in extent to its current position was established in the Late Holocene (between 3.6 \± 0.4 and 2.9 \± 0.4 cal ka BP) and extended to its maximum historical position near the fjord mouth around 0.9 \± 0.3 cal ka BP. Laminated, clast-poor sediments were deposited during the entire retreat and regrowth phases, suggesting the persistence of an ice tongue that only collapsed when the glacier retreated behind a prominent topographic high at the landward end of the fjord. Sherard Osborn Fjord narrows inland, is constrained by steep-sided cliffs, contains a number of bathymetric pinning points that also shield the modern ice tongue and grounding zone from warm Atlantic waters, and has a shallowing inland sub-ice topography. These features are conducive to glacier stability and can explain the persistence of Ryder\’s ice tongue while the glacier remained marine-based. However, the physiography of the fjord did not halt the dramatic retreat of Ryder Glacier under the relatively mild changes in climate forcing during the Holocene. Presently, Ryder Glacier is grounded more than 40 km seaward of its inferred position during the Middle Holocene, highlighting the potential for substantial retreat in response to ongoing climate change.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4073-2021}, author = {Matt O{\textquoteright}Regan and Thomas M. Cronin and Brendan Reilly and Aage Kristian Olsen Alstrup and Laura Gemery and Anna Golub and Larry A Mayer and Morlighem, M. and Moros, Matthias and Ole Lajord Munk and Johan Nilsson and Pearce, Christof and Detlef, Henrieka and Christian Stranne and Vermassen, Flor and Gabriel West and Martin Jakobsson} } @article {6856, title = {Horizontal Calibration of Vessels with UASs}, year = {2021}, month = {2021-03-03}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, abstract = {

Knowledge of offset vectors from vessel mounted sonars, to systems such as Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) and Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) is crucial for accurate ocean mapping applications. Traditional survey methods, such as employing laser scanners or total stations, are used to determine professional vessel offset distances reliably. However, for vessels of opportunity that are collecting volunteer bathymetric data, it is beneficial to consider survey methods that are less time consuming, less expensive, and which do not involve bringing the vessel into a dry dock. Thus, this paper explores two alternative methods that meet this criterion for horizontally calibrating vessels.

Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UASs) can be used to perform cost-effective and quick surveys. Thus, UASs were utilized to horizontally calibrate a vessel with both Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry and aerial lidar while the vessel was moored. Estimates of the horizontal deviations from ground truth, were obtained by comparing the horizontal distances between targets on a vessel, acquired by the UAS methods, to multiple ground truth sources: a survey-grade laser scan and fiberglass tape measurements. The investigated methods were able to achieve horizontal deviations on the order of centimeters with the use of Ground Control Points (GCPs).

}, keywords = {bathymetry, Crowdsourced Bathymetry, Remote Sensing, UAS, Vessel Calibration}, doi = {10.1080/01490419.2021.1879330}, author = {Casey O{\textquoteright}Heran and Brian R Calder} } @article {7016, title = {How Are ASA Students Being Impacted by the Pandemic?}, volume = {Summer}, year = {2021}, month = {March 29}, url = {https://acousticstoday.org/covid-pandemic-and-its-impact-on-asa-members/}, author = {Hilary Kates Varghese and Kieren H. McCord and Mallory Morgan and Elizabeth Weidner} } @article {7068, title = {Hybrid Millidecade Spectra: A Practical Format for Exchange of Long-term Ambient Sound Data}, volume = {1(1) 081201}, year = {2021}, month = {January 29}, abstract = {

This Letter proposes a frequency scaling for processing, storing, and sharing high-bandwidth, passive acoustic spectral data that optimizes data volume while maintaining reasonable data resolution. The format is a hybrid that uses 1 Hz resolution up to 455 Hz and millidecade frequency bands above 455 Hz. This hybrid is appropriate for many types of soundscape analysis, including detecting different types of soundscapes and regulatory applications like computing weighted sound exposure levels. Hybrid millidecade files are compressed compared to the 1 Hz equivalent such that one research center could feasibly store data from hundreds of projects for sharing among researchers globally.

}, doi = {10.1121/10.0003324}, author = {S. Bruce Martin and Gaudet, BJ and Klinck, H and Jennifer Miksis-Olds and Dugan, PJ, and Mellinger, DK and Mann, DA and Boebel, O and Wilson, CC, and Ponirakis, DW and Moors-Murphy, H} } @article {7066, title = {Identifying Future Hydrographic Survey Priorities: a Quantitative Uncertainty-based Approach}, volume = {2021}, year = {2021}, month = {June 11}, publisher = {International Hydrographic Organisation}, address = {Monaco}, abstract = {

There is no universal standard methodology for assessing the validity of hydrographic survey data and charted information as they age. NOAA\’s current method is the Hydrographic Health Model (HHM), a risk-based approach that incorporates crucial maritime variables and heuristic changeability terms through the history and frequency of large storms, tidal currents, and anthropogenic obstructions of a given area. Here we propose a quantitative approach evaluated in Chesapeake Bay and the Delmarva Peninsula that supports uncertainty-based estimates of chart health through alternative methodologies of calculating the initial state of historic hydrographic data and modeling how those change through time.

}, author = {Cassandra Bongiovanni and Thomas C Lippmann and Brian R Calder and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @proceedings {7172, title = {The Impact of Hurricanes on the US Outer Continental Shelf Underwater Soundscape}, volume = {44(1)}, year = {2021}, month = {June 8-10}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, address = {Virtual}, abstract = {

Hurricanes occur frequently in the North Atlantic, increasing the ambient sound due to wind-wave interaction. The relationship between ambient sound and hurricane intensity has been studied, however, the impact of hurricanes on the frequency components of the soundscape has not yet been assessed. The Atlantic Deepwater Ecosystem Observatory Network is comprised of passive acoustic sensors mounted on bottom landers at seven locations on the US Mid- and South Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf, providing a multi-year dataset to assess the acoustic impact of hurricanes on the soundscape. Hurricanes Florence, Dorian, and Humberto impacted each of the lander locations, producing wind speeds up to 50 knots. Hurricane presence was quantitatively defined using statistical properties of hourly wind speed near the lander locations. Passive acoustic data from the two-year period were analyzed at each location, and changes in four frequency bands were assessed before, during, and after the defined period of hurricane impact as determined by wind speed. The ambient sound level due to the hurricanes increased by 25 dB at 0.1-7 kHz with minimal impact at lower frequencies. Maximum impact from the hurricanes occurred at 0.1-4 kHz which may affect acoustic measurements, such as detectability of sources contributing at these frequencies.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1121/2.0001484}, url = {https://www.uaconferences.org/component/contentbuilder/details/26/8/uace2021-the-impact-of-hurricanes-on-the-underwater-soundscape-along-the-us-southeast-outer-continental-shelf}, author = {Aditi Tripathy and Jennifer Miksis-Olds and Anthony P. Lyons} } @article {7199, title = {Industry Discovery for Ocean Mapping Workflow Associated Challenges}, year = {2021}, month = {September 13-16}, pages = {Online}, abstract = {

Ocean mapping professionals are facing challenges in various areas of the hydrographic workflow. Understanding them can be difficult, as they are many and varied, but essential toward solving them. Some understanding can be reached with studying existing specifications and reports, however a more in-depth knowledge may be acquired directly from professionals in the field.

With a developing industry discovery project, we aim to identify the day-to-day challenges in data collection, data processing, chart compilation, research and development, production management, and use of products by end users. These insights, besides building awareness, can assist in designing new techniques, and in evaluating research directions.

This work presents the first phase of the project that focused on data collection and processing. It summarizes responses in regard to data, requirements for the deliverables, verification methods, and deficiencies of the process. The majority of participants were professional hydrographers and cartographers from various hydrographic offices, as well as the academia and private sector. Their responses have, unsurprisingly, confirmed the utmost importance of bathymetry, standards, and safety constraint in the domain, pointed out the mostly manual inspection of deliverables, and identified human related factors and the absence of automation, followed by problems with the data, as the most significant deficiencies of the process (Figure). We discuss that some of these deficiencies may be addressed with straightforward actions, e.g., training, better documentation, studies to increase awareness, while others are more challenging, e.g., automation, need for unpopular decisions from senior professionals, or probably impossible to overcome, e.g., human subjectivity.

}, keywords = {cartographic knowledge acquisition, hydrographic workflow, Nautical cartography, ocean mapping}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354583304_Industry_discovery_for_ocean_mapping_workflow_associated_challenges}, author = {Christos Kastrisios and Brian R Calder} } @article {6944, title = {The Influence of Invasive Ascidian Diets on the Growth of the Sea Star Henricia Sanguinolenta}, year = {2021}, month = {February 23}, pages = {1-7}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, doi = {10.1017/S0025315420001228}, author = {Kaitlin Van Volkom and Larry G. Harris and Jennifer A. Dijkstra} } @article {7059, title = {Long-Term Acoustic Monitoring and Tracking of Natural Hydrocarbon Seep from an Offshore Oil Platform in Coal Oil Point Seep Field}, year = {2021}, month = {June 8-10}, pages = {Virtual}, abstract = {

The Coal Oil Point (COP) seep field, located offshore of Santa Barbara, California, is known for its prolific, natural hydrocarbon seepage activity. The COP seep field has been active for decades and previous research indicates both spatial and temporal variability in seep activity across the area. An offshore oil platform within the COP seep field, known as Platform Holly, has extracted oil and gas in the area since the late 1960s, which has been linked to a reduction in natural seep activity. In recent years, Platform Holly has been decommissioned, and anecdotal observations indicate a subsequent resurgence in natural seep activity in the vicinity. In early September 2019, a Simrad ES200 split-beam echosounder was mounted to one of the cross-members of the platform to collect acoustic measurements of the seepage activity west of the platform. This long-term time series of acoustic measurements will provide insight on the spatial and temporal variability of seepage activity in the region and how said variability is affected by external physical processes such as atmospheric pressure, current, and tides.

}, author = {Alexandra M Padilla and Franklin S Kinnaman and David L Valentine} } @article {7069, title = {Measuring Ambient Ocean Sound During the COVID-19 Pandemic}, volume = {102}, year = {2021}, month = {March 4}, pages = {155447}, doi = {10.1029/2021EO155447}, author = {Tyack, PL and Jennifer Miksis-Olds and Ausubel, J and Urban Jr., ER} } @article {6961, title = {Measuring Shallow-water Bathymetric Signal Strength in Lidar Point Attribute Data Using Machine Learning}, volume = {35(8) (DOI:10.1080/13658816.2020.1925790)}, year = {2021}, month = {July 1}, pages = {1592-1610}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, abstract = {

The goal of this work was to evaluate if routinely collected but seldom used airborne lidar metadata \– \‘point attribute data\’ (PAD) \– analyzed using machine learning/artificial intelligence can improve extraction of shallow-water (less than 20 m) bathymetry from lidar point clouds. Extreme gradient boosting (XGB) models relating PAD to an existing bathymetry/not bathymetry classification were fitted and evaluated for four areas near the Florida Keys. The PAD examined include \‘pulse specific\’ information such as the return intensity and PAD describing flight path consistency. The R2 values for the XGB models were between 0.34 and 0.74. Global classification accuracies were above 80\% although this reflected a sometimes extreme Bathy/NotBathy imbalance that inflated global accuracy. This imbalance was mitigated by employing a probability decision threshold (PDT) that equalizes the true positive (Bathy) and true negative (NotBathy) rates. It was concluded that 1) the strength of the bathymetric signal in the PAD should be sufficient to increase accuracy of density-based lidar point cloud bathymetry extraction methods and 2) ML can successfully model the relationship between the PAD and the Bathy/NotBathy classification. A method is also presented to examine the spatial and feature-space distribution of errors that will facilitate quality assurance and continuous improvement.

}, keywords = {bathymetric mapping, Florida Keys, LIDAR, lidar metadata, Machine Learning}, doi = {10.1080/13658816.2020.1867147}, author = {Kim Lowell and Brian R Calder and Anthony P. Lyons} } @article {7090, title = {New Hampshire and Vicinity Continental Shelf: Sand and Gravel Resources}, year = {2021}, pages = {113}, institution = {Department of Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Marine Minerals Division}, address = {Sterling, VA}, abstract = {

The continental shelf off New Hampshire (NH) has extensive marine-modified glacial deposits and associated shoals. These features are potential targets for sand and gravel resources for beach nourishment and other efforts to build coastal resiliency. The distribution of sand and gravel deposits was evaluated based on the synthesis of relatively recent high-resolution bathymetry, new surficial sediment and geoform maps, and an extensive data archive that includes over ~1280 km of seismic profiles, ~750 grain size analyses, and 23 vibracores. This work heavily utilizes the results of previous research on mineral resources on the NH shelf by Birch (1984) and others. Unfortunately, much of the archived data was collected before the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) was used routinely for navigation on research vessels. Consequently, much of the critical data from the archives has a large uncertainty associated with the positioning. Furthermore, the seismics are of variable quality. Nevertheless, the data archives coupled with recent high-resolution bathymetry and surficial sediment mapping, provided the basis to develop an initial or first order evaluation of the sand and gravel resources and identify areas where follow-up field campaigns are warranted. This report focuses on four sites where sand and fine gravel deposits may be suitable for extraction for beach nourishment. The most promising sites are referred to as the Northern Sand Body (NSB) and the Southern Sand Deposits (SSD). Estimates of the volume of sand and fine gravel potentially available in the NSB and the SSD are on the order of 17.3 million m3 and 16.4 million m3, respectively. However, these values represent the total volume defined by subbottom seismics and include very fine sand and mud. Therefore, the volume of material that may be available for beach nourishment is likely considerably less. Both of these areas, as well as other potential sites identified, need high-resolution seismic surveys and vibracores to fully evaluate the potential sand and fine gravel resources.

}, doi = {https://dx.doi.org/10.34051/p/2021.30 }, author = {Larry G Ward and Zachary S. McAvoy and M. Vallee-Anziani} } @article {7130, title = {New Hampshire Atlantic Beaches: 2017 Field Campaign Database - Field and Sample Photographs and Sediment Data}, year = {2021}, month = {June 30}, publisher = {University of New Hampshire}, chapter = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Sediment data, sediment photographs, and field photographs from a major field campaign conducted on the New Hampshire Atlantic beaches in 2017 are presented here. Research was carried out with the purpose of better understanding how sediment grain size of NH beaches varies under accretional and erosional conditions. Seven major beaches along the NH coast (Wallis Sands, Foss Beach, Jenness Beach, North Hampton Beach, North Beach, Hampton Beach, and Seabrook Beach) representing the range of morphologic and sedimentologic types found on the NH coast were sampled along multiple transects and multiple locations on each transect. This work provides baseline data to help determine the grain size of sediment needed for beach nourishment in NH.

The grain size database presented in the spreadsheet \“Field Campaign_Data_Sediment_Data\” provides complete descriptions for each sample including identification, station and sample characteristics, sediment classifications, grain size statistics, and grain size distribution. A location map is provided of the entire study area and all beaches for reference. The \“single sample summaries\” are divided into the seven major beaches. For each sample, a PDF summary includes field photographs of the beach and sediment sample, laboratory photographs of the samples where available, location information, collection information, and selected sediment classifications, grain size statistics, and grain size distribution. For each beach, a location map of the entire beach is presented which includes station locations and shoreline structures. Zoomed-in maps are also included to better view the locations of summer and winter sediment sampling sites. All maps are provided in Layout GeoTIFF format, which contain spatial reference information for the option to import and view in ArcMap.

In total, 140 sediment samples were collected at cross-shore transects in late winter \– early spring following an extended period of beach erosion, and 97 sediment samples were collected in late summer/early fall following an extended period of accretion. Samples were analyzed with standard sieve and pipette analyses after Folk (1980). The sediment grain size classifications include: CMECS (Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard; FGDC, 2012); Gradistat (Blot and Pye, 2001); and Wentworth (Wentworth, 1922; described in Folk, 1954, 1980). Statistics are based on the phi scale and include the graphic mean, sorting, skewness, and kurtosis (Folk, 1980).

}, doi = {https://dx.doi.org/10.34051/d/2021.6}, author = {Larry G Ward and Nathan W. Corcoran and Zachary S. McAvoy and Rachel C Morrison} } @article {7131, title = {New Hampshire Continental Shelf Geophysical Database: 2002-2005 Jeffreys Ledge Field Campaign {\textendash} Seafloor Photographs and Sediment Data}, year = {2021}, publisher = {University of New Hampshire}, chapter = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Jeffreys Ledge is a major physiographic feature in the western Gulf of Maine (WGOM) located ~50 km off the coast of New Hampshire, although coming within ~10 km of shore by Cape Ann, Massachusetts. Jeffreys Ledge rises up as much as ~150 m from the seafloor of the adjacent basins (i.e., Scantum Basin or Wilkinson Basin) to depths less than 50 m on the ridge surface. The ridge extends over 100 km along its north-northeast to south-southwest axes while generally only being 5 to 10 km in width (~20 km maximum). Jeffreys Ledge and the surrounding region, like many features in the Gulf of Maine, most likely owes its origin and morphologic and sedimentologic features to a combination of fluvial erosion in the late Neogene (formerly Tertiary) which left topographic highs, subsequent glaciations and sea-level fluctuations in the Quaternary, and late Pleistocene and Holocene marine processes.

In 1998, the National Marine Fisheries Service established the WGOM Closure which encompasses the northern and middle reaches of Jeffreys Ledge. The closure, one of the largest in the world, extends ~110 km north-south and is ~30 km in width. A year-round prohibition of bottom gillnets and otter trawls was implemented in an effort to help rebuild the groundfish stocks in the WGOM (e.g., cod, haddock, other gadids, and flatfish), as well as to help protect habitat.

From 2002 to 2004, the University of New Hampshire (UNH) Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM) was part of an interdisciplinary effort to evaluate the effect of the WGOM Closure on bottom habitats. The study focused on an approximately 18.5 by 27.8 km area (~515 km2) on Jeffreys Ledge \– referred to as the UNH Study Area \– that encompassed similar seafloor types inside and outside of the closure (Figure 2). During this study, high resolution multibeam echosounder (MBES) surveys were completed, bottom sediment samples were collected and processed for grain size, and seafloor video was obtained along bottom transects.

The \“New Hampshire Continental Shelf Geophysical Database: 2002-2005 Jeffreys Ledge Field Campaign \– Seafloor Photographs and Sediment Data\” presented here was developed by the UNH Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center (CCOM/JHC) and includes 687 seafloor photographs, grain size data and classifications for 123 bottom sediment samples, and bottom sediment classifications based on video for 142 stations from the UNH Study Area.

}, keywords = {continental shelf, Jeffreys Ledge, Photographs, seafloor, Sediment, Western Gulf of Maine}, doi = {https://dx.doi.org/10.34051/d/2021.8}, author = {Larry G Ward and Raymond E Grizzle and Rachel C Morrison} } @article {7132, title = {New Hampshire Continental Shelf Geophysical Database: 2012-2013 NEWBEX Field Campaign {\textendash} Seafloor Photographs and Sediment Data}, year = {2021}, publisher = {University of New Hampshire}, chapter = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

An approximately 4.5 km transect running from lower Portsmouth Harbor seaward onto the inner continental shelf was established to serve as the field site for the Newcastle Backscatter Experiment (NEWBEX). Acoustic backscatter measurements were made along the transect to examine relationships between backscatter and seafloor properties. This transect takes advantage of the diversity and heterogeneity of bottom types in lower Portsmouth Harbor and approach. In support of NEWBEX, a field campaign was undertaken to describe the sedimentologic characteristics of the seafloor along the transect. A total of five cruises were carried out approximately seasonally on November 26, 2012 and June 20, July 3, October 21, and December 17, 2013. Based on multibeam echosounder bathymetry (MBES), acoustic backscatter (from the NEWBEX acoustic work), sediment analysis, and video, the seafloor along the NEWBEX transect was subdivided into five major divisions representing different depositional environments including: Lower Portsmouth Harbor Channel Lag Deposits; Lower Portsmouth Harbor Sand Wave Field; Mouth Channel Lag Deposits; Inner Shelf Rippled Sands; and Heavily Vegetated Rocky Inner Shelf. Two transitional areas were also identified, one with a variable seafloor composition and one with bimodal sediments.The \"New Hampshire Continental Shelf Geophysical Database: 2012-2013 NEWBEX Field Campaign \– Seafloor Photographs and Sediment Data\” presented here was developed by the University of New Hampshire (UNH) Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center (CCOM/JHC) as part of a series of databases for the continental shelf off New Hampshire. This database includes 770 seafloor photographs representing major seafloor types along and surrounding the transect, and grain size statistics and characterizations of 94 bottom sediment samples.

}, doi = {https://dx.doi.org/10.34051/d/2021.7}, author = {Larry G Ward and Zachary S. McAvoy and Rachel C Morrison} } @article {7094, title = {New Hampshire Continental Shelf Geophysical Database: 2016-2017 Field Campaign {\textendash} Seafloor Photographs}, year = {2021}, publisher = {University of New Hampshire}, chapter = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

The \"New Hampshire Continental Shelf Geophysical Database: 2016-2017 Field Campaign \– Seafloor Photographs\” was developed by the University of New Hampshire (UNH) Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center (CCOM/JHC). The field campaign was conducted to provide ground truth for surficial geology maps for the continental shelf off New Hampshire (NH) and focused on the inner shelf between the coast and the Isles of Shoals. Station locations were chosen where high-resolution bathymetry was available, including multibeam echosounder (MBES) surveys conducted by the UNH CCOM/JHC Hydrographic Field Course (Ocean Engineering 972), MBES surveys by the NOAA National Ocean Service (NOS), and a topo-bathy lidar (Shoals) survey by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) (see Ward et al., 2021c for details). In total, seafloor videography was collected at 151 stations and 855 photographs were extracted from the video. In addition, 150 sediment samples were collected from 85 of the stations and analyzed for grain size. The bottom sediment grain size data is available at the University of New Hampshire Scholars Repository (see Ward et al., 2021 https://dx.doi.org/10.34051/d/2021.2.

}, keywords = {New Hampshire Continental Shelf, Seafloor Photos, Surficial Geology, Western Gulf of Maine}, doi = {https://dx.doi.org/10.34051/d/2021.5}, author = {Larry G Ward and Rachel C Morrison and Zachary S. McAvoy} } @article {7091, title = {New Hampshire Continental Shelf Geophysical Database: 2016-2017 Field Campaign {\textendash} Seafloor and Sample Photographs and Sediment Data}, year = {2021}, publisher = {University of New Hampshire}, chapter = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

The \"New Hampshire Continental Shelf Geophysical Database: 2016-2017 Field Campaign - Seafloor and Sample Photographs and Sediment Data \" contains photographs of the seafloor from sampling locations, photographs of the sediment samples, and grain size data from a major field campaign conducted in 2016- 2017 and from the UNH Ocean Engineering 972 Hydrographic Field Course classes in 2012, 2014, and 2018. In total, sixteen one-day cruises provided 150 samples for grain size analysis. The database provides complete descriptions for each sample including identification, station and sample characteristics, sediment classifications, grain size statistics, and grain size distribution. Presented here are tables with the station locations and types of data available followed by single sample summaries for each sample collected and analyzed. Included in each summary are location information, seafloor photographs, photographs of the sample (in field and laboratory) where available, collection information, sediment classifications, grain size statistics, and grain size distribution. Samples were analyzed with standard sieve and pipette analyses after Folk (1980). The sediment grain size classifications include: CMECS (Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard; FGDC, 2012); Gradistat (Blot and Pye, 2001); and Wentworth (Wentworth, 1922; described in Folk, 1954, 1980). Statistics are based on the phi scale and include the graphic mean, sorting, skewness, and kurtosis (Folk, 1980).

}, keywords = {Grain Size, New Hampshire Continental Shelf, Seafloor Photographs, Sediment Photographs, Western Gulf of Maine}, doi = {https://dx.doi.org/10.34051/d/2021.1}, author = {Larry G Ward and Rachel C Morrison and Zachary S. McAvoy} } @article {7092, title = {New Hampshire Continental Shelf Geophysical Database: 2016-2017 Field Campaign - Stations and Sediment Data}, year = {2021}, publisher = {University of New Hampshire}, chapter = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

The \"New Hampshire Continental Shelf Geophysical Database: 2016-2017 Field Campaign - Stations and Sediment Data\" contains sediment grain size data from a major field campaign conducted in 2016-2017 and from the UNH Ocean Engineering 972 Hydrographic Field Course classes in 2012, 2014, and 2018. In total, sixteen one-day cruises provided 150 samples for grain size analysis. The database provides complete descriptions for each sample including identification, station and sample characteristics, sediment classifications, grain size statistics, and grain size distribution. Samples were analyzed with standard sieve and pipette analyses after Folk (1980). The sediment grain size classifications include: CMECS (Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard; FGDC, 2012); Gradistat (Blot and Pye, 2001); and Wentworth (Wentworth, 1922; described in Folk, 1954, 1980). Statistics are based on the phi scale and include the graphic mean, sorting, skewness, and kurtosis (Folk, 1980).

}, keywords = {Grain Size, New Hampshire Continental Shelf, seafloor sediments, Western Gulf of Maine}, doi = {https://dx.doi.org/10.34051/d/2021.2}, author = {Larry G Ward and Rachel C Morrison and Zachary S. McAvoy} } @article {7095, title = {New Hampshire Continental Shelf Geophysical Database: Vibracore Logs and Sediment Data}, year = {2021}, publisher = {University of New Hampshire}, chapter = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

The \"New Hampshire Continental Shelf Geophysical Database: Vibracore Logs and Sediment Data\" contains complete core logs and sediment grain size data from twenty-three vibracores taken on the New Hampshire shelf in 1984 and 1988. During the present program, the original core descriptions, data, and photographs were verified and significantly expanded, synthesized, and presented in uniform core logs.The vibracore logs, sediment data, and the depositional environments are discussed in detail in Ward et al., 2021 (https://dx.doi.org/10.34051/p/2021.26).

}, keywords = {New Hampshire Continental Shelf, Sediment Grain Size Data, Surficial Geology, Vibracores, Western Gulf of Maine}, doi = {https://dx.doi.org/10.34051/d/2021.4}, author = {Larry G Ward and Rachel C Morrison and Zachary S. McAvoy and M. Vallee-Anziani} } @article {7093, title = {New Hampshire Continental Shelf Historical Geophysical Database: 1971 to 2015 - Sediment Data}, year = {2021}, publisher = {University of New Hampshire}, chapter = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

The UNH CCOM/JHC \"New Hampshire Continental Shelf Historical Geophysical Database: 1971 to 2015 - Sediment Data\" contains sediment grain size data and classifications from studies conducted between 1971 and 2015. In total, grain size data was available for 725 bottom sediment samples. Included are sample identification information, station and sample characteristics, sediment classifications, grain size statistics, and grain size distribution. Not all of these parameters were available for every study. Samples were analyzed with standard sieve and pipette analyses after Folk (1980). The sediment grain size classifications include: CMECS (Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard; FGDC, 2012); Gradistat (Blot and Pye, 2001); and Wentworth (Wentworth, 1922; described in Folk, 1954, 1980). Statistics are based on the phi scale and include the graphic mean, sorting, skewness, and kurtosis (Folk, 1980).

}, keywords = {Grain Size, New Hampshire Continental Shelf, seafloor sediments, Western Gulf of Maine}, doi = {https://dx.doi.org/10.34051/d/2021.3}, author = {Larry G Ward and Rachel C Morrison and Zachary S. McAvoy} } @article {7207, title = { The Next Wave of Passive Acoustic Data Management: How Centralized Access Can Enhance Science}, volume = {8:703682}, year = {2021}, month = {July 14}, abstract = {

Passive acoustic data collection has grown exponentially over the past decade resulting in petabytes of data that document our ocean soundscapes. This effort has resulted in two big data challenges: (1) the curation, management, and global dissemination of passive acoustic datasets and (2) efficiently extracting critical information and comparing it to other datasets in the context of ecosystem-based research and management. To address the former, the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information recently established an archive for passive acoustic data. This fast-growing archive currently contains over 100 TB of passive acoustic audio files mainly collected from stationary recorders throughout waters in the United States. These datasets are documented with standards-based metadata and are freely available to the public. To begin to address the latter, through standardized processing and centralized stewardship and access, we provide a previously unattainable comparison of first order sound level-patterns from archived data collected across three distinctly separate long-term passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) efforts conducted at regional and national scales: NOAA/National Park Service Ocean Noise Reference Station Network, the Atlantic Deepwater Ecosystem Observatory Network, and the Sanctuary Soundscape Monitoring Project. Nine sites were selected from these projects covering the Alaskan Arctic, Northeast and Central Pacific, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, and Mid and Northwest Atlantic. Sites could generally be categorized into those strongly influenced by anthropogenic noise (e.g., vessel traffic) and those that were not. Higher sound levels, specifically for lower frequencies (\<125 Hz), and proximity to densely populated coastal zones were common characteristics of sites influenced by anthropogenic noise. Conversely, sites with lower overall sound levels and away from dense populations resulted in soundscape patterns influenced by biological sources. Seasonal variability in sound levels across selected decidecade bands was apparent for most sites and often represented changes in the presence or behavior of sound-producing species. This first order examination of levels across projects highlights the utility of these initial metrics to identify patterns that can then be examined in more detail. Finally, to help the PAM community collectively and collaboratively move forward, we propose the next frontier for scalable data stewardship, access, and processing flow.

}, keywords = {anthropogenic noise, data management, marine mammal, open access, Passive Acoustic Monitoring, Soundscape}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.703682}, author = {Carrie C. Wall and Samara M. Haver and Hatch, Leila and Jennifer Miksis-Olds and Rob Bochenek and Robert P. Dziak and Jason Gedamke} } @article {7188, title = {NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer 2021 EM304 MKII SAT Report}, year = {2021}, abstract = {

The Okeanos Explorer EM304 MKII SAT was not supported by CCOM or the MAC.\  The report is listed here and hosted on the MAC website for reference only.

}, url = {https://mac.unols.org/reports/2021-okeanos-explorer-mkii-sat/}, author = {Kevin Jerram and Shannon Hoy and Samuel Candio and Charlie Wilkins and Erin Heffron} } @article {7088, title = {Northeast Bathymetry and Backscatter Compilation: Western Gulf of Maine, Southern New England, and Long Island Sound}, year = {2021}, pages = {23}, institution = {Department of Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Marine Minerals Division}, address = {Sterling, VA}, abstract = {

High-resolution bathymetry is critical for mapping the surficial geology of the seafloor, identifying critical habitats, and assessing marine mineral resources such as sand and gravel. In 2016, a high-resolution bathymetry map was developed for the western Gulf of Maine (WGOM) utilizing all available multibeam echosounder (MBES) surveys, as well as several older extant surveys (Western Gulf of Maine Bathymetry and Backscatter Synthesis, Ward et al., 2016). As part of that effort, a backscatter mosaic also was developed for a subset of the MBES surveys. The backscatter synthesis did not include all of the MBES surveys due to low quality of some of the mosaics and limitations of combining MBES backscatter surveys (e.g., different frequencies).

In order to extend the high-resolution bathymetry coverage of the U.S. Northeast (NE), the WGOM Bathymetry and Backscatter Synthesis was substantially expanded. A careful review of the available bathymetry and backscatter from Maine to New York was conducted and the needed databases obtained. In addition, bathymetric lidar surveys were gathered, primarily in the WGOM. Unfortunately, the MBES coverage was relatively sparse over large areas of the NE region with few surveys available for mid and northern Maine, south of Cape Cod, and along the Atlantic coast of Long Island to New York Harbor. However, relatively good coverage exists for Long Island Sound. Similarly, high quality backscatter mosaics co-registered with the bathymetry was sparse. Nevertheless, the available bathymetry and backscatter does allow a significant expansion of the overall coverage and exposes areas where more information would be beneficial. Some low-resolution bathymetry data (e.g., single beam surveys that leave gaps between survey lines) were also obtained but were only used in a Regional Bathymetry Map.

The \“Northeast Bathymetry and Backscatter Compilation: Western Gulf of Maine, Southern New England, and Long Island Sound\” expands the coverage of high-resolution MBES to include southern New England and Long Island Sound. The main bathymetry synthesis is gridded at 4m, 8m, and 16m. Also included are MBES bathymetry surveys that provide more detail of regions where research projects have been conducted by the University of New Hampshire (UNH) Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center (CCOM/JHC). The overall backscatter coverage for the WGOM inner continental shelf is presented as compilations and individual survey mosaics (UNH CCOM/JHC surveys). South of Cape Cod to New York Harbor the backscatter is limited and presented as individual surveys where available.

}, doi = {https://dx.doi.org/10.34051/p/2021.28 }, author = {Larry G Ward and Paul Johnson and Michael Bogonko and Zachary S. McAvoy and Rachel C Morrison} } @article {7076, title = {Not All Prey Are Created Equal: Invasive Ascidian Diet Mediates Sea Star Wasting in Henricia Sanguinolenta}, volume = {544}, year = {2021}, month = {November}, pages = {151610}, author = {Kaitlin Van Volkom and Larry G. Harris and Jennifer A. Dijkstra} } @article {7208, title = {Ocean Sound Analysis Software for Making Ambient Noise Trends Accessible (MANTA)}, volume = {8:703650}, year = {2021}, month = {August 19}, abstract = {

Making Ambient Noise Trends Accessible (MANTA) software is a tool for the community to enable comparisons between soundscapes and identification of ambient ocean sound trends required by ocean stakeholders. MANTA enhances the value of individual datasets by assisting users in creating thorough calibration metadata and internationally recommended products comparable over time and space to ultimately assess ocean sound at any desired scale up to a global level. The software package combines of two applications: MANTA Metadata App, which allows users to specify information about their recordings, and MANTA Data Mining App, which applies that information to acoustic recordings to produce consistently processed, calibrated time series products of sound pressure levels in hybrid millidecade bands. The main outputs of MANTA are daily.csv and NetCDF files containing 60-s spectral energy calculations in hybrid millidecade bands and daily statistics images. MANTA data product size and formats enable easy and compact transfer and archiving among researchers and programs, allowing data to be further averaged and explored to address user-specified questions.

}, keywords = {Ambient Sound, Noise, Ocean Sound, Soundscape, standards}, doi = {doi:10.3389/fmars.2021.703650}, author = {Jennifer Miksis-Olds and Peter J. Dugan and S. Bruce Martin and Holger Klinck and David K. Mellinger and David A. Mann and Dimitri W. Ponirakis and Olaf Boebel} } @article {7115, title = {Oceanic Transform Fault Seismicity and Slip Mode Influenced by Seawater Infiltration}, volume = {14(8)}, year = {2021}, month = {August 5}, pages = {606-611}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00778-1}, author = {Arjun Kohli and Monica L Wolfson-Schwehr and C{\'e}cile Prigent and Jessica Warren} } @mastersthesis {7209, title = {Quantification of Marine Acoustic Environments}, volume = {Oceanography}, year = {2021}, month = {July 7}, pages = {99}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

The soundscape is an acoustic environment made up of all sounds arriving at a receiver. A methodology for the analysis of soundscapes was developed in an attempt to facilitate efficient and accurate soundscape comparisons across time and space. The methodology included generating and combining results from a collection of traditional soundscape metrics, statistical measures, and acoustic indices that were selected to quantify several salient properties of marine soundscapes: amplitude, impulsiveness, periodicity, and uniformity. The metrics were calculated using approximately 30 hours using semi-continuous passive acoustic data gathered in seven unique acoustic environments. The calculated values for each candidate metric were compared to a priori soundscape descriptions and cross-examined statistically to determine which combination of metrics most effectively captured the characteristics of the representative soundscapes. The selected measures of were SPLrms and SPLpk for amplitude, kurtosis for impulsiveness, an autocorrelation-based metric for periodicity, and the dissimilarity index for uniformity. The metrics were combined to develop a proposed soundscape code, which enables rapid multidimensional and direct comparisons of salient soundscape properties across time and space. The proposed soundscape code was applied to a series of soundscapes that were recorded at several deep ocean environments along the US outer continental shelf (OCS) and the Great Barrier Reef. The soundscape code clearly distinguished between the deep OCS soundscapes and the shallow Great Barrier Reef soundscape in terms of amplitude, impulsiveness, and periodicity. Nuanced differences in deep OCS soundscape codes in terms of periodicity, impulsiveness, and the frequency of dominant signals suggest a connection between the respective soundscapes and bottom type or habitat. The combination of metrics that make up the soundscape code provided a first assessment to establish baseline acoustic properties for the deep ocean OCS sites. This initial soundscape characterization will aid in directing further analyses and guiding subsequent assessments used in understanding soundscape dynamics.

}, url = {https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis/1523}, author = {Dylan C. Wilford} } @article {7206, title = {Quantitative Soundscape Analysis to Understand Multidimensional Features}, volume = {8:672336}, year = {2021}, month = {August 5}, abstract = {

A methodology for the analysis of soundscapes was developed in an attempt to facilitate efficient and accurate soundscape comparisons across time and space. The methodology consists of a collection of traditional soundscape metrics, statistical measures, and acoustic indices that were selected to quantify several salient properties of marine soundscapes: amplitude, impulsiveness, periodicity, and uniformity. The metrics were calculated over approximately 30 h of semi-continuous passive acoustic data gathered in seven unique acoustic environments. The resultant metric values were compared to a priori descriptions and cross-examined statistically to determine which combination most effectively captured the characteristics of the representative soundscapes. The best measures of amplitude, impulsiveness, periodicity, and uniformity were determined to be SPLrms and SPLpk for amplitude, kurtosis for impulsiveness, an autocorrelation based metric for periodicity, and the Dissimilarity index for uniformity. The metrics were combined to form the proposed \“Soundscape Code,\” which allows for rapid multidimensional and direct comparisons of salient soundscape properties across time and space. This initial characterization will aid in directing further analyses and guiding subsequent assessments to understand soundscape dynamics.

}, keywords = {Dissimilarity Index, kurtosis, marine acoustics, metrics, Ocean Sound, Soundscape}, doi = {doi: 10.3389/fmars.2021.672336}, author = {Dylan C. Wilford and Jennifer Miksis-Olds and S. Bruce Martin and Daniel R. Howard and Kim Lowell and Anthony P. Lyons and Michael Smith} } @inbook {7096, title = {The Quest to Completely Map the World{\textquoteright}s Oceans in Support of Understanding Marine Biodiversity and the Regulatory Barriers We Have Created}, booktitle = {Marine Biodiversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction / Center for Ocean Law and Policy }, volume = {24}, year = {2021}, month = {February 18}, pages = {149-156}, publisher = {Brill Publishers}, organization = {Brill Publishers}, chapter = {8}, address = {Leiden, The Netherlands}, author = {Larry A Mayer and Ashley Roach}, editor = {Nordquist, M. and Ron{\'a}n Long} } @proceedings {7082, title = {Remote Estimations of Seafloor Gas Flux Using Broadband Acoustics}, year = {2021}, month = {June 21-24}, address = {Virtual}, abstract = {

Free gas bubbles escape from the seafloor worldwide and transport greenhouse gases, such as methane and carbon dioxide, into the ocean and potentially the atmosphere. These greenhouse gas emissions influence climate, contribute to upper ocean acidification, and are vital to the development of chemosynthetic biological communities. While direct observation and sampling by remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) or cable-operated camera systems help to generate quantitative estimates of gas flux, the spatial footprint and cost of such measurements prohibits rapid, large-scale, continuous gas flux estimation. Remote sensing of gas bubbles via acoustic systems offers the opportunity for surveying over much larger spatial scales at greatly reduced cost; however, without direct information about bubble parameters (e.g. size, number, composition) quantitative flux measurements cannot be made with acoustic systems alone. Consequently, quantitative gas flux estimates are rare and gas seeps remain a poorly constrained contributor to the global carbon cycle. Here, we describe an acoustic method for the remote quantification of seafloor gas flux that was developed and applied to a hydrothermal seep system in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. This method utilizes a calibrated broadband split-beam echo sounder to discriminate individual bubbles using high vertical range resolution and remotely estimate the bubble size distribution (BSD) of seeps. Additionally, split-beam phase differentiation provides phase-angle data, used to compensate for beam-pattern effects and deliver calibrated target strength measurements for individual seeps. Together with gas composition, individual seep BSD and target strength measurements provide a path, through acoustic inversion, for remote quantification of seafloor gas flux. Following this approach, the carbon dioxide release from a seep system in the Bay of Plenty was estimated to be 146 kg/day (standard deviations of 31.5 kg/day) from a seafloor area of approximately 0.25 km2.

}, author = {Elizabeth Weidner}, editor = {Thomas C Weber and Yoann Ladroit and Geoffroy Lamarche and Larry A Mayer} } @article {6967, title = {Resolution Dependence of Rough Surface Scattering Using a Power Law Roughness Spectrum}, volume = {149(1)}, year = {2021}, month = {January 9}, pages = {28-48}, abstract = {

Contemporary high-resolution sonar systems use broadband pulses and long arrays to achieve high resolution. It is important to understand effects that high-resolution sonar systems might have on quantitative measures of the scattered field due to the seafloor. A quantity called the broadband scattering cross section is defined, appropriate for high-resolution measurements. The dependence of the broadband scattering cross section, \σbb, and the scintillation index, SI, on resolution was investigated for one-dimensional rough surfaces with power-law spectra and backscattering geometries. Using integral equations and Fourier synthesis, no resolution dependence of \σbb was found. The incoherently averaged frequency-domain scattering cross section has negligible bandwidth dependence. SI increases as resolution increases, grazing angle decreases, and spectral strength increases. This trend is confirmed for center frequencies of 100 and 10 kHz, as well as for power-law spectral exponents of 1.5, 2, and 2.5. The hypothesis that local tilting at the scale of the acoustic resolution is responsible for intensity fluctuations was examined using a representative model for the effect of slopes (inspired by the composite roughness approximation). It was found that slopes are responsible in part for the fluctuations, but other effects, such as multiple scattering and shadowing may also play a role.

}, doi = {DOI: 10.1121/10.0002974}, author = {D. R. Olson and Anthony P. Lyons} } @article {7201, title = {Roads of the Sea}, year = {2021}, month = {September 13-16}, pages = {Online}, abstract = {

Passage planning and monitoring are two essential and mentally demanding tasks in maritime navigation. Ships are facing higher risk of running aground when they take a route for the first time or are to stray from their planned route, and of collision when navigating areas of increased maritime traffic. Many researchers have studied methods to create traffic heat maps, extract predominant routes, and generate ship trajectories, however, we lack a dynamic solution that will be readily available to mariners on the bridge and to autonomous vessels. The Roads of the Sea project aims to address the issue of non-uniform marine navigational schemes through a passage planning and prediction system that can support optimal marine navigation. This project aims to assist users, both humans and machines, in safely traversing the seas by providing routes customized to the own ship, based on those that have been previously taken by ships with similar characteristics, and by predicting other ships\’ trajectories. This paper presents an initial implementation of the project by constructing a custom grid-like model representative of maritime travel and a safe route suggestion algorithm. These features are developed by filtering and analyzing Automatic Identification System (AIS) and chart data. The AIS data relays important vessel information including dimensions, headings, and locations that we utilize to establish the routes certain ships take. The model utilizes the A* pathfinding algorithm to suggest routes by allocating weights to each grid cell for the requested ship\’s characteristics and traversing movement of least cost.

}, keywords = {A*, ais, Autonomous Navigation, e-Navigation, ocean mapping, Pathfinding, Roads of the Sea}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354762246_Roads_of_the_Sea}, author = {Christos Kastrisios and Val Schmidt and Sean M. Kohlbrenner and Matthew K. Eager and Nilan T. Phommachanh and Amith Kashyap} } @article {7182, title = {R/V Atlantis 2021 EM124 SAT Report}, year = {2021}, url = {https://mac.unols.org/reports/2021-atlantis-em124-sea-acceptance-tests/}, author = {Kevin Jerram and Paul Johnson and Vicki L Ferrini} } @article {7186, title = {R/V Kilo Moana 2021 EM122 / EM710 QAT Report}, year = {2021}, url = {https://mac.unols.org/reports/2021-kilo-moana-qat-em122-and-em710/}, author = {Kevin Jerram and Paul Johnson and Vicki L Ferrini} } @article {7185, title = {R/V Sally Ride 2021 EM124 SAT / EM712 QAT Report}, year = {2021}, url = {https://mac.unols.org/reports/2021-sally-ride-em124-sat-em712-qat/}, author = {Kevin Jerram and Paul Johnson and Vicki L Ferrini and Michael Smith} } @article {7556, title = {R/V Sikuliaq 2021 EM302 EM710 QAT Report}, year = {2021}, month = {April 11}, pages = {23}, institution = {Multibeam Advisory Committee}, url = {https://mac.unols.org/reports/2021-sikuliaq-qat-em302-and-em710/}, author = {Kevin Jerram and Paul Johnson} } @article {7555, title = {R/V Thomas G. Thompson 2021 EM302 QAT Report}, year = {2021}, month = {January 24}, pages = {20}, institution = {Multibeam Advisory Committee}, url = {https://mac.unols.org/reports/2021-r-v-thomas-g-thompson-em302-qat/}, author = {Kevin Jerram and Paul Johnson and Vicki L Ferrini} } @article {7200, title = {S-57 CATZOC to S-101 QoBD: From Stars to an Intuitive Visualization with a Sequence of Textures}, year = {2021}, month = {September 13-16}, pages = {Online}, abstract = {

The S-57 Category of Zone of Confidence (CATZOC) symbology with star glyphs has received much criticism for its effectiveness in maritime navigation. It adds significant clutter on Electronic Chart Displays and Information System (ECDIS) screens, obscures high-quality more than low-quality data, may not be visible in small areas, is not intuitive, and dominates the screen, especially in ECDIS dusk and night modes. Consequently, the International Hydrographic Organization relevant working groups have decided that the stars symbology will not be used in S-101 and alternative methods should be investigated. This work presents the development of new coding schemes for the visualization of the six categories of the Quality of Bathymetric Data, the successor of CATZOC in S-101. We propose the use of a sequence of textures created by combining two or more visual variables. The advantage is that textures are minimally used in ECDIS displays, and, when they consist of open meshes, they minimally interfere with other chart information. Each texture is visually denser than the last, with denser textures representing greater uncertainty. The textures contain countable elements designed so that the CATZOC in a region can be determined without recourse to a legend. \ With the support of a user study, we demonstrate that this results in a visualization that is intuitive (thus making it easy to identify and memorize the different categories), does not obscure the underlying charted information (e.g., depths), does not alter user perception of it (e.g., shallow/ deep depth areas), and is effective in all ECDIS modes.

}, keywords = {bathymetric data portrayal, cartographic visualization, data quality, ecdis, ENC}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354632384_S-57_CATZOC_to_S-101_QoBD_From_stars_to_an_intuitive_visualization_with_a_sequence_of_textures}, author = {Christos Kastrisios and Colin Ware} } @article {7099, title = {Seasonal Changes in Sediment Grain Size of New Hampshire Atlantic Beaches: BOEM/New Hampshire Cooperative Agreement (Contract M14ACOOO10) Technical Report}, year = {2021}, pages = {208}, institution = {Department of Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Marine Minerals Division}, address = {Sterling, VA}, abstract = {

The beaches along the New Hampshire Atlantic coast are essential to the local and regional economy and are one of the major attractions of the seacoast. Beyond their economic importance, the beaches also have great aesthetic and ecological value that are vital to the character and history of New Hampshire. Unfortunately, climate change and an acceleration in sea-level rise, coupled with a major reduction in sediment supply and extensive development (including engineering structures along the coast), has led to loss of elevation and narrowing of many of the beaches. The forecast is that these trends will continue and likely become worse. It is also very likely that engineering solutions will be sought to reduce the impact of sea-level rise and coastal erosion in the near future as the loss of the beaches become more critical and coastal flooding becomes a more frequent threat.

An option that will undoubtedly play an important role in efforts to mitigate the impacts of beach erosion, flooding and storm damage is beach nourishment. Essential to beach nourishment success is a thorough understanding of the natural sediments that compose the beach. This includes studying the grain size distribution under low energy conditions (typically summer) when the beaches tend to be accretional, and under higher energy conditions (typically winter and stormy periods), when the beaches erode and finer sediments are winnowed.

A preliminary inventory of the grain size of the natural sediment composing the major New Hampshire beaches was carried out by Ward et al. (2016). However, this study was conducted in summer 2015 after a prolonged period of accretional or stable conditions. In addition, samples were taken only in the upper ten centimeters of the sediment column. Here, a seasonal study (completed in 2017) of sediment grain size from seven major New Hampshire beaches is presented. A total of twenty-eight elevation profiles were measured and one hundred forty sediment samples collected at cross-shore transects in late winter \– early spring following an extended period of beach erosion. In late summer twenty-two of the profiles were rerun and ninety-seven sediment samples collected following an extended period of accretion. Six stations were not rerun due to a late summer storm which eroded the beach. The samples were collected along shore-normal transects from the seawall or foredunes to the low tide swash. Large samples were typically collected (~1 kg to 24 kg) from the upper 20 to 30 cm of the sediment column.

Results of cross-shore elevation profiles at each beach verified that all locations sampled in late winter \– early spring 2017 had been eroded by winter storms and often had sediment lag deposits. Conversely, all the beaches sampled following the summer accretional period had recovered and gained elevation. Along with the deposition of sediment there was a general fining of grain size, especially at bimodal beaches. This decrease in grain size by late summer was related to the deposition of fine to medium sand that migrated onshore, often in ridge and runnel systems. The bimodal beaches tended to show the largest change in grain size overall due to scattered pebbles or pebble lag deposits being buried by the sandy accretional wedge.

}, doi = {https://dx.doi.org/10.34051/p/2021.33}, author = {Larry G Ward and Nathan W. Corcoran and Zachary S. McAvoy and Rachel C Morrison} } @mastersthesis {7210, title = {Sediment Transport and the Temporal Stability of the Seafloor in the Hampton-Seabrook Estuary, NH: A Numerical Model Study}, volume = {Oceanography}, year = {2021}, month = {May 7}, pages = {68}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Observations of sediment transport pathways and bathymetric change are often difficult to obtain over spatial and temporal scales needed to maintain economic and ecological viability in dynamic coastal and estuarine environments. As a consequence, numerical models have become a useful tool to examine the sediment transport and evolution of inlets, estuaries, and harbors. In this work, sediment transport at the Hampton-Seabrook Estuary (HSE) in southern New Hampshire is simulated using the Coupled Ocean Atmospheric Waves and Sediment Transport (COAWST) modeling framework to assess bathymetric change over a 5-year period from September 2011 to November 2016. Initial bathymetry and sediment grain size distribution are established from observations and smoothed onto a 30 m rectilinear grid that encompasses the entirety of the HSE system and extends two km offshore into the Gulf of Maine. Careful consideration is made to include hardened structures, such as jetties and sub-surface bulkheads, into the model framework. The model is forced with observations of water levels (including subtidal and tidal motions) from a local tide gauge. Field observations of sea surface height and currents are used to validate model hydrodynamics and establish bottom boundary conditions. The verified model predicts bathymetric change in the harbor consistent with observed changes obtained from bathymetric surveys conducted at the beginning and end of the five-year study. Of particular interest is a cut through the middle ground of the flood tidal delta and the filling in of the navigational channel leading to the Seabrook side of the Harbor that is qualitatively well reproduced by the model. In general, the model qualitatively well-predicts the gross 5-year evolution of the flood tidal delta and the channels leading to the upstream rivers suggesting that hydrodynamically-verified numerical models can be used to qualitatively predict depositional and erosional regions over inter-annual time scales at Hampton Harbor.

}, url = {https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis/1522}, author = {Katherine von Krusenstiern} } @article {7202, title = {Sounding Labels and Scale for Bathymetric Data Generalization in Nautical Cartography}, year = {2021}, month = {September 13-16}, pages = {Online}, abstract = {

This work presents a bathymetric data generalization algorithm based on depth labels rendered at\ scale. It aims to facilitate the final cartographic sounding selection for chart portrayal through the process\ referred to as hydrographic sounding selection. Currently, automated algorithms for hydrographic\ soundings selection rely on radius- and grid-based approaches; however, their outputs contain a dense set\ of soundings with a significant number of cartographic constraint violations, thus increasing the burden\ and cost of the subsequent, mostly manual, cartographic sounding selection. As technology improves and\ bathymetric data are collected at higher resolutions, the need for automated generalization algorithms that\ respect the constraints of nautical cartography increases, where errors in the hydrographic sounding\ selection phase are carried over to the final product. Thus, we propose a novel label-based and shoal-biased, generalization algorithm that utilizes the physical dimensions of the symbolized depth values at\ scale to avoid the over-plot of depth labels. Moreover, we define validation tests for assessing adherence\ to cartographic constraints for nautical charts, namely functionality, legibility, spatial, and shape. We\ describe the limitations of current radius- and grid-based approaches with respect to these constraints, and\ detail our algorithm. Each approach is implemented in Python, and we use our validation tests to compare\ the results of our approach with the results of current approaches. Utilizing four datasets, it is shown that\ our label-based generalization performs the best regarding the cartographic constraints of functionality\ and legibility, and is equal to the other approaches in adhering to the spatial constraint.

}, keywords = {bathymetry, cartographic constraint, generalization, hydrography, Nautical cartography, symbology}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354782975_Sounding_Labels_and_Scale_for_Bathymetric_Data_Generalization_in_Nautical_Cartography}, author = {Noel Dyer and Christos Kastrisios and Leila De Floriani} } @article {7070, title = {The Soundscape of the Anthropocene Ocean}, volume = {371 (6526)}, year = {2021}, month = {February 5}, abstract = {

Oceans have become substantially noisier since the Industrial Revolution. Shipping, resource exploration, and infrastructure development have increased the anthrophony (sounds generated by human activities), whereas the biophony (sounds of biological origin) has been reduced by hunting, fishing, and habitat degradation. Climate change is affecting geophony (abiotic, natural sounds). Existing evidence shows that anthrophony affects marine animals at multiple levels, including their behavior, physiology, and, in extreme cases, survival. This should prompt management actions to deploy existing solutions to reduce noise levels in the ocean, thereby allowing marine animals to reestablish their use of ocean sound as a central ecological trait in a healthy ocean.

}, keywords = {Anthropocene, Soundscape}, doi = {DOI: 10.1126/science.aba4658}, url = {https://science.sciencemag.org/content/371/6529/eaba4658}, author = {Duarte, CM and Chapuis, L and Collin, SP and Daniel P Costa and Devassy, RP and Eguiluz, VM and Erbe, C and Gordon, TA and Halpern, BS and Harding, HR and Havlik, MN and Meekan, M and Merchant, ND and Jennifer Miksis-Olds and Parsons, M and Predragovic, M and Radford, AN and Radford, CA and Simpson, SD and Slabbekoorn, H} } @article {7077, title = {Spatial Analysis of Beaked Whale Foraging During Two 12 kHz Multibeam Echosounder Surveys}, volume = {8:654184}, year = {2021}, month = {August 25}, abstract = {

To add to the growing information about the effect of multibeam echosounder (MBES) operation on marine mammals, a study was conducted to assess the spatial foraging effort of Cuvier\’s beaked whales during two MBES surveys conducted in January of 2017 and 2019 off of San Clemente Island, California. The MBES surveys took place on the Southern California Antisubmarine Warfare Range (SOAR), which contains an array of 89 hydrophones covering an area of approximately 1800 km2 over which foraging beaked whales were detected. A spatial autocorrelation analysis of foraging effort was conducted using the Moran\’s I (global) and the Getis-Ord Gi\∗ (local) statistics, to understand the animals\’ spatial use of the entire SOAR, as well as smaller areas, respectively, within the SOAR Before, During, and After the two MBES surveys. In both years, the global Moran\’s I statistic suggested significant spatial clustering of foraging events on the SOAR during all analysis periods (Before, During, and After). In addition, a Kruskal-Wallis (comparison) test of both years revealed that the number of foraging events across analysis periods were similar within a given year. In 2017, the local Getis-Ord Gi\∗ analysis identified hot spots of foraging activity in the same general area of the SOAR during all analysis periods. This local result, in combination with the global and comparison results of 2017, suggest there was no obvious period-related change detected in foraging effort associated with the 2017 MBES survey at the resolution measurable with the hydrophone array. In 2019, the foraging hot spot area shifted from the southernmost corner of the SOAR Before, to the center During, and was split between the two locations After the MBES survey. Due to the pattern of period-related spatial change identified in 2019, and the lack of change detected in 2017, it was unclear whether the change detected in 2019 was a result of MBES activity or some other environmental factor. Nonetheless, the results strongly suggest that the level of detected foraging during either MBES survey did not change, and most of the foraging effort remained in the historically well-utilized foraging locations of Cuvier\’s beaked whales on the SOAR.

}, keywords = {BACI, beaked whale behavior, GLC approach, multibeam echosounder, spatial autocorrelation}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.654184}, author = {Hilary Kates Varghese and Kim Lowell and Jennifer Miksis-Olds and DiMarzio, N. and Moretti, D. and Larry A Mayer} } @article {7072, title = {Spatial Variability of Epi- and Mesopelagic 38 kHz Backscatter from Fish and Zooplankton Across the Southeastern US Shelf Break}, volume = {669}, year = {2021}, month = {July 8}, abstract = {

Acoustic echosounders collect detailed information on the location of patchily-distributed pelagic organisms over varying spatial scales. This study measured the spatial variability of epi- and mesopelagic 38 kHz backscatter along the US Mid- and South Atlantic continental shelf and slope. We used variogram analysis to estimate the horizontal spatial structure of backscatter measurements, examined whether environmental variables might affect these estimates, and assessed potential impacts of acoustic survey design. Backscatter data were collected during ship-based surveys (50 to 100 km2) at seven sites during four cruises from November 2017-2019. Average patch size estimates were consistently between 2 and 4 km among locations. Modeled variogram range varied significantly with the depth of the backscatter layer, but linear effect sizes were negligible (\<1 m). Chlorophyll a (chl-a) concentration had a significant positive effect on range (95 m), suggesting patch sizes are slightly larger in the epipelagic where chl-a concentration is higher. Incorporating variogram parameters of range, sill, and nugget produced some clustering of spatial correlation parameters with scattering layer depth, particularly for the deepest sites assessed (700-900 m deep). Spatial characteristics of a given location were not significantly different between surveys of the same size, but sometimes differed with smaller (25\% of area) survey sizes. These results offer insight into nekton and macrozooplankton backscatter patterns in important shelf break and slope systems across horizontal and vertical dimensions, and provide needed information for monitoring fine- to mesoscale offshore marine habitat areas.

}, keywords = {backscatter, Fish, Hydroacoustics, Nekton, Spatial correlation, Survey design, Variogram, Zooplankton}, doi = {10.3354/meps13732}, author = {Balir, H and Jennifer Miksis-Olds and Warren, J} } @article {7087, title = {Surficial Geology of the Continental Shelf Off New Hampshire: Morphologic Features and Surficial Sediment}, year = {2021}, pages = {184}, institution = {Department of Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Marine Minerals Division}, address = {Sterling, VA}, abstract = {

The continental shelf off New Hampshire (NH) in the Western Gulf of Maine (WGOM) is extremely complex and includes extensive bedrock outcrops, marine-modified glacial deposits, marine-formed shoals, seafloor plains, and associated features that are composed of a range of sediment types from mud to gravel. Furthermore, the physiography and composition of the seafloor frequently changes dramatically over relatively short distances (tens of meters). The complexity of the WGOM seafloor results from the interplay of glaciations, sea-level fluctuations, and marine processes (waves and currents). High-resolution multibeam echosounder (MBES) bathymetry and backscatter surveys, along with ground truth consisting of archived seismic reflection profiles, bottom sediment grain size data, vibracores, and video were used to develop surficial geology maps based on the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS). The surficial geology maps cover ~3,250 km2 and extend from the coast of NH seaward ~50 km to Jeffreys Ledge and depict major geoforms (physiographic features) and seafloor substrate (sediment size) classifications. CMECS provides a sound basis for classifying the texture of the seafloor; however, the geoform classifications need to be broadened for paraglacial environments in future studies.

The surficial geology maps presented here are a major refinement of the original maps produced in 2016 (see Ward et al., 2016a). The new maps reflect the results of a major field campaign conducted in 2016-2017 to obtain accurately located sediment samples and seafloor images to complement the original bottom sediment database. The new sites specifically targeted areas where high-resolution MBES bathymetry existed or where surficial features warranted further ground truth for evaluations. This work was designed to enhance the surficial geology mapping efforts and contribute to the development of new approaches for utilizing acoustics to remotely classify seafloor sediments and morphologic features (also supported by the University of New Hampshire Joint Hydrographic Center). The new surficial geology maps presented here depict the exposed bedrock, morphologic features, and sediment distribution on the continental shelf off NH, revealing features of the seafloor in exceptional detail that have not been previously described.

An important finding of this study was the extent and importance of marine-modified glacial features on the WGOM continental shelf. Extensive glacial deposits including drumlins, eskers, outwash, and moraines have been eroded and modified by wave and tidal currents as sea level fluctuated over the last 12,000 years. These features are potential sources of sand and gravel for future beach nourishment projects; however, more detailed subbottom seismic surveys and vibracores are needed for verification. Also, these potential resource areas are presently too far from shore and in too great a depth of water to be easily utilized. As the demand for sand and gravel becomes more acute and technologies advance, mineral resources farther offshore and in deeper water will likely become viable.

}, doi = {https://dx.doi.org/10.34051/p/2021.31 }, author = {Larry G Ward and Zachary S. McAvoy and M. Vallee-Anziani and Rachel C Morrison} } @proceedings {7198, title = {Toward a Marine Road Network for Ship Passage Planning and Monitoring}, year = {2021}, month = {Dec 14 - Dec 18}, publisher = {International Cartographic Association}, address = {Florence, Italy}, abstract = {

Safety of navigation is essential for the global economy as maritime trade accounts for more than 80\% of international trade. Carrying goods by ship is economically and environmentally efficient, however, a maritime accident can cause harm to the environment and local economies. To ensure safe passage, mariners tend to use already familiar routes as a best practice; most groundings occur when a vessel travels in unfamiliar territories or suddenly changes its route, e.g., due to extreme weather. In highly trafficked areas, the highest risk for ships is that of collision with other vessels in the area. In these situations, a network of previously traversed routes could help mariners make informed decisions for finding safe alternative routes to the destination, whereas a system that can predict the routes of nearby vessels would ease the burden for the mariner and alleviate the risk of collision. The goal of this project is to utilize Automatic Identification System data to create a network of \“roads\” to promote a route planning and prediction system for ships that makes finding optimal routes easier and allows mariners on the bridge and Autonomous Surface Vehicles to predict movement of ships to avoid collisions. This paper presents the first steps taken toward this goal, including data processing through the usage of Python libraries, database design and development utilizing PostgreSQL, density map generation and visualizations through our own developed libraries, an A* pathfinding algorithm implementation, and an early implementation of an Amazon Web Services deployment.

}, keywords = {A*, ais, Autonomous Navigation, e-Navigation, ocean mapping, Pathfinding, Roads of the Sea}, doi = {10.5194/ica-proc-4-61-2021}, author = {Sean M. Kohlbrenner and Matthew K. Eager and Nilan T. Phommachanh and Christos Kastrisios and Val Schmidt and Amith Kashyap} } @article {7183, title = {USCGC Healy 2021 EM122 QAT Report}, year = {2021}, url = {https://mac.unols.org/reports/2021-healy-qat/}, author = {Kevin Jerram and Paul Johnson and Vicki L Ferrini} } @article {7203, title = {Using Free and Open-Source Software in Ocean Mapping: Case Study of the Spanish EEZ project near the Canary Islands}, year = {2021}, month = {September 13-16}, pages = {Online}, abstract = {

The hydrospatial community has advanced the use of Free and Open-Source Software (FOSS) in the ocean\ mapping workflow by developing new solutions and adopting tools originally developed for other\ applications. These specialized tools allow users to conduct common tasks in hydrography without the\ need for commercial software, but, most importantly, to perform tasks for which no proprietary solutions\ exist. Besides the above tools, there is a plethora of additional FOSS for geospatial applications (FOSS4G)\ that could be used in ocean mapping. Some form of documentation on the aforementioned tools exists.\ However, a comprehensive study of their capabilities and performance in ocean mapping is not yet\ available. It is not surprising that the use of FOSS4G within hydrographic offices remains limited. To fill\ this gap, we are conducting a project that aims to investigate the functionalities of the available FOSS4G\ and raise awareness about the potential benefits of their use in the domain. After identifying and evaluating\ the available FOSS4G for their usability in ocean mapping, we tested the selected FOSS for Ocean\ Mapping (FOSSOM) in a mapping campaign near the Canary Islands, Spain. Multibeam bathymetry and\ backscatter data from the seabed and the water column in the area were acquired as part of mapping the\ Spanish Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). We demonstrate that FOSSOM may be used to optimize survey\ design, troubleshoot and resolve multibeam system performance issues, derive products, and enhance data\ visualization and dissemination. A workflow that incorporates the unique capabilities of FOSSOM is\ proposed with the aim to streamline planning-to-product workflows.

}, keywords = {EMODNet, FOSSOM, hydrography, Hydrospatial, multibeam echosounder, seabed 2030}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354861770_Using_Free_and_Open-Source_Software_in_Ocean_Mapping_Case_Study_of_the_Spanish_EEZ_project_near_the_Canary_Islands}, author = {Jose M. Cordero Ros and Christos Kastrisios} } @book {7061, title = {Visual Thinking for Information Design, Second Edition}, series = {The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Interactive Technologies}, year = {2021}, month = {July 12}, publisher = {Elsevier}, organization = {Elsevier}, edition = {2}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, author = {Colin Ware} } @proceedings {7075, title = {Web-based Visualization of Long-term Ocean Acoustic Observations and Modeled Soundscapes}, year = {2021}, month = {September 20-23}, publisher = {IEEE/MTS}, address = {San Diego, CA}, abstract = {

The Atlantic Deepwater Ecosystem Observatory Network (ADEON) is an array of hydrophones deployed along the U.S. Mid- and South Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf, that collected four years of acoustic measurements of natural and human sounds in the region from 2017 to 2020. This paper focuses on the design and implementation of a web-based geospatial and acoustic visualization interface that allows anyone to easily explore the various massive datasets generated by the project in order to gain insight about the ecology and soundscape of the region.

The massive size of the ADEON datasets presents many accessibility and visualization issues. There are seven physical landers deployed in the network, each with multiple directional and omnidirectional hydrophones that record various frequency ranges. These hydrophones generated 73 terabytes of audio files. It is difficult for researchers to download all of this data, due to both bandwidth and physical data storage limitations, and finding what one is looking for in the files can be just as difficult, due to the overwhelming number and length of the recordings.

The recordings were also further processed to produce additional datasets, such as event detections based on different filters (e.g. dolphin clicks or seismic surveys). The project also had a soundscape modelling component that generated 5D (lat/long/depth/frequency/time) datasets of predicted sound energy levels for noise sources such as ships and surface winds. This visualization project sought to build a single, cohesive visual interface for researchers both within and outside of the ADEON project to easily explore the acoustic data and the derived datasets, without having to download and store the data or install any particular software.

Visitors to the public ADEON website can access an interactive map of the ADEON project region, which was built using the Leaflet JavaScript mapping interface. The map displays the locations of the hydrophone deployments, layers of contextual data (e.g. sea surface temperature and chlorophyll levels), and model derived soundscapes for various sources. Selecting individual deployment stations brings up linked visualization interfaces that provide multiple ways to explore the data associated with that station:

A tri-level spectrogram viewer presents linked spectrograms at three different time-scales, which enables rapid exploration of multiple years of raw recordings. The top level shows a few weeks on screen at a time, the middle--a few hours, and the bottom--a few minutes. Users can quickly scroll through months of data in the top level until something catches their eye. Then, they can click on a region of interest to center the other two levels on that time. Mousing over the bottom level shows the exact time and frequency at that point in the spectrogram. Selecting a rectangular region of interest within the bottom spectrogram allows the user to playback or download an audio clip of that particular time, and the frequency range can be filtered to remove distracting noises. The color map used in the spectrograms has been perceptually optimized to best reveal salient features (e.g. marine mammal noises), based on previous experimental research on designing for the human visual system.

Another tab contains a similar tri-level viewer that presents calculated deviations in sound levels for different frequency bins over time. These plots use a diverging blue-white-red color map to reveal times when the ocean around a station was unusually loud (or quiet) at various frequencies. The moving window size used to calculate the deviations can be switched from weekly, monthly, or quarterly in order to suppress or highlight various factors (e.g. temperature or sensor drift).

Finally, another tab presents detected events using a heat map visualization. Recordings were run through various detection filters to find instances of marine mammal noises, shipping tones, seismic surveys, etc. The plot uses color intensity to indicate the number of detections within each one-hour cell. The plot is 24 cells tall (i.e. each column of cells represents a single day) and can be toggled between either \‘continuous\’ mode, in which the plot expands horizontally to fill the screen and displays all records in temporal order, or\  \‘cyclic\’ mode, which stacks each year of data on top of the other in a single plot 365 cells wide. The cyclic mode reveals patterns which repeat each year, and an \‘emphasis\’ feature allows you to mouse over years labels to indicate the contribution of each year to the overall plot.

The plot can be adjusted vertically and horizontally to change when wrapping occurs, i.e., a pattern straddling the arbitrary midnight or December 31st/January 1st wrapping bounds would appear disconnected, but could appear whole if those bounds were adjust to noon and July 1st.

Contextual data bars at the top and bottom of the plot show relationships between the patterns in the plot and surrounding conditions such as temperature and chlorophyll, helping to reveal animal migration patterns and other interdependent relationships.

This suite of web-based visualization tools allows researchers, managers, and regulators to gain insight from the massive ADEON dataset and can help inform future, more targeted studies into the impacts of marine noise.

}, author = {Butkiewicz, Thomas and Colin Ware and Jennifer Miksis-Olds and Anthony P. Lyons and Ilya Atkin} } @mastersthesis {7211, title = {Wind, Wave, and Engineering Effects on Tidal Inlet Morphodynamics}, volume = {Oceanography}, year = {2021}, month = {May 4}, pages = {146}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

This body of work examines the hydro- and morpho-dynamics of tidal inlets using a diverse array of research tools. A custom X-band radar system (RIOS) is designed and used to track the evolution of shoal features over the ebb-tidal delta at Oregon Inlet, NC. Analysis of the data reveals that alongshore shoal migration rates are closely correlated to wave driven alongshore sediment transport, and also that the cross-shore bedform migration rates are tightly correlated with a sub-tidal water level gradient though the inlet. A follow up experiment with in-situ sensors suggests that the sub-tidal gradient is set up by regional winds and that the resulting pressure gradient significantly alters the tidal inlet hydrodynamics, at times entirely reversing tidal flows. Finally, the geomorphic impact of wind driven currents, as well as waves and the insertion of a terminal groin, is tested through an idealized numerical modeling study of a synthetic inlet system. The addition of a sub-tidal water level gradient has substantial and cascading effects on the inlet system morphology, potentially suggesting that the traditional inlet classification system, based only on wave and tidal properties, should be modified to include wind influence.

}, url = {https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/2574}, author = {Humberston, Joshua} } @article {7353, title = {On Acoustic Reflection from Sand-Sized Water-Saturated Granular Media at {MHz} Frequencies: Measurements, Models and the Role of Speckle}, volume = {148}, year = {2020}, month = {November 30}, pages = {3291-3304}, abstract = {

Acoustic reflection coefficients are reported for water-saturated granular media at frequencies from 1.2 to 2.0\ MHz using a narrow-beam broadband transducer in a monostatic geometry at near-normal incidence. Natural sand and glass beads with median grain diameters ranging from 0.22 to 0.40\ mm were used. For each granular medium, bed elevation and root-mean-square roughness were measured using side-on photographs of the sediment-water interface. The probability density distributions of the bed elevations are Gaussian. The roughness parameter is close to 1, indicating that the reflected pressure field is mainly due to coherent scattering. The probability distribution of the observed reflection coefficients is nearly Gaussian, consistent with the predictions from a coherent single-scattering model. The horizontal decorrelation length of the observed reflection coefficients is \∼4 mm, with no consistent dependence on either frequency or grain size, and approximately equal to 20\% of the transducer diameter. This behaviour, which is reproduced by the single-scattering model, is due to speckle. The size/frequency-dependence of the reflection coefficients are well described by Eckart\&$\#$39;s [(1953). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 25(3), 566\–570] prediction for a rough surface with Gaussian-distributed surface elevations. Comparisons are made to previously reported reflection coefficient measurements.

}, doi = {doi.org/10.1121/10.0002657}, author = {Jenna Hare and A. E. Hay} } @article {6777, title = {An alternative methodology (to the star symbols).}, year = {2020}, month = {February 7}, pages = {51}, institution = {International Hydrogarphic Organization}, chapter = {IHO Data Quality Working Group}, address = {Monaco}, abstract = {
Data quality is visualized in ECDIS as an additional layer with symbols using a rating system of stars: six to two stars for the best to lowest quality data and \“U\” for unassessed data. This work presents an alternative methodology for consideration by the IHO Data Quality Working Group members.
}, keywords = {Data uncertainty, Data Visualization, maritime navigation, Nautical cartography}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339080041_An_alternative_methodology_to_the_star_symbols}, author = {Christos Kastrisios and Colin Ware and Brian R Calder and Butkiewicz, Thomas and Alexander, Lee} } @inbook {6972, title = {Application of the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard to Gosnold Seamount, North Atlantic Ocean}, booktitle = {Seafloor Geomorphology as Benthic Habitat}, year = {2020}, month = {November 8}, pages = { 903-916}, publisher = {Elsevier}, organization = {Elsevier}, edition = {2nd }, chapter = {56}, abstract = {

This case study applied the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS) to initial characterization of a deep-sea seamount by combining observations from a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) and information derived from multibeam sonar bathymetry and backscatter. Spatial segmentation of the multibeam bathymetry was done using algorithms based on defining bathymorphons resulting in six classes: flats, slopes, ridges, valleys, shoulders, and footslopes. These classes were modified to delineate CMECS \“Level 1\” geoform units for Gosnold Seamount. Further segmentation of landforms was completed using textural analysis of the sonar backscatter mosaic of the seamount to identify segments of the same landform type with similar reflectivity texture. All of the ROV dive video of the seafloor was analyzed manually to create a spreadsheet of 933 georeferenced annotations of organisms and associated substrate types. The dominant sediment type over each 50 m segment of the ROV track was also classified using substrate unit terminology from CMECS into four classes: bedrock (10\% of ROV track), fine unconsolidated sediments on bedrock (84\%), coral rubble (1\%), and sand (5\%). Eleven genera of corals, two classes of sponges, and four classes of echinoderms were observed along the track, with glass sponges dominating the annotation and abundance counts. Nominal regression revealed that depth, temperature, and sediment type were significant predictors of individual coral along the ROV track (P\<.001, P\<.001, P\<.001, respectively). In contrast, slope, sediment type and dissolved oxygen were significant predictors of sponge distribution along the track. In summary the application of CMECS to Gosnold Seamount provided a useful systematic framework for structuring geoform, substrate, and biotic classification of benthic habitat. Using this standard, in combination with the semiautomated seafloor segmentation approach utilized, can provide a consistent and reproducible habitat classification approach for large regions and facilitate comparison of habitats among features.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814960-7.00056-7}, author = {Derek Sowers and Jennifer A. Dijkstra and Kristen Mello and Giuseppe Masetti and Mashkoor A Malik and Larry A Mayer}, editor = {Peter Harris and Elaine Baker} } @article {6749, title = {Applications of the Gulf of Maine Operational Forecast System to Enhance Spatio-Temporal Oceanographic Awareness for Ocean Mapping}, volume = {6:804}, year = {2020}, month = {January 2020}, publisher = {Frontiers Media}, abstract = {

Despite or perhaps because of recent technological advances in seafloor mapping systems, the resulting products and the overall operational efficiency of surveys are often affected by poor awareness of the oceanographic environment in which the surveys are conducted. Increasingly reliable ocean nowcast and forecast model predictions of key environmental variables \– from local to global scales \– are publicly available, but they are often not used by ocean mappers. With the intention of rectifying this situation, this work evaluates some possible ocean mapping applications for commonly available oceanographic predictions by focusing on one of the available regional models: NOAA\’s Gulf of Maine Operational Forecast System. The study explores two main use cases: the use of predicted oceanographic variability in the water column to enhance and extend (or even substitute) the data collected on-site by sound speed profilers during survey data acquisition; and, the uncertainty estimation of oceanographic variability as a meaningful input to estimate the optimal time between sound speed casts. After having described the techniques adopted for each use case and their implementation as an extension of publicly-available ocean mapping tools, this work provides evidence that the adoption of these techniques has the potential to improve efficiency in survey operations as well as the quality of the resulting ocean mapping products.

}, keywords = {forecast models, ocean mapping, oceanographic variability, sound speed}, doi = {https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00804}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti and Michael Smith and Larry A Mayer and John G Kelley} } @mastersthesis {7285, title = {Automating the Boring Stuff: A Deep Learning and Computer Vision Workflow for Coral Reef Habitat Mapping}, volume = {Oceanography}, year = {2020}, month = {December}, pages = {57}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

High-resolution underwater imagery provides a detailed view of coral reefs and facilitates insight into important ecological metrics concerning their health. In recent years, anthropogenic stressors, including those related to climate change, have altered the community composition of coral reef habitats around the world. Currently the most common method of quantifying the composition of these communities is through benthic quadrat surveys and image analysis. This requires manual annotation of images that is a time-consuming task that does not scale well for large studies. Patch-based image classification using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) can automate this task and provide sparse labels, but they remain computationally inefficient. This work extended the idea of automatic image annotation by using Fully Convolutional Networks (FCNs) to provide dense labels through semantic segmentation. Presented here is an improved version of Multilevel Superpixel Segmentation (MSS), an existing algorithm that repurposes the sparse labels provided to an image by automatically converting them into the dense labels necessary for training a FCN. This improved implementation\—Fast-MSS\—is demonstrated to perform considerably faster than the original without sacrificing accuracy. To showcase the applicability to benthic ecologists, this algorithm was independently validated by converting the sparse labels provided with the Moorea Labeled Coral (MLC) dataset into dense labels using Fast-MSS. FCNs were then trained and evaluated by comparing their predictions on the test images with the corresponding ground-truth sparse labels, setting the baseline scores for the task of semantic segmentation. Lastly, this study outlined a workflow using the methods previously described in combination with Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry to classify the individual elements that make up a 3-D reconstructed model to their respective semantic groups. The contributions of this thesis help move the field of benthic ecology towards more efficient monitoring of coral reefs through entirely automated processes by making it easier to compute the changes in community composition using 2-D benthic habitat images and 3-D models.

}, url = {https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis/1436}, author = {Jordan Pierce} } @proceedings {6787, title = {BAG 2.0: Continuing Development of an Open, Grid-based Data Transfer Format}, year = {2020}, month = {February 25-27}, publisher = {Canadian Hydrographic Association}, address = {Quebec City, Quebec, Canada}, abstract = {

Since starting in 2003 as a side-conversation at a conference on the difficulties of transferring gridded data between hydrographic processing packages, the Open Navigation Surface project has been developed by the Open Navigation Surface Working Group, comprising government, industry, and academic partners, on a volunteer basis. The Bathymetric Attributed Grid (BAG) data format has gone on to be supported in many hydrographic data processing packages, and elsewhere, including commonly-used packages such as GDAL and tools that use it (such as ArcGIS, QGIS, Global Mapper, etc.). It also formed the original basis for the IHO S.102 standard for gridded bathymetry. Early in the process, the working group contributed code to implement a default library to read and write the developing data format so that new ideas could be tested, and new adopters would benefit from a reference implementation that makes concrete the assumptions and practices inherent to the format. Over the course of 15 years, however, the source code had been modified and extended many times, and was beginning to show its age. The working group have therefore begun the process of modernizing the application programming interface for the library, with particular emphasis on modern coding practices such as continuous integration, embedded documentation, and good object design. This paper describes the upcoming changes to the project, the basis for the design choices, and the implications for the user community. It also considers the benefits and challenges of maintaining a common, open-source data format with volunteer effort in a small community.

}, author = {Brian R Calder} } @article {6868, title = {Basalts from the Chukchi Borderland: 40Ar/39Ar Ages and Geochemistry of Submarine Intraplate Lavas Dredged from the Western Arctic Ocean}, volume = {125}, year = {2020}, month = {May 11}, publisher = {American Geophysical Union}, abstract = {

Submarine volcanism in the western Arctic Ocean, known as Amerasia Basin, is attributed to a mantle plume based on geophysics and meager geochemical evidence. Basaltic samples dredged from Chukchi Borderland within the basin have produced minimum 40Ar/39Ar ages for eruption at ca. 118-112 Ma, ca. 105-100 Ma and ca. 90-70 Ma, which we use to constrain tectonic models for basin opening. Major-oxide and trace-element concentrations, and Sr, Nd, and Hf isotopic ratios of the lavas show that the ca. 118-112 Ma samples from Northwind Ridge are tholeiites (low-Ti tholeiite I) with low degrees of rare-earth-element (REE) fractionation, high overall HREE and Mg$\#$, which suggests magma derivation from a garnet-free source followed by minor crystal fractionation. Strontium, Nd and Hf isotope systematics for these lavas, and ratios of highly incompatible trace elements, point toward a lithospheric source. Eruptions at ca. 105-100 Ma and ca. 90-70 Ma, both at Healy Spur, produced two types of lavas: low-Ti tholeiite II \– which are generally older than high-Ti tholeiite \– both common in continental flood basalt (CFB) provinces, and both with trace-element abundance patterns typifying a garnet-free source, and significant crystal fractionation for the high-Ti tholeiite. The isotope characteristics for both groups are common features of asthenospheric sources. Composition-time relationships for the lavas suggest inception of melting in the sub-continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) \– probably due to introduction of a heat source by a plume \– followed later (at ca. 105-100 Ma and ca. 90-70 Ma) by asthenospheric melting possibly triggered by plume rise.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JB017604}, author = {Mukasa, S B and Andronikov, A and Brumley, K and Larry A Mayer and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @article {7067, title = {Bearing Stake 1977 Revisited: An understanding of Ambient Sound Sources in the Indian Ocean}, volume = {148, No. 4}, year = {2020}, month = {October 8}, pages = {EL320-EL325}, abstract = {

A previous analysis of 1977 passive acoustic recordings in the Indian Ocean focused on sound pressure levels (SPLs) and showed that SPLs were slightly depth dependent and highly influenced by shipping activities [Wagstaff and Aitkenhead, IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. 30(2), 295\–302 (2005)]. Consequently, SPL alone does not provide a consistent comprehensive metric to compare among sites or with contemporary recordings in the same region. Therefore, a source separation analysis was devised and applied to identify the major sound source contributions at three Indian Ocean locations. Shipping noise was a major sound contributor in all sites, while the site with the most diverse number of sources was in the central Arabian Sea.

}, keywords = {ambient ocean sound, Indian Ocean, sound sources}, doi = {10.1121/10.0002094}, author = {Al-Badrawi, MH}, editor = {Jennifer Miksis-Olds} } @article {6790, title = {A Broadband Acoustic Study of the Spatiotemporal Variability of the Baltic Sea Anoxic Zone}, year = {2020}, month = {February 17-21}, pages = {San Diego, CA}, author = {Elizabeth Weidner and Christian Stranne and Jonas Henati Sundberg} } @article {6758, title = {Calibrating broadband multibeam seabed backscatter}, year = {2020}, month = {February 24-27}, pages = {Quebec City}, abstract = {

Standard calibration procedures for multibeam sonars currently only address the fidelity of the bathymetric data. Equivalent effort is needed to ensure that the acquired seabed backscatter strength measurements are referenced to a similarly precise level. This paper presents an operational method utilizing multiple pre-calibrated split-beam echo sounders covering a wide range (50-400 kHz) of frequencies. This is needed to cover the full range of frequencies utilized by multisector multibeams operating in continental shelf depths.\ 

}, keywords = {broadband;, calibrated, multibeam backscatter}, author = {Ivan Guimaraes and John E. Hughes Clarke} } @proceedings {6963, title = {Characterizing Free and Open-Source Tools for Ocean-Mapping}, year = {2020}, month = {Nov 3-5}, pages = {53-56}, address = {Lisbon, Portugal}, abstract = {

Over the last years, scientists and professionals have made available several free and open-source software tools meant for geophysical survey planning, underwater remote sensing data processing, and geospatial data visualization. However, the use of these tools is limited within hydrographic offices. One of the reasons could be the lack of awareness about the functionalities and the performance of the available solutions. The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of free and open-source tools that may be applied to a Hydrographic Office workflow including data acquisition, data processing, quality control, and data visualization.

}, keywords = {FOSS4G, hydroffice, hydrography, MB-System, Seabed2030}, url = {https://jornadas.hidrografico.pt/index/en}, author = {Jose M. Cordero Ros and Christos Kastrisios} } @inbook {6968, title = {Climate Change and the Legal Effects of Sea Level Rise: An Introduction to the Science}, booktitle = {New Knowledge and Changing Circumstances in the Law of the Sea}, year = {2020}, pages = {343-357}, publisher = {Brill Nijhoff Press}, organization = {Brill Nijhoff Press}, chapter = {17}, abstract = {

Since the negotiation of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, there have been many changes in our understanding of earth processes. One area of science that was not addressed in either the Convention or the Scientific and Technical Guidelines of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf is climate change and its potential impact on sea level. Recent studies have provided overwhelming and irrefutable scientific evidence that, despite a decrease in solar insolation, the average global temperature of the Earth has risen approximately 0.9\° C over the last 136 years, with most of this increase occurring over the past 35 years. This increase in temperature is the result of an increase in atmospheric CO2 that can be demonstrated (chemically) to be associated, for the most part, with the burning of fossil fuels. The increase in temperature has resulted in the thermal expansion of sea water and the melting of temperate glaciers and the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, driving a rise of sea level of more than 30 cm over the past 100 years. Predictions of future rise in sea level range from another 30 cm to almost a metre over the next 80 years, depending on the levels of CO2 in the atmosphere and the uncertainty of the modeling. Beyond 2100, sea level can rise even more, with predictions as much as 3 m by 2300 if there is no reduction in the rate of input of anthropogenic CO2 into the atmosphere. Along with the direct impact that sea level rise would have on residents of coastal regions, such dramatic changes in sea level will also have an impact on the area of maritime zones, boundaries with neighboring States, and, in the most dramatic cases, the inundation of islands that may lead to the partial or total disappearance of a coastal State. Changes in sea level will likely invoke the concurrent movement of the outer limits of the territorial sea, contiguous zone, and the exclusive economic zone, all of whose limits are measured from the coastal State\’s baselines. Even more intriguing is the impact of such changes in baselines on the limits of the continental shelf which are also defined relative to the baselines, but, as stated in article 76(8) of the Convention, if the limits of the continental shelf are established based on the recommendations of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, they shall be \“final and binding.\” These and many other intriguing questions about the impact of rising sea level on maritime zones will present challenges to legal scholars in the years to come.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004437753_019}, author = {Larry A Mayer}, editor = {Tomas Heidar} } @article {6901, title = {Coastal Ocean Modelling Infrastructure Development at the National Ocean Service in Support of Disaster Mitigation and Marine Navigation}, year = {2020}, month = {December 1-17}, author = {Saeed Moghimi and Edward Myers and Yuji Funakoshi and Jaime Calzada and Gregory Seroka and Zachery Burnett and P. Velissariou and George Britzolakis and Patrick Burke and Derrick Snowden and Neil Weston and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri} } @article {6853, title = {A Decade of Marine Mammal Acoustical Presence and Habitat Preference in the Bering Sea}, volume = {43}, year = {2020}, month = {August 18}, pages = {1549{\textendash}1569}, abstract = {

As Arctic seas rapidly change with increased ocean temperatures and decreased sea ice extent, traditional Arctic marine mammal distributions may be altered, and typically temperate marine mammal species may shift poleward. Extant and seasonal odontocete species on the continental shelves of the Bering and Chukchi Seas include killer whales (Orcinus orca), sperm whales (Physeter microcephalus), beluga whales (Delphiapterus leucas), harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena), and Dall\’s porpoises (Phocoenoides dalli). Newly documented, typically temperate odontocete species include Risso\’s dolphins (Grampus griseus) and Pacific white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens). Until recently, recording constraints limited sampling rates, preventing the acoustic detection of many of these high frequency-producing (\>\ 22 kHz) species in the Arctic seas. Using one of the first long-term datasets to record frequencies up to 50 kHz in these waters, clicks, buzzes, and whistles have been detected, classified, and paired with environmental data to explore which variables best parameterize habitat preference. Typically temperate species were associated temporally with cold Bering Sea Climate Regimes in tandem with negative Pacific Decadal Oscillations. Typically Arctic species\’ strongest explanatory variables for distribution were largely species and site specific. Regardless of species, however, the environmental cues (e.g. percent ice cover or zooplankton community structure) marine mammals use for locating viable habitat space are ones that will change as temperatures increase. This 10-year dataset documents the current state and tracks recent dynamics of odontocetes and their habitats along the Pacific Arctic Corridor to contribute to ongoing discussions about future Arctic conditions.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-020-02727-x}, author = {Kerri D Seger and Jennifer Miksis-Olds} } @article {6784, title = {Deepwater Exploration of Kingman Reef, Palmyra Atoll, and Jarvis Island}, volume = {33(1)}, year = {2020}, month = {2020}, pages = {38-39}, publisher = {The Oceanography Society}, doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2020.supplement.01}, url = {https://tos.org/oceanography/assets/docs/33-1_supplement.pdf}, author = {Steven Auscavitch and Robert Pockalny and Kevin Konrad and Jennifer Humphreys and Timothy B. Clark and Erin Heffron and Allison Fundis} } @article {6608, title = {A Design for a Trusted Community Bathymetry System}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, abstract = {

Marine Volunteered Geographic Information (informally \“crowdsourced bathymetry\”) has raised much interest within the authoritative hydrographic community as a means to cheaply gather information to satisfy chart updating requirements. So far, however, a routine path to the official chart has been rare, mainly due to lack of calibration and other metadata that would satisfy liability concerns.\  As an alternative to these ideas, a data collection system is proposed which, by design, can auto-calibrate and provide other data quality guarantees, and thereby generate data that by construction should be qualified for hydrographic use.\  This idea is termed here Trusted Community Bathymetry (TCB). A design for such a system is outlined, and its performance demonstrated experimentally through a prototype system based on a low-cost, post-processed GNSS receiver and NMEA data logger.\  By comparison against NGS control and survey-grade GNSS equipment, it is shown that the TCB system achieves centimeter to decimeter-level positioning in 3D, auto-calibrates vertical offsets to the sonar transducer within a decimeter, and provides realtime uncertainty estimates for ellipsoid-referenced soundings. Additionally, in an underway field trial, the total vertical uncertainty of the soundings is shown to be within the limits required for IHO Order 1b (S.44, 5 Ed.) surveys.

}, keywords = {bathymetry, Crowdsourced Bathymetry, Ellipsoid-Referenced Survey, GNSS, Trusted Community Bathymetry, Volunteered Geographical Information}, doi = {DOI 10.1080/01490419.2020.1718255}, author = {Brian R Calder and Semme J Dijkstra}, editor = {Shannon Hoy and Kenneth Himschoot and Andrew Schofield} } @proceedings {6860, title = {Designing Pairs of Colormaps for Visualizing Bivariate Scalar Fields}, year = {2020}, month = {May 24 - 29}, publisher = {Eurovis Confererence Proceedings}, address = {Norrk{\"o}ping, Sweden}, author = {Colin Ware and Samsel, F and David H Rogers and Navratil, P.} } @proceedings {6960, title = {Developing Machine Learning Models for Quality Assurance and Continuous Improvement of Bathymetry Extraction from Lidar Point Clouds}, year = {2020}, month = {February 24-27}, address = {Quebec City, Quebec, Canada}, keywords = {bathymetric mapping, LIDAR, Machine Learning}, author = {Kim Lowell and Brian R Calder and Anthony P. Lyons} } @article {6835, title = {Direct Inference of First-Year Sea Ice Thickness Using Broadband Acoustic Backscattering}, volume = {147}, year = {2020}, month = {February 6}, pages = {824-838}, publisher = {American Institute of Physics}, abstract = {

Accurate measurements of sea ice thickness are critical to better understand climate change, to provide situational awareness in ice-covered waters, and to reduce risks for communities that rely on sea ice. Nonetheless, remotely measuring the thickness of sea ice is difficult. The only regularly employed technique that accurately measures the full ice thickness involves drilling a hole through the ice. Other presently used methods are either embedded in or through the ice (e.g., ice mass balance buoys) or calculate thickness from indirect measurements (e.g., ice freeboard from altimetry; ice draft using sonars; total snow and ice thickness using electromagnetic techniques). Acoustic techniques, however, may provide an alternative approach to measure the total ice thickness. Here laboratory-grown sea ice thicknesses, estimated by inverting the time delay between echoes from the water-ice and ice-air interfaces, are compared to those measured using ice cores. A time-domain model capturing the dominant scattering mechanisms is developed to explore the viability of broadband acoustic techniques for measuring sea ice thickness, to compare with experimental measurements, and to investigate optimal frequencies for in situ applications. This approach decouples ice thickness estimates from water column properties and does not preclude ice draft measurements using the same data.

}, doi = {10.1121/10.0000619}, author = {Bassett, Christopher and Lavery, Andone and Anthony P. Lyons and Wilkinson, Jeremy and Maksym, Ted} } @mastersthesis {6973, title = {The Effect of Cold Pool Variability on Zooplankton Dynamics of the Eastern Bering Sea Shelf}, volume = {Oceanography}, year = {2020}, month = {July 31}, pages = {151}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Interannual variability of ocean temperatures and sea ice extent has been observed on the eastern Bering Sea (EBS) shelf, where annual conditions have resulted in regional \“Cold\” or \“Warm\” years. Consecutive years of Cold or Warm year characterization has resulted in regime states within the past two decades. A characteristic feature of the EBS is a subsurface layer linked to seasonal sea ice (SSI) and defined by bottom temperatures less than 2\°C, termed the Cold Pool. Cold Pool variability is tied to the dynamics of fish distribution in the Arctic and subarctic ecotones. Water column, multifrequency acoustic backscatter data were collected remotely using upward looking echosounders along the EBS shelf from 2008-2018. Acoustic data were coupled with additional bottom temperature, regional SSI, and local SSI data from the Cold regime between 2006-2013 and the Warm regime from 2014-2018 to assess the relationship between zooplankton communities and Cold Pool variation. Water column averaged area backscatter was two orders of magnitude greater during the Cold regime than during the Warm regime coupled with early ice edge receding. Multifrequency acoustic analysis indicated a shift in the Warm regime zooplankton communities from larger to smaller bodied species on the EBS shelf resulting in a change in the average acoustic abundance. Cold Pool proxy regional SSI was a better predictor variable for zooplankton abundance than bottom temperature in the Cold regime, while Warm regime bottom temperature and regional SSI were equal in predictive power and resulted in improved predictive model performance. Although the predictive models did not capture the dynamics of the regime shift in 2013, the Cold regime exhibited increased stochasticity in bottom temperature, SSI, and acoustic backscatter prior to the shift. Regime shift early warning signals from further mining of acoustic and environmental data warrant exploration for comprehensive management practices in the Bering Sea and neighboring Arctic ecosystems.

}, author = {Jennifer Johnson} } @article {6723, title = {The Effect of Two 12 kHz Multibeam Mapping Surveys on the Foraging Behavior of Cuvier{\textquoteright}s Beaked Whales Off of Southern California}, volume = {147(6)}, year = {2020}, month = {June 11}, pages = {3849-3858}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, abstract = {

The impact of multibeam echosounder (MBES) operation on marine mammals has been less studied compared to military sonars. To contribute to the growing body of MBES knowledge, echolocation clicks of foraging Cuvier\’s beaked whales were detected on the Southern California Antisubmarine Warfare Range (SOAR) hydrophones during two MBES surveys, and associated into foraging events called group vocal periods (GVPs). Four GVP characteristics were analyzed Before, During, and After 12 kHz MBES surveys at SOAR in 2017 and 2019 to assess differences in foraging behavior with respect to the mapping activity. The number of GVP per hour increased During and After MBES surveys compared with Before. There were no other differences between non-MBES periods and During MBES for the three other characteristics: the number of clicks per GVP, GVP duration, and click rate. These results indicate that there was not a consistent change in foraging behavior during the MBES surveys that would suggest a clear response. The animals did not leave the range nor stop foraging during MBES activity.\ These results are in stark contrast to those of analogous studies assessing the effect of Naval mid-frequency active sonar on beaked whale foraging, where beaked whales stopped echolocating and left the area.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0001385}, author = {Hilary Kates Varghese and Jennifer Miksis-Olds and Nancy DiMarzio and Kim Lowell and Ernst Linder and Larry A Mayer and David Moretti} } @mastersthesis {7281, title = {Effects of Transmission Side Lobe Interference on Multibeam Echosounder Phase Ramps}, volume = {Ocean Engineering}, year = {2020}, month = {December}, pages = {79}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Many multibeam echosounders use split-aperture correlators to generate phase ramps and, subsequently, form bottom detection estimates. The noise present within the phase ramp couples directly into bottom detection estimates. This results in increased bottom detection estimate uncertainty. Known sources of phase ramp noise are additive random noise and baseline decorrelation. Anecdotally, these known sources of noise do not appear sufficient to explain phase ramp noise in several(though not all, e.g. the Simrad ME70) bottom mapping multibeam echosounders. The goal of this thesis was to explore a hypothesis for where additional phase ramp noise might be generated. In pursuit of this goal, data from the Kongsberg EM2040P was analyzed to see whether the noise models for the known sources of noise matched the phase ramp noise. When it did not, a new source of phase ramp noise was proposed: transmission side lobe interference. This source of noise is introduced by side lobes from the transmitter when they are incorporated into the split-aperture correlator by the receiver. A computational model of a Mills Cross array was created to quantify this effect in an idealized system. An approach for further field testing of the ME70 was developed, which takes advantage of the ME70\’s ability to be configured and using it in a non-standard mode.

}, url = {https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis/1425}, author = {Jonathan Hamel} } @proceedings {6747, title = {The e-Learning Python for Ocean Mapping project - Empowering the Next Generation of Ocean Mappers with Effective Programming Skills}, year = {2020}, month = {February 24-27}, address = {Quebec City, Quebec, Canada}, abstract = {

The next generation of ocean mappers will need to master programming skills to face the increasingly higher expectations for timely ping-to-public data workflows. As such, the e-learning Python for Ocean Mapping (ePOM) project was established to support new ocean mapping students and professionals in reaching a minimum level of programming skills. These skills are then expanded with further powerful capabilities by leveraging the open-source Python scientific stack and the NOAA Office of Coast Survey\&$\#$39;s Pydro distribution.

}, keywords = {e-learning, juyter notebooks, programming skills, python}, doi = {https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.33921.40806}, url = {https://www.conferium.com/OLM/Prg_Present.lasso?showevent=202}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti and Semme J Dijkstra and Rochelle Wigley and Greenaway, Samuel F and Damian Manda and Andrew A. Armstrong and Larry A Mayer} } @proceedings {6774, title = {ENC Depth Areas: Quality Control of Sea-bottom Surface Continuity and Error Fixes}, year = {2020}, month = {February 24-27}, address = {Quebec City, Quebec, Canada}, abstract = {

The Electronic Navigational Chart (ENC) consists of point, line, and area features compiled following the nodechain topological model. To ensure that the topological structure is valid, the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) has developed a number of checks defined in Publication S-58. Many of the checks deal with the vertical component of the nautical chart with the aim to validate consistency among compiled geoobjects. Nevertheless, validation checks are not exhaustive and spatial relationships may be violated. The presented work identifies vertical discontinuities between depth areas and adjoining geo-objects in the ENC and following an iterative approach proposes fixes to the attributes and the geometry of the depth areas with errors.

}, keywords = {ENC validation checks; automated nautical cartography; digital terrain modelling; topographic surface; nautical surface; surface reconstruction;}, doi = {10.6084/m9.figshare.11905599}, url = {https://www.conferium.com/OLM/Prg_Present.lasso?showevent=202}, author = {Christos Kastrisios and Brian R Calder and Megan Bartlett} } @article {6903, title = {Encoding Hydrodynamic Model Guidance from NOAA{\textquoteright}s Operational Forecast Systems in S-111 and S-104 International Standards to Support Precision Navigation}, year = {2020}, month = {January 12-16}, pages = {Boston, MA}, author = {Gregory Seroka and Greenlaw, Jason and Kurt Hess and John G Kelley and Erin Nagel and Powell, Julia and Neil Weston} } @proceedings {6786, title = {Estimating Crowdsourced, Authoritative Observer, and Data Reputation}, year = {2020}, month = {February 25-27}, publisher = {Canadian Hydrographic Association}, address = {Quebec City, Quebec, Canada}, abstract = {

Non-authoritative use of marine volunteered geographical information (MVGI), also known as Crowdsourced Bathymetry (CSB), is commonplace in the fishing and recreational markets through companies such as Olex, Navionics, CMap, and others. Use of MVGI for authoritative purposes (i.e., for updates of official charting data) has been significantly less widespread. Although many Hydrographic Offices have conducted limited experiments, and despite the IHO\’s enthusiastic endorsement, the liability, data availability, and processing workload associated with principles use of MVGI has led to slow uptake for routine use. The most commonly cited problem is lack of trust in the observations, particularly their vertical calibration. This paper therefore proposes to measure the reputation, or level of trust, that should be placed in observers across the spectrum from MVGI to Hydrographic Office surveyors, with the goal of dynamically adjusting the reputation of each observer over time as they make new observations that can be compared against other observers, or authoritative data. This model also extends to the data generated by the observers, which inherits the observer\’s reputation, but can then be confirmed or degraded over time with other observations, leading to application to chart adequacy and resurvey priority. Using a widely applied model for competitive ranking (predominantly used in chess ratings), two ranking stages are outlined: one that ranks observers against reference to determine their individual reputation, and a second that monitors the reference for drift and time-decay. The model allows for uncertainty in the rankings, and the decay of certainty due to time between comparisons. This model requires estimates of observer self-noise and bias, which are determined from time-series analysis of the observations. Using MVGI from the IHO Data Center for Digital Bathymetry, the paper demonstrates observer uncertainty calibration, ranking of observers, and the effects of time, and new observations, on archival authoritative data.

}, author = {Brian R Calder and Shannon Hoy} } @article {6782, title = {E/V Nautilus 2019 Mapping: Filling the Gaps in Seafloor Coverage of the Remote Pacific and Contributing to Global Seabed Mapping Initiatives}, volume = {33(1)}, year = {2020}, month = {2020}, pages = {30-31}, publisher = {The Oceanography Society}, doi = { https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2020.supplement.01}, url = {https://tos.org/oceanography/assets/docs/33-1_supplement.pdf}, author = {Lindsay Gee and Erin Heffron and Renato Kane and Colleen Peters and Nicole A Raineault} } @proceedings {6772, title = {Evaluation of the Effects of Field-of-View in Augmented Reality for Marine Navigation}, volume = {11310}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2-4}, pages = {12}, publisher = {SPIE}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, abstract = {

Augmented reality (AR) has potential for increasing safety in marine navigation, but current-generation AR devices have significantly limited field-of-view, which could make them impractical for such usage. We developed a virtual reality ship simulator that displays AR navigation overlays across variable fields-of-view. This paper presents a human factors study, in which participants (including experienced boaters) piloted a virtual vessel while navigating using combinations of a traditional electronic chart display and AR overlays presented at various fields-of-view. Eye movements were tracked to discover how AR and restricted fields-of-view effect navigational target finding, safety, and situational awareness. The results indicate that AR provides significant benefits that can promote safer marine navigation, and that the field-of-view of an AR device has some significant and predictable effects on its usefulness for navigational tasks. Increasing field-ofview capabilities in future AR hardware is expected to improve AR\’s usefulness for marine navigational tasks, however, this research shows that current-generation AR hardware (such as HoloLens 2) may already be suitable for this application, as most of the significant benefits were gained by providing AR overlays regardless of their field-of-view.

}, doi = {10.1117/12.2546605}, author = {Butkiewicz, Thomas and Andrew H. Stevens} } @proceedings {6724, title = {Faster Multibeam Sonar Data Cleaning: Evaluation of Editing 3D Point Clouds Using Immersive VR}, year = {2020}, month = {October 27-31}, pages = {10}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Seattle, WA}, abstract = {

Remote sensing technologies routinely generate point cloud datasets with billions of points. While automatic data cleaning algorithms exist, safety-critical applications (such as waterway surveys) still require that data be processed and verified by a human. This presents a significant bottleneck in the pipeline from surveys into navigational maps. The recent proliferation of low-cost, high-quality virtual reality systems presents an opportunity to explore how these technologies might be integrated into the point cloud data processing pipeline. Prior research has shown that stereoscopic viewing, head-tracked perspective, and bimanual interactions can lead to faster 3D task completion times and lower errors compared to traditional monoscopic, mouse-and-keyboard desktop systems. In this paper, we present a human factors study that compares 3D point cloud editing performance between a traditional interface and type types of immersive virtual reality interfaces. Our results showed that for complex datasets, the immersive interfaces generally led to faster task completion times than when using the desktop interface. Participants also reported a strong subjective preference for the immersive interface.

}, keywords = {annotation, editing, point clouds, virtual reality}, doi = {10.23919/OCEANS40490.2019.8962793}, author = {Andrew H. Stevens and Butkiewicz, Thomas} } @article {6849, title = {Fine-Scale Natural Variability of Community Distribution on a Low Temperature Discharge Outcrop of a Ridge Flank Hydrothermal System}, year = {2020}, month = {Feburary 16-21}, pages = {San Diego, CA}, author = {Hartwell, A.M. and Jennifer A. Dijkstra} } @inbook {6971, title = {Geomorphology and Microhabitats of Large, Isolated, Immobile Bedforms in the Great South Channel, Northwest Atlantic Ocean}, booktitle = {Seafloor Geomorphology as Benthic Habitat}, year = {2020}, month = {November 5}, pages = {503-518}, edition = {2nd }, chapter = {29}, abstract = {

The Great South Channel (GSC) is a bathymetric feature between the Nantucket Shoals and Georges Bank that connects the southern boundary of the Gulf of Maine with the northwest Atlantic Ocean. The mid-channel is characterized by the presence of sporadic, large, and isolated bedforms on a generally sediment-starved seafloor. Exhibiting distinctive east\–west oriented straight crests, these immobile bedforms are poorly understood. In an area of active sediment transport, we have found that these bedforms have not migrated since 1998. As a result of their immobility they have ecological significance at the microhabitat scale. They increase seafloor stability on their lee side, by shielding the seafloor from erosive bottom current, thus providing a refuge for species that otherwise would not occur. Moreover, for an large straight, isolated (LSI) bedform of approximatively 16 m in height, the area shielded from erosive currents extends up to 90 m downcurrent from the bedforms.

By combining a quantitative geomorphometric characterization of high-resolution bathymetry and the concurrent analysis of coregistered seafloor images, we describe these features in detail. The fauna in the area surrounding the bedforms is found to be organized in a consistent, microscale patchiness and it is illustrated in a bedform schematic. On the whole, the immobile LSI bedforms serve as collectors of sand, which builds up on the north-facing (stoss) side forming ripples on the lower parts of the slope. Here is where the highest concentration of winter flounder can be found. On the south-facing (lee) side, the seabed is sheltered from flowing sand and the exposed, coarse gravel lag deposit is richly colonized by sessile fauna. Furthermore, the sediment in this area is very heterogeneous. Toward the center, the sediment is characterized by the presence of cobble and pebble in a matrix of gravel, as well as absence of sand. Moving away from this core area toward either side, bigger fragments can be found up to boulder size, which are exhumed by the current. In this part some sand can overcome the barrier created by the bedform and a thin layer of finer sediment is found atop and between the boulders. Besides the sessile fauna, monkfish and other mobile fauna can be found.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814960-7.00029-4}, author = {Massimo Di Stefano and Larry A Mayer}, editor = {Peter Harris and Elaine Baker} } @article {6761, title = {The Geomorphology of Submarine Channel Systems of the Northern Line Islands Ridge, Central Equatorial Pacific Ocean}, year = {2020}, month = {April 15}, pages = {24}, abstract = {

More than 844,000 km2 of the northern Line Islands Ridge mapped with multibeam bathymetry and backscatter provide unprecedented views of the geomorphology of this isolated area in the central equatorial Pacific Ocean. A compilation of all available multibeam data in the area reveals six extensive submarine dendritic channel systems that encompass a combined drainage area that exceeds 60,000 km2. The channel systems occur in a predominately carbonate environment and are the longest calciclastic submarine channel systems mapped in the oceans to date. The channel systems occur in a carbonate-dominated region well above the carbonate compensation depth and have developed into the surface of basins that are surrounded by small guyots and seamounts that make up a discontinuous rim around the summit of the northern Line Island Ridge. The channels have mostly straight or gently curved well-developed tributaries and main reaches. Although the Line Island Ridge has been dated at 86 to 68 Ma old, the channels occur on the surface and are not buried by any significant sediment accumulations. Levees are very rare along the channel banks and no bathymetric expression of submarine fans was found where the channels exit onto the adjacent abyssal basins. There is sparse evidence of landslide deposits throughout the ridge although the flanks of the guyots exhibit numerous headwall scarps. The presence of plunge pools below the northwest escarpment, together with well-defined channels meters to hundreds of meters deep relative to the surrounding seafloor, suggests the channels might be relatively recent (perhaps late Neogene or even younger) features developed long after the ridge subsided more than a kilometer below sea level.

}, doi = {10.3389/feart.2020.00087}, author = {James V. Gardner and Jeffrey Peakall and Andrew A. Armstrong and Brian R Calder} } @article {6742, title = {Glacial Sedimentation, Fluxes and Erosion Rates Associated with Ice Retreat in Petermann Fjord and Nares Strait, North-West Greenland}, volume = {14}, year = {2020}, month = {January 28}, pages = {261-286}, publisher = {Copernicus Publications}, abstract = {

Petermann Fjord is a deep (\>1000\ m) fjord that incises the coastline of north-west Greenland and was carved by an expanded Petermann Glacier, one of the six largest outlet glaciers draining the modern Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS). Between 5 and 70\ m of unconsolidated glacigenic material infills in the fjord and adjacent Nares Strait, deposited as the Petermann and Nares Strait ice streams retreated through the area after the Last Glacial Maximum. We have investigated the deglacial deposits using seismic stratigraphic techniques and have correlated our results with high-resolution bathymetric data and core lithofacies. We identify six seismo-acoustic facies in more than 3500 line kilometres of sub-bottom and seismic-reflection profiles throughout the fjord, Hall Basin and Kennedy Channel. Seismo-acoustic facies relate to bedrock or till surfaces (Facies I), subglacial deposition (Facies II), deposition from meltwater plumes and icebergs in quiescent glacimarine conditions (Facies III, IV), deposition at grounded ice margins during stillstands in retreat (grounding-zone wedges; Facies V) and the redeposition of material downslope (Facies IV). These sediment units represent the total volume of glacial sediment delivered to the mapped marine environment during retreat. We calculate a glacial sediment flux for the former Petermann ice stream as 1080\–1420\ m3\ a\−1 per metre of ice stream width and an average deglacial erosion rate for the basin of 0.29\–0.34\ mm\ a\−1. Our deglacial erosion rates are consistent with results from Antarctic Peninsula fjord systems but are several times lower than values for other modern GrIS catchments. This difference is attributed to fact that large volumes of surface water do not access the bed in the Petermann system, and we conclude that glacial erosion is limited to areas overridden by streaming ice in this large outlet glacier setting. Erosion rates are also presented for two phases of ice retreat and confirm that there is significant variation in rates over a glacial\–deglacial transition. Our new glacial sediment fluxes and erosion rates show that the Petermann ice stream was approximately as efficient as the palaeo-Jakobshavn Isbr\æ at eroding, transporting and delivering sediment to its margin during early deglaciation.

}, doi = {doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-261-2020}, author = {Hogan, Kelly and Martin Jakobsson and Larry A Mayer and Brendan Reilly and Jennings, A. and Stoner, J S and Nielsen, T. and Katrine J. Andresen and Kamla, E. and Kevin Jerram and Christian Stranne and Alan Mix} } @article {6947, title = {A Global Geographic Grid System for Visualizing Bathymetry}, volume = {9(2)}, year = {2020}, month = {October 7}, pages = {375-384}, publisher = {European Geosciences Union}, abstract = {

A global geographic grid system (Global GGS) is here introduced to support the display of gridded bathymetric data at whatever resolution is available in a visually seamless manner. The Global GGS combines a quadtree metagrid hierarchy with a system of compatible data grids. Metagrid nodes define the boundaries of data grids. Data grids are regular grids of depth values, coarse grids are used to represent sparse data and finer grids are used to represent high-resolution data. Both metagrids and data grids are defined in geographic coordinates to allow broad compatibility with the widest range of geospatial software packages. An important goal of the Global GGS is to support the meshing of adjacent tiles with different resolutions so as to create a seamless surface. This is accomplished by ensuring that abutting data grids either match exactly with respect to their grid-cell size or only differ by powers of 2. The oversampling of geographic data grids, which occurs towards the poles due to the convergence of meridians, is addressed by reducing the number of columns (longitude sampling) by powers of 2 at appropriate lines of latitude. In addition to the specification of the Global GGS, this paper describes a proof-of-concept implementation and some possible variants.

}, doi = {10.5194/gi-9-375-2020}, url = {https://gi.copernicus.org/articles/9/375/2020/}, author = {Colin Ware and Larry A Mayer and Paul Johnson and Martin Jakobsson and Vicki L Ferrini} } @article {6773, title = {Hairy Slices II: Depth Cues for Visualizing 3D Streamlines Through Cutting Planes}, volume = {39(3)}, year = {2020}, month = {June 18}, pages = {25-35}, abstract = {

Visualizing 3D vector fields is challenging because of occlusion problems and the difficulty of providing depth cues that adequately support the perception of direction of flow lines in 3D space. One of the depth cues that has proven most valuable for the perception of other kinds of 3D data, notably 3D networks and 3D point clouds, is structure-from-motion (also called the Kinetic Depth Effect); another powerful depth cue is stereoscopic viewing. We carried out an experiment of the perception of direction for short streamlines passing through a cutting plane. The conditions included viewing with and without structure-from-motion and with and without stereoscopic depth. Conditions also include comparing streamtubes to lines. The results show that for this particular task, stereo provided an effective depth cue, but structure-from-motion did not. Ringed streamtubes and streamcones provided good 3D direction information, even without stereoscopic viewing. We conclude with guidelines for viewing slices through vector fields.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.13960}, author = {Andrew H. Stevens and Colin Ware and Butkiewicz, Thomas and David H Rogers and Greg Abram} } @mastersthesis {6975, title = {Horizontal Calibration of Vessel Lever Arms Using Non-Traditional Survey Methods}, volume = {Ocean Engineering/Ocean Mapping}, year = {2020}, month = {May}, pages = {146}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Knowledge of offset vectors from sonars, mounted on vessels, to systems such as Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) and Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) is crucial for accurate ocean mapping applications. Traditional survey methods, such as employing laser scanners or total stations, are used to determine professional vessel offset distances reliably. However, for vessels of opportunity that are collecting volunteer bathymetric data, it is beneficial to consider survey methods that are less time consuming, less expensive, and which do not involve bringing the vessel into a dry dock. Thus, this thesis explores three alternative methods that meet this criterion for horizontally calibrating vessels

With the development of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UASs) in the field of mapping, more cost-effective and quicker surveys can be conducted. For standard mapping applications, the tradeoff in using UASs compared to traditional surveying instruments is that there is an increase in errors. To investigate the potential of using UASs to accurately calibrate horizontal vessel offsets, UASs were utilized to calibrate a vessel with both Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry and aerial lidar while the vessel was moored. Estimates of the horizontal deviations from ground truth, for both methods, were obtained by comparing the horizontal distances between targets on a vessel, acquired by the UAS methods, to ground-truth measurements of offset distances from survey-grade laser scanning of the vessel. In addition to the UAS methods, a seafloor reference technique that involves collecting single-beam echo sounder (SBES) data over a known bathymetric feature to estimate horizontal offsets of a vessel, was investigated.

Errors for the seafloor reference method were on the meter level and therefore may only be relevant for larger offsets such as on larger ships. In contrast, UAS methods were able to achieve horizontal deviations on the order of centimeters with the use of Ground Control Points (GCPs).

}, author = {Casey O{\textquoteright}Heran} } @proceedings {6788, title = {Horizontal Calibration of Vessel Lever Arms Using Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UASs)}, year = {2020}, month = {February 25-27}, publisher = {Canadian Hydrographic Association}, address = {Quebec City, Quebec, Canada}, abstract = {

Knowledge of lever arm distances from sonars, mounted on vessels, to systems such as Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) and Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) is crucial for accurate ocean mapping applications. Traditional methods, such as laser scanners or total stations, are used to determine professional survey vessel lever arm distances reliably. However, for vessels of opportunity that are collecting volunteer bathymetric data, it is beneficial to consider survey methods that are less time consuming, less expensive, and which do not involve bringing the vessel into a dry dock. With the development of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UASs) in the field of mapping, more cost-effective and quicker surveys can be conducted. To investigate the feasibility of conducting accurate horizontal lever arm surveys of vessels, while maximizing time efficiency in data collection, UAS surveys of a vessel with calibrated lever arm distances were conducted using both Structure for Motion (SfM) photogrammetry and aerial LiDAR while the vessel was docked at the pier. Estimates of the horizontal errors, for both methods, were obtained by comparing the horizontal distances between targets acquired by the UAS methods to ground-truth measurements of lever distances from survey-grade laser scanning of the vessel. With the use of Ground Control Points (GCPs), horizontal errors of both the photogrammetry and LiDAR models are on the order of centimeters, with the LiDAR model being slightly higher in horizontal error than most of the photogrammetry models.

}, author = {Casey O{\textquoteright}Heran and Brian R Calder} } @article {7004, title = {Hydrographic Survey with Autonomous Surface Vessels: A Best Practices Guide}, volume = {P-1(24)}, year = {2020}, month = {November}, pages = {189-201}, publisher = {International Hydrographic Organization}, address = {Monaco}, abstract = {

Increasingly, hydrographic offices are turning to robotic, unmanned, and\ \“autonomous\” surface vehicles (ASVs) to conduct systematic seafloor surveys for\ hydrographic applications (nautical charting). The term \“autonomous\” is\ set in quotes to acknowledge the spectrum of capability of these vessels, which\ varies from those that are remotely piloted (but possibly either manned or\ unmanned), to those that have some auto-pilot capability, to those that have the\ ability to react to their local environment, for example to avoid hazards and other\ ships while optimizing data collection. Data on which these reactions are based may\ be provided to them or sensed on their own.

The practice of hydrographic survey is categorically different from general navigation of transiting\ commercial vessels whose operation may fall under other guidance. Hydrographic survey\ involves the systematic ensonification of the seafloor, usually in \“lawnmower\” patterns whose\ lines extend along contours of constant depth. During survey, launches do not often follow\ prescribed or traditional transit lanes but often operate within those lanes. Survey launches may\ operate in tandem or independently, covering separate areas within a region; their base of\ operations may be on shore or a parent survey vessel.\ 

This document seeks to provide a set of best practices for operation of ASVs conducting\ hydrographic survey, and whose operations are focused on this unique application. The intent of\ this document is to propose guidance for safe operation and good seamanship based on\ real-world experience and by complying with the intent of the Rules set forth by the 1972\ International Regulations for the Prevention of Collisions at Sea (COLREGS)1\ and other provisions that may be in force in U.S. or other State regulations. In a few cases, recommendations\ made here may conflict with existing regulations, either because those regulations do not explicitly address autonomous systems or because in our experience the capabilities of autonomous\ systems, and the expectations of other mariners, are such that additional caution is warranted.\ Organizations should augment or modify these recommendations to ensure safe operation and\ comply with regulations as necessary.

}, url = {https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/ihreview_P1/IHR_November2020.pdf}, author = {Val Schmidt} } @article {6778, title = {An Improved Method for Portraying CATZOC in ECDIS}, year = {2020}, month = {January 29-30}, publisher = {Shipping Federation of Canada}, address = {Montreal, Canada}, abstract = {
This work presents our research towards the visualization and integration of bathymetric data uncertainty in support of marine navigation. It focuses on our proposed improved method for the visualization of zones of confidence (ZOC) and quality of bathymetric data (QoBD) on ECDIS.
}, keywords = {Data uncertainty, Data Visualization, maritime navigation, Nautical cartography}, doi = {10.13140/RG.2.2.15750.73288}, url = {http://www.shipfed.ca/5deffee720991}, author = {Christos Kastrisios and Colin Ware and Brian R Calder and Butkiewicz, Thomas and Alexander, Lee} } @proceedings {6780, title = {Improved Techniques for Depth Quality Information on Navigational Charts}, volume = {1}, year = {2020}, pages = {73-80}, address = {Nessebar, Bulgaria}, abstract = {

Navigational charts contain a combination of geospatial information of varying quality collected at different times using various techniques.Bathymetric data quality is mainly encoded in electronic charts with the Category of Zones of Confidence (CATZOC). CATZOC provides information about the horizontal and vertical uncertainty of depth information, as well as the seabed coverage and feature detection. It is visualized in Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS) as an additional layer with glyphs using a rating system of stars: six to two stars for the best to lowest quality data and \“U\” for unassessed data. The current symbology creates visual clutter which is worse in areas of high quality bathymetry. Furthermore, horizontal and vertical uncertainties may not be adequately assessed by the user. This paper presents a research program aimed at the development of a method for portraying bathymetric data quality and for integrating the quantified uncertainties in ECDIS.

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}, keywords = {bathymetric data uncertainty, Electronic Navigational Charts ENC, Error-band geometry, safety of navigation, spatial data visualization, Uncertainty Visualization, Visual Variables}, author = {Christos Kastrisios and Colin Ware and Brian R Calder and Butkiewicz, Thomas and Alexander, Lee and Rogier Broekman} } @book {6858, title = {Information Visualization: Perception for Design}, year = {2020}, month = {March 13}, pages = {560}, publisher = {Elsevier}, organization = {Elsevier}, edition = {4}, abstract = {

Information Visualization: Perception for Design, Fourth Edition explores the art and science of why we see objects the way we do. Based on the science of perception and vision, the author presents the key principles at work for a wide range of applications--resulting in visualization of improved clarity, utility and persuasiveness. This new edition has been revised and updated to include the latest relevant research findings. Content has been updated in areas such as the cognitive neuroscience of maps and navigation, the neuroscience of pattern perception, and the hierarchy of learned patterns.

New changes to the book make it easier to apply perceptual lessons to design decisions. In addition, the book offers practical guidelines that can be applied by anyone, including interaction designers and graphic designers of all kinds.

}, author = {Colin Ware} } @proceedings {6779, title = {Inspection and Error Remediation of Bathymetric Relationships of Adjoining Geo-Objects in Electronic Navigational Charts}, volume = {1}, year = {2020}, pages = {116-123}, address = {Nessebar, Bulgaria}, abstract = {
Depth areas are utilized by the Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS) along with the vessel\&$\#$39;s characteristics (e.g., draft, squat) and other situational information (e.g., tides) for separating safe areas from those unsafe to navigate. Any error in their compilation is carried over to the analysis performed in the ECDIS. As a result, waters may be portrayed deeper, thus posing a risk to the vessel navigating them, or may appear shoaler, thus triggering useless ECDIS alarms which contribute to the situation known as \"mariner\&$\#$39;s deafness\". With the exception of crisp boundaries where abrupt changes are expected, the transition between depth areas should be smooth and continuous. In this paper we present a research toward a mechanism for identifying discontinuities and an error remediation approach that proposes changes to the encoded depth range and the geometry of depth areas with identified discontinuities, for the cartographer\&$\#$39;s attention.
}, keywords = {automated nautical cartography, Depth areas, digital terrain modelling, ENC validation checks, nautical surface, safety of navigation, topographic surface}, author = {Christos Kastrisios and Brian R Calder and Megan Bartlett} } @article {6867, title = {The International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean Version 4.0}, volume = {176(2020)}, year = {2020}, month = {June 9}, abstract = {

Bathymetry (seafloor depth), is a critical parameter providing the geospatial context for a multitude of marine scientific studies. Since 1997, the International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO) has been the authoritative source of bathymetry for the Arctic Ocean. IBCAO has merged its efforts with the Nippon Foundation-GEBCO-Seabed 2030 Project, with the goal of mapping all of the oceans by 2030. Here we present the latest version (IBCAO Ver. 4.0), with more than twice the resolution (200 \× 200\ m versus 500 \× 500\ m) and with individual depth soundings constraining three times more area of the Arctic Ocean (\∼19.8\% versus 6.7\%), than the previous IBCAO Ver. 3.0 released in 2012. Modern multibeam bathymetry comprises \∼14.3\% in Ver. 4.0 compared to \∼5.4\% in Ver. 3.0. Thus, the new IBCAO Ver. 4.0 has substantially more seafloor morphological information that offers new insights into a range of submarine features and processes; for example, the improved portrayal of Greenland fjords better serves predictive modelling of the fate of the Greenland Ice Sheet.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12369314}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Larry A Mayer and Caroline Bringensparr} } @proceedings {6748, title = {Leveraging Predictions from NOAA{\textquoteright}s Oceanographic Forecast Models to Increase Environmental Variability Awareness in Ocean Mapping}, year = {2020}, month = {January 13-17}, address = {Boston, MA}, abstract = {
The efficient acquisition of high-quality data using modern seafloor mapping systems is too often limited by the poor awareness of the oceanographic environment in which the surveys are conducted. As such, two tools that support ocean mappers in accessing the increasingly reliable predictions from NOAA\&$\#$39;s operational 3-D oceanographic forecast modeling systems and also NOAA\&$\#$39;s World Ocean Atlas have been developed and made freely available: Sound Speed Manager and SmartMap.
Sound Speed Manager is an open-source, Python-based library and desktop application to perform accurate processing and management of sound speed profiles. Once loaded, the measured oceanographic data may be enhanced/extended using different sources (e.g. the National Ocean Service\&$\#$39;s Gulf of Maine Operational Forecast System, the National Weather Service\&$\#$39;s Global Real-Time Forecast System), validated, and exported in several file formats commonly recognized by acquisition and processing applications. The processed profiles are stored in a per-project SQLite database, and several analysis functions and tools to manage the database-stored profiles are also available.
SmartMap provides web services (and a GIS portal) that transpose publicly-available oceanographic environmental data predictions into the estimated effects on the survey data.
The adopted spatial variability analysis estimates the uncertainty using model-retrieved synthetic profiles. The data ingestion is performed using a combination of code written in Python and C++ to combine the strengths of both languages. The results, provided as a water-depth percentage of ray-tracing depth uncertainty, are useful in all the phases of a survey, from planning to the execution and processing phases. SmartMap outputs can be accessed using Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) web services (and thus loaded as a
map layer in existing desktop GIS applications) and through a dedicated Web GIS site (https://www.hydroffice.org/smartmap/).
Ongoing research efforts for both tools are targeting the adoption of NOS\&$\#$39; operational Great Lakes, estuarine and coastal 3-D oceanographic forecast modeling systems - like the Gulf of Maine Operational Forecast System (GoMOFS) - to enhance and extend (or even substitute) the data collected on-site by sound speed profilers, and the use of the model-derived environmental uncertainty as a meaningful input to better predict profiling times.
}, doi = {https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.12426.00966}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti and Larry A Mayer and Paul Johnson and John G Kelley} } @article {6791, title = {Links Between Baltic Sea Submarine Terraces and Groundwater Sapping}, volume = {8}, year = {2020}, month = {January 3}, pages = {1-15}, abstract = {

Submarine Groundwater Discharge (SGD) influences ocean chemistry, circulation, spreading of nutrients and pollutants, and shapes seafloor morphology. In the Baltic Sea, SGD was linked to the development of terraces and semi-circular depressions mapped in an area of the southern Stockholm Archipelago, Sweden, in the 1990s. We mapped additional parts of the Stockholm Archipelago, areas in Blekinge, southern Sweden, and southern Finland using high-resolution multibeam sonars and sub-bottom profilers to investigate if the seafloor morphological features discovered in the 1990s are widespread and to further address the hypothesis linking SGD to their formation. Sediment coring and seafloor photography conducted with a Remote Operated Vehicle (ROV) and divers add additional information to the geophysical mapping results. We find that terraces, with general bathymetric expressions of about 1 m and lateral extents of sometimes \> 100 m, are widespread in the surveyed areas of the Baltic Sea and are consistently formed in glacial clay. Semi-circular depressions, however, are only found in a limited part of a surveyed area east of the island Ask\ö, southern Stockholm Archipelago. Our study supports the basic hypothesis of terrace formation initially proposed in the 1990s, i.e. groundwater flows through siltier permeable layers in glacial clay to discharge at the seafloor, leading to the formation of a sharp terrace when the clay layers above seepage zones are undermined enough to collapse. By linking the terraces to a specific geologic setting, our study further refines the formation hypothesis and forms the foundation for a future assessment of SGD in the Baltic Sea that may use marine geological mapping as a starting point. We propose that SGD through the sub-marine seafloor terraces is most likely intermittent and linked to periods of higher groundwater levels, implying that to quantify the contribution of freshwater to the Baltic Sea through this mechanism, more complex hydrogeological studies are required.

}, doi = {10.5194/esurf-2019-40}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Matt O{\textquoteright}Regan and Carl-Magnus M{\"o}rth and Christian Stranne and Elizabeth Weidner and Jim Hansson and Richard Gyllencreutz and Christoph Humborg and Tina Elfwing and Alf Norkko and Joanna Norkko and Bj{\"o}rn Nilsson and Arne Sj{\"o}str{\"o}m} } @article {6855, title = {A Mapping Focused Open-Sourced Software Framework for Autonomous Surface Vehicles}, year = {2020}, month = {February 25-27}, pages = {Quebec City, Quebec, Canada}, abstract = {

A software framework, dubbed \“Project 11\”, was developed as a backseat driver for Autonomous Surface Vehicles (ASVs). Key design features include the ability to quickly and easily specify survey plans; monitoring of mission progress, even over unreliable wireless networks; and to provide an environment to develop advanced autonomous technologies.

}, keywords = {AI, ASVs, automation, ROS}, url = {https://hydrography.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/14_Arsenault_2020-02-25_Arsenault_CHC2020.pdf}, author = {Roland Arsenault and Val Schmidt} } @article {6869, title = {Mass Wasting on Alpha Ridge in the Arctic Ocean: New Insights from Multibeam Bathymetry and Sub-bottom Profiler Data}, volume = {500}, year = {2020}, month = {May 13}, pages = {323-340}, abstract = {

Marine geological and geophysical data from Alpha Ridge in the Arctic Ocean are sparse because of thick perennial sea-ice cover, which prevents access by most surface vessels. Rare seismic data in this area, acquired largely from drifting ice-camps, had shown the hemipelagic drape that covers most of the ridge is highly disrupted within a large (\>90 000 km2) south central region. Here, evidence of pronounced seafloor erosion and debris flows infilling seafloor lows was previously interpreted to be the result of a possible bolide impact. In recent years, several icebreaker expeditions have successfully acquired multibeam bathymetry and sub-bottom profiler data in the western segment of this region. Analysis of these data reveals a complex seafloor morphology characterized by ridges and troughs, angular blocks and escarpments as well as seismic facies characterized by hyperbolic seafloor reflections, and convoluted to incoherent and transparent sub-bottom reflectivity. These features are interpreted as evidence of sediment mass movement with varying degrees of lateral transport deformation. At least two episodes of failure are interpreted based on the presence of both buried and surficial mass-transport features. As multiple events are interpreted, seismicity is the most plausible trigger mechanism rather than bolide impact.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1144/SP500-2019-196}, author = {Boggild, K. and David C Mosher and Travaglini, P.G. and Gebhardt, C. and Larry A Mayer} } @article {6902, title = {Modernizing Marine Navigation using S-111 Surface Current Forecast Guidance Derived from NOS Operational Oceanographic Forecast Systems}, year = {2020}, month = {December 1-17}, author = {John G Kelley and Erin Nagel and Greenlaw, Jason and Adam M. Gibbons and Gregory Seroka and Neil Weston and Powell, Julia and Edward Myers} } @article {6757, title = {Monitoring Bubble Washdown Over a Deep-Water Multibeam Ping Cycle}, year = {2020}, month = {February 24-27}, pages = {Quebec City, Quebec, Canada}, publisher = {Canadian Hydrographic Association}, address = {Quebec City, Quebec, Canada}, abstract = {

The transient impact of bubble washdown is generally the limiting factor restricting deep water multibeam surveys in marginal sea state conditions. Such events are linked\ to the vessel motion dynamics as well as the instantaneous sea\ surface relief, both of which are driven by the ocean wave\ periodicity. Deep water multibeam ping cycles typically encompass one or more wave periods and thus it is important to\ understand the relationship between the ping cycle and the\ bubble washdown event. We present a new method using sonar\ mode imaging with high frequency multibeam to investigate this\ relationship.

}, keywords = {bubble washdown, seastate;, sonar mode}, author = {John E. Hughes Clarke and Ken Fitzgerald and Tim Leach and Haili Wang and Tina Cheng and Shannon Hoy and Rob Hagg and Kari Walker} } @article {6894, title = {Multibeam bathymetry data from the Kane Gap and south-eastern part of the Canary Basin (Eastern tropical Atlantic)}, volume = {32, 106055}, year = {2020}, month = {October}, abstract = {

We present a multibeam bathymetry dataset from eastern part of the Canary Basin and from the Kane Gap located north and south of the Cape Verde Islands, respectively. Special attention was paid to the deep-water Kane Gap between Sierra Leone Rise and Guinea Plateau. The Kane Gap is the only possible gateway that allows the exchange of Antarctic Bottom Water between the Sierra Leone and Gambia Basins. Bathymetry surveys were carried out during the 44th cruise of the Research Vessel (R/V) \“Akademik Nikolaj Strakhov\” in October 2019. The data were collected using the system RESON SeaBat 7150 (12.5 kHz) and processed using QINSy software. The multibeam bathymetry data are presented in tabular format (ASCII (*.txt)) and as digital elevation models in ESRI ASCII grid (*.asc) and GeoTIFF raster (*.tif) formats with a resolution of 100 m. The dataset is available with the article.

}, keywords = {Canary Basin, Deep ocean gateway, Digital Elevation Model, Eastern tropical Atlantic, Gambia Basin, geomorphology, Kane Gap, multibeam bathymetry}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2020.106055}, author = {Ivan Dudkov and Vadim Sivkov and Dorokhov, Dmitry and Leyla Bashirova} } @article {6893, title = {Multibeam bathymetry data of discovery gap in the eastern North Atlantic}, volume = {31, 105679}, year = {2020}, month = {August}, abstract = {

We present a multibeam bathymetry dataset of Discovery Gap; a narrow gap in ridge of the Azores-Gibraltar Fracture Zone (eastern North Atlantic). The gap serves as gateway for the exchange of deep water between the Madeira and Iberian abyssal plains. A bathymetric survey was carried out during the 43rd cruise of the research vessel (R/V) Akademik Nikolaj Strakhov in October 2019. The data were collected with the acquisition system RESON SeaBat 7150 (12.5 kHz), using the integrated navigation system Applanix POS MV, and processed using QINSy software. The multibeam bathymetry data are presented in tabular format (ASCII-table (*.txt), spreadsheets (*.xlsx)), and as a digital elevation model (DEM) of the bottom relief. The DEM was created using ArcGIS software in ESRI-ASCII-grid (*.asc) and GeoTIFF raster (*.tif) formats with a spatial resolution of 100 m. We provide processed data that can be used directly for further studies. The dataset is available with the article.

}, keywords = {Deep ocean gateway, Digital Elevation Model, geomorphology, Multibeam swath bathymetry}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2020.105679}, author = {Ivan Dudkov and Evgenia Dorokhova} } @article {6776, title = {Nautical Chart Data Uncertainty Visualization as the Means for Integrating Bathymetric, Meteorological, and Oceanographic Information in Support of Coastal Navigation}, year = {2020}, month = {January 12-17}, pages = {Boston, MA}, abstract = {
Most navigational charts are an amalgamation of geospatial information of varying quality collected using different techniques at different times. Data collected with high resolution multi-beam echo sounders or lidar systems may co-exist on the chart with data collected with lead-line as far back as the 18th century. Data quality on charts is currently provided as a series of Category Zone of Confidence (CATZOC) values. For every part of the chart, CATZOC values provide information about the horizontal and vertical uncertainty of bathymetric information, as well as the seabed coverage and feature detection. CATZOC is portrayed in ECDIS as an additional layer with glyphs using a rating system of stars: six to two stars for the best to lowest quality data and \“U\” for unassessed data. With the provided information mariners may interpret the seabed morphology, identify shoals that pose a threat for the plotted voyage, and select routes that maintain under-keel clearance, however it is not always well understood and utilized by mariners. The aim of this research work is the development of new visualization and integration methods of data quality on charts to support decision making on board. In this two-fold work we begin with investigating new visualization methods for the bathymetric data uncertainty on charts and we subsequently utilize the results of the visualization work for the integration of marine navigation related information in support of decision making and safe navigation of ships.
}, keywords = {Data uncertainty, Data Visualization, maritime navigation, Nautical cartography}, doi = {10.6084/m9.figshare.12196764}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337869522_Nautical_chart_data_uncertainty_visualization_as_the_means_for_integrating_bathymetric_meteorological_and_oceanographic_information_in_support_of_coastal_navigation}, author = {Christos Kastrisios and Colin Ware and Brian R Calder and Butkiewicz, Thomas and Alexander, Lee and Olivia Hauser} } @article {7189, title = {NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer 2020 EM304 SAT Report}, year = {2020}, abstract = {

The Okeanos Explorer EM304 SAT was not supported by CCOM or the MAC.\  The report is listed here and hosted on the MAC website for reference only.

}, url = {https://mac.unols.org/reports/2020-okeanos-explorer-em304-sat}, author = {Kevin Jerram and Shannon Hoy and Charlie Wilkins} } @article {6822, title = {Observations from Controlled Experiments on the Dissolution of Free-Gas Bubbles and Hydrate-Coated Bubbles in Water}, year = {2020}, month = {February 16-21}, address = {San Diego, CA}, abstract = {

Methane is released into the ocean from the seafloor in the form of gas bubbles, which transport methane through the water column and potentially into the atmosphere. A rising methane bubble loses methane to the surrounding water via methane dissolution through the bubble surface. When methane gas bubbles are released at certain elevated pressure and reduced temperature conditions, however, they can begin to form a solid gas hydrate that coats the bubble surface. Hydrate on the bubble surface slows down the dissolution process and can extend the lifetime of the bubble within the water column. Researchers have developed mathematical models to track the fate of methane transported in rising bubbles in order to understand how much methane dissolves into the water column as a function of depth. Tracking methane in this way is important because dissolved methane contributes to ocean acidification and reduced dissolved oxygen levels. Controlled laboratory experiments with a counter-flow device were conducted to test existing dissolution models for rising gas bubbles. The pressurized counter-flow device was used to trap gas bubbles (air or xenon) and simulate the dissolution process of free-gas and hydrate-coated gas bubbles in water. Xenon was used as a proxy for methane during this experiment because though both gases form structure I hydrate, xenon hydrate can be formed at relatively lower pressures, allowing the counter-flow device to be made of clear acrylic for multi-directional viewing of the bubble. Two high-speed, high-resolution imaging cameras arranged at 90 degrees to each other were used to obtain information on bubble sizes, shapes and shrinkage rates in order to assess dissolution model predictions for the fate of the bubbles in the ocean.

}, keywords = {Xenon; Hydrate; Gas Dissolution; Mass Transfer Coefficient}, author = {Alexandra M Padilla and William F Waite and Thomas C Weber} } @mastersthesis {7286, title = {Obtaining a Reference for Calibrating Broadband Multibeam Seabed Backscatter}, volume = {Earth Science/Ocean Mapping}, year = {2020}, month = {December}, pages = {218}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Standard calibration procedures for multibeam sonars currently only address the fidelity of the bathymetric data. Equivalent effort is needed to ensure that the acquired seabed backscatter strength measurements are referenced to a similarly precise level. This thesis presents an operational method for acquiring reference seabed backscatter data utilizing multiple pre-calibrated split beam echo sounders covering a wide range (45-450 kHz) of frequencies. This is needed to cover the full range of frequencies utilized by multi-sector multibeam systems operating in continental shelf depths.The method considers both the frequency and the angle of incidence dependence of the backscatter strength of a homogenous seafloor region. By using a mechanically rotated plate, the split beam transducers, once calibrated, are able to collect the absolute angular response curve of the seafloor for any frequency within the bandwidth of interest. This thesis addresses the design, implementation and required processing to deliver the curves of selected areas. Although not part of this research, the next step would be to calibrate the desired multibeam echosounder for backscatter by comparing the results obtained by the systems over the same seafloor area. The results obtained, reveal one of the most complete pictures of the continuous variation of the seabed backscatter angular response from 45 to 400 kHz. Significantly, this extends well above the 100 kHz level that normally defines the upper end of surface scattering model fidelity. As the chosen sites cover the main range of expected marine sediment types (gravel to mud), trends in both frequency and grazing angle are apparent that might impact the choice of frequency used in multi-spectral backscatter imaging.

}, url = {https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis/1424}, author = {Ivan Guimaraes} } @proceedings {6750, title = {Open Backscatter Toolchain (OpenBST) - A Community-Vetted Workflow for Backscatter Processing}, year = {2020}, month = {February 24-27}, address = {Quebec City, Quebec, Canada}, abstract = {

Seafloor acoustic backscatter collected by multibeam echosounders (MBES) is routinely used to generate products such as backscatter mosaics and angular response curves. However, the usability of backscatter products has been hindered by a lack of consistent outputs that may be the result of differences in sonar calibration, data collection and processing. The Open BackScatter Toolchain (OpenBST) project aims to mitigate discrepancies that arise from existing processing workflows by providing open-source, community-vetted processing algorithms for backscatter data. In this work, an example of the OpenBST approach was applied to the backscatter processing workflow for a popular multibeam echosounder, using a reference dataset recently collected in Portsmouth Harbor, NH. At each processing step, intermediate outputs are produced (and compared) using commonly adopted methodologies. Finally, an analysis of the relative relevance of selecting those methodologies at the various intermediate steps is presented.

}, keywords = {acoustic baskscatter, ocean mapping, open source, Seafloor Characterization}, doi = {https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.19660.77442}, url = {https://www.conferium.com/OLM/Prg_Present.lasso?showevent=202}, author = {Michael Smith and Giuseppe Masetti and Larry A Mayer and Mashkoor A Malik and Augustin, Jean-Marie and Cyrille Poncelet and Ian Parnum} } @article {7042, title = {Operational Survey Trials of the DriX Autonomous Surface Vessel on NOAA Ship Thomas Jefferson}, year = {2020}, month = {February 24}, pages = {Quebec City, Quebec, Canada}, author = {Andrew A. Armstrong and Hillstrom, CDR Briana and Val Schmidt and Wisotzkey, LCDR Charles and DeCastro, LT Calandria and Hitshew, Josh and Eudeline, Guillaume and Grall, Sebastien} } @article {7352, title = {Phase Speed in Water-Saturated Sand and Glass Beads at MHz Frequencies}, volume = {148}, year = {2020}, month = {October 23}, pages = {2301-2310}, doi = {doi.org/10.1121/10.0002250}, author = {Andersen, Ove and A. E. Hay} } @mastersthesis {6964, title = {Potential for Non-Conventional Use of Split-Beam Phase Data in Bottom Detection}, volume = {Earth Sciences}, year = {2020}, month = {December}, pages = {217}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Because the safety of the navigation depends on accurate knowledge of the submerged features, any improvements in the ability to resolve those features are of major interest. Ultimately this reflects the bottom detection performance of the bathymetric measuring system (most commonly multibeam sonar) utilized. To this end, different algorithms for the detection of the seafloor or other targets have previously been developed, all presenting advantages and disadvantages. The two most common techniques are designed around time-series or angle-series analysis, although by far the most focus has been on time-series. The option of recording both amplitude and phase data of the water column permit the development and testing of new algorithms to be carried out in post-processing.

This research evaluates the use of water column data to perform bottom detection in a non-conventional way, that is, analyzing angle-series instead of time-series. The proposed algorithm is based on the Beam Deviation Indicator (BDI) method with the inclusion of phase information. It sequentially evaluates each time-slice (angle-series), applying absolute and relative threshold filters to select echo envelopes based on intensity data. Then, the phase data of each echo envelope is analyzed for zero-crossings (across beams), which are then converted into angles. Thus, time-angle pairs are obtained, defining depth measurements. Such a method, herein termed Phase Deviation Indicator (PDI), can be applied in an alternative and mainly complementary way to the currently existing methods.

Four different shallow waters seafloor relief types were investigated using an EM 2040P MkII multibeam echosounder, and collected datasets were evaluated with a focus on target or seafloor detection in many different geometries. The results obtained indicate that there are cases in which the analysis made only within a time-series, even using multi-detection features, can be xx incomplete and could be complemented by the analysis made within a beam-series (PDI). Particularly notable geometries included mast-like-objects, discontinuous surfaces or features whose lateral extent is confined mostly within a short range of incidence angles, thereby requiring multiple detections within the same beam. Such results emphasize the idea that the best detection method results from the integrated use of all available techniques.\ 

}, author = {Leonardo Gomes de Araujo} } @mastersthesis {6879, title = {Real Time Motion Planning for Path Coverage with Applications in Ocean Surveying}, volume = {Computer Science}, year = {2020}, month = {09/2020}, pages = {125}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Ocean surveying is the acquisition of acoustic data representing various features of the seafloor and the water above it, including water depth, seafloor composition, the presence of fish, and more. Historically, this was a task performed solely by manned vessels, but with advances in robotics and sensor technology, autonomous surface vehicles (ASVs) with sonar equipment are beginning to supplement and replace their more costly crewed counterparts. The popularity of these vessels calls for advances in software to control them.

In this thesis we define the problem of path coverage to represent and generalize that of ocean surveying, and propose a real-time motion planning algorithm to solve it. We prove theorems of completeness and local asymptotic optimality regarding the proposed algorithm, and evaluate it in a simulated environment. We also discover a lack of robustness in the Dubins vehicle model when applied to real-time motion planning. We implement a model-predictive controller and other components for an autonomous surveying system, and evaluate it in simulation. The system documented in this thesis takes a step towards fully autonomous ocean surveying, and proposes further extensions that get even closer to that goal.

}, author = {Alexander F. Brown} } @proceedings {6945, title = {Reducing Annotation Times: Semantic Segmentation of Coral Reef Survey Images}, year = {2020}, month = {Oct 5 - Oct 30 }, pages = {1-9}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {U.S. Gulf Coast, Biloxi, MS, USA}, doi = {doi: 10.1109/IEEECONF38699.2020.9389163}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9389163}, author = {Jordan Pierce and Yuri Rzhanov and Kim Lowell and Jennifer A. Dijkstra} } @article {6946, title = {Report on the 2018 Rapid Assessment Survey of Introduced, Cryptogenic, and Native Marine Species at New England Marinas Massachusetts to Maine}, year = {2020}, month = {July 27}, pages = {34}, institution = {Commonwealth of Massachusetts}, chapter = {Office of Coastal Zone Management}, address = {Boston, MA}, url = {https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2020/07/22/ras-2018-report-final.pdf}, author = {C. Kennedy and A.L. Pappal and C. Bastidas and J.T. Calrton and A.A. David and Jennifer A. Dijkstra and S. Duffey and J. Gibson and S.P. Grady and L. Green-Gavrielidis and L.G. Harris and N.-V. Hobbs and A. Mauk and M. McCuller and C. Neefus and B. O{\textquoteright}Brien and K. Osborne and J. Pederson and J. Robidoux and M. Tyler and K. Van Volkom} } @article {7187, title = {R/V Kilo Moana 2020 EM122 / EM710 QAT Report}, year = {2020}, url = {https://mac.unols.org/reports/2020-kilo-moana-em122em710-qat}, author = {Kevin Jerram and Paul Johnson and Vicki L Ferrini} } @article {7191, title = {R/V Neil Armstrong 2020 EM122 / EM710 Calibration Report}, year = {2020}, url = {https://mac.unols.org/reports/2019-armstrong-em122-and-em710-calibration}, author = {Kevin Jerram and Paul Johnson and Vicki L Ferrini} } @article {7181, title = {R/V Roger Revelle 2020 EM712 / EM124 SAT Report}, year = {2020}, url = {https://mac.unols.org/reports/2020-revelle-sat-em712-and-em124/}, author = {Kevin Jerram and Paul Johnson and Vicki L Ferrini} } @article {7190, title = {R/V Sikuliaq 2020 EM302 / EM710 Calibration Report}, year = {2020}, url = {https://mac.unols.org/reports/2020-sikuliaq-em302em710-calibration-report}, author = {Kevin Jerram and Paul Johnson} } @article {6937, title = {Ryder Glacier in Northwest Greenland is Shielded from Warm Atlantic Water by a Bathymetric Sill}, volume = {45}, year = {2020}, month = {November 4}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, abstract = {

The processes controlling advance and retreat of outlet glaciers in fjords draining the Greenland Ice Sheet remain poorly known, undermining assessments of their dynamics and associated sea-level rise in a warming climate. Mass loss of the Greenland Ice Sheet has increased six-fold over the last four decades, with discharge and melt from outlet glaciers comprising key components of this loss. Here we acquired oceanographic data and multibeam bathymetry in the previously uncharted Sherard Osborn Fjord in northwest Greenland where Ryder Glacier drains into the Arctic Ocean. Our data show that warmer subsurface water of Atlantic origin enters the fjord, but Ryder Glacier\’s floating tongue at its present location is partly protected from the inflow by a bathymetric sill located in the innermost fjord. This reduces under-ice melting of the glacier, providing insight into Ryder Glacier\’s dynamics and its vulnerability to inflow of Atlantic warmer water.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-00043-0}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Larry A Mayer and Johan Nilsson and Christian Stranne}, editor = {Brian R Calder and Matt O{\textquoteright}Regan and John Farell and Thomas M. Cronin and Volker Br{\"u}chert and Julek Chawarski and Bjorn Eriksson and Jonas Fredriksson and Laura Gemery and Anna Glueder and Felicity A. Holmes and Kevin Jerram and Nina Kirchner and Alan Mix and Julia Muchowski and Abhay Prakash and Brendan Reilly and Brett Thornton and Adam Ulfsbo and Elizabeth Weidner and Henning {\r A}kesson and Tamara Handl and Emelie St{\r a}hl and Lee-Gray Boze and Samuel Reed and Gabriel West and June Padman} } @article {6970, title = {Scientific Challenges and Present Capabilities in Underwater Robotic Vehicle Design and Navigation for Oceanographic Exploration Under-Ice}, volume = {12(16):2588}, year = {2020}, month = {August 11}, abstract = {

This paper reviews the scientific motivation and challenges, development, and use of underwater robotic vehicles designed for use in ice-covered waters, with special attention paid to the navigation systems employed for under-ice deployments. Scientific needs for routine access under fixed and moving ice by underwater robotic vehicles are reviewed in the contexts of geology and geophysics, biology, sea ice and climate, ice shelves, and seafloor mapping. The challenges of under-ice vehicle design and navigation are summarized. The paper reviews all known under-ice robotic vehicles and their associated navigation systems, categorizing them by vehicle type (tethered, untethered, hybrid, and glider) and by the type of ice they were designed for (fixed glacial or sea ice and moving sea ice).

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12162588}, author = {Laughlin D.L. Barker and Jakuba, Michael and Bowen, Andrew and Christopher R. German and Maksym, Ted and Larry A Mayer and Boetius, A. and Pierre Dutrieux and Whitcomb, Louis L} } @article {6783, title = {Searching for Shipwrecks in Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary}, volume = {33(1)}, year = {2020}, month = {2020}, pages = {32-33}, publisher = {The Oceanography Society}, doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2020.supplement.01}, url = {https://tos.org/oceanography/assets/docs/33-1_supplement.pdf}, author = {Stephanie Gandulla and Sarah Waters and Val Schmidt and Clint Marcus and Erin Heffron and Lindsay Gee} } @proceedings {6775, title = {Soundings Validation: Toolbox Research to Operations}, year = {2020}, month = {February 24-27}, address = {Quebec City, Quebec, Canada}, abstract = {

Charted bathymetry encompasses the cartographer\’s effort to accurately describe submarine topography based on the source information. A key factor in the selection process is that, at any location, the charted features do not give a false impression that the water depth is deeper than it actually is. Our research work focused on development of an\ automated solution for the identification of locations where this goal is violated. We present the research work from conceptualization to the development of an ArcGIS Toolbox\ named \“Sounding Validation Toolbox\” that consists of three automated tools, as well as the challenges and results in the process of making it operational with the Marine Chart Division of NOAA/Office of Coast Survey.

}, keywords = {nautical surface test; triangle test; selected soundings; automated nautical cartography; charted soundings}, doi = {10.6084/m9.figshare.12196185}, url = {https://www.conferium.com/OLM/Prg_Present.lasso?showevent=202}, author = {Christos Kastrisios and Brian R Calder and Giuseppe Masetti and Brian Martinez and Peter Holmberg} } @article {6740, title = {Standardized Geomorphic Classification of Seafloor Within the United States Atlantic Canyons and Continental Margin}, volume = {7(9)}, year = {2020}, month = {January 28}, pages = {1-9}, abstract = {

Accurate seafloor maps serve as a critical component for understanding marine\ ecosystems and guiding informed ocean management decisions. From 2004 to\ 2015, the Atlantic Ocean continental margin offshore of the United States has been\ systematically mapped using multibeam sonars. This work was done in support of\ the U.S. Extended Continental Shelf (ECS) Project and for baseline characterization of\ the Atlantic canyons, but the question remains as to the relevance of these marginwide\ data sets for conservation and management decisions pertaining to these areas.\ This study utilized an automatic segmentation approach to initially identify landform\ features from the bathymetry of the region, then translated these results into complete\ coverage geomorphology maps of the region utilizing the coastal and marine ecological\ classification standard (CMECS) to define geoforms. Abyssal flats make up more than\ half of the area (53\%), with the continental slope flat class making up another 30\% of\ the total area. Flats of any geoform class (including continental shelf flats and guyot flats)\ make up 83.06\% of the study area. Slopes of any geoform class make up a cumulative\ total of 13.26\% of the study region (8.27\% abyssal slopes, 3.73\% continental slopes, and 1.25\% seamount slopes). While ridge features comprise only 1.82\% of the total\ study area (1.03\% abyssal ridges, 0.63 continental slope ridge, and 0.16\% seamount\ ridges). Key benefits of the study\’s semi-automated approach include computational\ efficiency for large datasets, and the ability to apply the same methods to large regions\ with consistent results.

}, keywords = {Atlantic, bathymorphon, classification, coastal and marine ecological classification standard, geoform, geomorphology, geomorphometry, seafloor}, doi = {10.3389/fmars.2020.00009}, url = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00009}, author = {Derek Sowers and Giuseppe Masetti and Larry A Mayer and Paul Johnson and James V. Gardner and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @article {6966, title = {Student and Regional Chapters: The Grass Roots of the ASA}, volume = {16,4}, year = {2020}, month = {December 9}, pages = {3}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, address = {Melville, NY}, url = {https://acousticstoday.org/student-and-regional-chapters-the-grass-roots-of-the-asa-colby-w-cushing-and-elizabeth-f-weidner/}, author = {Colby W. Cushing and Elizabeth Weidner} } @inbook {6969, title = {Submarine Ridges and Submarine Elevations under the Law of the Sea Convention: A Further Look}, booktitle = {New Knowledge and Changing Circumstances in the Law of the Sea}, year = {2020}, month = {August 28}, pages = {264{\textendash}288}, publisher = {Brill Nijhoff Press}, organization = {Brill Nijhoff Press}, chapter = {13}, abstract = {

This Chapter presents a legal analysis of paragraph 6 of article 76 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. This paragraph sets forth rules for determining the outer limits of a coastal State\’s continental shelf on \“submarine ridges\” and \“submarine elevations.\” Because its provisions are complex and not clearly drafted, paragraph 6 has proven challenging to interpret and apply for both coastal States and the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf. This Chapter examines alternative interpretations of this paragraph, and suggests an interpretation that would put the Commission\’s future recommendations on firmer legal footing.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004437753_015}, author = {Kevin A. Baumert and Larry A Mayer}, editor = {Tomas Heidar} } @article {6846, title = {Subseafloor Cross-Hole Tracer Experiment Reveals Hydrologic Properties, Heterogeneities, and Reactions in Slow-Spreading Oceanic Crust}, volume = {21(1)}, year = {2020}, month = {January 7}, pages = {1-15}, publisher = {AGUpubs}, abstract = {

The permeability, connectivity, and reactivity of fluid reservoirs in oceanic crust are poorly constrained, yet these reservoirs are pathways for about a quarter of the Earth\&$\#$39;s heat loss, and seawater-rock exchange within them impact ocean chemical cycles.We present results from the second ever cross-hole tracer experiment within oceanic crust and the first conducted during a single expedition and in slow-spreading crust west of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at North Pond. Here we employed boreholes that were drilled by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (Sites U1382 and U1383) that were instrumented and sealed. A cesium salt solution and bottom seawater tracer experiment provided a measure of the minimum Darcy fluid velocity (2 to 41 m/day) within the upper volcanic crust, constraining the minimum permeability of 10\−11 to 10\−9 m2. We also document chemical heterogeneities in crustal fluid compositions, rebound from drilling disturbances, and nitrification within the basaltic crust, based on systematic differences in borehole fluid compositions over a 5-yearperiod.These results also show heterogeneous fluid compositions with depth in the borehole, indicating that hydrothermal circulation is not vigorous enoughto homogenize the fluid composition in the upper permeable basaltic basement, at least not on the time scale of 5 years. Our work verifies the potential for future manipulative experiments to characterize hydrologic, biogeochemical, and microbial process within the upper basaltic crust.

}, keywords = {Hydrothermal ciruclation, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, nitrificaiton, Ridge Flank}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GC008804}, url = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2019GC008804}, author = {Wheat, C.G. and Becker, K. and Villinger, H. and Orcutt, B.N. and Fournier, T. and Hartwell, A.M. and Paul, C.} } @article {6797, title = {Tests of Acoustic Target Strength and Bubble Dissolution Models Using a Synthetic Bubble Generator}, year = {2020}, month = {January 30}, publisher = {American Meteorological Society}, abstract = {

To test methods used for converting observations of acoustic backscatter to estimates of the volume and transport of free gas escaping the seabed, a bubble generator has been constructed and used at sea. The bubble generator creates individual bubbles of the sizes commonly associated with methane seeps, 1-5 mm radii, which can be released at pre-planned rates. The bubble generator was deployed off the coast of New Hampshire, USA, at a depth of 55 m, and acoustic backscatter between 16-24 kHz was collected from a shipboard echo sounder while transiting over the rising bubbles. Bubble sizes and compositions (either Ar or N 2 ) were known at the source. A model for bubble evolution, accounting for changes in bubble size and composition due to hydrostatic pressure and gas diffusion across the gas-liquid boundary, was coupled with an acoustic TS model to generate predictions of the acoustic backscatter from bubbles that had risen to different depths. These predictions were then compared with experimental observation. Good agreement between prediction and observation was found in most cases, with the exception of the largest (4 mm) gas bubbles at depths of 30 m or less. The exact cause of this bias is unknown, but may be due to incorrect assumptions in models for the bubble TS, rise velocity, or mass transfer rate.

}, doi = { 10.1175/JTECH-D-19-0133.1}, author = {Kevin M Rychert and Thomas C Weber} } @article {6933, title = {Tracking the Spatiotemporal Variability of the Oxic{\textendash}Anoxic Interface in the Baltic Sea with Broadband Acoustics}, year = {2020}, month = {03 November 2020}, abstract = {

Anoxic zones, regions of the water column completely devoid of dissolved oxygen, occur in open oceans and coastal zones worldwide. The Baltic Sea is characterized by strong salinity-driven stratification, maintained by occasional water inflows from the Danish Straights and freshwater input from rivers. Between inflow events, the stratification interface between surface and deep waters hinders mixing and ventilation of deep water; consequently, the bottom waters of large regions of the Baltic are anoxic. The onset of the anoxic zone is closely coincident with the depth of the halocline and, as a result, the interface between oxic and anoxic waters corresponds to a strong impedance contrast. Here, we track acoustic scattering from the impedance contrast utilizing a broadband split-beam echosounder in the Western Gotland Basin and link it to a dissolved oxygen level of 2 ml/l using ground truth stations. The broadband acoustic dataset provides the means to remotely observe the spatiotemporal variations in the oxic\–anoxic interface, map out the extent of the anoxic zone with high resolution, and identify several mechanisms influencing the vertical distribution of oxygen in the water column. The method described here can be used to study other systems with applications in ongoing oceanographic monitoring programs.

}, keywords = {anoxia, Baltic Sea, Broadband acoustics, climate change, coastal, hypoxia, stratification}, doi = {10.1093/icesjms/fsaa153}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/icesjms/advance-article/doi/10.1093/icesjms/fsaa153/5952886?guestAccessKey=a0ae8696-7215-4e71-a8c5-bbd38fbb1a77}, author = {Elizabeth Weidner and Christian Stranne and Jonas Henati Sundberg and Thomas C Weber and Larry A Mayer and Martin Jakobsson} } @article {6824, title = {Transmission Array Sidelobe Intereference in Multibeam Phase Ramps}, year = {2020}, month = {February 24-27}, pages = {Quebec City, Quebec, Canada}, author = {Jonathan Hamel and Glen A Rice and Thomas C Weber} } @article {7184, title = {USCGC Healy 2020 EM122 QAT Report}, year = {2020}, url = {https://mac.unols.org/reports/2020-healy-em122-qat-report}, author = {Kevin Jerram and Paul Johnson and Vicki L Ferrini} } @mastersthesis {7282, title = {Utilizing Extended Continental Shelf (ECS) and Ocean Exploration Mapping Data for Standardized Marine Ecological Classification of the U.S. Atlantic Margin}, volume = {Oceanography}, year = {2020}, month = {December}, pages = {172}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Accurate maps of ocean bathymetry and seafloor habitats are needed to support effective marine ecosystem-based management (EBM) approaches. The central premise of this thesis was to synthesize geomorphological elements of large regions of the deep ocean seafloor to establish standards of characterization for ecosystem-based classification. The approach was to apply semi-automated characterization techniques on seafloor bathymetric data that were originally collected for other purposes. The purpose of generating these maps is ultimately to apply to informing ecosystem-based management for large marine regions. While seafloor classification techniques for habitat classification have been applied in shallow water and generally over more local regions, these techniques have never before been applied at continental-margin scales in such deep water. Over the past decade, the United States has made a substantial investment in seafloor mapping efforts covering over 2.5 million square kilometers of the nation\’s potential extended continental shelf (ECS) regions, which extend into deep ocean areas beyond 200 nautical miles from the nation\’s shoreline. The entire potential ECS region off the U.S. Atlantic margin has been mapped by researchers at the University of New Hampshire\’s Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center (CCOM/JHC). Extensive complimentary mapping datasets collected by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\’s Office of Ocean Exploration and Research (NOAA OER) have been acquired in adjacent U.S. waters off the East Coast covering the continental slope submarine canyons region and a majority of the Blake Plateau. The focus of this thesis is on demonstrating that data gathered with the initial purpose of establishing a potential extended continental shelf claim can further be used to support EBM efforts and sound marine spatial planning. The approaches developed here could be effectively applied to ECS and ocean exploration data sets collected world-wide to leverage substantial additional value from broad-scale ocean mapping efforts. This thesis posited and tested three hypotheses: 1) Broad-scale bathymetric data of the U.S. Atlantic margin collected for ECS and deep sea exploration purposes are useful to consistently classify ecological marine units of the seafloor and generate value-added characterization maps of large regions. 2) Transparent, repeatable, and efficient semi-automated geomorphic analysis methods employing the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS) as an organizational framework produce useful habitat characterization maps of the U.S. Atlantic margin. 3) Vulnerable cold-water coral (CWC) habitats are identifiable and able to be inventoried and characterized using geomorphic analysis and CMECS classification of bathymetric data. These three research hypotheses were tested through classification and characterization studies of three distinct regions of the U.S. Atlantic margin at different scales (an individual seamount feature, the continental slope and abyssal plains, and a continental margin borderland) ranging across a diversity of marine habitats. An automatic segmentation approach to initially identify landform features from the bathymetry of these study areas was completed and then translated into CMECS classification terminology. Geomorphic terrain classification methods were applied to the continental slope and the abyssal plain of the U.S. Atlantic margin ECS region covering a 959,875 km2 area. Landform features derived from the bathymetry were then translated into complete coverage geomorphology maps of the region utilizing CMECS to define geoforms. Abyssal flats made up more than half of the area (53\%), with the continental slope flat class making up another 30\% of the total area. Flats of any geoform class (including continental shelf flats and guyot flats) made up 83.06\% of the study area. Slopes of any geoform classes make up a cumulative total of 13.26\% of the study region (8.27\% abyssal slopes, 3.73\% continental slopes, 1.25\% seamount slopes), while ridge features comprise only 1.82\% of the total study area (1.03\% abyssal ridges, 0.63 continental slope ridge, and 0.16\% seamount ridges). Using methods developed to classify the ECS dataset, bathymetric data from twenty multibeam sonar mapping surveys of the Blake Plateau region were used to derive a standardized geomorphic classification capable of quantifying cold-water coral (CWC) mound habitats. Results documented the most extensive CWC mound province thus far discovered and reported in the literature. Nearly continuous CWC mound features span an area up to 472 km long and 88 km wide, with a core area of high density mounds up to 248 km long by 35 km wide. A total of 59,760 individual peak features were delineated, providing the first estimate of the overall number of potential CWC mounds mapped in the Blake Plateau region to date. Five geomorphic landform classes were mapped and quantified: peaks (342 km2), valleys (2,883 km2), ridges (2,952 km2), slopes (15,227 km2), and flats (49,003 km2). The complex geomorphology of eight subregions was described qualitatively with geomorphic \“fingerprints\” and quantitatively by measurements of mound density and vertical relief. Ground-truth from 23 submersible dive videos revealed coral rubble to be the dominant substrate component within the peak, ridge, and slope landforms explored, thereby validating the interpretation of these bathymetric features as CWC mounds. Results indicated that the Blake Plateau supports a globally exceptional CWC mound province of heretofore unprecedented scale (at least for now) and diverse morphological complexity. This dissertation has successfully characterized the geomorphology of vast regions of the deep ocean floor off the U.S. Atlantic margin for ecosystem-based management purposes. It has applied techniques and established standards of classification that can be applied to other regions throughout the World. This latter point is critical as there are ongoing international efforts today to map the entirety of the World\&$\#$39;s oceans at meaningful scales and these techniques can synthesize this information in meaningful ways. Furthermore, the need for such syntheses is paramount in order to successful manage (conserve and preserve) the living and non-living resources of the ocean. This thesis shows a way forward for such endeavors, and emphasizes 1) the applicability of data acquired for other purposes to be applied to this purpose, and 2) the need for standards to define and describe marine habitats so that all governments, managers, biologists, geoscientists, and other ocean stakeholders communicate using the same language.

}, url = {https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/2556}, author = {Derek Sowers} } @article {6908, title = {The World of S-100: Data Standards for Navigation Systems and Beyond}, year = {2020}, month = {January 12-16}, pages = {Boston, MA}, author = {Powell, Julia and Greenlaw, Jason and Kurt Hess and Erin Nagel and Gregory Seroka and Neil Weston and John G Kelley} } @mastersthesis {7289, title = {Acoustic Detection and Quantification of Crude Oil}, volume = {Oceanography}, year = {2019}, month = {May}, pages = {151}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

The fate and transport of oil droplets from natural and anthropogenic sources is key to understanding the impact of spills and the resilience of marine communities. Without knowledge of natural background levels, it is difficult to determine the response of the marine environment to large influxes of oil. Current estimates of global flux of oil from natural seeps varies by an order of magnitude, and the wide range of estimates is due in part to the lack of sufficient in-situ quantification techniques for oil droplets in the water column. This work is focused on the feasibility of employing broadband acoustics to address this gap by developing a better understanding of the interaction between sound generated by broadband acoustics and oil droplets in the ocean. The dissertation is organized into three experiments, each written into a manuscript for peer-reviewed publication. The first addresses the paucity of data at oceanographically-relevant pressures and temperatures regarding the physical properties of crude oil that impact acoustic scattering. The acoustic impedance of four crude oils was measured under oceanographic conditions using a sound speed chamber designed and constructed for this experiment. Measurements showed significant deviations from an often-used empirical model and a new empirical model was developed. The results of the first experiment were used in the analysis of the second study. High frequency broadband acoustic backscatter was recorded from droplets of three different crude oils of varying size and shape and compared to three scattering models for fluid targets. The results highlighted the importance of droplet shape (i.e., deviations from a perfect sphere) in acoustic backscatter observations of crude oil droplets. The first two experiments were used to inform the analysis of the third experiment. Broadband acoustics along with ADCP measurements were used to determine flux at an anthropogenic seafloor release of oil and gas. Results of this thesis indicate that broadband acoustics are capable of quantifying oil droplets and oil flux.

}, url = {https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/2456}, author = {Loranger, Scott} } @article {6722, title = {Acoustic Documentation of Temperate Odontocetes in the Bering and Chukchi Seas}, volume = {35}, year = {2019}, month = {July}, pages = {1099-1111}, publisher = {Society for Marine Mammalogy}, doi = {DOI: 10.1111/mms.12577}, author = {Kerri D Seger and Jennifer Miksis-Olds} } @mastersthesis {7287, title = {Acoustic Methods for Mapping and Characterizing Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Using a Multibeam Echosounder}, volume = {Earth and Environmental Science}, year = {2019}, month = {December}, pages = {253}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) is an important component of many temperate global coastal ecosystems. SAV monitoring programs using optical remote sensing are limited by water clarity and attenuation with depth. Here underwater acoustics is used to analyze the water volume above the bottom to detect, map and characterize SAV. In particular, this dissertation developed and applied new methods for analyzing the full time series of acoustic intensity data (e.g., water column data) collected by a multibeam echosounder. This dissertation is composed of three separate but related studies. In the first study, novel methods for detecting and measuring the canopy height of eelgrass beds are developed and used to map eelgrass in a range of different environments throughout the Great Bay Estuary, New Hampshire, and Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts. The results of this study validated these methods by showing agreement between boundaries of eelgrass beds in acoustic and aerial datasets more in shallow water than at the deeper edges, where the acoustics were able to detect eelgrass more easily and at lower densities. In the second study, the methods developed for measuring canopy height in the first study are used to delineate between kelp-dominated and non-kelp-dominated habitat at several shallow rocky subtidal sites on the Maine and New Hampshire coast. The kelp detection abilities of these methods are first tested and confirmed at a pilot site with detailed diver quadrat macroalgae data, and then these methods are used to successfully extrapolate kelp- and non-kelp-dominated percent coverages derived from video photomosaic data. The third study examines the variability of the acoustic signature and acoustically-derived canopy height under different tidal currents. Submerged aquatic canopies are known to bend to accommodate the drag they generate in response to hydrodynamic forcing, and, in turn, the canopy height measured by acoustics will not be a perfect representation of canopy height as defined by common seagrass monitoring protocols, which is usually measured as the length of the blade of seagrass. Additionally, the bending of the canopy affects how the blades of seagrass are distributed within the footprint of the sonar, changing the acoustic signature of the seagrass canopy. For this study, a multibeam echosounder, a current profiler and an HD video camera were deployed on a stationary frame in a single eelgrass bed over 2 tidal cycles. Acoustic canopy heights varied by as much as 30 cm over the experiment, and although acoustic canopy height was correlated to current magnitude, the relationship did not follow the predictive flexible vegetation reconfiguration model of Luhar and Nepf (2011). Results indicate that there are significant differences in the shape of the return from a deflected (i.e., bent-over) canopy and an upright canopy, and that these differences in shape have implications for the accuracy of bottom detection using the maximum amplitude of a beam time series. These three studies clearly show the potential for using multibeam water column backscatter data for mapping coastal submerged aquatic vegetation while also testing the natural variability in acoustic canopy height measurements in the field.

}, url = {https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/2494}, author = {Ashley R Norton} } @article {6703, title = {Adding Value to Broad-Scale Ocean Exploration Mapping Data Through Standardized Geomorphic Classification and Backscatter Data Analysis}, year = {2019}, month = {December 9-13}, pages = {San Francisco, CA}, abstract = {

Accurate maps of ocean bathymetry and seafloor habitats serve as a fundamental basis for understanding marine ecosystems and guiding marine spatial planning efforts. From 2004-2015, a vast region of the Atlantic Ocean continental margin offshore of the United States has been systematically mapped using multibeam sonars in support of the U.S. Extended Continental Shelf (ECS) Project and for baseline characterization of the Atlantic canyons. Now that these high cost and high quality datasets have been collected, there is a rich opportunity to further analyze and interpret these data to generate value-added spatial datasets on seafloor geomorphology, substrate, and potential habitat suitability for deep sea biota. This study presents a methodology to generate geomorphology and predicted substrate spatial datasets using semi-automated classification methods that are transparent and repeatable, and utilizing a standardized classification scheme (the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard - CMECS). \ The approach developed through this work provides a model of how to consistently classify seafloor attributes using CMECS as an organizing framework across large potential regions nationally or globally.

This study utilized an automatic segmentation approach to identify landform features from the bathymetry of the region, then translated these results into complete coverage geomorphology (CMECS geoform component) maps of the region. Results provide a characterization of the marine landscape that serves as an inventory of the cumulative area and abundance of geoforms and the spatial relationships among them. Geoform summary statistics were calculated over the study region to quantify the area of each geoform type. These analyses represent a first step in identifying regions of consistent morphology within which the consistency of the backscatter can then be determined. Detailed analysis of the backscatter response for insights into predicted substrate types within the region represents the next phase of the study, and preliminary results will be presented. Key benefits of the study\’s semi-automated approach include computational efficiency for large datasets, and the ability to apply the same methods to large regions with consistent results.

}, author = {Derek Sowers and Giuseppe Masetti and Larry A Mayer and Paul Johnson and James V. Gardner and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @mastersthesis {6732, title = {Analysis of the Radiated Soundfield of a Deep Water Multibeam Echosounder Using a Submerged Navy Hydrophone Array}, volume = {Ocean Engineering/Ocean Mapping}, year = {2019}, month = {May}, pages = {128}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Multibeam echosounders (MBES) are sonar systems used to gather geophysical\ information from the seafloor and water column. At high frequencies (\>100 kHz), MBES can be\ calibrated for their ensonification patterns. However, deep-water MBES feature long transmit\ arrays and varying geometries that make calibration difficult. In addition, modern MBES systems\ have high source levels, broad bandwidths and long pulses that can potentially impact the local\ soundscape. The goals of this study were to experimentally characterize the radiated sound field\ of deep-water MBES. A MBES survey was conducted using a 12 kHz Kongsberg EM122 MBES\ on the SCORE range, a US Navy broadband hydrophone array off the coast of San Clemente\ Island. The hydrophone data were analyzed and the radiation pattern was determined and\ compared to theoretical models of the transmit patterns. The analysis identified a limitation with\ the hydrophones that prevented the full characterization of the MBES radiation pattern. Despite\ the limitation, the full transmit radiation pattern revealed the presence of unexpected lobe-like\ structures in the alongship direction that are atypical of model transmit patterns. The discovery of\ these lobes may have an impact on backscatter measurements and is directly applicable to impact\ assessment

}, url = {https://unh.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/2273838102?accountid=14612}, author = {Michael Smith} } @article {6604, title = {Assessing the Stability of New Hampshire Beaches: Research Involving the University of New Hampshire, New Hampshire State Agencies, and Citizen Scientists}, year = {2019}, month = {July 14}, pages = {Kittery, ME}, abstract = {

The stability of New Hampshire (NH) beaches in terms of long-term erosion or accretion has not been well documented. To address this gap, studies were initiated by the University of New Hampshire (UNH), New Hampshire Coastal Program (NHCP), and New Hampshire Geological Survey (NHGS) starting in 2015 along the NH coast to provide an understanding of seasonal changes, the impacts of storms, and sediment composition. However, a major gap in this effort is a long-term monitoring program of multiple beaches documenting erosion and accretion trends. To address this need, UNH, NHCP, and NHGS partnered to develop a volunteer beach profile monitoring program (VBPMP) in 2016. Over the last three years the VBPMP had grown to monitoring thirteen stations at six NH beaches. The beach profiles are monitored by citizen volunteers at monthly intervals over the year and periodically after major storms. The goal is to develop a database to aid coastal management decisions at local, state, and federal levels. This presentation will provide an overview of the studies of the NH beaches, emphasizing results from the VBPMP.

}, keywords = {beach erosion, citizen science, coastal management}, url = {https://seagrant.umaine.edu/extension/the-beaches-conference/}, author = {Larry G Ward} } @article {6792, title = {Bathymetric Properties of the Baltic Sea}, volume = {15(4)}, year = {2019}, month = {July 16}, pages = {905-924}, abstract = {

Marine science and engineering commonly require reliable information about seafloor depth (bathymetry), e.g. for studies of ocean circulation, bottom habitats, fishing resources, sediment transport, geohazards and site selection for platforms and cables. Baltic Sea bathymetric properties are analysed here using the using the newly released Digital Bathymetric Model (DBM) by the European Marine Observation and Data Network (EMODnet). The analyses include hypsometry, volume, descriptive depth statistics, and km-scale seafloor ruggedness, i.e. terrain heterogeneity, for the Baltic Sea as a whole as well as for 17 sub-basins defined by the Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission (HELCOM). We compare the new EMODnet DBM with IOWTOPO, the previously most widely used DBM of the Baltic Sea which has served as the primary gridded bathymetric resource in physical and environmental studies for nearly two decades. The area of deep water exchange between the Bothnian Sea and the Northern Baltic Proper across the \Åland Sea is specifically analysed in terms of depths and locations of critical bathymetric sills. The EMODnet DBM provides a bathymetric sill depth of 88 m at the northern side of the \Åland Sea and 60 m at the southern side, differing from previously identified sill depths of 100 and 70 m respectively. High-resolution multibeam bathymetry acquired from this deep water exchange path, where vigorous bottom currents interacted with the seafloor, allows us to assess what we are missing in presently available DBMs in terms of physical characterisation and our ability to then interpret seafloor processes and highlights the need for continued work towards complete high-resolution mapping of the Baltic Sea seafloor.

}, doi = {10.5194/os-2019-18}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Christian Stranne and Matt O{\textquoteright}Regan and Sarah Greenwood and Bo Gustafsson and Christoph Humborg and Elizabeth Weidner} } @inbook {6785, title = {Bathymetry}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences}, year = {2019}, month = {March 19}, pages = {45-52}, publisher = {Elsevier}, organization = {Elsevier}, edition = {3rd}, abstract = {

Bathymetry, the mapping of the shape of the seafloor, is fundamental to many activities in the ocean. Uncertainty and resolution vary greatly within and between bathymetric maps and grids due to the sparse and irregular distribution of acoustic measurements and the low resolution of satellite data. There is promise of great improvements over the next few years from both new instrument platforms and increased international cooperation and sharing of data. This section describes how bathymetry maps are made and provides guidance on their use.

}, author = {Monahan, Dave}, editor = {J. Kirk Cochran and Henry Bokuniewicz and Patricia Yager} } @article {6802, title = {Broadband Acoustic Scattering from Oblate Hydrocarbon Droplets}, volume = {146(2)}, year = {2019}, month = {August 15}, pages = {1176-1188}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, abstract = {

Improved in situ quantification of oil in the marine environment is critical for informing models of fate and transport and evaluating the resiliency of marine communities to oil spills. Broadband acoustic backscatter has been used to quantify a variety of targets in the water column; from fish and planktonic organisms to gas bubbles and oceanic microstructure, and shows promise for use in quantifying oil droplets. Quantifying water column targets with broadband acoustic backscatter relies on accurate models of a target\&$\#$39;s frequency dependent target strength (TS), a function of the target\&$\#$39;s acoustic impedance, shape, and size. Previous acoustic quantification of oil droplets has assumed that droplets were spheres. In this study, broadband (100.5\–422 kHz) acoustic backscatter from individual oil droplets was measured, and the frequency dependent TS compared to a model of acoustic scattering from fluid spheres and two models for more complex shapes. Droplets of three different crude oils, two medium oils, and one heavy oil were quantified and all droplets were oblate spheroids. The impact of the deviation from sphericity on the accuracy of each model was determined. If an inversion of the model for spherical droplets was used to estimate flux from acoustic observations, errors in the predicted volume of a droplet were between 30\% and 50\%. The heavy oil also showed deviations in predicted volume of 20\%\–40\% when using the two models for more complex shapes.

}, doi = {10.1121/1.5121699}, author = {Loranger, Scott and Pedersen, Geir and Thomas C Weber} } @article {6719, title = {Comparison of Estimated 20-Hz Pulse Fin Whale Source Levels from the Tropical Pacific and Eastern North Atlantic Oceans to Other Recorded Populations}, volume = {146}, year = {2019}, month = {October}, pages = {2373-2384}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, abstract = {

Passive acoustic monitoring, mitigation, animal density estimation, and comprehensive understanding of the impact of sound on marine animals all require accurate information on vocalization source level to be most effective. This study focused on examining the uncertainty related to passive sonar equation terms that ultimately contribute to the variability observed in estimated source levels of fin whale calls. Differences in hardware configuration, signal detection methods, sample size, location, and time were considered in interpreting the variability of estimated fin whale source levels. Data from Wake Island in the Pacific Ocean and off Portugal in the Atlantic Ocean provided the opportunity to generate large datasets of estimated source levels to better understand sources of uncertainty leading to the observed variability with and across years. Average seasonal source levels from the Wake Island dataset ranged from 175 to 188dB re 1lPam, while the 2007\–2008 seasonal average detected off Portugal was 189dB re 1lPam. Owing to the large inherent variability within and across this and other studies that potentially masks true differences between populations, there is no evidence to conclude that the source level of 20-Hz fin whale calls are regionally or population specific.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1121/1.5126692}, author = {Jennifer Miksis-Olds and Danielle V Harris and Kevin Heaney} } @article {6625, title = {Contributing to Global Seabed Mapping Initiatives: Nautilus Maps Remote Pacific Areas}, volume = {32(1)}, year = {2019}, month = {March}, pages = {38-39}, publisher = {The Oceanography Society}, abstract = {

Between August and October 2018, E/V Nautilus moved\ from the west coast of North America to the Hawaiian\ Islands, with expeditions to Lo\‘ihi Seamount and the\ Papah{\={a}}naumoku{\={a}}kea Marine National Monument. The\ transit across the North Pacific Ocean provided the opportunity to fill in gaps in seabed mapping coverage, add\ data for the US Extended Continental Shelf (ECS) Project,\ and map the lava ocean entry sites from the 2018 eruption of Kilauea Volcano. Nautilus also completed targeted\ mapping of seamounts and mapped a section of the Area\ of Particular Environmental Interest One (APEI-1) in the\ Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCFZ) designated by the\ International Seabed Authority (ISA).\ 

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2019.supplement.01}, url = {http://tos.org/oceanography/assets/docs/32-1_supplement.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0F2Vvb96e-GHS8GGGbESuK8qoPSHu76O0FlLAKb65smE_OJ8xyNCyUPaU}, author = {Lindsay Gee and Erin Heffron and Nicole A Raineault and Turchik, Alan and Mittelstaedt, Eric and Hourigan, Thomas and Cormier, Marie H} } @article {6727, title = {Daily Bathymetric Surveys Document How Stratigraphy is Built and Its Extreme Incompleteness in Submarine Channels}, volume = {515}, year = {2019}, month = {June 1}, pages = {231-247}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {

Turbidity currents are powerful flows of sediment that pose a hazard to critical seafloor infrastructure and transport globally important amounts of sediment to the deep sea. Due to challenges of direct monitoring, we typically rely on their deposits to reconstruct past turbidity currents. Understanding these flows is complicated because successive flows can rework or erase previous deposits. Hence, depositional environments dominated by turbidity currents, such as submarine channels, only partially record their deposits. But precisely how incomplete these deposits are, is unclear. Here we use the most extensive repeat bathymetric mapping yet of any turbidity current system, to reveal the stratigraphic evolution of three submarine channels. We re-analyze 93 daily repeat surveys performed over four months at the Squamish submarine delta, British Columbia in 2011, during which time \>100 turbidity currents were monitored. Turbidity currents deposit and rework sediments into upstream-migrating bedforms, ensuring low rates of preservation (median 11\%), even on the terminal lobes. Large delta-lip collapses (up to 150,000 m3) are relatively well preserved, however, due to their rapidly emplaced volumes, which shield underlying channel deposits from erosion over the surveyed timescale. The biggest gaps in the depositional record relate to infrequent powerful flows that cause significant erosion, particularly at the channel-lobe transition zone where no deposits during our monitoring period are preserved. Our analysis of repeat surveys demonstrates how incomplete the stratigraphy of submarine channels can be, even over just 4 months, and provides a new approach to better understand how the stratigraphic record is built and preserved in a wider range of marine settings.

}, keywords = {channel-lobe transition zone, crescentic bedform, stratigraphic completeness, submarine channel, submarine landslide, turbidity current}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2019.03.033}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X19301815}, author = {D. Vendettuoli and M.A. Clare and John E. Hughes Clarke and A. Vellinga and J. Hizzet and S. Hage and Matthieu J.B. Cartigny and P.J. Talling and D. Waltham and S.M. Hubbard and C.D. Stacey and D.G. Lintern} } @article {6836, title = {Danger to Navigation Report - 2019 Summer Hydrographic Field Course CCOM-UNH}, year = {2019}, month = {June}, pages = {46}, institution = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping / Joint Hydrographic Center}, address = {Durham, NH}, author = {Semme J Dijkstra} } @article {6837, title = {Data Acquisition and Processing Report - Summer Hydro 2019}, year = {2019}, month = {June}, pages = {32}, institution = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping / Joint Hydrographic Center}, address = {Durham, NH}, author = {Semme J Dijkstra} } @proceedings {6907, title = {Data Standards for Navigation Systems and Beyond {\textendash} The World of S-100}, year = {2019}, month = {March 19-21}, publisher = {Hydrographic Society of America}, address = {Biloxi, MS}, author = {Powell, Julia and Albert Armstrong and Yong Baek and David Brazier and Kurt Hess and Joseph Philips and Gregory Seroka and Neil Weston} } @article {6838, title = {Descriptive Report - Summer Hydro 2019}, year = {2019}, month = {June}, pages = {45}, institution = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping / Joint Hydrographic Center}, address = {Durham, NH}, author = {Semme J Dijkstra} } @mastersthesis {6733, title = {Development and Experimental Validation of End-Fire Synthetic Aperture Sonar for Sediment Scattering Studies}, volume = {Oceanography}, year = {2019}, month = {March}, pages = {100}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Seafloor sediment acoustic returns are comprised of scattering from both the sediment-water interface and the sediment volume. At low-frequencies, volume scattering is often the dominant mechanism; however, direct measurements of this component have rarely been made, owing to the large beamwidths typically associated with low-frequencies. When beamwidths are large, the sediment interface and volume returns arrive at the same time, causing estimates of volume scattering to become biased by the interface scattering. End-Fire Synthetic Aperture Sonar (EF-SAS) can achieve narrower beamwidths by coherently combining multiple acoustic returns as a vertically oriented transmitter and/or receiver is moved towards the seafloor. A beampattern model developed for EF-SAS suggests EF-SAS processing can reduce the beamwidth of a sonar by a factor of five with an array length of 100 wavelengths. In this thesis, EF-SAS processing methods were developed and the resulting gains were experimentally verified through a motion-controlled EF-SAS field trial. Experimental tests indicate that EF-SAS gains can be accurately predicted using the EF-SAS beampattern model. Analysis of the data demonstrates the ability of EF-SAS to reduce interface scattering. EF-SAS can produce a variety of data products relevant to seafloor characterization, including: the angular response of interface and volume scattering, the sediment reflection coefficient, and the sediment attenuation coefficient. This thesis concludes with recommendations for the development of a specialized EF-SAS tool, and an analysis of its applications.

}, doi = {https://unh.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/2270137965?accountid=14612}, author = {S.M. Steele} } @article {6725, title = {Direct Monitoring Reveals Initiation of Turbidity Currents From Extremely Dilute River Plumes}, volume = {46(20)}, year = {2019}, month = {28 October}, pages = {11310-11320}, abstract = {

Rivers (on land) and turbidity currents (in the ocean) are the most important sediment transport processes on Earth. Yet how rivers generate turbidity currents as they enter the coastal ocean remains poorly understood. The current paradigm, based on laboratory experiments, is that turbidity currents are triggered when river plumes exceed a threshold sediment concentration of ~1 kg/m3. Here we present direct observations of an exceptionally dilute river plume, with sediment concentrations 1 order of magnitude below this threshold (0.07 kg/m3), which generated a fast (1.5 m/s), erosive, short-lived (6 min) turbidity current. However, no turbidity current occurred during subsequent river plumes. We infer that turbidity currents are generated when fine sediment, accumulating in a tidal turbidity maximum, is released during spring tide. This means that very dilute river plumes can generate turbidity currents more frequently and in a wider range of locations than previously thought.

}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL084526}, author = {S. Hage and Matthieu J.B. Cartigny and Sumner, E. and M.A. Clare and John E. Hughes Clarke and P.J. Talling and Lintern, G. and Simmons, S. and Jacinto, R. and A. Vellinga and Allin, J. and Azpiroz-Zabala, M. and Gales, J. and Hizzett, J. and Hunt, J. and Mozzato, A. and Parsons, D. and Pope, E. and C.D. Stacey and Symons, W. and Vardy, M. and C. Watts} } @article {6803, title = {Echoes from the Ocean{\textquoteright}s Interior: High-Frequency Observations of Ocean Phenomena}, volume = {145(3)}, year = {2019}, month = {April 23}, pages = {1653-1653}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, abstract = {

Recent technological advances in high-frequency (\>10 kHz) sonar transducers, sonar transceivers, and sonar design have been accompanied by increased capabilities for observing ocean phenomena. These advances include the high range resolution and frequency-domain target classification capabilities associated with wideband acoustic echo sounders, the long-range high-resolution synoptic imaging capabilities associated with multibeam echo sounders and synthetic aperture sonar, and an increased focus on sensor calibration for all systems. High-frequency sonars are increasingly being used to quantify ocean phenomena at scales ranging from sub-centimeter (e.g., individual gas bubbles) to 100s of km (e.g., internal waves) to several 10s of km (e.g., thermohaline staircases). In this talk, we highlight some of the ocean processes that we have been investigating using high-frequency sonar systems, typically involving the transport of hydrocarbons, heat, energy, and fresh water into and through the ocean, and some of the (many) acoustic challenges that must be overcome to continue to increase the value of these observations.

}, doi = {10.1121/1.5101062}, author = {Thomas C Weber and Larry A Mayer and Anthony P. Lyons and Loranger, Scott and Alexandra M Padilla and Elizabeth Weidner} } @proceedings {6547, title = {On the Effective Validation of Charted Soundings and Depth Curves}, year = {2019}, month = {March 18-21}, address = {Biloxi, MS}, abstract = {

Depth curves and charted soundings are two structural components of nautical charts, both derived from a more detailed dataset through generalization. Once depth curves are generated, the cartographer makes a selection of soundings that complements the depth curves and other features carrying bathymetric information in the adequate representation of the seabed morphology at the scale of the product. The selection of charted soundings \– which is currently either performed fully manually, or partially manually using a computer-assisted solution \– must meet the safety constraint, i.e., that no source sounding exists that is shoaler than what the mariner would expect by mentally interpolating the charted bathymetric information. According to International Hydrographic Organization S-4 publication, for well-surveyed areas that is achieved through the \“triangular method of selection\” and consists of two tests: the Triangle Test and the Edge Test. There are currently no fully automated solutions, so, with the ultimate goal of supporting \“cartography at point of use\”, we consider the problem of automating the validation of shoal-selected soundings. We discuss an implementation of the triangle test with improved performance near linear features, the first automated implementation of the edge test, and that the edge test may identify shoals that the triangle test fails to detect, confirming its significance in the validation process. We demonstrate an \“intrinsic\” limitation of the two tests that makes infeasible a fully automated solution based solely on the two tests. Finally, to overcome the intrinsic limitation, we propose a new validation test, named Nautical Surface Test, that captures the local morphology at the appropriate charting resolution as the solution for the automated validation of the charted bathymetric information.

}, keywords = {Analytical cartography, Computer cartography, Data Generalization, Delaunay Triangulation, depth interpolation, Nautical cartography, nautical surface test, Sounding Selection}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.18705.89440}, author = {Christos Kastrisios and Brian R Calder and Giuseppe Masetti and Peter Holmberg} } @article {6649, title = {Estimation of Environmental Parameters with Machine Learning Using a Compact Tetrahedral Array and Sources of Opportunity}, volume = {145(3)}, year = {2019}, month = {April 23}, pages = {1671-1671}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, abstract = {

In a previous paper, we showed that we could localize sound sources using a compact tetrahedral hydrophone array in a continental shelf environment south of Block Island, Rhode Island. The tetrahedral array of phones, 0.5 m on a side, was deployed to monitor the construction and operation of the first offshore wind farm in the United States. Directions of arrival (DOAs) for a number of ships were computed using a time difference of arrival technique. Given the DOAs, ranges are estimated using supervised machine learning techniques. Here, we extend this work to estimate a number of environmental parameters including water depth and sediment composition. Training sets of range-dependent ocean waveguides and sediment sound speeds were generated using a propagation model for a neural network. Data from the tetrahedral array were processed by the neural network, which provided estimates of the water depth and sediment parameters such as sound speed and density. These estimates are compared to bathymetric data and core data collected as part of the site characterization for the wind farm. [Work supported by the Office of Naval Research and the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management.]

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1121/1.5101133}, author = {Moore, Jesse T. and Miller, J H and Potty, Gopu R. and Aditi Tripathy and Tazawa, M. and Jennifer Amaral and Newhall, Arthur E. and Ying-Tsong Lin} } @mastersthesis {6965, title = {Estimation of Measurement Uncertainty of Seafloor Acoustic Backscatter}, volume = {Earth and Environmental Sciences}, year = {2019}, month = {December}, pages = {189}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

In the last three decades, Multibeam echo sounders (MBES) have become the tool of choice to study the seafloor. MBES collects two distinct types of data: bathymetry that provides topographic details of the seafloor and backscatter that has the potential to characterize the seafloor. While the uncertainty associated with MBE bathymetry has been well studied, the uncertainty in MBES backscatter measurement has received relatively little attention, hindering the improvements in quantitative analysis of backscatter data. Both acquisition and processing stages can introduce uncertainty in the final seafloor backscatter products. Application of well-established uncertainty quantification principles to seafloor backscatter data is challenging for several reasons: the uncertainty sources are not well known, they vary on a case-by-case basis, and standards do not exist for acquisition and processing. This dissertation focuses on assessing uncertainty in backscatter measurements and is comprised of four separate but related studiesthat identify and address the challenges of uncertainty quantification of backscatter measurements. The first study (Lucieer et al., 2018) which is presented as background, describes an end users\’ survey identifying key uses and challenges of backscatter data acquisition and processing. The study identified that consistency and repeatability of backscatter measurements is a major constraint in the use and re-use of backscatter. The second study (Malik et al., 2018), identified the sources of uncertainty and categorized them as significant or insignificant based on various use cases. The most significant sources of uncertainty were found to be inherent statistical fluctuations in the backscatter measurement, calibration uncertainty, seafloor slope and water column absorption estimation. While calibration uncertainty remains the main issue in advancing the quantitative use of the backscatter, the other sources were also shown to cause large uncertainties. These include non-standardized methods used to account for xxiv seafloor slope and absorption, and data interpretation errors due to missing background information about the processing procedures. With a comprehensive list of uncertainty sources established, two uncertainty sources, seafloor slope and processing errors, were examined further in the third (Malik, 2019) and the fourth (Malik et al., submitted) study respectively. Seafloor slope corrections are important to correct for both the area insonified and the incidence angle. Both of these corrections are adversely affected if seafloor slope corrections are not applied. Even in cases where the seafloor slope is used, further uncertainty can occur if the highest resolution bathymetry is not used. The results from this study showed that for the purpose of accurate slope corrections, the spatial scale of backscatter data should be selected based on the best available bathymetry. The majority of end users depend on third-party software solutions to process the backscatter data. The fourth study evaluated the output of three commonly used software packages after inputting the same data set and found that there were significant differences in the outputs. This issue was addressed by working closely with software developers to explore options to make the processing chain more transparent. Two intermediate processing stages were proposed and implemented in three commonly used software tools. However, due to proprietary restrictions, it was not possible to know the full details of the software processing packages. Differing outputs likely result, in part, from the different approaches used by the various software packages to read the raw data. Quality assessment and uncertainty quantification of MBES backscatter measurements is still at an early stage and further work is required to develop data acquisition and processing standards to improve consistency in the backscatter acquisition and processing.\ 

}, author = {Mashkoor A Malik} } @article {6712, title = {E/V Nautilus: Seafloor Exploration and Mapping in the National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa}, year = {2019}, month = {December 8-13}, publisher = {American Geophysical Union }, address = {San Francisco, CA}, keywords = {ASVi, Ocean exploration}, author = {Renato Kane and Lindsay Gee and Chris Roman and Val Schmidt and Mareike Sudek and Hanae Spathias and Georgia Coward and Nicole A Raineault} } @article {6826, title = {Evolving Arctic Bathymetry: The International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO) Version 4.0 Compiled Under the Auspices of the Nippon Foundation-GEBCO-Seabed 2030 Project}, year = {2019}, month = {December 9-13}, pages = {San Francisco, CA}, abstract = {

The International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO) project was initiated in 1997 to meet the need for up-to-date digital portrayals of the Arctic Ocean seafloor. The original international effort assembled all available Arctic bathymetric data and gridded them using a continuous curvature spline under tension at a resolution of 2.5 x 2.5 km to produce a Digital Bathymetric Model (DBM). The resulting DBM, compiled on a Polar Stereographic Projection, was unprecedented in its ability to depict the complexities of Arctic bathymetry and has provided the geospatial context for countless scientific studies. Since the initial IBCAO DBM (Ver. 1.0), two more versions have been published. Ver. 2.0, at 2 x 2 km resolution and Ver. 3 with 500 x 500 m resolution. In all cases, many data sources including multi- and single-beam bathymetry as well as contours and soundings digitized from depth charts were incorporated following the concept developed for IBCAO Ver. 1, where direct depth observations get the highest priority and digitized contours the lowest. Recently the IBCAO project has merged its efforts with the Nippon Foundation-GEBCO-Seabed 2030 Project, an international effort whose goal it is to see the entire world ocean mapped by 2030. Working under the auspices of the Seabed 2030 program (but maintaining the its well-recognized identity) we now introduce IBCAO Ver. 4, compiled using a refined gridding algorithm compared to previous versions and with nearly three times more area of the Arctic Ocean constrained by bathymetric data relative to Ver. 3.0. In preparation for the eventual production of a multi-resolution grid that changes resolution with water depth to reflect achievable resolution from surface vessels, Ver. 4 has been created at a 100\×100 m grid spacing, using a pyramidal scheme of assembling the data considering its native resolution. This results in a degree of oversampling where the native resolution does not justify a 100 m grid, but in those regions where this resolution is achievable (e.g. depths less than say 1500-2000 m) the higher resolution allows analyses and regional uses that previously were not possible, including the depiction of megascale glacial lineations, large pock-marks and the dynamics of newly discovered Arctic submarine channels.

}, url = {https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm19/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/575093}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Larry A Mayer} } @article {6798, title = {External and Internal Grouping Characteristics of Juvenile Walleye Pollock in the Eastern Bering Sea}, volume = {32}, year = {2019}, month = {August 26}, publisher = {EDP Sciences}, abstract = {

Size and shape patterns of fish groups are collective outcomes of interactions among members. Consequently, group-level patterns are often affected when any member responds to changes in their internal state, external state, and environment. To determine how groups of fish respond to components of their physical and ecological environment, and whether the response is influenced by a component of their external state (i.e., fish age), we used a multibeam system to collect three-dimensional grouping characteristics of 5 age categories of juvenile walleye pollock (age 1, age 2, age 3, mixed ages 1 and 2, and mixed ages 2 and 3) across the eastern Bering Sea shelf over two consecutive years (2009\–2010). Grouping data were expressed as metrics that described group size (length, height), shape (roundness, spread), internal structure (density, internal heterogeneity), and position (depth, distance above bottom). Physical data (water temperature measurements) were collected with temperature-depth probes, and ecological data (densities of predators and prey \− adult walleye pollock and euphausiids, respectively) were collected with an EK60 vertical echosounder. Juvenile pollock maintained a relatively constant shape, size-dependent density (number fish/mean body length3), and internal horizontal heterogeneity among age categories and in the presence of predators and prey. There were changes to group structure in the face of local physical forcing. Groups tended to move towards the seafloor when bottom waters became warmer, and groups became vertically shorter, denser, and had more variation in horizontal internal density as group depth increased. These results are explored in relation to the value and limitations of using multibeam data to describe how external and internal group structure map onto environmental influences.

}, keywords = {fish groups, predator, prey, Walleye pollock}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1051/alr/2019016}, author = {Stienessen, Sarah C and Christopher D Wilson and Thomas C Weber and Parrish, Julia K} } @article {6781, title = {Gas Bubble Forensics Team Surveils the New Zealand Ocean}, volume = {100}, year = {2019}, month = {September 26}, publisher = {EOS}, abstract = {

An international research group recorded the acoustic signatures of gas bubbles rising from a hydrothermal vent field to gather clues about greenhouse gases escaping into the atmosphere.

}, doi = {10.1029/2019EO133649}, url = {https://eos.org/science-updates/gas-bubble-forensics-team-surveils-the-new-zealand-ocean}, author = {Geoffroy Lamarche and Yves Le Gonidec and Vanessa Lucieer and Yoann Ladroit and Thomas C Weber and Arnaud Gaillot and Erin Heffron and Sally Watson and Arne Pallentin} } @article {6847, title = {Geology and Fluid Discharge at Dorado Outcrop, a Low Temperature Ridge-Flank Hydrothermal System}, volume = {20(1)}, year = {2019}, month = {January 12}, pages = {487-504}, publisher = {AGUPubs}, abstract = {

Two expeditions to Dorado Outcrop on the eastern flank of the East Pacific Rise and west of the Middle America Trench collected images, video, rocks, and sediment samples and measured temperature and fluid discharge rates to document the physical and biogeochemical characteristics of a regional, low-temperature (~15 \°C) hydrothermal system. Analysis of video and images identified lava morphologies: pillow, lobate, and sheet flows. Glasses from collected lavas were consistent with an off-axis formation. Hydrothermal discharge generally occurs through pillow lavas but is patchy, sporadic, and sometimes ceases at particular sites of discharge. Yearlong temperature measurements at five of these discharge sites show daily ranges that oscillate with tidal frequencies by 6 \°C or more. Instantaneous fluid discharge rates (0.16 to 0.19 L/s) were determined resulting in a calculated discharge of ~200 L/s when integrated over the area defined by the most robust fluid discharge. Such discharge has a power output of 10\–12 MW. Hydrothermal seepage through thin sediment adjacent to the outcrop accounts for \<3\% of this discharge, but seepage may support an oxic sediment column. High extractable Mn concentrations and depleted \δ\¹\³C in the low but variable organic solid phase suggest that hydrothermal fluids provide a source for manganese accumulation and likely enhance the oxidation of organic carbon. Comparisons of the physical and geochemical characteristics at Dorado and Baby Bare Outcrops, the latter being the only other site of ridge-flank hydrothermal discharge that has been sampled directly, suggest commonalities and differences that have implications for future discoveries.

}, keywords = {Dorado Outcrop, Fluid Discharge, Hydrothermal, Ridge Flank, Seafloor Geology, Sediment}, doi = {10.1029/2018GC007933}, url = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2018GC007933}, author = {Wheat, G.C. and Hartwell, A.M. and McManus, J. and Fisher, A.T. and Orcutt, B. and Schlicht, L. and Niedenzu, S.} } @inbook {7116, title = {Global Characteristics of Oceanic Transform Fault Structure and Seismicity}, booktitle = {Transform Plate Boundaries and Fracture Zones}, year = {2019}, pages = {21-59}, publisher = {Elsevier}, organization = {Elsevier}, chapter = {2}, abstract = {

On mid-ocean ridge-bounded oceanic transform faults (RTFs), previous characterizations of seismicity have utilized the assumed structural simplicity to develop scaling relations between tectonic (fault length and slip rate) and seismic parameters, which have shown that RTFs have low seismic coupling and small maximum magnitudes, despite large fault areas. These studies, however, did not incorporate physical segmentation of the fault trace. Here, we present an updated global characterization of oceanic transform fault structure and use the results to inform an updated scaling analysis. The inclusion of physical segmentation in the analysis does not significantly affect the scaling relations, indicating that segmentation alone cannot account for the low seismic coupling or small earthquake sizes on RTFs. We conclude that varying mechanical properties along the fault must largely control the partitioning of seismic and aseismic slip on RTFs.

}, keywords = {Fault segmentation, Oceanic transform fault structure, seismicity}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812064-4.00002-5}, author = {Monica L Wolfson-Schwehr and Margaret S Boettcher}, editor = {Jo{\~a}o C. Duarte} } @mastersthesis {6731, title = {High Frequency Motion Residuals: Analysis and Estimation}, volume = {Ocean Engineering/Ocean Mapping}, year = {2019}, month = {September}, pages = {93}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Advances in multibeam sonar mapping and data visualization have increasingly brought to light\ the subtle integration errors remaining in bathymetric datasets. Traditional field calibration\ procedures, such as the patch test, just account for static orientation bias and sonar-to-position\ latency. This, however, ignores the generally subtler integration problems that generate timevarying depth errors.\ Such dynamic depth errors are the result of an unknown offset in one or more of orientation,\ space, sound speed or time between the sonar and ancillary sensors. Such errors are systematic,\ and thus should be predictable, based on their relationship between the input data and integrated\ output. A first attempt at addressing this problem utilized correlations between motion and\ temporally smoothed, ping-averaged residuals. The known limitations of that approach, however,\ included only being able to estimate the dominant integration error, imperfectly accounting for\ irregularly spaced sounding distribution and only working in shallow water.\ 

This thesis presents a new and improved means of considering the dynamics of the integration\ error signatures which can address multiple issues simultaneously, better account for along-track\ sounding distribution, and is not restricted to shallow water geometry. The motion-driven\ signatures of six common errors are simultaneously identified. This is achieved through\ individually considering each sounding\’s input-error relationship along extended sections of a\ single swath corridor. Such an approach provides a means of underway system optimization\ using nothing more than the bathymetry of typical seafloors acquired during transit. Initial results\ of the new algorithm are presented using data generated from a simulator, with known inputs and\ integration errors, to test the efficacy of the method. Results indicate that successful estimation\ requires conditions of significant vessel motion over periods of a few tens of seconds as well as\ smooth, gently rolling bathymetry along the equivalent spatial extent covered by the moving\ survey platform.

}, doi = {https://unh.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/2317602615?accountid=14612}, author = {Brandon Maingot} } @proceedings {6605, title = {High Frequency Motion Residuals in Multibeam Data: Identification and Estimation}, year = {2019}, month = {March 19 - 21}, publisher = {The Hydrographic Society of America}, address = {Biloxi, MS}, abstract = {

Advances in multibeam sonar mapping and data visualization have increasingly brought to light the subtle integration errors remaining in bathymetric datasets. Currently, traditional field calibration procedures (the patch test) just account for static orientation bias and sonar to position latency. However, this ignores the generally more subtle integration problems that generate time varying depth errors.

Such dynamic integration errors are the result of an unknown offset in one or more of orientation, space, sound speed or time between the sonar and ancillary sensors. Such errors are systematic, and thus should be predictable, based on their relationship between the input data and integrated output. A first attempt at addressing this problem utilized correlations between motion and ping-averaged residuals [1]. The known limitations of that approach, however, included only being able to estimate the dominant signal, imperfectly accounting for irregular sounding distribution and it only working in shallow water.

This paper presents a new and improved means of utilizing the dynamics of the integration error signatures which can address multiple issues simultaneously, better account for along-track sounding distribution, and is not restricted to the shallow water geometry. Through considering soundings from extended sections of a single swath, the motion-driven signatures of multiple integration errors may be simultaneously identified. Such an approach provides a means of underway system optimization using nothing more than the bathymetry of typical seafloors acquired during transit. Successful estimation, however, imposes conditions of significant vessel motion, and smooth, gently rolling bathymetry. Initial results of the new algorithm are presented using data generated from a simulator (with known inputs and integration errors) to test the efficacy of the method.

}, author = {Brandon Maingot and John E. Hughes Clarke and Brian R Calder} } @article {6526, title = {High Resolution Mapping of Morphologic Features and Seafloor Sediments of the New Hampshire and Vicinity Continental Shelf, Western Gulf of Maine}, year = {2019}, month = {March 17-19}, pages = {Portland, ME}, abstract = {

The Western Gulf of Maine (WGOM) seafloor is extremely complex with extensive bedrock outcrops, marine modified glacial deposits, marine formed shoals, and muddy offshore basins. Many of the depositional features found on the shelf are dominated by remnant glacial features (e.g., drumlins, eskers, moraines) that were significantly modified by marine processes as sea-level fluctuated following deglaciation. The glacial deposits were eroded, leaving very coarse lag deposits, while supplying sand and fine gravel to develop wave formed features (shoals). A number of the nearshore glacial and other physiographic features found on the shelf continue onshore. As a result, the New Hampshire continental shelf\’s morphologic features and sediment are highly diverse and vary significantly over short distances.

Over the last decade, the geology (primarily morphology, depositional systems, and controlling processes) of the New Hampshire and vicinity continental shelf has been extensively studied based on archived databases (subbottom seismics, vibracores and surficial sediments), as well as more recently available high resolution multibeam echosounder (MBES) bathymetry and backscatter. In addition, field campaigns were conducted in 2016-2017 to obtain additional ground truth (bottom sediment samples and videography). From this database, high resolution seafloor maps were developed using various seafloor classifications, but primarily the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS). Although much of the mapping effort ultimately relies on human interpretation or expert opinion, new approaches using acoustics are being evaluated such as BRESS (Bathymetry- and Reflectivity-Based Estimator for Seafloor Segmentation: see Masetti et al. 2018). The overall mapping effort is focusing on morphologic features (geoforms), classification of the grain size of surficial sediment, and description of selected sand and gravel deposits. The new surficial geology maps represent a major advance in our efforts to understand and characterize the New Hampshire and vicinity continental shelf.

}, keywords = {morphology, seafloor sediments, Western Gulf of Maine}, doi = {doi: 10.1130/abs/2019NE-328549}, url = {https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2019NE/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/328549}, author = {Larry G Ward and Zachary S. McAvoy and Giuseppe Masetti and Rachel C Morrison} } @article {6704, title = {High-Resolution Surficial Geology Mapping of the New Hampshire Inner Continental Shelf and Coastline: An Important Step Towards Coastal Resiliency}, year = {2019}, month = {November 4-8}, pages = {Portland, ME}, abstract = {

The continental shelf off New Hampshire (NH) is extremely complex with extensive bedrock\ outcrops, remnant glacial deposits, sand and gravel ridges and shoals, and muddy offshore\ basins. The depositional features were significantly modified by marine processes as sea-level\ fluctuated following deglaciation. Many of the glacial features found on the inner shelf continue\ onshore. The NH coast is extremely heterogeneous as well, ranging from pocket beaches,\ attached barriers interrupted by rocky headlands (many previously covered with till) or glacial\ features (e.g., drumlins), and a barrier island. The composition of the beaches reflects the\ variability in sediment sources ranging from fine sand to cobbles with bimodal beaches being\ common. The combination of a reduction in sediment supply and an acceleration in sea-level rise\ has led to much of the NH coast being stressed by erosion and more frequent flooding.\ Furthermore, coastal erosion and flooding are expected to be exacerbated by climate change. To\ help build coastal resiliency, high-resolution surficial geology maps of the NH shelf were\ developed depicting seafloor features (geoforms) and surficial sediment using CMECS. In\ addition, potential sources of sand and fine gravel were evaluated for beach nourishment.\ Presently, similar work is being done on the NH beaches: mapping major coastal features,\ determining beach sediment grain size under accretional and erosional conditions, and assessing\ beach stability. A goal of this work is to link the surficial geology of the mainland (published by\ the NH Geological Survey), the coast, and the inner shelf to better define the physiography, the\ sediment distribution (and sources), and the controlling processes. Ultimately, mapping the\ surficial geology, along with existing and new high-resolution topography and bathymetry\ surveys, will help coastal managers, planners, and the public prepare for sea-level rise and\ climate change, and build coastal resiliency.

}, keywords = {coastal resiliency, nh inner continental shelf and coastline, surficial geology mapping}, url = {https://www.gulfofmaine2050.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Gulf-of-Maine-2050-Abstract-Booklet-Updated-November-5-2019.pdf}, author = {Larry G Ward and Zachary S. McAvoy and Nathan W. Corcoran and Giuseppe Masetti and Paul Johnson and Rachel C Morrison} } @article {6839, title = {Horizontal and Vertical Control Report - Gulf of Maine Survey}, year = {2019}, month = {June}, pages = {6}, institution = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping / Joint Hydrographic Center}, address = {Durham, NH}, author = {Semme J Dijkstra} } @proceedings {6519, title = {Hydrographic Survey Validation and Chart Adequacy Assessment Using Automated Solutions}, year = {2019}, month = {March 18-21}, address = {Biloxi, MS, USA}, abstract = {

The rising trend in automation is constantly pushing the hydrographic field toward the exploration and the adoption of more effective approaches for each step of the ping-to-public workflow. However, the large amount of data collected by modern acquisition systems - especially when paired with the force multiplier factor provided by autonomous vessels - conflict with the increasing timeliness expected by today\’s final users. Such a situation represents a processing challenge for the largely human-centered solutions that are currently available, and the adoption of automated and semi-automated data quality procedures seems the only scalable and long-term solution to the problem. At the same time, there is an inherent value in propagating the application of such procedures upstream in the survey workflow. In fact, capturing potential issues close (in time and space) to their occurrence has the advantages of reducing the efforts required for their solution and limiting their extent. As such, modern surveys should rely more and more on robust data quality procedures that are applied in near real-time.

With the challenge to automate and standardize a large portion of the quality controls used to analyze hydrographic data, NOAA\’s Office of Coast Survey and the UNH Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping have jointly developed (and made publicly available) a pair of software solutions - QC Tools for quality control and CA Tools for chart adequacy - that collect algorithmic implementations for a number of these tasks. Their aim is to verify whether the acquired data satisfy the adopted agency standards (and, in a more general sense, fit for the intended purpose). These standards usually focus on data quality aspects like data density, coverage, and uncertainty evaluation which are largely automated by the developed tools discussed in this paper, leaving to the experienced hydrographer the duty to review the results and supervise the validation process. After an overview of the tools (and the relevant recent improvements driven by field feedback), this work focuses on a new chart adequacy algorithm as well as an experimental approach for bathymetric anomaly detection and classification. A number of examples that use the publicly available solutions in real-world scenarios are also illustrated.

}, keywords = {automated solutions, ca tools, chart adequacy, hydroffice, hydrographic survey validation, qc tools}, doi = {10.13140/RG.2.2.28983.57761}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331966330_Hydrographic_Survey_Validation_and_Chart_Adequacy_Assessment_Using_Automated_Solutions}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti and Tyanne Faulkes and Christos Kastrisios} } @article {6595, title = {Improving Extraction of Bathymetry from Lidar Using Machine Learning}, year = {2019}, month = {June 4-6}, pages = {Notre Dame, IN}, abstract = {

Three ML techniques \– artificial neural networks (ANNs), extreme gradient boosting (XGB), and regularized logistic regression (RLR) \– have been applied to lidar pulse return meta-data to estimate the probability that each return is bathymetry -- p(Bath) -- for four tiles from a NOAA Remote Sensing Division shallow-water data in the Florida Keys. To facilitate operationalization, the meta-data are extracted from the point cloud alone \– i.e., no ancillary data are employed. Three types of meta-data are being explored: return-specific, ocean floor topography, and flight path crenularity.

Major conclusions to date are:

Ultimately, the p(Bath) estimate will be integrated into an already-operational lidar-extraction algorithm.

}, keywords = {Lidar Data Processing, Machine Learning}, author = {Kim Lowell and Brian R Calder} } @article {6905, title = {Increasing the Safety and Efficiency of U.S. Seaports Through Precision Navigation}, year = {2019}, author = {Christine Burns and John G Kelley and Neil Weston and Elizabeth Kretovic} } @article {6832, title = {Interannual Variability of Mixed Layer Dynamics in the Ecuadorian Ocean}, volume = {124}, year = {2019}, month = {December 11}, pages = {8777-8797}, publisher = {AGU}, abstract = {

Time series spanning 22 years of monthly conductivity-temperature-depth profiles are used to examine upper water column temperature interannual variability near the Ecuador coastline. The sampling program began in 1992 (and continues) by Ecuador\&$\#$39;s National Institute of Oceanography of the Navy and National Fisheries Institute. The five coastal stations are located 8 NM away from the coast and extend from 2\°S to 1\°N. The anomaly data show marked interannual variations with distinct characteristics associated with El Ni\ño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) indices. Heat content and the 20\°C isotherm depth are both largest during El Ni\ño periods and weakest during La Ni\ña periods. The first mode empirical orthogonal function (EOF) decomposition of the anomaly coastal station data represents bulk variations of the thermocline depth and has temporal variability coupled to Ni\ño 3.4 and 1+2 indices. Coastal observations are compared with observations obtained from the offshore TAO/Triton buoys located along 95\°W from 2\°S to 2\°N. The EOF decomposition of TAO buoy time series shows similar spatial EOF structure. The first EOF amplitude time series from coastal and TAO station decomposition is correlated, showing that the dominant variability of the upper water column near the coast is coupled to variations along the equator and seaward of the Gal\ápagos. Coupling between ENSO indices and ERA-1 zonal wind stress from the central Pacific (Ni\ño 4) with observed coastal temperature structure shows that effects of El Ni\ño forcing are strongly influencing the Ecuadorian Sea eastward of the Gal\ápagos Islands.

}, doi = {10.1029/2019JC015086}, author = {Marin Jarrin, M. J. and Lippmann, T. C.} } @article {6851, title = {Interpreting Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) Call Behavior in the Context of Environmental Conditions}, volume = {45(6)}, year = {2019}, month = {November 11}, pages = {691-706}, abstract = {

A seven-year time series of fin whale (Balaenopteraphysalus) acoustic detections in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean was examined in combination with regional environmental parameters to better understand fin whale seasonal distribution and behavioral ecology in a traditionally undersampled ocean region. Ecological modeling of environmental variables related to fin whale vocal presence indicated that median sound pressure spectral density level in the 5 to 115 Hz band, chlorophyll concentration, and sea surface temperature (SST) were the strongest predictors of fin whale presence. Fin whale vocal presence increased with increasing median sound level and decreased with increasing SST. Variation in seasonal fin whale call density and estimated animal density varied annually with one of the largest estimates occurring in the only year of the study when both the El Ni\ño\–Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation were in a positive phase. This work illustrates the feasibility and value of applying knowledge of call detection bearings and received levels from long-term, sparse array recordings to estimate animal density of marine mammals in the context of regional environmental conditions.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1578/AM.45.6.2019.691}, author = {Jennifer Miksis-Olds and Danielle V Harris and Colleen Mouw} } @article {6612, title = {It Takes a Village! Managing Data from Okeanos Explorer}, volume = {32(1)}, year = {2019}, month = {March}, pages = {106-109}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2019.supplement.01}, author = {Eakins, B. and S. Gottfried and P. Murphy and D. Lovalvo and Derek Sowers} } @proceedings {6716, title = {Machine Learning Strategies for Enhancing Bathymetry Extraction from Imbalanced Lidar Point Clouds}, year = {2019}, month = {October 27-31}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Seattle, WA}, abstract = {

Density-based approaches to extract bathymetry from airborne lidar point clouds generally rely on histogram/frequency-based disambiguation rules to separate noise from signal. The present work targets the improvement of such disambiguation rules by enhancing each pulse with a machine learning-based estimate of its p(Bathy) \– i.e., its probability of truly being bathymetry. Extreme gradient boosting (XGB) is used to assess the strength of bathymetric signal in pulse return metadata. Because lidar point clouds can be highly imbalanced between Bathymetry and NotBathymetry, three strategies for mitigating the effects of imbalanced samples were examined. Impacts of an imbalanced lidar point cloud were successfully mitigated by:

1.\ Applying an \“optimal\” decision threshold (ODT) that equalizes accuracy for Bathymetry and NotBathymetry to p(Bathyrather than using a conventional probability decision threshold (PDT) of 0.50, and

2.\ Using proportional class weighting to fit the XGB model.

However, decomposing a confusion matrix by iteratively discarding misclassified points and re-fitting an XGB model was not successful in improving the strength or detectability of the bathymetric signal in the metadata. The same was true for iteratively discarding correctly classified points.

The bathymetric signal in the metadata was found to be sufficiently strong to explore the operational incorporation of results into the disambiguation rules of density-based bathymertric extraction methods.

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}, keywords = {bathymetric lidar, confusion matrix decomposition, Extreme Gradient Boosting, imbalanced samples, probability decision threshold}, author = {Kim Lowell and Brian R Calder} } @proceedings {6705, title = {Machine Learning Strategies for Enhancing Bathymetry Extraction from Imbalanced Lidar Point Clouds}, year = {2019}, month = {Oct 27-31}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Seattle, WA}, abstract = {

Abstract\—Density-based approaches to extract bathymetry from airborne lidar point clouds generally rely on histogram/frequency-based disambiguation rules to separate noise from signal.\  The present work targets the improvement of such disambiguation rules by enhancing each pulse with a machine learning-based estimate of its p(Bathy) \– i.e., its probability of truly being bathymetry.\  Extreme gradient boosting (XGB) is used to assess the strength of bathymetric signal in pulse return metadata.\  Because lidar point clouds can be highly imbalanced between Bathymetry and NotBathymetry, three strategies for mitigating the effects of imbalanced samples were examined.\  Impacts of an imbalanced lidar point cloud were successfully mitigated by:

However, decomposing a confusion matrix by iteratively discarding misclassified points and re-fitting an XGB model was not successful in improving the strength or detectability of the bathymetric signal in the metadata.\  The same was true for iteratively discarding correctly classified points.

The bathymetric signal in the metadata was found to be sufficiently strong to explore the operational incorporation of results into the disambiguation rules of density-based bathymertric extraction methods.

}, keywords = {bathymetric lidar, confusion matrix decomposition, Extreme Gradient Boosting, imbalanced samples, probability decision threshold}, author = {Kim Lowell and Brian R Calder} } @article {6718, title = {Mapping Multibeam Echo Sounders {\textendash} A Square Peg in a Round Hole}, volume = {14}, year = {2019}, month = {Fall}, pages = {41-46}, publisher = {Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial University of Newfoundland}, author = {Hilary Kates Varghese and Michael Smith and Jennifer Miksis-Olds and Larry A Mayer} } @article {6660, title = {Mapping Seafloor Reflectance and Assessing Coral Reef Morphology with EAARL-B Topographic Lidar Waveforms}, year = {2019}, month = {November 25}, publisher = {Springer}, abstract = {

Topobathymetric lidar is becoming an increasingly valuable tool for benthic habitat mapping,\ enabling safe, efficient data acquisition over coral reefs and other fragile ecosystems. In 2014, a\ novel topobathymetric lidar system, the Experimental Advanced Airborne Research Lidar\ (EAARL-B), was used to acquire data in priority habitat areas in the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI),\ spanning the 0-44 m depth range.\  In this study, new algorithms and procedures were developed\ for generating seafloor relative reflectance, along with a suite of shape-based waveform features\ from EAARL-B. Waveform features were then correlated with percent cover of coral\ morphologies, domed and\  branched, and total cover of hard and soft corals. Results show that the\ EAARL-B can be used to produce useful seafloor relative reflectance mosaics and also that the\ additional waveform shape-based features contain additional information that may benefit habitat\ classification\—specifically, to aid in distinguishing among hard corals and their coral\ morphologies, domed and branched.\  Knowing the spatial extent of changes in coral\ communities is important to the understanding of resiliency of coral reefs under stress from\ human impacts

}, keywords = {coral reefs, habitat mapping, Seafloor Mapping}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-019-00652-9}, author = {Nicholas Wilson and Christopher E Parrish and Tim Battista and Wright, C. Wayne and B. Costa and Slocum, Richard and Jennifer A. Dijkstra and Tyler, Matthew T.} } @article {6626, title = {Mapping the Lava Deltas of the 2018 Eruption of Kilauea Volcano}, volume = {32(1)}, year = {2019}, month = {March}, pages = {46-47}, publisher = {The Oceanography Society}, abstract = {

Kilauea on the Island of Hawai\‘i is one of the most active\ and well-monitored volcanoes in the world. Its most devastating eruption of the last 200 years occurred in 2018,\ destroying more than 700 homes and other structures\ and displacing thousands of residents (Hawaiian Volcano\ Observatory Staff, 2018). As is common for Hawaiian eruptions, the lava flows from the 2018 lower East Rift Zone\ reached the coastline, where they produced prodigious\ plumes of toxic, corrosive steam and several spectacular hydrovolcanic explosions. As activity progressed, a\ significant volume of lava entered the ocean and was\ deposited on Kilauea\’s submarine slopes, where it formed\ a lava delta. Through funding provided by NOAA\’s Office of\ Ocean Exploration and Research and the National Science\ Foundation\’s Ocean Sciences Division, scientists aboard\ E/V Nautilus mapped the south flank of Kilauea with the\ ship\’s EM 302 multibeam echosounder to characterize this and other recently formed lava deltas.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2019.supplement.01}, url = {http://tos.org/oceanography/assets/docs/32-1_supplement.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0F2Vvb96e-GHS8GGGbESuK8qoPSHu76O0FlLAKb65smE_OJ8xyNCyUPaU}, author = {Soule, S A and Erin Heffron and Lindsay Gee and Larry A Mayer and Nicole A Raineault and Christopher R. German and Lim, Darlene S.S. and Zoeller, Michael and Parcheta, Carolyn} } @article {6857, title = {Measuring and Modeling the Feature Detection Threshold Functions of Colormaps}, volume = {25(9)}, year = {2019}, month = {September 1}, pages = {2777 - 2790}, abstract = {

Pseudocoloring is one of the most common techniques used in scientific visualization. To apply pseudocoloring to a scalar field, the field value at each point is represented using one of a sequence of colors (called a colormap). One of the principles applied in generating colormaps is uniformity and previously the main method for determining uniformity has been the application of uniform color spaces. In this paper we present a new method for evaluating the feature detection threshold function across a colormap. The method is used in crowdsourced studies for the direct evaluation of nine colormaps for three feature sizes. The results are used to test the hypothesis that a uniform color space (CIELAB) will accurately model colormapped feature detection thresholds compared to a model where the chromaticity components have reduced weights. The hypothesis that feature detection can be predicted solely on the basis of luminance is also tested. The results reject both hypotheses and we demonstrate how reduced weights on the green-red and blue-yellow terms of the CIELAB color space creates a more accurate model when the task is the detection of smaller features in colormapped data. Both the method itself and modified CIELAB can be used in colormap design and evaluation.

}, doi = {10.1109/TVCG.2018.2855742}, author = {Colin Ware and Turton, Terece L and Bujack, Roxana and Samsel, Francesca and Shrivastava, Piyush and David H Rogers} } @article {6830, title = {Modeling Nonlinear Tidal Evolution in an Energetic Estuary}, volume = {36}, year = {2019}, month = {April}, pages = {13-27}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {

Three-dimensional numerical simulations of a tidally dominated estuary within the Gulf of Maine are performed using the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) and validated with observations of sea surface elevation and velocity time series obtained between 1975 and 2016. The model is forced at the ocean boundary with tidal constituents (M2, S2, N2, O1, K1), a time series of observed subtidal elevations and discharge from seven rivers that drain into the estuary. Harmonic analysis is used to determine the tidal dissipation characteristics and generation of overtides within the system. Amplitude decay and phase shift of the dominant semidiurnal (M2) tidal component shows good agreement with observations throughout the main channel of the Piscataqua River and over the channels and mudflats of the Great Bay. The model simulates harmonic growth of the overtides across the spectrum, and indicates a spatial evolution of the tide consistent with a shoaling wave that evolves from a skewed elevation profile with ebb dominance in the lower parts of the estuary, to a more asymmetric, pitched-forward shape consistent with flood dominance. The M4 constituent has spatial variation qualitatively similar to the observations but has magnitudes that are under-predicted in the complex bathymetric region of the Piscataqua River where much of the M2 tidal dissipation occurs. The M6 tidal constituent agrees well with the observations throughout the estuary suggesting that frictional effects on harmonic growth are well modeled. Root-mean-square model-data differences in velocities (~0.05 m/s) and sea surface elevation (~0.1 m) agree to within about 10\% of the tidal amplitudes. Differences between model simulations with and without subtidal oscillations in the estuary are small, suggesting that interactions between the tide and other low frequency (subtidal) mean flows are weak and can be ignored when considering tidal dynamics. Including average fresh water discharge in the model does not affect the behavior of the tidal flows, but can generate high frequency baroclinic velocities potentially important to mixing within the estuary.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.ocemod.2019.02.009}, author = {Cook, S. and Lippmann, T. C. and Irish, J. D.} } @article {6906, title = {Modeling Oceanographic Data for Precision Navigation Applications}, year = {2019}, month = {April 7-12}, pages = {Vienna, Austria}, author = {Neil Weston and Gregory Seroka and Erin Nagel and Greenlaw, Jason and Powell, Julia} } @article {6817, title = {Modern Assessment of Natural Hydrocarbon Gas Flux at the Coal Oil Point Seep Field, Santa Barbara, California}, volume = {124}, year = {2019}, month = {March 7}, pages = {2472-2484}, publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Ltd. }, abstract = {

The Coal Oil Point seep field is among the most active and studied hydrocarbon seep fields in the world. The water column of the Coal Oil Point seep field was acoustically surveyed from 31 August to 14 September 2016 with a 200-kHz split-beam echo sounder to map the distribution of natural hydrocarbons in the region. An in situ direct capture device was used to measure the volumetric gas flux of natural hydrocarbons for three localized seep sites while simultaneously collecting acoustic volume backscatter measurements of the hydrocarbons within the water column. The acoustic volume backscatter was calibrated with the measured volumetric gas flux, and the resulting relationship was used to determine flux over the entire seep field. The estimate of integrated volumetric gas flow rate over a survey area of approximately 4.1\ km2\ was 23,800\ m3/day. The estimates of integrated volumetric gas flow rate and volumetric gas flux were compared to measurements reported in previous studies and were 2 to 7 times smaller than results obtained by Hornafius et al. (1999,\ https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JC900148), which had a total survey area of 18\ km2. However, differences between methodologies limit the ability to assess natural variability in the Coal Oil Point seep field.

}, keywords = {Natural Hydrocarbon; Acoustic Techniques; Gas Flux Measurements; Direct In Situ Measurements; Coal Oil Point Seep Field}, doi = {10.1029/2018JC014573}, author = {Alexandra M Padilla and Loranger, Scott and Franklin S Kinnaman and David L Valentine and Thomas C Weber} } @article {6520, title = {Multi-Frequency, Multi-Sonar Mapping of Shallow Habitats{\textemdash}Efficacy and Management Implications in the National Marine Park of Zakynthos, Greece}, volume = {11(4)}, year = {2019}, month = {February 23}, pages = {461}, abstract = {
In this work, multibeam echosounder (MBES) and dual frequency sidescan sonar (SSS) data are combined to map the shallow (5\–100 m) benthic habitats of the National Marine Park of Zakynthos (NMPZ), Greece, a Marine Protected Area (MPA). NMPZ hosts extensive prairies of the protected Mediterranean phanerogams Posidonia oceanica and Cymodocea nodosa, as well as reefs and sandbanks. Seafloor characterization is achieved using the multi-frequency acoustic backscatter of: (a) the two simultaneous frequencies of the SSS (100 and 400 kHz) and (b) the MBES (180 kHz), as well as the MBES bathymetry. Overall, these high-resolution datasets cover an area of 84 km2 with ground coverage varying from 50\% to 100\%. Image texture, terrain and backscatter angular response analyses are applied to the above, to extract a range of statistical features. Those have different spatial densities and so they are combined through an object-based approach based on the full-coverage 100-kHz SSS mosaic. Supervised classification is applied to data models composed of operationally meaningful combinations between the above features, reflecting single-sonar or multi-sonar mapping scenarios. Classification results are validated against a detailed expert interpretation habitat map making use of extensive ground-truth data. The relative gain of one system or one feature extraction method or another are thoroughly examined. The frequency-dependent separation of benthic habitats showcases the potentials of multi-frequency backscatter and bathymetry from different sonars, improving evidence-based interpretations of shallow benthic habitats.
}, keywords = {sidescan sonar; multibeam echosounder; multi-frequency acoustic backscatter; benthic habitat mapping; seagrass mapping; object-based image analysis (OBIA); angular backscatter responses; marine protected area (MPA)}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11040461 }, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/4/461}, author = {Elias Fakiris and Philippe Blondel and George Papatheodorou and Dimitris Christodoulou and Xenophon Dimas and Nikos Georgiou and Stavroula Kordella and Charis Dimitriadis and Yuri Rzhanov and Maria Geraga and George Ferentinos} } @proceedings {6561, title = {Multi-touch 3D Positioning with the Pantograph Technique}, volume = {13}, year = {2019}, month = {May 21-23}, publisher = {ACM}, address = {Montreal, Quebec, Canada}, abstract = {

One advantage of touch interaction is the sense of direct manipulation; there is perhaps no more-intuitive interface than just reaching out and touching virtual entities. However, direct manipulation is generally limited to objects located on the 2D display surface. For 3D spaces extending behind or in front of a touchscreen, the direct manipulation metaphor quickly falls apart. In these cases, gestures are needed to convert 2D finger positions into 3D cursor positions. This paper presents the pantograph technique, a simple two-finger interaction method for positioning a 3D cursor within mono and stereoscopic applications. The pantograph\&$\#$39;s pseudomechanical linkage between fingers and cursor provides helpful depth cues and maintains the sense of direct manipulation. Extensions to the technique, which integrate selection and other advanced actions, are explored within the context of real-world visual analysis applications. A series of human factors experiments showed that, while the pantograph technique outperformed other similar multitouch 3D positioning techniques, multi-touch was still inferior to other traditional, non-touch-based interfaces for sustained 3D positioning tasks.

}, keywords = {Evaluation, HCI, interaction, Multitouch, technique, touchscreen}, doi = {10.1145/3306131.3317014}, url = {https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3317014}, author = {Butkiewicz, Thomas and Andrew H. Stevens and Colin Ware} } @article {6697, title = {NIPWG6-08.1 - Status report on the development of S-126: Marine Physical Environment}, year = {2019}, month = {January 20}, pages = {3}, institution = {International Hydrographic Organization (IHO)}, chapter = {NIPWG}, address = {Rostock, Germany}, abstract = {

On the NIPWG wiki site the S-126 is defined as the physical environment: describing marine and terrestrial topography, prevailing, seasonal, and hazardous currents, tides, weather, and other environmental conditions. In NIPWG5-21.3 it was stated that the S-126 contain \“short- or long-term predictions of ocean data such as current velocity and use them to forecast marine physical phenomena and load warnings according to the level of risk\”. KHOA also mentioned in an emailed storyboard that the S-126 would be the \“standard for expressing the symbols and colors for the physical environment\”. This brought up a discussion on the need to clearly define what exactly the S-126 will contain and how it will interoperate with other similar data from the TWCWG (Tides Water-levels and Currents Working Group; S-111, S-104) and the WMO (World Meteorological Organization; S-412). As a reminder from the paper NIPWG5-21.2 the question was posed: \“What publications are the NIPWGs main focus?\”

Since the TWCWG group has released the first product from the S-111 standard it was decided to focus only on surface currents (choosing to work with one item, instead of eliminating items from a very long list) following up from the tasks generated by NIPWG4-WP3-1. The rest of this paper conveys insights on usefulness, interoperability, data-structuring details and a prototype to illustrate the findings.

}, keywords = {IHO, NIPWG, S-126}, url = {https://www.iho.int/mtg_docs/com_wg/NIPWG/NIPWG6/NIPWG6Docs.html}, author = {Briana M Sullivan} } @article {6698, title = {NIPWG6-35.1 S-125 Navigational Services status update}, year = {2019}, month = {January 15}, pages = {2}, institution = {International Hydrographic Organization (IHO)}, chapter = {International Hydrographic Organization}, address = {Rostock, Germany}, abstract = {

Within NIPWG, drafting of the S-125 has been put on hold. (A thorough explanation of the background and recommendations were given within the NIPWG5 status report). However discussions with and within IALA ARM have ensued resulting in the possibility of their active role in drafting the S-125.

}, keywords = {IHO, Navigational Services, NIPWG, S-125}, url = {https://www.iho.int/mtg_docs/com_wg/NIPWG/NIPWG6/NIPWG6Docs.html}, author = {Stefan Engstrom and Briana M Sullivan} } @article {6701, title = {NIPWG6-5.3 NOAA{\textquoteright}s NPB progress on transitioning from paper products to S-100 products (progress on interoperability between CP and ENC_}, year = {2019}, month = {January 11}, pages = {5}, institution = {International Hydrographic Organization (IHO)}, chapter = {NIPWG}, address = {Rostock, Germany}, abstract = {

\ This paper is an attempt to share ideas and challenges with the global community on transitioning to a new data services system based on S-100 standards as well as to document the journey for others to learn from or lend ideas to.\ 

}, keywords = {Coast Pilot, IHO, NIPWG, NOAA, NSD}, url = {https://www.iho.int/mtg_docs/com_wg/NIPWG/NIPWG6/NIPWG6Docs.html}, author = {Briana M Sullivan} } @article {6700, title = {NIPWG7-48.2_Creation and storage of S-127 (Marine Traffic Management) for US Waters}, year = {2019}, month = {November 15}, pages = {4}, institution = {International Hydrographic Organization (IHO)}, chapter = {NIPWG}, address = {Tallinn, Estonia}, abstract = {

The development of the S-127 (Marine Traffic Management) S-100 compliant product specification was initiated by HSSC5/5 in 2013. Based on HSSC Action item 9/25, IHO Program of Work 2017 as approved by IHO Member States and Task 2.6.2 (Ref: IHO CL 65/2016 dated 9 December 2016), the development of the S-127 Product Specification was contracted out to Portolan Sciences LLC. Version 1.0.0 of the product specification was delivered as scheduled by the end of November 2018 (Work Plan section F, HSSC 10 Action item 10/37). In Dec 2018 all files were uploaded ready for download and testing by the NIPWG. It is expected that the S-127 Ed. 2.0.0 would be submitted to IHO MS approval in 2021 at the earliest. Starting in 2019 UNH began the process to create data for the Pilot Services portion of the S-127 from the Coast Pilot.

The release of the first version of the S-127 allowed UNH to use a pre-existing approved data model to test their concept of nautical textual feature-centric data storage and confirm the results as a GML-based NIPWG product. This exercise was done in the hopes others would also be able to model their own data storage systems in a similar fashion allowing them to begin the transition to storing their data in a more versatile and vector-based way, as were the requests from the stakeholders forum at NIPWG6 in Germany, 2019.

}, keywords = {IHO, Marine Traffic Management, NIPWG, S-127}, url = {https://www.iho.int/mtg_docs/com_wg/NIPWG/NIPWG7/NIPWG7Docs.html}, author = {Briana M Sullivan} } @article {6699, title = {NIPWG7-8.1 The History and Status of S-126 Marine Physical Environment}, year = {2019}, month = {November 26}, pages = {9}, institution = {International Hydrographic Organization (IHO)}, chapter = {NIPWG}, address = {Tallinn, Estonia}, abstract = {

The aim of this document is to outline the lineage of the development of the S-126 Physical Environment product specification, suggest a big picture view of the direction of the S-126, as well as record the current challenges and offer possible solutions. This document is meant to \“clearly define the requirements for S-126 before we can progress in a meaningful way.\” (NIPWG1 2015) This paper is also an official request with clearly documented reasons to the NIPWG as well as HSSC to take the official development of the S-126 off hold status.

}, keywords = {IHO, Marine Physical Environment, NIPWG, S-126}, url = {https://www.iho.int/mtg_docs/com_wg/NIPWG/NIPWG7/NIPWG7Docs.html}, author = {Briana M Sullivan} } @article {6609, title = {NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer 2018 Ocean Mapping Achievements}, volume = {32(1)}, year = {2019}, month = {March}, pages = {92-95}, abstract = {

2018 ocean mapping accomplishments of NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2019.supplement.01}, author = {Derek Sowers and M. White and Mashkoor A Malik and E. Lobecker and S. Hoy and C. Wilkins} } @article {7193, title = {NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer 2019 Acoustic Systems Shakedown Report}, year = {2019}, abstract = {

The Okeanos Explorer Acoustic Systems Shakedown was not supported by CCOM or the MAC.\  The report is listed here and hosted on the MAC website for reference only.

}, url = {https://mac.unols.org/reports/2019-okeanos-explorer-em302-shakedown}, author = {Kevin Jerram and Shannon Hoy and Derek Sowers and Neah Baechler} } @article {6417, title = {A Novel Three Dimensional Analysis of Functional Architecture that Describe the Properties of Macroalgae as Refuge}, volume = {608}, year = {2019}, month = {January 3}, pages = {93-103}, abstract = {

Foundation species like macroalgae provide habitat for large numbers of animals. The spatial structure between branches or thalli can act as a refuge from larger predators and can affect the number and distribution of inhabitant species. Most metrics for habitat architecture are based on 2-dimensional measurements, but habitats are 3-dimensional. We report a new method, spherical space analysis, for characterizing the 3-dimensional volume distribution by size of interstitial spaces for 3 species of macroalgae (seaweed) with distinct architectures. This analysis gives the distribution of volumes within a foundation species that are inaccessible by an idealized spherical organism\—an \‘inaccessible volume curve\’. A second product is an \‘inaccessible surface area curve\’. We incorporated abundances and size ranges of meso-invertebrates into spherical space analysis to predict predator-prey interactions as a function of the relationship between inaccessible volume and area and the size of predators and prey. The results show that filamentous forms of macroalgae have more smaller interstitial volume and area than branched or blade forms of macroalgae that support a larger number of smaller meso-invertebrates. The model suggests that the spatial structure of macroalgae affects predator-prey interactions with a greater number of smaller spaces providing more refuge. This was particularly apparent for kelp. Spherical space analysis provides a mechanism for understanding how the spatial architecture of a macroalgal environment mediates the network of feeding interactions occurring within it. This can have implications for restoration efforts, as the morphology and density of foundation species are integral in the maintenance of communities.

}, keywords = {benthic habitat, Foundation species, Habitat architecture, invasive species, kelp, macroalgae, Macrophyte architecture, Predator-prey dynamics, Spatial structure}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12800}, author = {Colin Ware and Jennifer A. Dijkstra and Kristen Mello and Andrew H. Stevens and Brandon O{\textquoteright}Brien and William Ikedo} } @article {6831, title = {Observations of Wave Influence on Alongshore Ebb-Tidal Delta Morphodynamics at Oregon Inlet, NC}, volume = {418}, year = {2019}, month = {December}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {

A Radar Inlet Observation System (RIOS) collected hourly X-band radar data at the wave dominated Oregon Inlet, NC, for 9 months from September 2016 to May 2017. The intensity of the radar backscatter, predominantly associated with surface wave shoaling and breaking, was time-averaged to provide an implied measure of bedforms superimposed on the ebb-tidal delta. Eulerian and Lagrangian motion tracking analyses determined the bedform alongshore migration rates over the study period; these were found to be significantly correlated to estimates of longshore sediment flux based on offshore wave parameters given by Ashton and Murray (2006). Although the exact magnitude of sediment transport cannot be directly estimated from bedform migration, the correlation does support an underlying assumption that sediment transport varies proportionally in both magnitude and direction to average bedform movements. The implications of these findings were further explored through application of the sediment transport model to a year long period of continuous offshore wave data (20 Oct 2016 to 20 Oct 2017). The predicted net transport of 90,000 m3 southward during this year is consistent with a previous estimate of inlet bypassing (Dolan and Glassen 1973). However, pronounced and opposing seasonal transport patterns were an order of magnitude higher than the yearly net, and could lead to significant inter-annual variability in alongshore sediment transport with similar dynamic response in ebb-delta morphodynamics at Oregon Inlet.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2019.106040}, author = {Humberston, J. H. and Lippmann, T. C. and McNinch, J.} } @article {6721, title = {Observing the Oceans Acoustically}, volume = {6}, year = {2019}, month = {July}, pages = {426}, abstract = {

Acoustics play a central role in humankind\’s interactions with the ocean and the life within. Passive listening to ocean \“soundscapes\” informs us about the physical and bio-acoustic environment from earthquakes to communication between fish. Active acoustic probing of the environment informs us about ocean topography, currents and temperature, and abundance and type of marine life vital to fisheries and biodiversity related interests. The two together in a multi-purpose network can lead to discovery and improve understanding of ocean ecosystem health and biodiversity, climate variability and change, and marine hazards and maritime safety. Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) of sound generated and utilized by marine life as well as other natural (wind, rain, ice, seismics) and anthropogenic (shipping, surveys) sources, has dramatically increased worldwide to enhance understanding of ecological processes. Characterizing ocean soundscapes (the levels and frequency of sound over time and space, and the sources contributing to the sound field), temporal trends in ocean sound at different frequencies, distribution and abundance of marine species that vocalize, and distribution and amount of human activities that generate sound in the sea, all require passive acoustic systems. Acoustic receivers are now routinely acquiring data on a global scale, e.g., Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization International Monitoring System hydroacoustic arrays, various regional integrated ocean observing systems, and some profiling floats. Judiciously placed low-frequency acoustic sources transmitting to globally distributed PAM and other systems provide: (1) high temporal resolution measurements of large-scale ocean temperature/heat content variability, taking advantage of the inherent integrating nature of acoustic travel-time data using tomography; and (2) acoustic positioning (\“underwater GPS\”) and communication services enabling basin-scale undersea navigation and management of floats, gliders, and AUVs. This will be especially valuable in polar regions with ice cover. Routine deployment of sources during repeat global-scale hydrographic ship surveys would provide high spatial coverage snapshots of ocean temperatures. To fully exploit the PAM systems, precise timing and positioning need to be broadly implemented. Ocean sound is now a mature Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) \“essential ocean variable,\” which is one crucial step toward providing a fully integrated global multi-purpose ocean acoustic observing system.

}, keywords = {acoustic positioning, acoustical oceanography, essential ocean variable, marine bio-acoustics, multi-purpose acoustic networks, ocean acoustic tomography, Passive Acoustic Monitoring, Soundscape}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00426}, author = {Bruce Howe and Jennifer Miksis-Olds and Eric Rehm and Hanne Sagen and Peter F Worcester and Georgios Haralabus} } @article {6517, title = {The Open Backscatter Toolchain (OpenBST) Project: Towards an Open-Source and Metadata-Rich Modular Implementation}, year = {2019}, month = {March 18-21}, pages = {Biloxi, MS}, abstract = {

Most ocean mapping surveys collect seafloor reflectivity (backscatter) along with bathymetry. While the consistency of bathymetry processed by commonly adopted algorithms is well established, surprisingly large variability is observed between the backscatter mosaics generated by different software packages when processing the same dataset. Such a situation severely limits the use of acoustic backscatter for quantitative analysis (e.g., monitoring seafloor change over time, or remote characterization of seafloor characteristics) and other commonly attempted tasks (e.g., merging mosaics from different origins).

Acoustic backscatter processing involves a complex sequence of steps, but inasmuch as commercial software packages mainly provide end-results, comparisons between those results offer little insight into where in the workflow the differences are generated. In addition, preliminary results of a software-inter-comparison working group have shown that each processing algorithm tends to adopt a distinct, unique workflow; this causes large disagreements even in the initial per-beam reflectivity values resulting from differences in basic operations such as snippet averaging and evaluation of flagged beams.

Far from ideal, this situation requires a clear shift from the past closed-source approach that has caused it. As such, the Open Backscatter Toolchain (OpenBST) project aims to provide the community with an open-source and metadata-rich modular implementation of a toolchain dedicated to acoustic backscatter processing. The long-term goal is not to create processing tools that would compete with available commercial solutions, but rather a set of open-source, community-vetted, reference algorithms usable by both developers and users for benchmarking their processing algorithms.

As a proof-of-concept, we present a prototype implementation with the key elements of the OpenBST approach:

The data conversion from a native acquisition format (i.e., Kongsberg EM Series) to NetCDF-based data structures (components of the eXtensible Sounder Format) better suited to data exploration, processing and metadata coupling.

A processing pipeline constituted by a set of interlocking, task-oriented tools simplifying their substitution with alternative approaches.

The creation of final products (i.e., angular response curves and backscatter mosaics) capturing relevant acquisition and processing metadata.

}, keywords = {Acoustic backscatter, angular response analysis, multibeam echosounder, software intercomparison}, doi = {10.13140/RG.2.2.19336.67849}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331965414_The_Open_Backscatter_Toolchain_OpenBST_project_towards_an_open-source_and_metadata-rich_modular_implementation}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti and Augustin, Jean-Marie and Mashkoor A Malik and Cyrille Poncelet and Xavier Lurton and Larry A Mayer and Glen A Rice and Michael Smith} } @article {6623, title = {Opening the Black Boxes in Ocean Mapping: Design and Implementation of the HydrOffice Framework}, year = {2019}, month = {July 11}, pages = {Freemantle, WA, Australia}, abstract = {

Modern ocean mapping relies heavily on complex algorithms that may strongly affect the reported outputs (e.g., gridded bathymetry, acoustic mosaics). When implemented in commercial software, these algorithms usually cannot be directly examined, and thus represent black boxes.

To ease the understanding of existing algorithms and the creation of better tools for ocean mapping, since 2016 the UNH Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping and NOAA Office of Coast Survey have been developing an open research framework containing applications that cover all phases of the ping-to-public process. This effort, called HydrOffice, aims to facilitate data acquisition, to automate and enhance data processing, and to improve survey products. These themes are driving the creation of a growing collection of hydro-packages, each dealing with specific aspects of the ocean mapping workflow. The overall goal is to speed up the testing of new ideas and the Research-to-Operations (R2O) transition by minimizing the effort to develop and test new ideas.

HydrOffice has developed a number of applications that encode both existing specifications and long-term best practices, while enabling and extending recent discoveries and research-driven techniques. In return, many users have reported HydrOffice increases workflow efficiency, confirming the benefits of this approach.

}, keywords = {hydroffice, ocean mapping, open tools}, doi = {10.13140/RG.2.2.18516.55681}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334611395_Opening_the_Black_Boxes_in_Ocean_Mapping_Design_and_Implementation_of_the_HydrOffice_Framework}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti and Tyanne Faulkes and Brian R Calder} } @proceedings {6599, title = {Operations of an Autonomous Surface Vehicle Aboard the NOAA SHIP Fairweather}, year = {2019}, month = {March 19-21}, pages = {13}, publisher = {The Hydrographic Society of America}, address = {Gulfport, MS}, abstract = {
In late July of 2018, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) SHIP Fairweather set sail from Nome, Alaska for 10 days of survey above the Arctic Circle in the vicinity of Point Hope, Alaska. In addition to her four survey launches, she was outfitted with the Bathymetric Explorer and Navigator (BEN), an autonomous surface vehicle (ASV) owned and operated by the Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping at the University of New Hampshire. The effort marked the first deployment of an autonomous surface vehicle by NOAA\’s Office of Coast Survey in the Arctic for hydrographic survey. The collaborative endeavor aimed to build and test new operational models, introduce the crew to ASV operations, and identify (and where possible immediately fix) short-comings in the ASV\’s mission planning interfaces, operator awareness, navigation capability, data collection and processing. This paper provides an overview of the cruise and those findings.
}, author = {Val Schmidt and Downs, Rob} } @article {6610, title = {Over a Decade of Training the Next Generation: the Explorer-in-Training Program}, volume = {32(1)}, year = {2019}, month = {March}, pages = {114-115}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2019.supplement.01}, author = {Derek Sowers and Mashkoor A Malik and E. Lobecker and M. White} } @article {6334, title = {Parallel Variable-Resolution Bathymetric Estimation with Static Load Balancing}, volume = {123}, year = {2019}, month = {2018}, pages = {72-82}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {
A method for partitioning a large computation task (direct, variable resolution bathymetric grid construction from raw observations) into thread-parallel code is described.\  Based on the data density estimated for the first pass of the CHRT algorithm, this algorithm statically partitions the estimation task into spatially distinct blocks of approximately equal total data observation count so that each can be executed in parallel and be expected to complete approximately concurrently.\  No communication between blocks or further load balancing is therefore required.\  A branch-and-bound algorithm is used to control the complexity of the partitioning task, but the computation time increases significantly as more partitions are required, leading to a degree of diminishing returns for allocating further computational resources and suggesting alternative approaches for high thread-count systems.\  Speed-up of the algorithm over a pair of test datasets (using real-world hydrographic survey data) shows that the performance consistently improves with the number of computational tasks assigned, initially (super-) linearly, although ultimately sub-linearly as other resource sharing limitations take over.\  An overall speedup of 4.1 times is demonstrated with a quad-core single-processor workstation.
}, keywords = {Parallel processing; CHRT; CUBE; Data-driven estimation; Branch and bound; Bathymetric data processing; Surface estimation}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2018.11.011}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0098300418304217}, author = {Brian R Calder} } @article {6563, title = {Preliminary Evaluation of Multibeam Backscatter Consistency through Comparison of Intermediate Processing Results}, year = {2019}, month = {May 13-17}, pages = {Saint-Petersburg, Russia}, doi = {10.13140/RG.2.2.13881.21606}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333403406_Preliminary_Evaluation_of_Multibeam_Backscatter_Consistency_through_Comparison_of_Intermediate_Processing_Results}, author = {Mashkoor A Malik and Giuseppe Masetti and Alexandre C. G. Schimel and Marc Roche and Margaret Dolan and Julian Le Deunf} } @article {6516, title = {Preliminary Evaluation of Multibeam Backscatter Consistency Through Comparison of Intermediate Processing Results}, year = {2019}, month = {March 18-21}, pages = {Biloxi, MS}, abstract = {

Although backscatter mosaics of the seafloor are now routinely produced from multibeam sonar data, significant differences have been observed in the products generated by different software when processing the same dataset. This represents a major limitation to a number of possible uses of backscatter mosaics, including quantitative analysis, monitoring seafloor change over time, and combining results from multiple data sources. A recently published study from the Backscatter Working Group: established under auspices of GEOHAB (http://geohab.org/) and consisting of more than 300 researchers representing academia, governments and industry (Lurton et al., 2015) also highlighted this issue. The study recommended that \“to check the consistency of the processing results provided by various software suites, initiatives promoting comparative tests on common data sets should be encouraged [\…]\”.\  With the aim of facilitating such a comparison, the Backscatter Software Intercomparison Project (BSIP) was launched in May 2018. Software developers were invited to actively participate in BSIP and discuss how the inconsistencies might be overcome and, or at least made more transparent. To date, the developers of four software packages (CARIS SIPS, MB Process, QPS FMGT, and Sonarscope) have actively collaborated on this project and other interested software vendors are encouraged to participate in this project.

Since backscatter data processing is a complex and (as yet) non-standardized sequence of steps, the root causes of observed differences in the end-results derived using different software packages are difficult to pinpoint. It is thus necessary to obtain data at intermediate stages of processing sequences. We provided software developers with several small datasets collected using different\  multibeam sonar models and asked them, at this initial stage of the project, to generate intermediate processing results focused on the output of the first stages of processing (i.e., as read by the software tools) as well as the fully processed results. Large differences between software outputs were observed. A major observation, even at this early stage of the project, was that in the absence of accepted standards, different software have adopted different methods to generate the initial backscatter value per beam from the raw data (snippets), prior to starting the processing sequence. This initial difference is critical and hinders any comparison of the subsequent steps during backscatter processing. We conclude by presenting our plans for the next steps of the project including working closely with commercial software vendors in finding ways to overcome this limitation, as well as standardizing outputs and terminology.

Lurton, X., Lamarche, G., Brown, C., Lucieer, V. L., Rice, G., Schimel, A., \& Weber, T. (2015). Backscatter measurements by seafloor-mapping sonars: guidelines and recommendations. A collective report by members of the GeoHab Backscatter Working Group, (May), 1-200.

}, keywords = {Acoustic backscatter, multibeam echosounder, software intercomparison}, doi = {10.13140/RG.2.2.10948.07043}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331964795_BSIP_Backscatter_Software_Intercomparison_Project_Preliminary_Evaluation_of_Multibeam_Backscatter_Consistency_through_Comparison_of_Intermediate_Processing_Results}, author = {Mashkoor A Malik and Giuseppe Masetti and Alexandre C. G. Schimel and Marc Roche and Margaret Dolan and Julian Le Deunf} } @proceedings {6622, title = {Pydro and HydrOffice}, year = {2019}, month = {June 18-20}, address = {Canberra, ACT, Australia}, keywords = {hydroffice, ocean mapping, open tools, pydro}, doi = {10.13140/RG.2.2.21557.42721}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334605587_AusSeabed_Workshop_-_Pydro_and_HydrOffice}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti and Tyanne Faulkes} } @article {6518, title = {Pydro \& HydrOffice: Open Tools for Ocean Mappers}, year = {2019}, month = {March 18-21}, pages = {Biloxi, MS}, abstract = {

The workshop provides an overview of a number of Python-based, open tools that are freely available in the Pydro and HydrOffice frameworks. Each tool aims to solve/automate common ocean-mapping tasks. No previous knowledge about Python or the specific frameworks is required.

}, keywords = {hydroffice, ocean mapping, open tools, pydro}, doi = {10.13140/RG.2.2.32339.02086}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331966078_Pydro_HydrOffice_Open_Tools_for_Ocean_Mappers}, author = {Damian Manda and Giuseppe Masetti} } @proceedings {6524, title = {Reducing Seasickness in Onboard Marine VR Use through Visual Compensation of Vessel Motion}, volume = {Workshop on Immersive Sickness Prevention}, year = {2019}, month = {March 23}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Osaka, Japan}, abstract = {We developed a virtual reality interface for cleaning sonar point cloud data. Experimentally, users performed better when using this VR interface compared to a mouse-and-keyboard with a desktop monitor. However, hydrographers often clean data aboard moving vessels, which can create motion sickness. Users of VR experience motion sickness as well, in the form of simulator sickness. Combining the two is a worst-case scenario for motion sickness. Advice for avoiding seasickness includes focusing on the horizon or objects in the distance, to keep your frame of reference external. We explored moving the surroundings in a virtual environment to match vessel motion, to assess whether it provides similar visual cues that could prevent seasickness. An informal evaluation in a seasickness-inducing simulator was conducted, and subjective preliminary results hint at such compensation{\textquoteright}s potential for reducing motion sickness, enabling the use of immersive VR technologies aboard underway ships. }, author = {Andrew H. Stevens and Butkiewicz, Thomas} } @proceedings {6596, title = {Resolution Determination through Level of Aggregation Analysis}, year = {2019}, month = {March 19-21}, publisher = {The Hydrographic Society of America}, address = {Biloxi, MS}, abstract = {
In order to accommodate significantly varying depths within a survey area, and the consequent data density changes, variable-resolution depth modeling technologies are now being deployed. A core question for such technologies is how to determine the appropriate spatially-varying resolution at which to estimate or model the seafloor in a computationally efficient manner. Current methods include conversion from roughly-estimated depth or data density to resolution, or spatially-recursive sub-division (typically via a quadtree) with an appropriate similarity metric, typically working on a coarse-to-fine basis (i.e., starting with the whole survey area, and working to finer scales as the resolution is determined). All of these methods require a preliminary pass through the source data, and make various assumptions about its structure. Computational efficiency and level of assumptions are therefore important for implementation.
As an alternative to these techniques, this paper describes a fine-to-coarse method based on a \"level of aggregation\" metric which makes no assumptions about the structure of the data, allowing it to be used equally on acoustic, lidar, or random point data. This method is methodologically direct and simple, data adaptive, readily parallelized, and automatically determines both the rate at which resolution is changing and the final resolution within this structure.
The method is illustrated in the context of processing Riegl VQ-880-G high-resolution shallow lidar data, and mixed-sensor acoustic data from a NOAA survey, with particular attention to parallel and distributed implementation. A direct corollary of estimating resolution is the ability to assess whether a given data set can meet survey specifications, which effectively provides a measure of how \"surveyed\" an area is.\  This is illustrated on an archive collection of random data from the U.S. Atlantic Margin in the context of Seabed 2030.
}, keywords = {Bathymetric Modeling, Bathymetric Processing, Digital Elevation Model, hydrography, Resolution Detemination, seabed 2030}, author = {Brian R Calder} } @article {7177, title = {Results from the First Phase of the Seafloor Backscatter Processing Software Inter-Comparison Project}, volume = {9(12)}, year = {2019}, month = {December 16}, pages = {516}, publisher = {MDPI}, abstract = {

Seafloor backscatter mosaics are now routinely produced from multibeam echosounder data and used in a wide range of marine applications. However, large differences (\>5 dB) can often be observed between the mosaics produced by different software packages processing the same dataset. Without transparency of the processing pipeline and the lack of consistency between software packages raises concerns about the validity of the final results. To recognize the source(s) of inconsistency between software, it is necessary to understand at which stage(s) of the data processing chain the differences become substantial. To this end, willing commercial and academic software developers were invited to generate intermediate processed backscatter results from a common dataset, for cross-comparison. The first phase of the study requested intermediate processed results consisting of two stages of the processing sequence: the one-value-per-beam level obtained after reading the raw data and the level obtained after radiometric corrections but before compensation of the angular dependence. Both of these intermediate results showed large differences between software solutions. This study explores the possible reasons for these differences and highlights the need for collaborative efforts between software developers and their users to improve the consistency and transparency of the backscatter data processing sequence.

}, keywords = {Acoustic backscatter processing; Multibeam Echo Sounders; seafloor mapping}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9120516}, author = {Mashkoor A Malik and Alexandre C. G. Schimel and Giuseppe Masetti and Marc Roche and Julian Le Deunf and Margaret Dolan and Beaudoin, Jonathan and Augustin, Jean-Marie and Hamilton, T and Ian Parnum} } @article {6726, title = {Retreat Pattern of Glaciers Controls the Occurrence of Turbidity Currents on High-Latitude Fjord Deltas (Eastern Baffin Island)}, volume = {124(6)}, year = {2019}, month = {July10}, pages = {1559-1571}, abstract = {

Abstract Glacier and ice sheet mass loss as a result of climate change is driving important coastal changes in Arctic fjords. Yet limited information exists for Arctic coasts regarding the influence of glacial erosion and ice mass loss on the occurrence and character of turbidity currents in fjords, which themselves affect delta dynamics. Here we show how glacial erosion and the production of meltwaters and sediments associated with the melting of retreating glaciers control the generation of turbidity currents in fjords of eastern Baffin Island (Canada). The subaqueous parts of 31 river mouths along eastern Baffin Island were mapped by high-resolution swath bathymetry in order to assess the presence or absence of sediment waves formed by turbidity currents on delta fronts. By extracting glaciological and hydrological watershed characteristics of these river mouths, we demonstrate that the presence and areal extent of glaciers are a key control for generating turbidity currents in fjords. However, lakes formed upstream during glacial retreat significantly alter the course of sediment routing to the deltas by forming temporary sinks, leading to the cessation of turbidity currents in the fjords. Due to the different deglaciation stages of watersheds in eastern Baffin Island, we put these results into a temporal framework of watershed deglaciation to demonstrate how the retreat pattern of glaciers, through the formation and filling of proglacial lakes, affects the turbidity current activity of deltas.

}, keywords = {arctic, Baffin, delta, fjord, glacier, turbidity current}, doi = {10.1029/2018JF004970}, url = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2018JF004970}, author = {Normandeau, A. and Dietrich, P. and John E. Hughes Clarke and Van Wychen, W. and P. Lajeunesse and Burgess, D. and Ghienne, J.-F.} } @article {7192, title = {R/V Atlantis 2019 EM122 / Seapath Testing}, year = {2019}, url = {https://mac.unols.org/reports/atlantis-seapath-test-2019}, author = {Kevin Jerram and Paul Johnson and Vicki L Ferrini} } @article {7194, title = {R/V Neil Armstrong 2019 EM710 Calibration Report}, year = {2019}, url = {https://mac.unols.org/reports/2019-rv-armstrong-em710-calibration}, author = {Kevin Jerram and Paul Johnson and Vicki L Ferrini} } @article {7195, title = {R/V Sikuliaq 2019 EM302 / EM710 Calibration Report}, year = {2019}, url = {https://mac.unols.org/reports/2019-sikuliaq-calibration-report}, author = {Kevin Jerram and Tomer Ketter and Paul Johnson} } @article {6479, title = {Scattering Statistics of Rock Outcrops: Model-Data Comparisons and Bayesian Inference Using Mixture Distributions}, volume = {145}, year = {2019}, month = {12 February 2019}, pages = {761-774}, publisher = {American Institute of Physics}, doi = {10.1121/1.5089892}, author = {D. R. Olson and Anthony P. Lyons and D.A. Abraham and T.O. Saebo} } @article {6613, title = {Seafloor Mapping {\textendash} The Challenge of a Truly Global Ocean Bathymetry}, volume = {6(283)}, year = {2019}, month = {June 5}, pages = {283}, abstract = {

Detailed knowledge of the shape of the seafloor is crucial to humankind. Bathymetry data is critical for safety of navigation and is used for many other applications. In an era of ongoing environmental degradation worldwide, bathymetry data (and the knowledge derived from it) play a pivotal role in using and managing the world\’s oceans in a way that is in accordance with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 14 \– conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development. However, the vast majority of our oceans is still virtually unmapped, unobserved, and unexplored. Only a small fraction of the seafloor has been systematically mapped by direct measurement. The remaining bathymetry is predicted from satellite altimeter data, providing only an approximate estimation of the shape of the seafloor. Several global and regional initiatives are underway to change this situation. This paper presents a selection of these initiatives as best practice examples for bathymetry data collection, compilation and open data sharing as well as the Nippon Foundation-GEBCO (The General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans) Seabed 2030 Project that complements and leverages these initiatives and promotes international collaboration and partnership. Several non-traditional data collection opportunities are looked at that are currently gaining momentum as well as new and innovative technologies that can increase the efficiency of collecting bathymetric data. Finally, recommendations are given toward a possible way forward into the future of seafloor mapping and toward achieving the goal of a truly global ocean bathymetry.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00283}, url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2019.00283/full}, author = {Anne-Cathrin W{\"o}lfl and Helen Snaith and Amirebrahim, Sam and Devey, Colin W. and Dorschel, B. and Vicki L Ferrini and Huvenne, Veerle A.I. and Martin Jakobsson and Jennifer Jencks and Johnston, Gordon and Geoffroy Lamarche and Larry A Mayer and Millar, David and Pedersen, Terje and Picard, Kim and Reitz, Anja and Schmitt, Thierry and Visbeck, Martin and Pauline Weatherall and Rochelle Wigley} } @proceedings {6598, title = {Sensing for Hydrographic Autonomous Surface Vehicles}, year = {2019}, month = {March 19-21}, publisher = {The Hydrographic Society of America}, address = {Biloxi, MS}, abstract = {

With increasing interest in the use of autonomous surface vessels (ASVs) to automate hydrographic data collection in support of safe navigation, there is a growing likelihood that ASVs will be operated in regions with uncertain or limited prior knowledge of where it is safe to navigate. In addition to this challenge, coastal environments may have significant boat traffic and other hazards for an unmanned vehicle, such as buoys, lobster pots and kelp. If ASVs are to operate safely and truly autonomously, means must be developed to increase the awareness of the ASV to its environment so that it can safely maneuver with minimal operator intervention.

This paper provides a review of a variety of sensing systems used by ASVs for the identification of obstacles on the surface and underwater, their detection and classification capabilities, and their limitations and uncertainties. AIS, radar, LiDAR, color and infrared (FLIR) cameras, multibeam echo-sounders and forward looking sonar are considered. The paper will explore how to use the complementary nature of these sensors in order to offer the best possible environmental perception and situational awareness. In addition, the paper will look at a number of obstacle types, evaluate their detection requirements, and match these requirements with the sensors available aboard the ASV, including the determination of which sensors provide actionable information natively, and which require further algorithm development. Finally, the use of deep learning algorithms will be examined using data from the ASV\’s camera to better understand the applicability of deep learning for the detection of objects in the marine environment.

}, keywords = {asv, Autonomous Survey Systems, Sensor Fusion}, author = {Coral Moreno and Val Schmidt and Brian R Calder and Larry A Mayer} } @article {6892, title = {Single beam echo-sounding dataset and digital elevation model of the southeastern part of the Baltic Sea (Russian sector)}, volume = {25, 104123}, year = {2019}, month = {August}, abstract = {

We present the bathymetric dataset of a single beam sounding. Surveys were conducted in 25 expeditions of the Atlantic branch of Shirshov Institute of Oceanology RAS in the Russian EEZ area of the southeastern part of the Baltic Sea in the period from 2004 to 2018. Acoustic data were acquired by echo sounders Simrad EA-400SP and Furuno FS-700. The raw sounding data were filtered and corrected by sound velocity values. The dataset is presented as spreadsheets (*.xslx) and GIS point-class shapes (*.shp). The digital elevation model (DEM) of 1: 500 000 scale has been constructed for the entire Russian EEZ on base of the original array of sounding profiles and an open sources bathymetry [1]. DEM is presented by XYZ-grid (*.txt) and GeoTIFF raster (*.tif).

}, keywords = {Single beam echo-soundingDigital elevation modelReliefThe Baltic Sea}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2019.104123}, author = {Dorokhov, Dmitry and Ivan Dudkov and Vadim Sivkov} } @article {6821, title = {Target Strength Measurements of Spherical and Wobbly Bubbles}, year = {2019}, month = {May 13-17}, pages = {Louisville, KY}, abstract = {

Methane gas bubbles released from the seafloor transport gas upwards through the water column and in some cases even to the atmosphere. Researchers exploit the large acoustic impedance contrast between the gas within the bubble and the surrounding water to acoustically estimate the flux of methane in the ocean. Flux estimation employs the use of analytical acoustic scattering models to convert acoustic backscatter measurements of gas bubbles to size estimates. However, these models assume that bubbles are both spherical and that their radius is much smaller than the acoustic wavelength (ka \<\< 1). Typically, bubbles in the ocean range from 1-5 mm in radius, are non-spherical in shape and are observed for ka values that are greater than 0.1. A controlled shallow water tank (\< 6 m) experiment was conducted to assess the uncertainty associated with using analytical models that assume bubbles are spherical and that ka values are much smaller than one. Small, spherical and large, wobbly gas bubbles (radii ranging from 0.7-4.5 mm) were ensonified over a broad range of frequencies (10-250 kHz) in order to observe ka values from 0.1-5.

}, keywords = {Acoustic Scattering; Gas Bubbles;}, author = {Alexandra M Padilla and Thomas C Weber} } @article {6663, title = {Temperature, Phenology, and Turf Macroalgae Drive Seascape Change: Connections to Mid-trophic Level Species}, volume = {10(11)}, year = {2019}, month = {November 8}, pages = {e02923}, publisher = {Ecological Society of America}, abstract = {

Landscape patterns created by the structure and form of foundational species shape ecological processes of community assembly and trophic interactions. In recent years, major shifts in foundation species have occurred in multiple ecosystems. In temperate marine systems, many kelp beds have shifted to turf macroalgae habitats with unknown consequences on seascape patterns or changes in the ecological processes that maintain communities. We investigated the effect of turf macroalgae on seascape patterns in three habitats dominated by kelp and turf macroalgae and those that have mixed species composition. We also examined decadal elevations in temperature with known growth and reproductive phenology of kelp and turf macroalgae to provide a mechanistic understanding of the factors that will continue to shape these seascapes. Our results indicate that turf macroalgae produce a more heterogeneous habitat with greater primary free space than those that are mixed or dominated by kelp. Further, we examined the relationship between seascape patterns and richness and abundance of fishes in each habitat. Results showed that patch size was positively related to the abundance of fish in habitat types, suggesting that turf-induced heterogeneity may lead to fewer observed fishes, specifically the mid-trophic level species, cunner, in these habitats. Overall, our results suggest that persistence of this habitat is facilitated by increasing temperature that shorten the phenology of kelps and favor growth and reproduction of turf macroalgae that make them poised to take advantage of free space, regardless of season.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2923}, author = {Jennifer A. Dijkstra and Amber Litterer and Kristen Mello and Brandon O{\textquoteright}Brien and Yuri Rzhanov} } @article {6349, title = {Total Vertical Uncertainty (TVU) modeling for topo-bathymetric lidar systems}, volume = {85}, year = {2019}, pages = {585-596}, publisher = {American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing}, abstract = {
This paper presents a comprehensive total vertical uncertainty
(TVU) model for topo-bathymetric Light Detection and
Ranging (LIDAR) systems. The TVU model consists of a combination
of analytical uncertainty propagation for the subaerial
(above water) portion and Monte Carlo simulation models
for the subaqueous portion (water surface to seafloor). The
TVU model was tested on a topo-bathymetric LIDAR data set
collected by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\’s
National Geodetic Survey (NGS) in Southwest Florida,
U.S., in May 2016 using a Riegl VQ-880-G topo-bathymetric
LIDAR system. The TVU values were compared against the
empirical standard deviation and were found to capture the
variability of uncertainty with depth while providing (slightly)
conservative estimates of uncertainty. The results may be
used to inform data acquisition protocols and data processing
models. The model implementation is now beginning to be
used operationally at NGS for topo-bathymetric LIDAR projects.

}, keywords = {LIDAR, Riegl VQ-880-G, total propagated uncertainty, uncertainty modelling}, doi = {10.14358/PERS.85.8.585}, author = {Eren, Firat and J. Jung and Christopher E Parrish and Forfinski, Nick and Brian R Calder} } @article {6447, title = {Towards Automated Validation of Charted Soundings: Existing Tests and Limitations}, volume = {22(4)}, year = {2019}, month = {June 3}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, abstract = {

The nautical chart is one of the fundamental tools in navigation used by mariners to plan and safely execute voyages. Its compilation follows strict cartographic constraints with the most prominent being that of the safety. Thereby, the cartographer is called to make the selection of the bathymetric information for portrayal on charts in a way that, at any location, the expected water depth is not deeper than the source information. To validate the shoal-biased pattern of selection two standard tests are used, i.e. the triangle and edge tests. To date, some efforts have been made towards the automation of the triangle test, but the edge test has been largely ignored. In the context of research on a fully automated solution for the compilation of charts at different scales from the source information, this paper presents an algorithmic implementation of the two tests for the validation of selected soundings. Through a case study with real-world data, it presents the improved performance of the implementation near and within depth curves and coastlines and points out the importance of the edge test in the validation process. It also presents the, by definition, intrinsic limitation of the two tests as part of a fully automated solution and discusses the need for a new test that will complement or supersede the existing ones.

}, keywords = {automated nautical cartography, category zone of confidence, chart discrepancies, chart safety constraint, nautical chart generalization, nautical surface test, selected soundings, sounding generalization, Sounding Selection}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10095020.2019.1618636}, author = {Christos Kastrisios and Brian R Calder and Giuseppe Masetti and Peter Holmberg} } @article {6793, title = {Tracking the Spatiotemporal Variability of the Oxic-Anoxic Interface in the Baltic Sea with Broadband Acoustics}, year = {2019}, month = {December 2-6}, pages = {San Diego, CA}, author = {Elizabeth Weidner and Christian Stranne and Jonas Henati Sundberg} } @proceedings {6665, title = {Validation of the Shoal-Biased Pattern of Bathymetric Information on Nautical Charts}, volume = {1}, year = {2019}, month = {July15-20}, publisher = {International Cartorgaphic Association}, address = {Tokyo, Japan}, keywords = {chart safety constraint, nautical chart generalization, Sounding Selection, Triangle Test}, doi = {10.5194/ica-abs-1-163-2019}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334504598_Validation_of_the_shoal-biased_pattern_of_bathymetric_information_on_nautical_charts}, author = {Christos Kastrisios and Brian R Calder and Giuseppe Masetti and Peter Holmberg} } @proceedings {6597, title = {The Viability of Crowdsourced Bathymetry for Authoritative Use}, year = {2019}, month = {March 19-21}, publisher = {The Hydrographic Society of America}, address = {Biloxi, MS}, abstract = {

Crowdsourced bathymetry (CSB) is increasingly common amongst private organizations that provide navigational products to mariners (e.g., Olex, Navionics, and TeamSurv), prompting the desire among hydrographic offices to integrate CSB into the authoritative charting pipeline. However, questions of data quality along with the legal responsibility to provide soundings safe for navigation have led to a five-year debate on the role CSB can and should play in official practices. Recently, both local and international hydrographic communities have progressed with CSB, including the production of an international guidance document, establishment of the IHO/DCDB CSB database, and nascent integration of CSB data into some hydrographic workflows. However, despite forward momentum, consensus on the utility of CSB for authoritative purposes has yet to be reached. This study aims to provide clarity on the viability of authoritative CSB by examining four fundamental components: the crowd (capability and motivation), the data (accuracy and, subsequently, application), the economics (cost vs. reward), and ultimately, the responsibility of hydrographic offices. The culmination of these investigations demonstrates that while CSB is unable to meet charting standards (and is therefore most suited for ancillary tasks e.g., survey prioritization and change detection), hydrographic offices have a responsibility to report dangers to navigation to the mariner and, therefore, must incorporate CSB into the chart. A recommended model for how to accomplish this is presented.

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}, keywords = {Crowdsourced Bathymetry, CSB, hydrography}, author = {Shannon Hoy and Brian R Calder} } @article {6627, title = {{\textquotedblleft}Walking with the Ancients{\textquotedblright} in the Southern California Continental Borderland}, volume = {vol. 32(1)}, year = {2019}, month = {March 1}, pages = {54-55}, publisher = {The Oceanography Society}, abstract = {

\“Walking with the Ancients\” was the fifth in a series of\ E/V Nautilus expeditions to the Channel Islands and the\ Southern California Continental Borderland that began in\ 2016. Cruise sponsors were NOAA\’s Office of Ocean Exploration and Research, the Office of Naval Research, the National\ Geographic Society, and the Lounsbery Foundation. The primary focus of the five expeditions was to discover and investigate submerged caves carved by the sea since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) some 19,000 years ago. When the great continental ice sheets began to melt,\ sea level rose discontinuously, creating a series of paleoshorelines.\ 

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2019.supplement.01}, url = {http://tos.org/oceanography/assets/docs/32-1_supplement.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0F2Vvb96e-GHS8GGGbESuK8qoPSHu76O0FlLAKb65smE_OJ8xyNCyUPaU}, author = {Robert Ballard and Larry A Mayer and Kenneth Broad and Coleman, D. F. and Erin Heffron and Val Schmidt} } @article {6728, title = {What Controls Submarine Channel Development and the Morphology of Deltas Entering Deep-Water Fjords?}, volume = {44(2)}, year = {2019}, month = {February 5}, pages = {535-551}, publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Ltd. }, abstract = {

Abstract River deltas and associated turbidity current systems produce some of the largest and most rapid sediment accumulations on our planet. These systems bury globally significant volumes of organic carbon and determine the runout distance of potentially hazardous sediment flows and the shape of their deposits. Here we seek to understand the main factors that determine the morphology of turbidity current systems linked to deltas in fjords, and why some locations have well developed submarine channels while others do not. Deltas and associated turbidity current systems are analysed initially in five fjord systems from British Columbia in Canada, and then more widely. This provides the basis for a general classification of delta and turbidity current system types, where rivers enter relatively deep (\>200\ m) water. Fjord-delta area is found to be strongly bimodal. Avalanching of coarse-grained bedload delivered by steep mountainous rivers produces small Gilbert-type fan deltas, whose steep gradient (11\°\–25\°) approaches the sediment\&$\#$39;s angle of repose. Bigger fjord-head deltas are associated with much larger and finer-grained rivers. These deltas have much lower gradients (1.5\°\–10\°) that decrease offshore in a near exponential fashion. The lengths of turbidity current channels are highly variable, even in settings fed by rivers with similar discharges. This may be due to resetting of channel systems by delta-top channel avulsions or major offshore landslides, as well as the amount and rate of sediment supplied to the delta front by rivers. \© 2018 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.

}, keywords = {deltas, fjords, geomorphology, processes, submarine channels, turbidity currents}, doi = {10.1002/esp.4515}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/esp.4515}, author = {Gales, Jenny A. and P.J. Talling and Matthieu J.B. Cartigny and John E. Hughes Clarke and Lintern, Gwyn and C.D. Stacey and M.A. Clare} } @article {6494, title = {A Wideband Acoustic Method for Direct Assessment of Bubble-Mediated Methane Flux}, volume = {173}, year = {2019}, month = {February 1}, pages = {104-115}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {

The bubble-mediated transport and eventual fate of methane escaping from the seafloor is of great interest to researchers in many fields. Acoustic systems are frequently used to study gas seep sites, as they provide broad synoptic observations of processes in the water column. However, the visualization and characterization of individual gas bubbles needed for quantitative studies has routinely required the use of optical sensors which offer a limited field of view and require extended amounts of time for deployment and data collection. In this paper, we present an innovative method for studying individual bubbles and estimating gas flux using a calibrated wideband split-beam echosounder. The extended bandwidth (16 \– 26 kHz) affords vertical range resolution of approximately 7.5 cm, allowing for the differentiation of individual bubbles in acoustic data. Split-aperture processing provides phase-angle data used to compensate for transducer beam-pattern effects and to precisely locate bubbles in the transducer field of view. The target strength of individual bubbles is measured and compared to an analytical scattering model to estimate bubble radius, and bubbles are tracked through the water column to estimate rise velocity. The resulting range of bubble radii (0.68\–8.40 mm in radius) agrees with those found in other investigations with optical measurements, and the rise velocities trends are consistent with published models. Together, the observations of bubble radius and rise velocity offer a measure of gas flux, requiring nothing more than vessel transit over a seep site, bypassing the need to deploy time-consuming and expensive optical systems.

}, keywords = {Broadband acoustics, Bubble fate, East Siberian Arctic Ocean, Ebullition, Gas flux, Methane gas bubbles, swerus-c3}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2018.12.005}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278434318303649?via\%3Dihub}, author = {Elizabeth Weidner and Thomas C Weber and Larry A Mayer and Martin Jakobsson and Denis Chemykh and Semiltov, I.} } @article {6611, title = {Windows to the Deep 2018: Exploration of the Southeast U.S. Continental Margin}, volume = {32(1)}, year = {2019}, month = {March}, pages = {82-85}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2019.supplement.01}, author = {Sautter, L. and C.L. Morrison and K. Cantwell and Derek Sowers and E. Lobecker} } @article {6904, title = {The World of S-100: Data Standards for Navigation Systems and Beyond}, year = {2019}, author = {Greenlaw, Jason and Erin Nagel and Neil Weston and Gregory Seroka and Kurt Hess and Powell, Julia and John G Kelley} } @article {6345, title = {Acoustic Mapping of Mixed Layer Depth}, volume = {14, 3}, year = {2018}, month = {June 22}, pages = {503-514}, abstract = {

The ocean surface mixed layer is a nearly universal feature of the world oceans. Variations in the depth of the mixed layer (MLD) influences the exchange of heat, fresh water (through evaporation), and gases between the atmosphere and the ocean and constitutes one of the major factors controlling ocean primary production as it affects the vertical distribution of biological and chemical components in near-surface waters. Direct observations of the MLD are traditionally made by means of conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) casts. However, CTD instrument deployment limits the observation of temporal and spatial variability in the MLD. Here, we present an alternative method in which acoustic mapping of the MLD is done remotely by means of commercially available ship-mounted echo sounders. The method is shown to be highly accurate when the MLD is well defined and biological scattering does not dominate the acoustic returns. These prerequisites are often met in the open ocean and it is shown that the method is successful in 95 \% of data collected in the central Arctic Ocean. The primary advantages of acoustically mapping the MLD over CTD measurements are (1) considerably higher temporal and horizontal resolutions and (2) potentially larger spatial coverage.

}, doi = {10.5194/os-14-503-2018}, url = {https://www.ocean-sci.net/14/503/2018/os-14-503-2018-discussion.html}, author = {Christian Stranne and Larry A Mayer and Martin Jakobsson and Elizabeth Weidner and Kevin Jerram and Thomas C Weber and Andersson, Leif and Johan Nilsson and Bjork, G and Katarina G{\r a}rdfeldt} } @article {6801, title = {Acoustically Relevant Properties of Four Crude Oils at Oceanographic Temperatures and Pressures}, volume = {144(5)}, year = {2018}, month = {November 26}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, abstract = {

Inversions of models of broadband acoustic scattering to detect and quantify weakly scattering targets, such as oil droplets in seawater, require precise knowledge of the physical properties that determine scattering. When the characteristic impedance contrast between a target and the surrounding medium is weak, small differences between the true and modeled impedance can cause significant errors in modeled scattering. For crude oil, currently available empirical models of density and sound speed are derived from measurements made at reservoir conditions (high temperature and pressure), which may not be relevant to oceanographic conditions due to phase changes in the oil. Measurements of the density and sound speed, as well as thermal characterization of phase changes via differential scanning calorimetry, of four crude oils at oceanographically relevant temperatures and pressures were made and compared to a commonly used empirical model for sound speed and density. Significant deviations between the measured and modeled values were found and different empirically fit models were developed. A literature review of sound speed data was also performed, and the innovative empirical model shows improvement over the commonly used empirical model for both the data measured here and the measurements in the literature.

}, doi = {10.1121/1.5078606}, author = {Loranger, Scott and Bassett, Christopher and Cole, Justin P and Boyle, Bret and Thomas C Weber} } @article {6529, title = {Adding the {\textquotedblleft}Where{\textquotedblright} to the {\textquotedblleft}Who and What{\textquotedblright} {\textemdash} Considering the Seascape Can Help the Study of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning}, year = {2018}, month = {May 13-16}, pages = {Montreal (QC), Canada}, author = {F. Ferrario and T. Suskiewicz and Y. Rzhanov and L. Johnson and P. Archambault} } @proceedings {6536, title = {Algorithmic Implementation of the Triangle Test for the Validation of Charted Soundings}, year = {2018}, month = {June 18 {\textendash} 23}, pages = {569-576}, publisher = {Bulgarian Cartographic Association}, address = {Sozopol, Bulgaria}, abstract = {

The selection of soundings to be shown on nautical charts is one of the most important and complicated tasks in nautical cartography. From the vast number of source soundings the cartographer is called to select all those important for the safety of navigation and to verify the \“shoal biased\” pattern of selection against the source soundings. A long-term goal of the cartographic community has been the automation of the tasks involved in nautical chart production, including that of the selection and validation of charted soundings. With the aim to contribute to that effort, this paper presents an implementation of the triangle test for the automated validation of selected soundings which has improved performance on the detection of shoals near depth curves and coastlines

}, keywords = {Analytical cartography, Computer cartography, Data Generalization, Delaunay Triangulation, Nautical cartography, Sounding Selection}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.12745.39528}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325966938_Algorithmic_implementation_of_the_triangle_test_for_the_validation_of_charted_soundings}, author = {Christos Kastrisios and Brian R Calder} } @article {6489, title = {An Analysis of Subbottom Profile Data in the Northern Marianas Area}, year = {2018}, month = {May 3}, author = {Tiziana Munene} } @mastersthesis {6486, title = {Analysis of Uncertainty in Underwater Multiview Reconstruction}, volume = {Computer Science}, year = {2018}, month = {September 1}, pages = {57}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Multiview reconstruction, a method for creating 3D models from multiple images from different views, has been a popular topic of research in the field of computer vision in the last two decades. Increased availability of high-quality cameras led to the development of advanced techniques and algorithms. However, little attention has been paid to multiview reconstruction in underwater conditions. Researchers in a wide variety of fields (e.g. marine biology, archaeology, and geology) could benefit from having 3D models of seafloor and underwater objects. Cameras, designed to operate in air, must be put in protective housings to work underwater. This affects the image formation process. The largest source of underwater image distortion results from refraction of light, which occurs when light rays travel through boundaries between media with different refractive indices. This study addresses methods for accounting for light refraction when using a static rig with multiple cameras. We define a set of procedures to achieve optimal underwater reconstruction results, and we analyze the expected quality of the 3D models\&$\#$39; measurements.

}, author = {Igor Kozlov} } @article {6405, title = {Applications of Sonar Detection Uncertainty for Survey Quality Control and Data Processing}, year = {2018}, month = {October 1-3}, pages = {St. John{\textquoteright}s, NL, Canada}, abstract = {

An objective measurement of the bathymetric uncertainty introduced by sonar bottom detection has been proposed (Lurton and Augustin, 2009) to overcome the sonar-specific heuristic solutions proposed by constructors. This approach pairs each sounding with an estimation of sonar detection uncertainty (SDU) based on the width of the signal envelope (amplitude detection) or the noise level of the phase ramp (phase detection), thus capturing the intrinsic quality of the received signal and any applied signal-processing step.

Along with the environment characterization and the motion sensor accuracy, the SDU represents a major contributor to the total vertical uncertainty (TVU). As such, the monitoring of the SDU statistics by detection types, acquisition modes, and transmission sectors (when available) provides an effective way to alert the surveyor about ongoing issues in the data collection. It also has potential application in the evaluation of the health status of the sonar - for example, by comparing SDU-derived performance of repeated surveys on the same seafloor area and estimating the uncertainty contributions from environment and motion. Finally, the SDU may be integrated in multiple stages of the data processing workflow, from data pre-filtering to hydrographic uncertainty modeling, up to more advanced applications like hypotheses disambiguation in statistical gridding algorithms (e.g., CUBE).

Based on such considerations, we conducted a study to explore possible applications of the estimated SDU values for survey quality control and data processing. The results of the analysis applied to real data \– collected using multibeam echosounders from manufacturers who are early adopters of this metric (i.e., Kongsberg Maritime and Teledyne Reson) \– provide evidence that SDU is a useful tool for survey monitoring.

}, keywords = {hydrographic uncertainty model, quality factor, sonar detection uncertainty}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.24445.00485/1}, url = {http://www.shallow-survey.com/Conference,Program/}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti and Augustin, Jean-Marie and Xavier Lurton and Brian R Calder} } @proceedings {6431, title = {AR-ChUM: Augmented Reality Chart Update Mashup}, year = {2018}, month = {Oct 22-25}, publisher = {IEEE Oceanic Engineering Society}, address = {Charleston, SC}, abstract = {
Many mariners, especially recreational boaters, still utilize paper nautical charts for navigation. Unlike electronic charts, regularly updating these paper\  charts with new information can be a tedious task. Changes to paper charts are published in a textual format, which mariners must then use to manually locate on their physical chart by using a compass, pencil, and ruler to carefully place the update in the proper position on the chart. This project\  investigates the potential for using augmented reality (AR) to simplify and expedite the updating process. AR is a technology that superimposes digital information directly on top of a user\’s real world view. This project uses off-the-shelf, self-contained AR glasses (Microsoft HoloLens) to allow mariners to look at their paper nautical charts and see all modifications that need to be rectified and their respective locations on the paper chart. Advances in both AR and smart-phone\  technologies imply that this application could be implemented as a mobile app in the near future, which would make it easily accessible to average mariners.
}, keywords = {augmented reality, chart updates, Notice to Mariners}, url = {https://charleston18.oceansconference.org/program/technical-program-topics/}, author = {Kokoszka, Tyler and Pham, Harrison and Briana M Sullivan and Butkiewicz, Thomas} } @article {7351, title = {Attenuation and Group Speed in Water-saturated Granular Materials at MHz Frequencies}, volume = {143}, year = {2018}, month = {May 7}, doi = {doi.org/10.1121/1.5033901}, author = {Jenna Hare and A. E. Hay} } @article {6403, title = {Automated Identification of Discrepancies Between Nautical Charts and Survey Soundings}, volume = {7}, year = {2018}, month = {September 28 }, pages = {392}, publisher = {MDPI Publishing}, address = {Basel, Switzerland}, abstract = {

Timely and accurate identification of change detection for areas depicted on nautical charts constitutes a key task for marine cartographic agencies in supporting maritime safety. Such a task is usually achieved through manual or semi-automated processes, based on best practices developed over the years requiring a substantial level of human commitment (i.e., to visually compare the chart with the new collected data or to analyze the result of intermediate products). This work describes an algorithm that aims to largely automate the change identification process as well as to reduce its subjective component. Through the selective derivation of a set of depth points from a nautical chart, a triangulated irregular network is created to apply a preliminary tilted-triangle test to all the input survey soundings. Given the complexity of a modern nautical chart, a set of feature-specific, point-in-polygon tests are then performed. As output, the algorithm provides danger-to-navigation candidates, chart discrepancies, and a subset of features that requires human evaluation. The algorithm has been successfully tested with real-world electronic navigational charts and survey datasets. In parallel to the research development, a prototype application implementing the algorithm was created and made publicly available.

}, keywords = {change detection, chart adequacy, Nautical cartography, ocean mapping, safety of navigation, triangulated irregular network}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7100392}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/7/10/392}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti and Tyanne Faulkes and Christos Kastrisios} } @article {6495, title = {An Automatic Procedure for the Quantitative Characterization of Submarine Bedforms}, volume = {8(1)}, year = {2018}, month = {January 21}, pages = {28}, publisher = {MDPI}, abstract = {

A model for the extraction and quantitative characterization of submarine landforms from high-resolution digital bathymetry is presented. The procedure is fully automated and comprises two parts. The first part consists of an analytical model which extracts quantitative information from a Digital Elevation Model in the form of objects with similar parametric characteristics (terrain objects). The second part is a rule-based model where the terrain objects are reclassified into distinct landforms with well-defined three dimensional characteristics. For the focus of this work, the quantitative characterization of isolated dunes (height greater than 2 m) is used to exemplify the process. The primary metrics used to extract terrain objects are the flatness threshold and the search radius, which are then used by the analytical model to identify the feature type. Once identified as dunes, a sequence of spatial analysis routines is applied to identify and compute metrics for each dune including length, height, width, ray of curvature, slope analysis for each stoss and lee side, and dune symmetry. Dividing the model into two parts, one scale-dependent and another centered around the shape of the landform, makes the model applicable to other submarine landforms like ripples, mega-ripples, and coral reefs, which also have well-defined three-dimensional characteristics.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8010028 }, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3263/8/1/28}, author = {Massimo Di Stefano and Larry A Mayer} } @proceedings {6331, title = {Autonomous Navigation on US (Electronic) Nautical Charts}, year = {2018}, month = {Marc 26-29}, publisher = {Canadian Hydrographic Society}, address = {Victoria, CA}, abstract = {

Although much interest has been given to the use of autonomous surface vehicles (ASVs) for hydrographic data collection, little thought has been given to the utility of currently available chart products for safe navigation of the ASV itself. In the United States, chart products are currently available in digital form, as both cartographic raster images of traditional paper charts and as vector representations of cartographic data, (\“BSB\” files and electronic nautical charts (ENCs), respectively). Here we evaluate these chart products with an eye to common methods by which artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms would likely use them. We find that the raster cartographic nature of BSB nautical charts leaves a complex interpretation problem for computers to recognize and understand their nuances. However, the BSB cartographic representation holds useful information that can be equally difficult to infer from electrical nautical charts, particularly when the size of objects are implicitly tied to the scale of the chart. Further, we find that while ENCs provide near instantaneous interpretation, the data must be reorganized for fast search. Additionally, some features, notably docks and breakwaters, are represented in the ENC in a single dimension (a line) even though they subtend a finite second dimension, forcing the AI algorithm to buffer objects to ensure safe navigation. When objects fail to have explicit measurements (for example a measured depth) encoded in the ENC, one is left to interpret their relative hazard from qualitative descriptions. This interpretation can be particularly challenging when the qualitative descriptions are referenced to the local vertical datum. Finally, the ENC\’s compilation scale, when encoded, is particularly useful as it provides an implicit measure of uncertainty about the chart information, determining the granularity with which navigation choices can be made.

}, keywords = {ASVs, ENCs, nautical charts, unmanned systems}, author = {Val Schmidt} } @article {6309, title = {Bathymetric and Reflectivity-derived Data Fusion for Preliminary Seafloor Segmentation and Strategic Bottom Sampling}, year = {2018}, month = {May 7-11}, pages = {Santa Barbara, CA}, abstract = {

Modern multibeam sonars and processing software typically produce geo-located bathymetry and backscatter mosaic products, thus offering the opportunity to treat both data sets together to support seafloor characterization. However, there are few studies that have offered general methods for using machine-focused (automated) approaches for seafloor segmentation that combine and use the information found in co-located bathymetric digital elevation models (DEMs) and acoustic reflectivity mosaics.

We explore a methodology to combine both bathymetry and backscatter data to automatically segment the seafloor. The proposed method attempts to mimic the approach taken by a skilled analyst assuming that, when called upon to manually segment a seafloor area, the analyst initially evaluates the context surrounding the area and attempts to take full advantage of both bathymetric and reflectivity products rather than focusing on small-scale geomorphometric variability (e.g., local rugosity). The result is a bathymetry- and reflectivity-based estimator for seafloor segmentation that mimics the positive aspects of the segmentation process as performed by a skilled analyst (e.g., the use of context and multiple inputs) but avoids the inherent deficiencies (subjectivity, processing time, lack of reproducibility).

The algorithm starts by adopting principles of topographic openness, pattern recognition, and texture classification to identify geomorphic elements of the seafloor or \“area kernels\”, and then derives the final seafloor segmentation by merging or splitting the kernels based on the principles of similarity and multi-modality.

The output is a collection of preliminary, homogeneous, non-overlapping seafloor segments of consistent morphology and acoustic backscatter texture. Each labeled segment is enriched by a list of derived, physically-meaningful attributes that can be used for subsequent task-specific analysis. In this work, the resulting segments have been evaluated as possible inputs to identify a strategic seafloor sampling (ground-truthing) plan aimed at advancing characterization results while optimizing operational field efforts.

}, keywords = {seafloor segmentation, strategic bottom sampling}, url = {https://www.geohab2018.org/program}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti and Larry A Mayer and Larry G Ward and Derek Sowers} } @article {6235, title = {Bathymetry and Oceanic Flow Structure at Two Deep Passages Crossing the Lomonosov Ridge}, volume = {14}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2}, pages = {1-13}, publisher = {Copernicus Publications}, abstract = {

The Lomonosov Ridge represents a major topographical feature in the Arctic Ocean which has a large effect on the water circulation and the distribution of water properties. This study presents detailed bathymetric survey data along with hydrographic data at two deep passages across the ridge: A southern passage (80\–81\°\ N) where the ridge crest meets the Siberian continental slope and a northern passage around 84.5\°\ N. The southern channel is characterized by smooth and flat bathymetry around 1600\–1700\ m with a sill depth slightly shallower than 1700\ m. A hydrographic section across the channel reveals an eastward flow with Amundsen Basin properties in the southern part and a westward flow of Makarov Basin properties in the northern part. The northern passage includes an approximately 72\ km long and 33\ km wide trough which forms an intra basin in the Lomonosov Ridge morphology (the Oden Trough). The eastern side of Oden Trough is enclosed by a narrow and steep ridge rising 500\–600\ m above a generally 1600\ m deep trough bottom. The deepest passage (the sill) is 1470\ m deep and located on this ridge. Hydrographic data show irregular temperature and salinity profiles indicating that water exchange occurs as midwater intrusions bringing water properties from each side of the ridge in well-defined but irregular layers. There is also morphological evidence that some rather energetic flows may occur in the vicinity of the sill. A well expressed deepening near the sill may be the result of seabed erosion by bottom currents.

}, doi = {doi.org/10.5194/os-2017-14}, author = {Bjork, G and Martin Jakobsson and Assmann, Karen and Andersson, Leif and Johan Nilsson and Christian Stranne and Larry A Mayer} } @article {6248, title = {A Bathymetry- and Reflectivity-Based Approach for Seafloor Segmentation}, volume = {8 (1)}, year = {2018}, month = {January 8}, pages = {14}, publisher = {MDPI Publishing}, address = {Basel, Switzerland}, abstract = {

A robust and flexible technique to segment seafloor acoustic mapping data by analyzing co-located bathymetric digital elevation models and acoustic backscatter mosaics is presented. The algorithm first uses principles of topographic openness, pattern recognition, and texture classification to identify geomorphic elements of the seafloor or \“area kernels\”, and then derives the final seafloor segmentation by merging or splitting the kernels based on principles of similarity and multi-modality. The output is a collection of homogeneous, non-overlapping seafloor segments of consistent morphology and acoustic backscatter texture. Each labeled segment is enriched by a list of derived, physically-meaningful attributes that can be used for subsequent task-specific analysis.

}, keywords = {Acoustic applications, object segmentation, seafloor, underwater acoustics}, doi = {10.3390/geosciences8010014}, url = {http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3263/8/1/14}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti and Larry A Mayer and Larry G Ward} } @article {6111, title = {Bottom Characterization by Using Airborne Lidar Bathymetry (ALB) Waveform Features Obtained from Bottom Return Residual Analysis}, volume = {206}, year = {2018}, month = {March 1}, pages = {260-274}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {

Airborne Lidar Bathymetry (ALB) surveys are traditionally used for measuring depths in shallow nearshore and back-bay areas. In this paper, we present a novel ALB waveform processing procedure, namely bottom return residual analysis, for bottom characterization. Waveform features obtained from the bottom return residual analysis are used in a supervised classification approach, i.e. Support Vector Machine, to differentiate between: 1) sand and rock bottoms and subsequently, 2) fine and coarse sand bottoms. The classification procedure was tested on ALB survey data collected with an Optech SHOALS-1000T ALB system that covers a ~7 km2 area within 1 km from shore in the western Gulf of Maine, USA. The bottom classification results, when compared to ground-truth measurements, indicate a 96\% overall accuracy for sand and rock classification and 86\% overall accuracy for fine and coarse sand classification. Results of ALB-based bottom classification are compared with interpretations of a multibeam echosounder acoustic backscatter mosaic collected from the survey area.\ 

}, keywords = {airborne lidar bathymetry, seafloorcharacterization, supervised classsification, waveform}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.12.035}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003442571730620X?via\%3Dihub}, author = {Eren, Firat and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Yuri Rzhanov and Larry G Ward} } @mastersthesis {6487, title = {Broadband Acoustic Measurements of a Controlled Seep with Multiple Gases for Verification of Flux Estimates Through Bubble Dissolution and Target Strength Models}, volume = {Ocean Engineering/Ocean Mapping}, year = {2018}, month = {September 1}, pages = {74}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

To verify existing models for conversion of acoustic target strength to estimates for the total volume of methane gas released from the seafloor through the water column, a synthetic seep system was designed and fabricated. This system creates individual bubbles of a specific sizes most commonly found in gaseous methane seeps, \<1 to 5[mm] radii, which can be released at any interval at depths up to 200[m]. The synthetic seep system was deployed off the coast of New Hampshire adjacent to the Isles of Shoals to a depth of 55[m]. Acoustic backscatter from 16-24 [kHz] was collected by steaming over the synthetic seep multiple times with a suite of broadband splitbeam sonar systems. Each iteration ensonified a predetermined and calibrated bubble size created by the system at depth. These data represent a direct field measurement which tested models describing bubble evolution and acoustic scattering during the ascent through the water column for bubbles of different sizes and gasses. Validating these models directly tests the ability of broadband sonar systems to estimate the transport of gas from the seabed to the ocean and atmosphere.\ 

}, author = {Kevin M Rychert} } @article {6794, title = {Broadband Acoustic Observations of Individual Naturally Occurring Hydrate-Coated Bubbles in the Gulf of Mexico}, year = {2018}, month = {November 3-9}, pages = {Victoria, BC}, author = {Elizabeth Weidner and Kevin Jerram and Thomas C Weber} } @article {6650, title = {Characteristics of the soundscape before and after the construction of the Block Island Wind Farm}, volume = {144(3)}, year = {2018}, month = {October 18}, pages = {1856{\textendash}1856}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, abstract = {

The Block Island Wind Farm (BIWF) south of Rhode Island is the first offshore windfarm in the United States. As part of the Ocean Special Area Management Plan, acoustic data were collected before the construction in the fall of 2009. Noise budgets were estimated based on this data and showed the dominant sources of sound in a 1/3-octave band centered at 500 Hz were shipping and wind. Data were again collected during and after construction of the wind farm and will be presented and compared to pre-construction levels. In 2009, Passive Aquatic Listener (PALs) were deployed. After construction was complete, data from a tetrahedral hydrophone array (~50 m from one of the wind turbines) were analyzed to study the soundscape from December 20, 2016 to January 14, 2017. The acoustic environment near the BIWF after construction showed contributions from shipping, wind, and marine life. Noise from the wind turbine was measured near 70 Hz at approximately 100 dB re 1 mPa at a range of 50 m. Significant marine mammal vocalizations were recorded including from humpback and fin whales. (Work supported by the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management.)

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1121/1.5068166}, author = {Aditi Tripathy and Miller, J H and Potty, Gopu R. and Jennifer Amaral and Vigness-Raposa, Kathleen J. and Frankel, Adam S. and Ying-Tsong Lin} } @article {6343, title = {Characterization of Internal Waves in Synthetic Aperture Sonar Imagery Via Ray Tracing}, year = {2018}, month = {May 7-11}, pages = {Minneapolis, MN}, author = {D.J. Pate and D.A. Cook and Anthony P. Lyons and R.E. Hansen} } @article {6240, title = {Climate Change, Sex, and Community State Changes in the Gulf of Maine}, year = {2018}, month = {January 3-7}, pages = {San Francisco, CA}, author = {E.L. Westerman and Jennifer A. Dijkstra and Larry G. Harris} } @article {6848, title = {Clusters of Deep-Sea Egg-Brooding Octopods Associated with Warm Fluid Discharge: An Ill-Fated Fragment of a Larger, Discrete Population?}, volume = {135}, year = {2018}, month = {May}, pages = {1-8}, publisher = {ELSEVIER}, abstract = {

Benthic octopods cluster on bare rock on Dorado Outcrop, a ~3000 m deep basalt exposure. The outcrop hosts intermittent discharge of relatively cool (up to 12.3 \°C) hydrothermal fluid that carries about half as much oxygen as bottom seawater (~54 \μM vs. 108 \μM). We analyzed 231 h of video footage and still images taken by sub-sea vehicles in 2013 and 2014 that documented the clustered octopods, members of the poorly-known genus Muusoctopus. The largest cluster (102 octopods) occurred in a 19 m\² area of fluid discharge, where the basalt was sediment-free; individual octopods were also seen across the outcrop. The clustered octopods appeared to be brooding eggs and a total of 11 egg clutches were confirmed. None of the 186 eggs closely examined showed embryonic development. The intermittent fluid discharge may clear the basalt of sediment and attract gravid octopods which then spawn. However, the increased temperature and limited oxygen of the discharging fluids may threaten the octopods\’ survival. Octopods in/near areas of discharging fluid had significantly higher estimated respiration rates (3.1\–9.8 contractions/min) than did octopods away from discharging fluid (0.8\–6.0 contractions/min). Warm fluids likely increase the octopods\’ metabolic rate and thus their oxygen demand but provide only limited oxygen. The resultant physiological stress is hypothesized to eventually kill eggs near fluid discharge. We hypothesize, because these eggs do not survive, the population is sustained by a larger pool of undetectable females that brood their eggs inside cool conduits of this and perhaps other, unstudied basalt outcrops.

}, keywords = {Basaltic outcrop, Brooding, Cephalopoda, Deep Sea, Hydrothermal, Muusoctopus, Physiology}, doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2018.03.011}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096706371730256X?via\%3Dihub}, author = {Hartwell, A.M. and Voight, J.R. and Wheat, C.G.} } @article {6336, title = {Computer-Assisted Processing for Topobathy Lidar Data}, year = {2018}, month = {June 26 - 28}, pages = {Providence, RI}, abstract = {

The advent of topobathy lidar has dramatically increased the data collected in a lift, with obvious consequences for data timeliness. For similar reasons, acoustic bathymetry processing has transitioned from selection/classification of individual observations to computer-assisted depth estimation, using the observation uncertainties to weight the contribution to depth, and perform unsupervised classification into self-consistent observation clusters.

We adapt here an acoustic tool to topobathy data.\ From a data-adaptive resolution determination, this method estimates a variable-resolution DTM from raw data, where each node can have multiple, simultaneously valid, estimates of depth. Conventional depth disambiguation is ineffective with the estimated 75\% outlier rate; a new vector-quantized hidden Markov model technique is therefore proposed.\ This machine learning method develops a clean depth reconstruction, while allowing for a \“no reconstruction\” solution in areas with no real depth observations.

This offers efficient, automatic processing, and the opportunity to align bathymetric processing methods, with obvious benefit for training, output compatibility, and workflow management.

}, author = {Brian R Calder} } @article {6212, title = {The Contribution of Stereoscopic and Motion Depth Cues to the Perception of Structures in 3D Point Clouds}, volume = {15(2)}, year = {2018}, month = {February}, publisher = {ACM}, abstract = {

Particle-based simulations are used across many science domains, and it is well known that stereoscopic viewing and kinetic depth enhance our ability to perceive the 3D structure of such data. But the relative advantages of stereo and kinetic depth have not been studied for point cloud data, although they have been studied for 3D networks. This article reports two experiments assessing human ability to perceive 3D structures in point clouds as a function of different viewing parameters. In the first study, the number of discrete views was varied to determine the extent to which smooth motion is needed. Also, half the trials had stereoscopic viewing and half had no stereo. The results showed kinetic depth to be more beneficial than stereo viewing in terms of accuracy and so long as the motion was smooth. The second experiment varied the amplitude of oscillatory motion from 0 to 16 degrees. The results showed an increase in detection rate with amplitude, with the best amplitudes being 4 degrees and greater. Overall, motion was shown to yield greater accuracy, but at the expense of longer response times in comparison with stereoscopic viewing.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3147914}, author = {Aygar, Erol and Colin Ware and David H Rogers} } @proceedings {6335, title = {Design of a Trusted Community Bathymetry System}, year = {2018}, month = {March 27 - 29}, publisher = {Canadian Hydrographic Association}, address = {Victoria, BC, Canada}, abstract = {
Crowd-sourced bathymetry (CSB), meaning volunteered geo-spatial information collected from whatever GNSS and sonar system is available on the volunteer\&$\#$39;s vessel, has received a significant amount of attention in recent years.\ Although increasing amounts of data are being collected, attributed with metadata (to different degrees), and archived, finding a route to the nautical chart has so far been problematic.\ Partially, this is to do with a lack of a formal and robust means to represent data quality on the chart (paper, raster, or vector), but mostly it is to do with a lack of qualifying metadata associated with data collected in this manner. CSB efforts generally suffer from a lack of calibration, and are therefore limited by uncontrolled vertical offsets with respect to the waterline that are not necessarily constant over time.\ Indeed, even applying appropriate tidal correctors can be difficult. Assumptions that these issues can be resolved by having a sufficient number of independent observations (the \"wisdom of crowds\" argument) are often frustrated by\  basic physical limitations: the ocean is big, and ships are (relatively) small. Except in limited circumstances, or specific areas, the chances of having any repeated measurements are vanishingly small.
As an alternative to the collection of unqualified data which then needs to be corrected and/or qualified, we propose the use of a data collection system which, by construction, can provide sufficient guarantees of data quality as to allow the measurements to be considered for hydrographic use. We call this method Trusted Community Bathymetry (TCB).
A TCB system resolves many of the issues associated with CSB data by providing for significantly improved positioning accuracy in the vertical. High-accuracy, high-precision post-processed 3D GNSS solutions allow for the estimation of offsets between GNSS antenna and echosounder so that appropriate calibration of the system can be done autonomously. This then allows for reference of depths to a suitable ellipsoid, obviating the need to apply tidal corrections to the data.\  Given a known offset between antenna and sonar, the same techniques can be used to autonomously establish calibration sites. TCB systems also have the potential to act as a force multiplier (through cross-calibration) for other CSB efforts where calibration is lacking.
We demonstrate these ideas using a prototype TCB system developed by SeaID Ltd., which combines a NMEA data logger with a GNSS system capable of being post-processed for high-precision solutions. By comparison with survey-grade GNSS and INS systems, we demonstrate how to establish the vertical offset calibration in a system, and the construction of a calibration site. We also qualify the performance of the prototype system.
}, keywords = {Crowd-sourced Bathymetry, Ellipsoidal Survey Methods, Post-processed GNSS Solution, Trusted Community Bathymetry, Volunteered Geographic Information}, author = {Brian R Calder and Semme J Dijkstra and Shannon Hoy and Kenneth Himschoot and Andrew Schofield} } @article {6470, title = {Development of Consistent and Recordable Fusion Methods Using Bathymetry Sources of Differing Subjective Reliabilities for Navigation or Seafloor Mapping}, year = {2018}, month = {December 10-14}, pages = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

When planning for ship navigation or compiling data for a bathymetry map, the navigator or mapper use many different sources of bathymetry information and navigation hazards. Sources include electronic charts at different scales, gridded bathymetry of different ages and quality, special purpose vector products, sonar data, crowdsourced data, etc. The quality of these sources, however, are inconsistent in general, making it especially challenging to provide a coherent picture for planning. An experienced navigator or mapper not only would use more than just the soundings, grids and depth areas to form a mental model of the seafloor, but also subjective assessment of information reliability and attitudinal character varying between optimistic/aggressive to pessimistic/conservative outlooks (or in between) depending on the purpose for the map. Here, we present an expert system approach for consistent planning/mapping that uses a combination of Bayesian and fuzzy logic processes. We present two examples of using these processes with sources of differing subjective reliabilities as follows: 1) navigation risk surface / or safety contour and 2) fusion of multiple bathymetry grids/sources for mapping. The major contribution of this process is the capability to record subjective weighting of source and the fusion process used. For the first application, we first interpolate each bathymetry source with control over the user\&$\#$39;s subjective risk allowed in the reconstruction. Each cell is set to 2, 1, or 0, for \"Known Unsafe\", \"Maybe Safe\" and \"Known Safe\" status, based on the ship\&$\#$39;s current draft. Weighted Bayesian categorical estimation (Dirichlet conjugate prior) computes a fused risk surface. The fuzzy logic process known as Order Weighted Averaging (OWA) provides the weights for each source. This component provides quantitative methods to generate, use and record subjective weights. The maximum a posteriori reconstruction for each cell provides a best estimate of status from all sources; analysis of the probability mass distribution in the cell provides guidance on reliability of the assignment. The second application uses this same process, but instead of pre-interpolation and categorical fusion, the OWA provides average bathymetry directly.

}, url = {https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm18/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/393098}, author = {Paul A. Elmore and Brian R Calder and Giuseppe Masetti and Ronald R Yager and Fredrick E Petry} } @article {6251, title = {The Effect of Surface Waves on Airborne Lidar Bathymetry (ALB) Measurement Uncertainties}, volume = {10(3)}, year = {2018}, month = {13 March 2018}, pages = {453}, publisher = {MDPI Publishing}, abstract = {

Airborne Lidar Bathymetry (ALB) provides a rapid means of data collection that provide seamless digital elevation maps across land and water. However, environmental factors such as water surface induce significant uncertainty on the ALB measurements. In this study, the effect of water surface on the ALB measurements is characterized both theoretically and empirically. Theoretical analysis includes Monte Carlo ray-tracing simulations that evaluates different environmental and hardware conditions such as wind speed, laser beam footprint diameter and off-nadir angle that are typically observed in ALB survey conditions. The empirical study includes development of an optical detector array to measure and analyze the refraction angle of the laser beam under a variety of environmental and hardware conditions. The results suggest that the refraction angle deviations ( ) in along-wind direction vary between 3\°-5\° when variations in wind speed, laser beam footprint size and the laser beam incidence angle are taken into account.\ 

}, keywords = {lidar; bathymetry; uncertainty; surface waves}, doi = {10.3390/rs10030453}, url = {http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/3/453}, author = {Matthew Birkebak and Eren, Firat and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Neil Weston} } @proceedings {6477, title = {Effects of Reverberation and Noise on the Estimation of Synthetic Aperture Sonar Multi-Look Coherence}, volume = {40}, year = {2018}, month = {September 5-7}, pages = {91-98}, publisher = {Institute of Acoustics}, address = {Lerici, Italy}, author = {Anthony P. Lyons and J.L. King and D.C. Brown} } @article {6481, title = {Effects of Reverberation on Estimates of Synthetic Aperture Sonar Multi-Look Coherence}, year = {2018}, month = {November 5-9}, pages = {Victoria, BC, Canada}, author = {Anthony P. Lyons and S.M. Steele} } @article {6339, title = {An Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD)-Based Detection and Classification Approach for Marine Mammal Vocal Signals}, volume = {144,6}, year = {2018}, month = {December 7}, pages = {3181-3190}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, abstract = {

Detecting marine mammal vocalizations in underwater acoustic environments and classifying them to species level is typically an arduous manual analysis task for skilled bioacousticians. In recent years, machine learning and other automated algorithms have been explored for quickly detecting and classifying all sound sources in an ambient acoustic environment, but many of these still require a large training dataset compiled through time-intensive manual pre-processing. Here, an application of the signal decomposition technique Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) is presented, which does not require a priori knowledge and quickly detects all sound sources in a given recording. The EMD detection process extracts the possible signals in a dataset for minimal quality control post-processing before moving onto the second phase: the EMD classification process. The EMD classification process uniquely identifies and labels most sound sources in a given environment. Thirty-five recordings containing different marine mammal species and mooring hardware noises were tested with the new EMD detection and classification processes. Ultimately, these processes can be applied to acoustic index development and refinement.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1121/1.5067389}, url = {https://asa.scitation.org/doi/10.1121/1.5067389?af=R}, author = {K.D. Seger and M.H. Al-Badrawi and Jennifer Miksis-Olds and N.J. Kirsch and Anthony P. Lyons} } @article {6327, title = {End-fire Synthetic Aperture Sonar for Seafloor Volume Scattering Studies}, journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {Minneapolis Minnesota}, abstract = {

Acoustic returns from seafloor sediment are comprised of scattering from both the interface and sediment volume. Although volume scattering is often the dominant mechanism, direct measurements of this component have rarely been made, if at all, due to interface roughness biasing. This bias is especially prevalent at lower frequencies where beam widths are typically 30-40 degrees. Current synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) systems are side looking and achieve narrow beam widths by coherently combining multiple acoustic pings as the sonar moves. End-fire (forward-looking) SAS would formulate a synthetic array in the same direction of travel by vertically orienting a transducer and lowering it towards the seafloor while pinging. This would create a narrow beam, significantly reducing the interface roughness bias. End-fire SAS array gains are not as substantial as conventional side-looking SAS. However, beam pattern simulations suggest the gains are still significant: a synthetic array length of 100 wavelengths can reduce a sub-bottom profiler\’s 40 degree beam width to 7 degrees. This talk will discuss proof of concept, motion controlled experiments performed in an acoustic testing tank and in the field.

}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization, seafloor scattering, synthetic aperture sonar}, doi = {10.1121/1.5035884}, author = {S.M. Steele and Anthony P. Lyons} } @article {6341, title = {End-fire Synthetic Aperture Sonar for Seafloor Volume Scattering Studies}, year = {2018}, month = {May 7-11}, pages = {Minneapolis, MN}, author = {S.M. Steele and Anthony P. Lyons} } @article {6469, title = {Estimating Sedimentation Rates Near Chesapeake Bay and Delmarva Peninsula and the Associated Implications for Survey Priorities}, year = {2018}, month = {December 10-14}, pages = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

Assessing the validity of survey data and charted information over time has yet to be standardized.\  NOAA\&$\#$39;s current approach, the Hydrographic Health Model (HHM), is a risk-based methodology aimed at determining hydrographic survey priorities.\  The HHM incorporates a number of important maritime variables including heuristic changeability terms based on the seabed sedimentary material, occurrence of large storms, tidal currents, and anthropogenic obstructions.\  We propose an alternative approach that leads to a quantifiable estimate of chart health through estimation of sedimentation and erosion rates from successive bathymetric surveys, sediment cores, and numerical modeling.\  This can identify rapidly degrading regions relative to acceptable variability pre-defined using IHO standards.\  These modifications are evaluated in the central east coast of the U.S. (Chesapeake Bay and Delmarva Peninsula) where frequent hydrographic surveys are required to monitor significant sediment transport in heavily trafficked regions.\  This work not only identifies current and future survey priorities but also creates a link between hydrodynamic models and hydrographic survey priorities.

}, url = {https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm18/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/460950}, author = {Cassandra Bongiovanni}, editor = {Thomas C Lippmann and Brian R Calder and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @article {6443, title = {E/V Nautilus Mapping and Exploration of North Pacific Seamounts During Expeditions in 2017 and 2018}, year = {2018}, month = {December 10-14}, pages = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

The expeditions of Exploration Vessel (E/V) Nautilus for 2017 and 2018 covered wide areas of the North Pacific - ranging from south of the eastern end of the Clarion Fracture Zone, the Davidson Seamount within the borders of Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, the SGaan Kinghlas-Bowie Seamount Marine Protected Area in northern Canadian waters, and west to the Papah{\={a}}naumoku{\={a}}kea Marine National Monument. A number of these expeditions investigated some of the seamounts that exist throughout the North Pacific.

Satellite derived maps of the seafloor have revealed tens of thousands of seamounts that rise more than 1,000m or more from the seafloor. However the vast majority have not been mapped with traditional acoustic multibeam sonar and even fewer have been explored by direct observation and sampling. The number and range of seamounts are significant in understanding the oceanic seafloor processes and the variations in the plate volcanic activity. They also support some unique ecological communities, and detailed knowledge of their shape and location assists in modelling global oceanographic circulation models.

E/V Nautilus mapped the seamounts with the Kongsberg EM302 multibeam sonar and resulting sonar bathymetry and backscatter revealed significant details of their structure and variation. The high-resolution mapping revealed considerable differences in minimum depth (+/- hundreds of meters) and areal extent of some of the seamounts from the satellite maps and added to the baseline knowledge of these significant oceanic features.

An interdisciplinary team of scien\­tists participated in the ROV dives of Hercules and Argus at sea and were supported from many institutions ashore via telepresence. The ROV dives to these unexplored seamounts included visual survey transects with limited sampling of the geology and biology. The Nautilus Science Communicators also extended engagement to the public via telepresence during all the ROV dives.

}, keywords = {e/v nautilus, exploration, mapping, Ocean Exploration Trust, Pacific, seamounts}, url = {https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm18/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/432876}, author = {Lindsay Gee and Cherisse Du Preez and Tammy Norgard and Larry A Mayer and Christopher Kelley and Chad King and Renato Kane and Erin Heffron and Nicole A Raineault} } @article {6446, title = {An Experimental Test of End-Fire Synthetic Aperture Sonar for Sediment Acoustics Studies}, year = {2018}, month = {November 5-9}, pages = {Victoria, BC, Canada}, abstract = {

Seafloor sediment acoustic returns are comprised of scattering from both the interface and sediment volume. At low-frequencies, volume scattering is often the dominant mechanism; however, direct measurements of this component have rarely been made, due to interface roughness biasing caused by large beamwidths. End-fire synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) can achieve narrower beamwidths by coherently combining multiple acoustic returns as a vertically oriented transmitter and/or receiver is moved towards the seafloor. Beam pattern simulations suggest end-fire SAS can reduce the beamwidth of a sonar by a factor of 6 with an array length of 100 wavelengths. Achieving these gains is dependent on the ability to resolve relative sonar motion to at least an eighth of a wavelength. This talk will present results from an end-fire SAS field trial. Results will include an analysis of beamwidth gains achieved during the end-fire SAS field test and methods to improve these gains by using the scattered field to refine sonar positions.

}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization, seafloor scattering, synthetic aperture sonar}, author = {S.M. Steele and Anthony P. Lyons} } @article {6325, title = {Exploring the Ocean Through Soundscapes}, volume = {14,1}, year = {2018}, month = {March 8}, pages = {26-34}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, abstract = {

Underwater acoustic research has revealed the amazing physics of how sound propagates in the ocean, primarily motivated by using sound to detect oil and gas under the Earth\’s crust or for naval applications. Along the way, we learned that marine life has capitalized on ocean physics and evolved the use of sound as a primary sensory modality for interacting with the environment. We are now listening in on the underwater conversations and using passive acoustics to assess marine biodiversity, animal density, and ecosystem status and health. This article introduces the idea of an underwater soundscape, successes in using the soundscape to understand marine ecology, the modeling of soundscapes, and ocean sound as an essential ocean variable (EOV).

}, url = {https://acousticstoday.org/exploring-ocean-soundscapes/}, author = {Jennifer Miksis-Olds and S. Bruce Martin and Peter L Tyack} } @article {5958, title = {Fin Whale Density and Distribution Estimation Using Acoustic Bearings Derived From Sparse Arrays}, volume = {143}, year = {2018}, pages = {2980-2993}, publisher = {American Institute of Physics}, keywords = {Acoustic Bearings, Fin Whale, Sparse Arrays}, author = {Danielle V Harris and Jennifer Miksis-Olds and L. Thomas and J. Vernon} } @article {6406, title = {A First Step Towards Consistency of Multibeam Backscatter Estimation Requesting and Comparing Intermediate Backscatter Processing Results From Backscatter Processing Software}, year = {2018}, month = {October 1-3}, pages = {St. John{\textquoteright}s, NL, Canada}, abstract = {

Backscatter mosaics of the seafloor are now routinely produced from multibeam sonar data, and used in a wide range of marine applications. However, significant differences (up to 5 dB) have been observed between the levels of mosaics produced by different software processing a same dataset. This is a major detriment to several possible uses of backscatter mosaics, including quantitative analysis, monitoring seafloor change over time, and combining mosaics. A recently concluded international Backscatter Working Group (BSWG) identified this issue and recommended that \“to check the consistency of the processing results provided by various software suites, initiatives promoting comparative tests on common data sets should be encouraged [\…]\”. However, backscatter data processing is a complex (and often proprietary) sequence of steps, so that simply comparing end-results between software does not provide much information as to the root cause of the differences between results.\ \ \ \ \ 

In order to pinpoint the source(s) of inconsistency between software, it is necessary to understand at which stage(s) of the data processing chain do the differences become substantial. We have invited willing software developers to discuss this framework and collectively adopt a list of intermediate processing steps. We provided a small dataset consisting of various seafloor types surveyed with the same multibeam sonar system, using constant acquisition settings and sea conditions, and have the software developers generate these intermediate processing results, to be eventually compared. If the experiment proves fruitful, we may extend it to more datasets, software and intermediate results. Eventually, software developers may consider making the results from intermediate stages a standard output as well as adhering to a consistent terminology, as advocated by Schimel et al. (2018). To date, the developers of four software (Sonarscope, QPS FMGT, CARIS SIPS, MB Process) have expressed their interest in collaborating on this project.

}, keywords = {Acoustic backscatter, reflectivity, software comparison}, doi = {https://www.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.33443.09767}, url = {http://www.shallow-survey.com/Conference,Program/}, author = {Mashkoor A Malik and Alexandre C. G. Schimel and Marc Roche and Giuseppe Masetti and Margaret Dolan and Julian Le Deunf} } @article {6265, title = {Fish and the Decline of Kelp in the Gulf of Maine}, year = {2018}, month = {March 27-30}, pages = {Corpus Cristi, TX}, keywords = {Fish, habitats, kelp}, author = {Brandon O{\textquoteright}Brien and Kristen Mello and A. Litterer and Jennifer A. Dijkstra} } @article {6530, title = {{\textquotedblleft}Flexible Imaging Device{\textquotedblright} {\textemdash} Packaging an Optic-Based Citizen Science Solution for Mapping Habitats in Coastal Areas}, year = {2018}, month = {August 27-30}, publisher = {Universit{\'e} Laval}, address = {Quebec City, Quebec, Canada}, author = {F. Ferrario and P. Gigu{\`e}re and Y. Rzhanov and S. Daniel and J.-F. Lalonde and P. Lajeunesse and L. Johnson and P. Archambault} } @article {6496, title = {A Framework to Quantify Uncertainties of Seafloor Backscatter from Swath Mapping Echosounders}, volume = {39(1-2)}, year = {2018}, month = {June 1}, pages = {151-168}, publisher = {Springer}, abstract = {

Multibeam echosounders (MBES) have become a widely used acoustic remote sensing tool to map and study the seafloor, providing co-located bathymetry and seafloor backscatter. Although the uncertainty associated with MBES-derived bathymetric data has been studied extensively, the question of backscatter uncertainty has been addressed only minimally and hinders the quantitative use of MBES seafloor backscatter. This paper explores approaches to identifying uncertainty sources associated with MBES-derived backscatter measurements. The major sources of uncertainty are catalogued and the magnitudes of their relative contributions to the backscatter uncertainty budget are evaluated. These major uncertainty sources include seafloor insonified area (1\–3 dB), absorption coefficient (up to \>\ 6 dB), random fluctuations in echo level (5.5 dB for a Rayleigh distribution), and sonar calibration (device dependent). The magnitudes of these uncertainty sources vary based on how these effects are compensated for during data acquisition and processing. Various cases (no compensation, partial compensation and full compensation) for seafloor insonified area, transmission losses and random fluctuations were modeled to estimate their uncertainties in different scenarios. Uncertainty related to the seafloor insonified area can be reduced significantly by accounting for seafloor slope during backscatter processing while transmission losses can be constrained by collecting full water column absorption coefficient profiles (temperature and salinity profiles). To reduce random fluctuations to below 1 dB, at least 20 samples are recommended to be used while computing mean values. The estimation of uncertainty in backscatter measurements is constrained by the fact that not all instrumental components are characterized and documented sufficiently for commercially available MBES. Further involvement from manufacturers in providing this essential information is critically required.

}, keywords = {calibration, Incidence angle, multibeam echosounder}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11001-018-9346-7}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007\%2Fs11001-018-9346-7}, author = {Mashkoor A Malik and Xavier Lurton and Larry A Mayer} } @article {6329, title = {The Holocene Retreat Dynamics and Stability of Petermann Glacier in Northwest Greenland}, year = {2018}, month = {May 29}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, abstract = {

Submarine glacial landforms in fjords are imprints of the dynamic behaviour of marine-terminating glaciers and are informative about their most recent retreat phase. Here we use detailed multibeam bathymetry to map glacial landforms in Petermann Fjord and Nares Strait, northwestern Greenland. A large grounding-zone wedge (GZW) demonstrates that Petermann Glacier stabilised at the fjord mouth for a considerable time, likely buttressed by an ice shelf. This stability was followed by successive backstepping of the ice margin down the GZW\’s retrograde backslope forming small retreat ridges to 680\ m current depth (\∼730\–800\ m palaeodepth). Iceberg ploughmarks occurring somewhat deeper show that thick, grounded ice persisted to these water depths before final breakup occurred. The palaeodepth limit of the recessional moraines is consistent with final collapse driven by marine ice cliff instability (MICI) with retreat to the next stable position located underneath the present Petermann ice tongue, where the seafloor is unmapped.

}, keywords = {Arctic Ocean, cryospheric science, geomorphology}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-018-04573-2}, url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-04573-2}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Hogan, Kelly and Larry A Mayer}, editor = {Mix, A C and Jennings, A. and Stoner, J S and Bjorn Eriksson and Kevin Jerram and Mohammad, R. and Pearce, Christof and Reilly, B. and Christian Stranne} } @article {6448, title = {How Turbidity Current Frequency and Character Varies Down a Fjord-Delta System: Combining Direct Monitoring, Deposits and Seismic Data}, year = {2018}, month = {May 7}, publisher = {Wiley}, abstract = {

Submarine turbidity currents are one of the most important processes for moving sediment across our planet; they are hazardous to offshore infrastructure, deposit petroleum reservoirs worldwide, and may record tsunamigenic landslides. However, there are few studies that have monitored these submarine flows in action, and even fewer studies that have combined direct monitoring with longer-term records from core and seismic data of deposits. This study provides one of the most complete studies yet of a turbidity current system. The aim here is to understand what controls changes in flow frequency and character along the turbidite system. The study area is a 12 km long delta-fed fjord (Howe Sound) in British Columbia, Canada. Over 100 often powerful (up to 2 to 3 m/s) events occur each year in the highly-active proximal channels, which extend for 1 to 2 km from the delta lip. About half of these events reach the lobes at the channel mouths. However, flow frequency decreases rapidly once these initially sand-rich flows become unconfined, and only one to five flows run out across the mid-slope each year. Many of these sand-rich, channelized, delta-sourced flows therefore dissipated over a few hundred metres, once unconfined, rather than eroding and igniting. Upflow migrating bedforms indicate that supercritical flow dominated in the proximal channels and lobes, and also across the unconfined mid-slope. These supercritical flows deposited thick sand beds in proximal channels and lobes, but thinner and finer beds on the unconfined mid-slope. The distal flat basin records far larger volume and more hazardous events that have a recurrence interval of\ ca\ 100 years. This study shows how sand-rich delta-fed flows dissipate rapidly once they become unconfined, that supercritical flows dominate in both confined and unconfined settings, and how a second type of more hazardous, and much less frequent events are linked to a different scale of margin failure.

}, doi = {10.1111/sed.12488}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/sed.12488}, author = {C.D. Stacey and Hill, P.R. and P.J. Talling and Enkin, R.J. and John E. Hughes Clarke} } @article {6262, title = {HydrOffice: Past, Present, and Future}, year = {2018}, month = {February 5-8}, pages = {Portland, OR}, keywords = {bag explorer, bress, hydroffice, qc tools, smartmap, sound speed manager}, url = {https://www.slideshare.net/giumas/hydroffice-past-present-future}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti} } @article {6451, title = {The Impact of Acoustic Imaging Geometry on the Fidelity of Seabed Bathymetric Models}, volume = {8,4}, year = {2018}, month = {March 24}, publisher = {MDPI}, abstract = {

Attributes derived from digital bathymetric models (DBM) are a powerful means of analyzing seabed characteristics. Those models however are inherently constrained by the method of seabed sampling. Most bathymetric models are derived by collating a number of discrete corridors of multibeam sonar data. Within each corridor the data are collected over a wide range of distances, azimuths and elevation angles and thus the quality varies significantly. That variability therefore becomes imprinted into the DBM. Subsequent users of the DBM, unfamiliar with the original acquisition geometry, may potentially misinterpret such variability as attributes of the seabed. This paper examines the impact on accuracy and resolution of the resultant derived model as a function of the imaging geometry. This can be broken down into the range, angle, azimuth, density and overlap attributes. These attributes in turn are impacted by the sonar configuration including beam widths, beam spacing, bottom detection algorithms, stabilization strategies, platform speed and stability. Superimposed over the imaging geometry are residual effects due to imperfect integration of ancillary sensors. As the platform (normally a surface vessel), is moving with characteristic motions resulting from the ocean wave spectrum, periodic residuals in the seafloor can become imprinted that may again be misinterpreted as geomorphological information.

}, keywords = {swath geometry; multibeam spatial resolution; integration artefacts}, doi = {10.3390/geosciences8040109}, url = {https://doi.org/10.3390\%2Fgeosciences8040109}, author = {John E. Hughes Clarke} } @proceedings {6911, title = {The Important Role of International Standards in Transforming Maritime Data into Usable Information for E-Navigation: Methods and Application}, year = {2018}, month = {Septembe 10-12}, address = {College Park, MD}, author = {Gregory Seroka and Erin Nagel and Kurt Hess and Neil Weston} } @article {6909, title = {The Important Role of International Standards in Transforming Maritime Data into Usable Information for E-Navigation: Methods and Application}, year = {2018}, month = {December 10-14}, pages = {Washington, DC}, author = {Gregory Seroka and Erin Nagel and Kurt Hess and Neil Weston and Greenlaw, Jason and Joseph Philips and Edward Myers and Powell, Julia} } @mastersthesis {6488, title = {Improved Sound Speed Control Through Remotely Detecting Strong Changes in the Thermocline}, volume = {Ocean Engineering/Ocean Mapping}, year = {2018}, month = {September 1}, pages = {121}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Internal waves are a common phenomenon associated with stratification developed in summer-time shallow tidal seas. From a hydrographic point of view, they result in very rapid undulations in the main velocline which, if not accounted for, will result in significant refraction errors in multibeam data. Mechanical sound speed profiling, both static and mobile, cannot sample this structure adequately. Thus an alternate means of detecting and accounting for that variability is needed.

Within the oceanographic community, it has long been recognized that a distinct volume scattering layer is often associated within or close to major oceanographic boundaries. This has been noted to reflect a combination of temperature/salinity microstructure or zooplankton around the pycnocline depth.\  Several weeks of multibeam survey on the Irish continental shelf were undertaken during which multispectral acoustic scattering data from a scientific Simrad EK60 echo sounder was acquired together with a Moving Velocity Profiler.

This thesis proposes and implements a method to determine the evolving sound speed structure by processing the images of the EK60 echosounder. This is done by extracting the scattering layer depth and finding the correlations with the velocline found in each of the discrete MVP profiles. Then, by calculating the associated depth bias in the seafloor modeling caused by the difference in sound speed structure at each ping, a visual indication of the need for a new in situ measurement is made. In this manner, if successful, the sound speed structure could be monitored and the spatial and temporal resolutions of the profile casts could be adjusted more efficiently.

}, author = {Jose M. Cordero Ros} } @article {6800, title = {Improved Visualization of Hydroacoustic Plumes Using the Split-Beam Aperture Coherence}, volume = {18(7)}, year = {2018}, month = {June 25}, abstract = {

Natural seepage of methane into the oceans is considerable, and plays a role in the global carbon cycle. Estimating the amount of this greenhouse gas entering the water column is important in order to understand their environmental impact. In addition, leakage from man-made structures such as gas pipelines may have environmental and economical consequences and should be promptly detected. Split beam echo sounders (SBES) detect hydroacoustic plumes due to the significant contrast in acoustic impedance between water and free gas. SBES are also powerful tools for plume characterization, with the ability to provide absolute acoustic measurements, estimate bubble trajectories, and capture the frequency dependent response of bubbles. However, under challenging conditions such as deep water and considerable background noise, it can be difficult to detect the presence of gas seepage from the acoustic imagery alone. The spatial coherence of the wavefield measured across the split beam sectors, quantified by the coherence factor (CF), is a computationally simple, easily available quantity which complements the acoustic imagery and may ease the ability to automatically or visually detect bubbles in the water column. We demonstrate the benefits of CF processing using SBES data from the Hudson Canyon, acquired using the Simrad EK80 SBES. We observe that hydroacoustic plumes appear more clearly defined and are easier to detect in the CF imagery than in the acoustic backscatter images.

}, keywords = {broadband split beam echo sounder, coherence, coherence factor, gas seep detection, hydroacoustic plumes, marine gas seeps, physical oceanography, scattering layers}, doi = {10.3390/s18072033}, author = {Blomberg, Ann EA and Thomas C Weber and Austeng, Andreas} } @article {5707, title = {Improving Salt Marsh Digital Elevation Model Accuracy with Full-Waveform Lldar and Nonparametric Predictive Modeling}, volume = {202}, year = {2018}, month = {March 5}, pages = {193-211}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {

Salt marsh vegetation tends to increase vertical uncertainty in light detection and ranging (lidar) derived elevation data, often causing the data to become ineffective for analysis of topographic features governing tidal inundation or vegetation zonation. Previous attempts at improving lidar data collected in salt marsh environments range from simply computing and subtracting the global elevation bias to more complex methods such as computing vegetation-specific, constant correction factors. The vegetation specific corrections can be used along with an existing habitat map to apply separate corrections to different areas within a study site. It is hypothesized here that correcting salt marsh lidar data by applying location-specific, point-by-point corrections, which are computed from lidar waveform-derived features, tidal-datum based elevation, distance from shoreline and other lidar digital elevation model based variables, using nonparametric regression will produce better results. The methods were developed and tested using full-waveform lidar and ground truth for three marshes in Cape Cod, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Five different model algorithms for nonparametric regression were evaluated, with TreeNet\&$\#$39;s stochastic gradient boosting algorithm consistently producing better regression and classification results. Additionally, models were constructed to predict the vegetative zone (high marsh and low marsh). The predictive modeling methods used in this study estimated ground elevation with a mean bias of 0.00 m and a standard deviation of 0.07 m (0.07 m root mean square error). These methods appear very promising for correction of salt marsh lidar data and, importantly, do not require an existing habitat map, biomass measurements, or image based remote sensing data such as multi/hyperspectral imagery.

}, keywords = {cart, dem correction, regression trees, Spartina alterniflora; random forests, treenet stocgastuc graduebt boosting}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2017.11.034}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272771417307849}, author = {J Rogers and Christopher E Parrish and Larry G Ward and Burdick, David M} } @article {6415, title = {Larval Exposure to Low Salinity Compromises Metamorphosis and Growth in the Colonial Ascidian Botrylloides Violaceus}, volume = {137}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2018}, pages = {281-288}, author = {Lambert, WJ and Jennifer A. Dijkstra and Clark, E and Connolly, J} } @proceedings {6471, title = {Low SNR Lidar Data Processing with Machine Learning}, year = {2018}, month = {October 1-3}, address = {St. John{\textquoteright}s, Newfoundland, Canada}, abstract = {

Advances in topo-bathymetric lidar systems now allow significantly higher data density, albeit in shallower water, than was previously possible.\  This in turn leads to opportunities for better object detection and recognition, as well as semi-automated statistical data processing.\  Design trade-offs in some of these systems can lead to many false detections, however, lowering the observation signal-to-noise ratio sufficiently to challenge any processing methodology; for the data here, having three quarters of the observations be non-bathymetric is not uncommon.

Conventional grid-based depth estimation developed for acoustic data can be successfully applied to this data in that the \“noise\” can be segregated into multiple depth hypotheses at each estimation node, but current methods for hypothesis selection fail in the face of the noise volume.

This paper proposes, therefore, an alternative scheme for depth hypothesis selection, based on machine learning techniques, that can successfully reconstruct the depth despite the levels of noise observed.\  A variant of the CHRT algorithm is first deployed to form a fine-to-coarse, data-adaptive, variable-resolution grid estimate of depth.\  A vector-quantized Hidden Markov Model (supervised) classification scheme is then used to sub-select from all hypotheses at a node only those that appear to be plausible seafloor reconstructions.\  This minimizes the reconstruction ambiguity, allowing conventional techniques to be successfully applied, while also admitting a previously unavailable \“no reconstruction\” state in areas where no depth hypothesis appears valid.\  This avoids, for example, reconstructing surface noise in areas beyond extinction depth.

The algorithm is illustrated using Reigl VQ-880-G data flown by NOAA Remote Sensing Division in 2016, which clearly demonstrates the improvement over conventional techniques.\  In addition to improved performance, lower user workload, and data fidelity, this hybrid scheme is directly compatible with current acoustically-derived algorithms, with obvious advantages for software, procedural, and training outlays that derive from a common architecture.

}, author = {Brian R Calder} } @article {6484, title = {Mapping Community Structure of Canyons and Seamounts of the Northeastern US Atlantic Margin}, year = {2018}, month = {September 9-14}, pages = {Monterey Bay, CA}, abstract = {

The deep sea communities along the continental margin of the Northeastern United States and the New England Seamount Chain are
biologically diverse systems in which little is known of their distribution and the factors that influence their distribution. In the present study, we examined the distribution and structure of benthic communities along and between ROV tracks and examined relationships between abiotic factors and habitat structure. We analyzed full underwater video footage of 5 canyons and 5 seamounts spanning depths between ~550 m and 2500 m. Tracks were collected by ROV Deep Discoverer during three cruise legs of the 2013-2014 NOAA vessel Okeanos Explorer expeditions along the Atlantic Continental margin. During each dive, a CTD recorded temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity and depth. We then combined ROV coordinates with CTD, sediment and biological data to map the distribution of benthic communities and their associated environments. To standardize video interpretation, each track was divided into 50 m
longitudinal X 50 cm segments widths and were analyzed for substrate type and organisms. Our findings indicate both coarse and fine-scale difference in community structure between canyons and seamounts, with greater abundance of organisms in canyons and greater evenness and diversity associated to seamounts. Our correlations of abiotic factors and community structure indicate that dissolved oxygen and salinity concentrations were linked to greater evenness and dissolved oxygen concentrations with diversity of organisms for both canyons and seamounts.

}, author = {Jennifer A. Dijkstra and Kristen Mello and Mashkoor A Malik and Derek Sowers and Larry A Mayer} } @article {6399, title = {Mapping the World{\textquoteright}s Oceans}, volume = {48 (3)}, year = {2018}, month = {September 18}, pages = {35-42}, publisher = {National Academy of Engineering}, url = {https://www.nae.edu/Publications/Bridge/195218/195298.aspx}, author = {Larry A Mayer} } @article {5917, title = {Matched- filter Loss from Time-varying Rough-surface Reflection with a Small Ensoni ed Area}, volume = {43}, year = {2018}, month = {April}, pages = {506 - 522}, publisher = {IEEE Oceanic Engineering Society}, doi = {10.1109/JOE.2017.2704198}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7936459}, author = {D.A. Abraham and S.M. Murphy and P.C. Hines and Anthony P. Lyons} } @article {6338, title = {Measurements of Two-Dimensional Spatial Coherence of Normal-Incidence Seafloor Scattering}, volume = {144}, year = {2018}, month = {October}, pages = {2095 - 2108}, publisher = {American Institute of Physics}, doi = {10.1121/1.5056168}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1121/1.5056168}, author = {D.C. Brown and C.F. Brownstead and Anthony P. Lyons and T.B. Gabrielson} } @proceedings {6511, title = {Multibeam Advisory Committee: Looking back on seven years of multibeam echosounder system acceptance and quality assurance testing for the ships of the U.S. Academic Fleet}, year = {2018}, month = {September 11-14}, address = {Bordeaux, France}, url = {https://www.km.kongsberg.com/ks/web/nokbg0397.nsf/AllWeb/454DE0551A3C2BAEC125834C0046C0AF/$file/A-Multibeam_Advisory_Committee_MAC_Paul_Johnson.pdf?OpenElement}, author = {Paul Johnson and Vicki L Ferrini and Kevin Jerram and Giuseppe Masetti} } @article {6845, title = {Multibeam Sonar Backscatter Data Processing}, journal = {Marine Geophysical Research}, year = {2018}, abstract = {

Multibeam sonar systems now routinely record seafloor backscatter data, which are processed into backscatter mosaics and angular responses, both of which can assist in identifying seafloor types and morphology. Those data products are obtained from the multibeam sonar raw data files through a sequence of data processing stages that follows a basic plan, but the implementation of which varies greatly between sonar systems and software. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of this backscatter data processing chain, with a focus on the variability in the possible implementation of each processing stage. Our objective for undertaking this task is twofold: (1) to provide an overview of backscatter data processing for the consideration of the general user and (2) to provide suggestions to multibeam sonar manufacturers, software providers and the operators of these systems and software for eventually reducing the lack of control, uncertainty and variability associated with current data processing implementations and the resulting backscatter data products. One such suggestion is the adoption of a nomenclature for increasingly refined levels of processing, akin to the nomenclature adopted for satellite remote-sensing data deliverables.

}, doi = {10.1007/s11001-018-9341-z}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11001-018-9341-z}, author = {Alexandre C. G. Schimel and Beaudoin, Jonathan and Parnum, Iain M. and Le Bas, Tim and Val Schmidt and Keith, Gordon and Ierodiaconou, Daniel} } @article {6444, title = {New Seafloor Bathymetry and Backscatter Mapping of the Southern California Borderland}, year = {2018}, month = {December 10-14}, pages = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

High-resolution (25 m or better) multibeam echosounder data is crucial for understanding seafloor geology and habitats, especially as they relate to offshore earthquake and landslide hazard assessment, sediment dispersal patterns, and resource management. Prior to 2011, however, less than about 20\% of the southern California seafloor within 100 km of the coast had been mapped using multibeam techniques, with high-resolution mapping mostly limited to within about 40 km of the major urban centers of Los Angeles, San Diego, and Santa Barbara. Some parts of the coast were lacking high-resolution maps of the seafloor beyond only 10 km offshore.

Within the last several years, however, data from new high-resolution seafloor surveys have become available, including those by the U.S. Geological Survey/University of Washington (2016), the Ocean Exploration Trust (2015-2018), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (2013, 2017), and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (2011, 2016-2017) covering more than 15,000 km2 and extending high-resolution mapping out to about 100 km offshore between San Diego and Ventura, Calif. These new data provide a wealth of new information, and have facilitated the generation of a series of new higher-resolution bathymetry and backscatter maps of the Continental Borderland of southern California. These new data allow a reevaluation of active deformation and faulting for use in earthquake hazard assessment, and have led to the recognition of numerous previously unknown submarine landslides, including the largest yet discovered (covering ~200 km2) in the California Continental Borderland. Water column backscatter data has revealed at least 20 newly recognized seafloor seeps, providing new information regarding subseafloor fluid flow and seafloor habitats. The new data also provide valuable new insights regarding sediment pathways and transport in the offshore basins.

}, keywords = {backscatter, bathymetry, California, e/v nautilus, mapping, multibeam, Ocean Exploration Trust}, url = {https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm18/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/414278}, author = {James E. Conrad and Dartnell, Peter and Nicole A Raineault and Daniel S. Brothers and Emily C. Roland and Renato Kane and Lindsay Gee and Maureen A. L. Walton and Erin Heffron and Miles Saunders} } @article {6300, title = {The Nippon Foundation-GEBCO Seabed 2030 Project: The Quest to See the World{\textquoteright}s Oceans Completely Mapped by 2030}, volume = {8 (2)}, year = {2018}, month = {February 8}, abstract = {

Despite many of years of mapping effort, only a small fraction of the world ocean\’s seafloor has been sampled for depth, greatly limiting our ability to explore and understand critical ocean and seafloor processes. Recognizing this poor state of our knowledge of ocean depths and the critical role such knowledge plays in understanding and maintaining our planet, GEBCO and the Nippon Foundation have joined forces to establish the Nippon Foundation GEBCO Seabed 2030 Project, an international effort with the objective of facilitating the complete mapping of the world ocean by 2030. The Seabed 2030 Project will establish globally distributed regional data assembly and coordination centers (RDACCs) that will identify existing data from their assigned regions that are not currently in publicly available databases and seek to make these data available. They will develop protocols for data collection (including resolution goals) and common software and other tools to assemble and attribute appropriate metadata as they assimilate regional grids using standardized techniques. A Global Data Assembly and Coordination Center (GDACC) will integrate the regional grids into a global grid and distribute to users world-wide. The GDACC will also act as the central focal point for the coordination of common data standards and processing tools as well as the outreach coordinator for Seabed 2030 efforts. The GDACC and RDACCs will collaborate with existing data centers and bathymetric compilation efforts. Finally, the Nippon Foundation GEBCO Seabed 2030 Project will encourage and help coordinate and track new survey efforts and facilitate the development of new and innovative technologies that can increase the efficiency of seafloor mapping and thus make the ambitious goals of Seabed 2030 more likely to be achieved.

}, keywords = {global bathymetry; Seabed 2030; Nippon Foundation/GEBCO; seafloor mapping technologies; seafloor mapping standards and protocols}, doi = {10.3390/geosciences8020063}, url = {http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3263/8/2/63}, author = {Larry A Mayer and Martin Jakobsson and Allen, Graham and Dorschel, B. and Falconer, Robin and Vicki L Ferrini and Geoffroy Lamarche and Helen Snaith and Pauline Weatherall} } @article {7196, title = {NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer 2018 EM302 RX Array SAT Report}, year = {2018}, abstract = {

The Okeanos Explorer EM302 RX array SAT was not supported by CCOM or the MAC. The report is listed here and hosted on the MAC website for reference only.

}, url = {https://mac.unols.org/reports/2018-okeanos-explorer-em302-sat}, author = {Kevin Jerram and Jason Meyer and Michael White} } @article {6829, title = {Observations of Time Dependent Bedform Transformation in Combined Wave-Current Flows}, volume = {123(10)}, year = {2018}, month = {October 8}, pages = {7581-7598}, publisher = {AGU}, abstract = {

Although combined wave-current flows in the nearshore coastal zone are common, there are few observations of bedform response and inherent geometric scaling in combined flows. Our effort presents observations of bedform dynamics that were strongly influenced by waves, currents, and combined wave-current flow at two sampling locations separated by 60 m in the cross shore. Observations were collected in 2014 at the Sand Engine mega-nourishment on the Delfland coast of the Netherlands. The bedforms had wavelengths ranging from 14 cm to over 2 m and transformed shape and orientation within, at times, as little as 20 min and up to 6 hr. The dynamic set of observations was used to evaluate a fully unsteady description of changes in the bedform growth with the sediment transport continuity equation (Exner equation), relating changes in bedform volume to bedload sediment transport. Analysis shows that bedform volume was a function of the integrated transport rate over the bedform development time period. The bedform development time period (time lag of bedform growth/adjustment) is important for estimating changes in bedform volume. Results show that this continuity principle held for wave, current, and combined wave-current generated bedforms.

}, doi = {10.1029/2018JC014357}, author = {Wengrove, M.E. and Foster, D. L. and Lippmann, T. C. and de Schipper, M. A. and Calantoni, J.} } @proceedings {6348, title = {Operational TPU Software for Topobathymetric Lidar}, year = {2018}, month = {June 26-28}, address = {Providence, RI}, abstract = {

While topobathymetric lidar has been established as an effective technology for updating shoreline on nautical charts, there is great interest in the ability to simultaneously use the data to update charted depths (or \“soundings\”) in areas in areas too shallow for boats to operate safely or efficiently. However, operational use of topobathymetric lidar data in nautical charting programs requires total propagated uncertainty (TPU) models and tools comparable to those that exist for hydrographic surveys conducted with multibeam echosounders. The TPU requirement is based on the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) \“Standards for Hydrographic Surveys\” (S-44), as well as surface generation algorithms that rely on the availability of per-point uncertainty estimates. A comprehensive TPU model has been developed for the Riegl VQ-880-G operated by NOAA\’s National Geodetic Survey (NGS). The model combines analytical uncertainty propagation for the subaerial (above water) portion and Monte Carlo simulation models for the subaqueous portion (water surface to seafloor). Because a key goal of the project is to support routine, operational use of the TPU software, computation time and ease-of-use have been important considerations in the development. The TPU model has been implemented in Python software, which is currently being tested on multiple data sets by NGS. Next steps in the project will include extending the methods to other bathymetric lidar systems.\ 

}, author = {Christopher E Parrish and Eren, Firat and J. Jung and Forfinski, Nick and Brian R Calder and White, Stephen A and Imahori, Gretchen and Kum, Jamie and Aslaksen, Michael} } @article {6828, title = {Physical Forces Determine the Annual Bloom Intensity of the Giant Jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai Off the Coast of Korea}, volume = {24}, year = {2018}, month = {November}, pages = {55-65}, publisher = {AGU}, abstract = {

During the summer, giant jellyfish (Nemopilema nomurai) are transported from their main seeding and nursery ground, Jiangsu Province and the coast of China, to Korean coastal waters by the currents of the Yellow Sea (YS) and the East China Sea, causing problems for swimmers and hampering fisheries. In this study, we derive new velocity fields based on satellite measurements and develop particle-tracking experiments to simulate and analyze the interannual change of N. nomurai abundance off the coast of Korea. The velocity fields are calculated by combining Ekman currents and geostrophic currents based on an analytical solution of an approximated momentum equation. For validation, we compare the particle-tracking experiment results with in situ observations obtained from the Korean National Institute of Fisheries Science. The combined velocity fields during the summer show that geostrophic currents are of the same order as Ekman currents over the YS, implying that the interannual changes in N. nomurai abundance off the coast of Korea are determined by combined Ekman and geostrophic currents. In addition, N. nomurai distribution off the coast of China in April is considered an important factor driving blooms around Korean coasts. To test this supposition, we conducted a sensitivity experiment that adjusted the position of particles off the coast of China in April. Results demonstrate that the appearance of N. nomurai can increase by a factor of three depending on the initial distribution of the jellyfish off the coast of China before eastward transport in April.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.rsma.2018.07.003}, author = {Choi, J.-G. and Jo, Y.-H. and Moon, I.-J. and Park, J. and Kim, D.-W. and Lippmann, T. C.} } @proceedings {6910, title = {Precision Navigation for Increasing Safety, Capacity and Economic Efficiency for Marine Transportation in the United States}, year = {2018}, month = {October 2-3}, address = {Vallejo, CA}, author = {Neil Weston and Elizabeth Kretovic and Amanda Phelps} } @mastersthesis {6545, title = {Providing Nautical Chart Awareness to Autonomous Surface Vehicles}, volume = {Electrical and Computer Engineering}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2018}, pages = {88}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Autonomous surface vessels (ASVs) have many applications in both military and civilian domains including mine countermeasure, seafloor mapping, and physical oceanography. However, to act as effective tools, ASVs require high levels of autonomy. Currently, many commercially available ASVs have static mission plans with minimal awareness of their environment, which results in a labor intensive approach that does not scale to management of multiple vehicles. In this research, ASV autonomy was increased through the development of an intelligent mission planner and a real-time obstacle avoidance system utilizing Electronic Nautical Charts (ENCs), which describe known hazards in the marine environment without suffering from the challenges of real-time sensor processing. A new algorithm called Depth-Based A* was developed as the mission planner, where the nominal A* search algorithm was expanded by utilizing a novel cost function that balances driving in the channel with taking the most direct route on an ENC-derived cost map. Although charted obstacles can typically be avoided through mission planners, there is still an advantage in having the code do this. However, since it enables even higher levels of autonomy (e.g., \"go in this area, but avoid all known obstacles\") they must still be accounted for in real time as other behaviors (i.e., avoiding uncharted obstacles or vessels) might cause the ASV to deviate from the planned path. The reactive obstacle avoidance system developed in this research reorganizes the ENC into a quick-search database where ENC-based obstacles in the ASV\&$\#$39;s proximity are determined and avoided. These algorithms were tested with both a Seafloor System EchoBoat and ASV Global C-Worker 4 in simulation and in the field using an EchoBoat, where they avoided both concave and convex polygons. The algorithms developed in this research provide the ASV with a higher level of autonomy, potentially allowing for the same number of human operators to manage more ASVs.

}, keywords = {Applied sciences; Asvs; Encs; Nautical charts; Obstacle avoidance}, author = {Samuel Reed} } @article {6340, title = {Quantifying the Effect of Random Roughness on Synthetic Aperture Sonar Image Statistics}, year = {2018}, month = {May 7-11}, pages = {Minneapolis, MN}, author = {Anthony P. Lyons and D. R. Olson and R.E. Hansen} } @proceedings {6478, title = {Quantifying the Negative Impact of Breaking Internal Waves on Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Sonar}, volume = {40}, year = {2018}, month = {September 5-7}, pages = {83-90}, publisher = {Institute of Acoustics}, address = {Lerici, Italy}, author = {R.E. Hansen and Anthony P. Lyons and D.C. Cook and T.O. Saebo} } @mastersthesis {6544, title = {Quantifying Vertical Uncertainty and the Temporal Variability of the Seafloor to Inform Hydrographic Survey Priorities}, volume = {Earth Sciences/Ocean Mapping}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2018}, pages = {136}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

As the area of U.S. coastal waters vastly exceeds the capacity of annual hydrographic surveying, prioritization is necessary to optimize survey benefits. Obtaining new survey coverage over the most vital locations allows for an efficient use of funds; however, identifying these locations is a complex task. The current model to address survey prioritization, called the Hydrographic Health Model (or HHM), was created by personnel at the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the authoritative agency tasked with chart maintenance and hydrographic survey collection. While the HHM incorporates potential sources of bathymetric change, it does not include nor lend itself to the inclusion of actual measured changes associated with these sources. In order to integrate quantified estimates of change, the HHM fundamental equation must be adapted. Here we introduce the Hydrographic Uncertainty Gap (HUG) model as an adapted version of the HHM. Fundamental to HUG is the quantification of hydrographic survey uncertainties and changes to bathymetry, the calculations of which are outlined and performed for Chesapeake Bay and surrounding areas. Ultimately, we argue that the HUG model survey priorities are more realistic and more constrained than those from the HHM

}, keywords = {Earth sciences; Hydrography; Ocean mapping; Oceanography; Remote sensing; Surveying}, doi = {https://unh.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/2176456593?accountid=14612}, author = {Cassandra Bongiovanni} } @proceedings {6825, title = {Quantitative Assessment of Camera Calibration for 3D Reconstruction of Underwater Scenes in the Presence of Refraction}, year = {2018}, month = {October 22-25}, pages = {1-5}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Charleston, SC}, abstract = {

3D scene reconstruction is a well-researched topic for urban environments. However, this is applicable only to images taken in air. Underwater imagery poses new challenges due to the fact that most cameras are designed to operate in air, and in water they have to be placed in protective housings. Housing viewport distorts imagery by refracting light at two surfaces separating media with different refraction indexes. Thus, correction of imagery for Euclidean 3D reconstruction requires an additional calibration step - determination of refraction-related parameters. The set of these parameters depends on the geometry of a viewport. Most widely used viewports are flat and hemispherical. Refractive parameters are very difficult to measure directly and are known to be notoriously difficult to be determined by computational methods. We propose novel approaches for determination of these parameters and show how 3D reconstruction with refraction taken into account improves the results.

}, doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.2018.8604562}, author = {Yuri Rzhanov and Igor Kozlov} } @article {6311, title = {Requesting and Comparing Intermediate Results from Several Backscatter Data Processing Software: A First Step Towards Future Consistency of Multibeam Backscatter Estimation}, year = {2018}, month = {May 7-11}, pages = {Santa Barbara, CA}, abstract = {

Backscatter mosaics of the seafloor are now routinely produced from multibeam sonar data, and used in a wide range of marine applications. However, significant differences (up to 5 dB) have been observed between the levels of mosaics produced by different software processing a same dataset. This is a major detriment to a number of possible uses of backscatter mosaics, including quantitative analysis, monitoring seafloor change over time, and combining mosaics. The Backscatter Working Group (BSWG) identified this issue and recommended that \“to check the consistency of the processing results provided by various software suites, initiatives promoting comparative tests on common data sets should be encouraged [\…]\”. However, backscatter data processing is a complex (and often proprietary) sequence of processing steps, so that simply comparing end-results between software does not provide much information as to the root cause of the differences between results.\ 

In order to pinpoint the source(s) of inconsistency between software, it is necessary to understand at which stage(s) of the data processing chain do the differences become substantial. Schimel et al. (2018) recently provided a comprehensive framework for this processing chain, including a self-consistent terminology for intermediate processing steps and corrective terms. We propose to invite willing software developers to discuss this framework and collectively adopt a list of intermediate processing steps that they can all generate. We will then provide a small dataset consisting of various seafloor types surveyed with the same multibeam sonar system, using constant acquisition settings and sea conditions, and have the software developers generate these intermediate processing results, to be eventually compared. If the experiment proves fruitful, we may extend it to more datasets, software and intermediate results. Eventually, software developers may consider making the results from intermediate stages a standard output as well as adhering to a consistent terminology, as advocated by Schimel et al. (2018). To date, the developers of four software (Sonarscope, QPS FMGT, SwathEd, MB Process) have expressed their interest in collaborating on this project.

}, keywords = {Acoustic backscatter, software comparison}, url = {https://www.geohab2018.org/program}, author = {Alexandre C. G. Schimel and Marc Roche and Mashkoor A Malik and Christophe Vrignaud and Giuseppe Masetti and Margaret Dolan} } @article {6239, title = {Research-driven Tools for Ocean Mappers}, volume = {22, 1}, year = {2018}, month = {Jan/Feb 2018}, pages = {29-33}, publisher = {GeoMares Publishing}, abstract = {

Fighting Repetitive, Manual and Error-Prone Routines the Smart Way.

}, keywords = {bag explorer, hydroffice, qc tools, smartmap, sound speed manager}, url = {https://www.hydro-international.com/content/article/research-driven-tools-for-ocean-mappers}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti and Matthew J. Wilson and Brian R Calder and Gallagher, B and Zhang, Chen} } @article {7197, title = {R/V Thomas G. Thompson 2018 EM302 SAT Report}, year = {2018}, pages = {110}, institution = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping}, address = {Durham, NH}, url = {https://mac.unols.org/reports/2018-thompson-em302-sat-report}, author = {Kevin Jerram and Paul Johnson and Kenneth G. Fairbarn} } @article {6389, title = {Seal Occurrence and Habitat Use during Summer in Petermann Fjord, Northwestern Greenland}, volume = {71(3):334}, year = {2018}, month = {September}, publisher = {Arctic Institute of North America}, abstract = {

Ice-associated seals are considered especially susceptible and are potentially the first to modify distribution and habitat use in response to physical changes associated with the changing climate. Petermann Glacier, part of a unique ice-tongue fjord environment in a rarely studied region of northwestern Greenland, lost substantial sections of its ice tongue during major 2010 and 2012 calving events. As a result, changes in seal habitat may have occurred. Seal occurrence and distribution data were collected in Petermann Fjord and adjacent Nares Strait region over 27 days (2 to 28 August) during the multidisciplinary scientific Petermann 2015 Expedition on the icebreaker Oden. During 239.4 hours of dedicated observation effort, a total of 312 individuals were recorded, representing four species: bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus), hooded seal (Crystophora cristata), harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus), and ringed seal (Pusa hispida). Ringed seals were recorded significantly more than the other species (\χ2 = 347.4, df = 3, p \< 0.001, n = 307). We found significant differences between species in haul-out (resting on ice) behavior (\χ2 = 133.1, df = 3, p \< 0.001, n = 307). Bearded seals were more frequently hauled out (73.1\% n = 49), whereas ringed seals were almost exclusively in water (93.9\%, n = 200). Differences in average depth and ice coverage where species occurred were also significant: harp seals and bearded seals were found in deeper water and areas of greater ice coverage (harp seals: 663 \± 366 m and 65 \± 14\% ice cover; bearded seals: 598 \± 259 m and 50 \± 21\% ice cover), while hooded seals and ringed seals were found in shallower water with lower ice coverage (hooded seals: 490 \± 163 m and 38 \± 19\% ice cover; ringed seals: 496 \± 235 m, and 21 \± 20\% ice cover). Our study provides an initial look at how High Arctic seals use the rapidly changing Petermann Fjord and how physical variables influence their distribution in one of the few remaining ice-tongue fjord environments.

}, keywords = {Petermann Glacier; marine mammals; ice-tongue fjord; Arctic seals; sea ice; Pusa hispida; Erignathus barbatus; Crystophora cristata; Pagophilus groenlandicus}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic4735}, url = {https://arctic.journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/arctic/index.php/arctic/article/view/4735}, author = {Lomac-MacNair, K. and Martin Jakobsson and Mix, A C and Freire, Francis F and Hogan, Kelly and Larry A Mayer and Smultea, Mari Ann} } @article {6312, title = {Seaweed Structure Shapes Trophic Interactions: A Case Study Using a Mid-Trophic Level Fish Species}, volume = {506}, year = {2018}, pages = {1-8}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {

Biogenic habitat structure, such as that created by foundation macrophytes, shapes the interactions of higher trophic level organisms by creating three-dimensional refuge spaces. In recent decades, many kelp habitats have transformed into turf-dominated communities. This represents a fundamental change in the overall habitat structure inthese communities, withan unknown impacton uppertrophic level organisms. Weinvestigated how macroalgaemorphologyaffectsacommonresidentialmid-trophiclevelwrasse,Tautogolabrusadspersus(cunner), which utilizes macroalgae for both refuge and foraging. Three studies were conducted: in situ behavioral video observations, arefugechoiceexperiment, andaforagingefficiency experiment.Videoobservations revealedthat inkelp-dominatedandmixedhabitattypescunnerusemacroalgae moreoftenforrefugethanforforaging, butin turf-dominated habitats refuge and foraging events were equal. In these habitats, refuge-seeking was more often associated with a tall, morphologically simple kelp. The refuge choice experiment supported our video observations with cunner preferentially seeking refuge beneath taller but less morphologically complex algae instead of shorter filamentous forms. In predation trials, macroalgae complexity did not significantly affect the number of prey the fish captured. Our results provide evidence that the refuge-seeking behavior of this residential mid-trophic level fish may be impacted by the ongoing shifts in macroalgae dominance in the Gulf of Maine. Loss of its preferred refuge (tall, canopy-forming kelps) may force it to use the less-preferred introduced turf algae instead. However, whether turf provides sufficient protection for this species remains unclear. With the ongoing loss of kelp in temperate coastal ecosystems worldwide, it is important to understand the potential indirect effects that changes in habitat structure will have on the trophic interactions of upper level organisms.

}, keywords = {Foundation species, Functional traits, Habitat structure, kelp, morphology, Turf algae}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2018.05.003}, author = {Brandon O{\textquoteright}Brien and Kristen Mello and Amber Litterer and Jennifer A. Dijkstra} } @article {6410, title = {Shallow Water Multibeam Data Analysis of Complex Bedrock Geology in Penobscot Bay, Maine}, year = {2018}, month = {October 1-3}, pages = {St. John{\textquoteright}s, NL, Canada}, abstract = {

A 2016-2017 NOAA Office of Coast Survey-contracted shallow-water multibeam hydrographic survey completed by Fugro, Inc. in Penobscot Bay, Maine, revealed a complex oval-shaped semi-concentric structure exposed in the bedrock seafloor. The multibeam bathymetry and backscatter were cleaned and inspected with standard hydrographic data processing and visualization software.\  Prompted by the striking nature of the seafloor feature, a literature search and review of geological maps was conducted at the Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center and the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of New Hampshire and indicated that the survey area lies within the well-known middle Paleozoic coastal Maine magmatic province with multiple known plutonic and volcanic bodies.\  These intrusive and related extrusive bodies, however, are best exposed on mainland and island areas where they have been accessible for land-based geologic observation and airborne lidar-based topographic mapping. One of these known features is located within about 10 km distance from the seafloor feature on Vinalhaven Island. This feature is part of a complex sequence of basaltic to rhyolitic volcanic and volcanoclastic rocks that comprise the Fox Island Syncline. Comparison of the Fox Island Syncline and the newly revealed seafloor feature indicates that the two have a similar size, shape, and configuration.\  Existing Lidar topography of the region, provided by the State of Maine, was analyzed to develop a more-detailed characterization of the exposed topography of the land feature and the multibeam bathymetry from the hydrographic feature was analyzed to develop a similar characterization of the seafloor topography.\  These characterizations suggest that the two features may have a similar geologic origin and composition.\  A geological sampling campaign has been outlined and proposed to test this hypothesis.

}, keywords = {bedrock geology, multibeam analysis, penobscot bay, shallow water}, url = {http://www.shallow-survey.com/Home/}, author = {Andrew A. Armstrong and Hadley Owen and Bothner, W A and Larry G Ward and Dean Moyles} } @article {6493, title = {The Shell Ocean Discovery XPRIZE Competition Impact on the Development of Ocean Mapping Possibilities}, volume = {2018(25)}, year = {2018}, month = {December 1}, pages = {125-136}, abstract = {

The paper presents the impact that the XPRIZE Foundation competition, the Shell Ocean Discovery XPRIZE, has had on the development of current ocean mapping possibilities. A race for the prize has accelerated the development of innovative seabed mapping approaches that concentrated on new systems engineering or cutting-edge and innovative methods of existing equipment exploitation. The GEBCO-Nippon Foundation (NF) Alumni Team\&$\#$39;s entry is presented in details as a state of the art example of mature and robust ocean-mapping solution utilizing a high degree of autonomy and providing the possibilities of deep-ocean mapping that were unattainable before.

}, keywords = {GEBCO, gebco-nippon foundation, ocean mapping, seabed 2030, shell ocean discovery, xprize}, doi = {DOI: 10.1515/aon-2018-0009}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329809489_The_Shell_Ocean_Discovery_XPRIZE_competition_impact_on_the_development_of_ocean_mapping_possibilities}, author = {Karolina Zwolak and Alison Proctor and Zarayskaya, Yulia and Rochelle Wigley} } @article {6414, title = {Sound Speed Management and Environmental Variability Estimation for Ocean Mapping}, year = {2018}, month = {October 15-19}, pages = {Woods Hole, MA}, keywords = {multibeam advisory committee, oceanographic variability, smartmap, sound speed manager, sound speed profiles}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.27141.81129}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328399055_Sound_Speed_Management_and_Environmental_Variability_Estimation_for_Ocean_Mapping}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti and Paul Johnson} } @article {6651, title = {Source Localization Using a Compact Tetrahedral Array}, volume = {144(3)}, year = {2018}, month = {October 18}, pages = {1745{\textendash}1745}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, abstract = {

We localized sound sources collected on a compact tetrahedral hydrophone array in a continental shelf environment south of Block Island, Rhode Island. The tetrahedral array of phones, 0.5 m on a side, was deployed to monitor the underwater sound of construction and operation of the first offshore wind farm in the United States. Signals from shipping and marine mammals, including fin whales, humpback whales, and right whales, were detected on the array. Directions of arrival (DOAs) for a number of signals were computed using a time difference of arrival technique. Given the DOAs, ranges were estimated using supervised machine learning techniques outlined by Niu et al. (JASA, 2017). The approach was tested using simulated data from Kraken assuming environmental information consistent with this continental shelf environment. Performance on signals from individual ships and marine mammals is presented. Ship localizations are compared to Automated Identification System (AIS) fixes. An error analysis is also presented. [Work supported by the Office of Naval Research and the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management.]

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1121/1.5067739}, author = {Miller, J H and Potty, Gopu R. and Aditi Tripathy and Tazawa, M. and Jennifer Amaral and Vigness-Raposa, Kathleen J. and Ying-Tsong Lin} } @article {6381, title = {Status Update on S-126}, year = {2018}, month = {February 2}, pages = {3}, institution = {International Hydrographic Organization}, address = {Monaco}, abstract = {

At NIPWG4 in 2017 the development of the S-126 (physical environment) Product Specification was put on hold due to lack of resources and the fact that the S-126 dataset is not a SOLAS carriage requirement. However, there were a few outstanding items from previous meetings (NIPWG3, ice related info and NIPWG4, gaps in listed S126 items) that were completed as well as other S-126 related work. The status of that work will be discussed in this paper along with recommendations on how best to continue

}, keywords = {Coast Pilot, Physical Environment, S-126}, url = {https://www.iho.int/mtg_docs/com_wg/NIPWG/NIPWG5/NIPWG\%205-21.2\%20Status\%20report\%20S126.pdf}, author = {Briana M Sullivan} } @article {6912, title = {Strategic Technology Plan for the Office of Coast Survey}, year = {2018}, month = {August}, institution = {NOAA Office of Coast Survey}, author = {Neil Weston} } @article {6330, title = {Submerged Sea Caves of Southern California{\textquoteright}s Continental Borderland}, volume = {31(1)}, year = {2018}, month = {March}, pages = {30-31}, url = {https://tos.org/oceanography/assets/docs/31-1_supplement.pdf}, author = {Robert Ballard and Nicole A Raineault and Jason Fahy and Larry A Mayer and Erin Heffron and Kenneth Broad and Julie Bursek and Chris Roman and Kristopher Krasnosky} } @article {6527, title = {Temporal and Spatial Variability in Sediment Texture on Northern, Paraglacial Beaches: New Hampshire}, year = {2018}, month = {March 18-21}, pages = {Burlington, VT}, abstract = {

Typical of paraglacial environments, beaches along New Hampshire\’s (NH) ocean coast are strongly influenced by bedrock geology, previous glaciations and associated deposits, and a complex sea-level history. As a result, the morphology and sedimentology of the beaches are highly variable and exhibit rapid spatial and temporal changes over the ~30 km coastline. Field observations from this and earlier research indicate sediment composing NH beaches varies spatially between two main beach morphologies. North of Great Boars Head (a large glacial drumlin), pocket beaches and welded barriers tend to be bimodal sands with larger pebble populations. South of Great Boars Head, the coast is an extended barrier spit/island system composed of unimodal medium and coarse sand. The offshore bathymetry has a major influence on the morphology and sedimentology of the northern beaches. Recently mapped bathymetric highs extending from headlands, likely interrupt longshore sediment transport, confining sediment movement to predominantly onshore-offshore. The barriers to the south (Hampton Beach and Salisbury Beach) exhibited rapid temporal change, accumulating finer-grained sediments during extended periods of accretion (typically summer) and significantly eroding during extended periods of erosion (typically winter). The coarser grained, pebble rich beaches north of Great Boars Head tend to have lower volumetric change over time. However, finer sediments tend to accumulate during extended calm conditions, burying the coarser, more gravelly sediments. To quantify changes in grain size spatially and temporally on NH beaches, extensive sediment sampling was conducted during 2017 in spring/early summer and late summer/fall with support from Bureau of Ocean and Energy Management (BOEM) and the University of New Hampshire. Twenty-four shore-perpendicular transects spaced over seven major NH beaches were sampled, resulting in ~240 large volume sediment samples. This new database when fully analyzed, combined with beach profile monitoring since 2015, will allow a better understanding and quantification of the stability and the textural characteristics of the NH coast. Ultimately, this will provide important input to beach management decisions concerning beach nourishment or other engineering modifications.

}, keywords = {paraglacial beaches, sediment texture}, doi = {doi: 10.1130/abs/2018NE-311201}, url = {https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2018NE/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/311201}, author = {Nathan W. Corcoran and Larry G Ward and Zachary S. McAvoy} } @proceedings {6263, title = {Total Propagated Uncertainty Modeling for Topobathymetric LiDAR}, year = {2018}, month = {February 5-7}, address = {Denver, CO}, abstract = {

NOAA\’s National Geodetic Survey (NGS) and partner agencies and firms routinely collect topobathymetric lidar data used in NGS\’s Coastal Mapping Program. New topobathymetric lidar systems featuring narrow receiver fields of view (FOVs), short pulse widths, low transmit pulse power, and high pulse repetition rates are proving advantageous for collecting dense, seamless data across the land-water interface and in the shallow nearshore zone. While one of the primary uses of the data is updating the National Shoreline depicted on NOAA nautical charts, the bathymetric lidar returns have the potential to also be used for updating chart depths and filling the nearshore hydrographic data void that often exists shoreward of approximately the four-meter depth contour. However, for the bathymetric lidar returns to be integrated into NOAA\’s hydrographic surveying and charting workflows, total propagated uncertainty (TPU) models are needed to generate uncertainties in accordance with International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) standards. In a project led by researchers at NOAA NGS, Oregon State University, and the University of New Hampshire, Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping \– Joint Hydrographic Center, new TPU models are being developed to address this need. The initial phase of the project is focusing on TPU modeling for the Riegl VQ-880-G. The general approach involves combining analytical uncertainty propagation with Monte Carlo ray tracing to model uncertainties in the subaerial (in-air) and subaqueous (in-water) portions of the bathymetric lidar measurement process. We will present the first version of the full TPU model and preliminary results from a Gullivan Bay, Florida project site and discuss the planned next steps in producing an operational version of the TPU tool for routine use in NGS\’s Coastal Mapping Program.

}, author = {Christopher E Parrish and Imahori, Gretchen and White, Stephen A and Eren, Firat and J. Jung and Forfinski, Nick and Kammerer, Timothy} } @article {6421, title = {U.S. Extended Continental Shelf Cruise to Map Gulf of Alaska, Eastern Pacific}, year = {2018}, month = {August 7}, pages = {100}, institution = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping / Joint Hydrographic Center}, chapter = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center}, address = {Durham, NH}, keywords = {gulf of alaska, Law of the Sea}, author = {Joyce E. Miller and Tiziana Munene and James V. Gardner and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @article {6204, title = {Voronoi Tessellation on the Ellipsoidal Earth for Vector Data}, year = {2018}, month = {15 February 2018}, pages = {1-17}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, abstract = {

Voronoi tessellation, and its dual the Delaunay triangulation, provide a cohesive framework for the study and interpretation of phenomena of geographical space in two and three dimensions. The planar and spherical solutions introduce errors in the positional accuracy of both Voronoi vertices and Voronoi edges due to errors in distance computations and the path connecting two locations with planar lines or great circle arcs instead of geodesics. For most geospatial applications the introduction of the above errors is insignificant or tolerable. However, for applications where the accuracy is of utmost importance, the ellipsoidal model of the Earth must be used. Characteristically, the introduction of any positional error in the delimitation of maritime zones and boundaries results in increased maritime space for one state at the expense of another. This is a situation that may, among others, have a serious impact on the financial activities and the relations of the states concerned. In the context of previous work on maritime delimitation we show that the Voronoi diagram constitutes the ideal solution for the development of an automated methodology addressing the problem in its entirety. Due to lack of a vector methodology for the generation of Voronoi diagram on the ellipsoid, the aforementioned solution was constrained by the accuracy of existing approaches. In order to fill this gap, in this paper we deal with the inherent attributes of the ellipsoidal model of the Earth, e.g. the fact that geodesics are open lines, and we elaborate on a methodology for the generation of the Voronoi diagram on the ellipsoid for a set of points in vector format. The resulting Voronoi diagram consists of vertices with positional accuracy that is only bounded by the user needs and edges that are comprised of geodesics densified with vertices equidistant to their generators. Finally, we present the implementation of the proposed algorithm in the Python programming language and the results of two case studies, one on the formation of closest service areas and one on maritime boundaries delimitation, with the positional accuracy set to 1 cm.

}, keywords = {Computational geometry, ellipsoidal tessellation, Maritime Limits and boundaries, Median line delimitation, Voronoi diagram}, doi = {10.1080/13658816.2018.1434890}, author = {Christos Kastrisios and Lysandros Tsoulos} } @article {6450, title = {Which Triggers Produce the Most Erosive, Frequent, and Longest Runout Turbidity Currents on Deltas?}, volume = {45,2}, year = {2018}, month = {February 19}, pages = {855-863}, publisher = {American Geophysical Union }, abstract = {

Subaerial rivers and turbidity currents are the two most voluminous sediment transport processes on our planet, and it is important to understand how they are linked offshore from river mouths. Previously, it was thought that slope failures or direct plunging of river floodwater (hyperpycnal flow) dominated the triggering of turbidity currents on delta fronts. Here we reanalyze the most detailed time-lapse monitoring yet of a submerged delta; comprising 93 surveys of the Squamish Delta in British Columbia, Canada. We show that most turbidity currents are triggered by settling of sediment from dilute surface river plumes, rather than landslides or hyperpycnal flows. Turbidity currents triggered by settling plumes occur frequently, run out as far as landslide-triggered events, and cause the greatest changes to delta and lobe morphology. For the first time, we show that settling from surface plumes can dominate the triggering of hazardous submarine flows and offshore sediment fluxes.

}, keywords = {river deltas, settling river plume, submarine landslides, turbidity current runout, turbidity current trigger frequency, turbidity current triggers}, doi = {10.1002/2017GL075751}, url = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2017GL075751}, author = {Hizzett, J.L. and John E. Hughes Clarke and Sumner, E.J. and Matthieu J.B. Cartigny and P.J. Talling and M.A. Clare} } @mastersthesis {6485, title = {A Wideband Acoustic Method for Direct Assessment of Bubble-Mediated Methane Flux}, volume = {Earth Sciences/Ocean Mapping}, year = {2018}, month = {May 1}, pages = {122}, school = {Univeristy of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

The bubble-mediated transport and eventual fate of methane escaping from the seafloor is of great interest to researchers in many fields. Acoustic systems are frequently used to study gas seep sites, as they provide broad synoptic observations of processes in the water column. However, the visualization and characterization of individual gas bubbles needed for quantitative studies has routinely required the use of optical sensors which offer a limited field of view and require extended amounts of time for deployment and data collection. In this paper, we present an innovative method for studying individual bubbles and estimating gas flux using a calibrated wideband split-beam echosounder. The extended bandwidth (16 \– 26 kHz) affords vertical ranges resolution of approximately 7.5 cm, allowing for the differentiation of individual bubbles in acoustic data. Split-aperture processing provides phase-angle data used to compensate for transducer beam-pattern effects and to precisely locate bubbles in the transducer field of view. The target strength of individual bubbles is measured and compared to an analytical scattering model to estimate bubble radius, and bubbles are tracked through the water column to estimate rise velocity. The resulting range of bubble radii (0.68-8.40 mm in radius) agrees with those found in other investigations with optical measurements, and the rise velocities trends are consistent with published models. Together, the observations of bubble radius and rise velocity offer a measure of gas flux, requiring nothing more than vessel transit over a seep site, bypassing the need to deploy time-consuming and expensive optical systems.\ 

}, author = {Elizabeth Weidner} } @article {6285, title = {Working with Video to Improve Deep-Sea Habitat Characterization}, volume = {31, No.1, Supplement}, year = {2018}, month = {March}, pages = {64-67}, publisher = {The Oceanographic Society}, abstract = {

Videos collected from ROVs empower people to explore the ocean from any location. Beyond the immediate value of revealing the mysteries of the deep ocean, video footage provides a rich data source that contributes to our fundamental understanding of the physical, biological, and chemical properties of explored ocean areas. NOAA\’s Office of Exploration and Research and its partners are improving video data management to extract the highest scientific value from these hard-to-obtain surveys of the deep. In addition to making video data publicly available through the OER Video Portal (https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/oer/video), OER and its partner organizations are adding substantial scientific value to video data through development of species identification guides, improved scientific annotations, application of a standard classification scheme, citizen scientist engagement, and improved marine habitat assessment and characterization.

}, keywords = {habitat characterization, Video}, url = {https://tos.org/oceanography/assets/docs/31-1_supplement.pdf}, author = {Peter J. Etnoyer and Mashkoor A Malik and Derek Sowers and Caitlin Ruby and Rachel Bassett and Jennifer A. Dijkstra and Nikolai Pawlenko and Susan Gottfried and Kristen Mello and Mark Finkbeiner and Angela Sallis} } @article {6217, title = {Acoustic Mapping of Thermohaline Staircases in the Arctic Ocean}, volume = {7:15192}, year = {2017}, month = {November 9}, pages = {1-9}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, abstract = {

Although there is enough heat contained in inflowing warm Atlantic Ocean water to melt all Arctic sea ice within a few years, a cold halocline limits upward heat transport from the Atlantic water. The amount of heat that penetrates the halocline to reach the sea ice is not well known, but vertical heat transport through the halocline layer can significantly increase in the presence of double diffusive convection. Such convection can occur when salinity and temperature gradients share the same sign, often resulting in the formation of thermohaline staircases. Staircase structures in the Arctic Ocean have been previously identified and the associated double diffusive convection has been suggested to influence the Arctic Ocean in general and the fate of the Arctic sea ice cover in particular. A central challenge to understanding the role of double diffusive convection in vertical heat transport is one of observation. Here, we use broadband echo sounders to characterize Arctic thermohaline staircases at their full vertical and horizontal resolution over large spatial areas (100\ s of kms). In doing so, we offer new insight into the mechanism of thermohaline staircase evolution and scale, and hence fluxes, with implications for understanding ocean mixing processes and ocean-sea ice interactions.

}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-017-15486-3}, url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-15486-3}, author = {Christian Stranne and Larry A Mayer and Thomas C Weber and Ruddick, Barry R and Martin Jakobsson and Kevin Jerram and Elizabeth Weidner and Johan Nilsson and Katarina G{\r a}rdfeldt} } @article {6808, title = {Acoustic Measurements of a Controlled Gas Seep}, volume = {141(5)}, year = {2017}, month = {May 1}, pages = {3524-3524}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, abstract = {

To verify existing models for conversion of acoustic target strength to estimates for the total volume of methane gas released from the seafloor through the water column, a synthetic seep system was designed and fabricated. This system creates individual bubbles of a specific sizes most commonly found in gaseous methane seeps, 1 to 5 mm radii, which can be released at any interval and at any water depth. The synthetic seep system was deployed off the coast of New Hampshire in an approximate depth of 50 m. Acoustic backscatter from 10 to 100 kHz was collected by steaming over the synthetic seep multiple times, each with a predetermined and calibrated bubble size created by the system at depth. These data represent a direct field measurement which tests models describing bubble size evolution during ascent through the water column, as well as models for acoustic scattering from bubbles of different sizes. Validating these models directly tests the ability of broadband sonar systems to acoustically monitor the transport of gas from the seabed to the atmosphere.

}, doi = {10.1121/1.4987427}, author = {Kevin M Rychert and Thomas C Weber} } @article {6811, title = {The Acoustic Properties of Three Crude Oils at Oceanographically Relevant Temperatures and Pressures}, volume = {142(4)}, year = {2017}, month = {November 15}, pages = {2506-2506}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, abstract = {

The detection and quantification of crude oil in ocean environments is dependent on adequately constrained acoustic properties (e.g., density and sound speed). However, there is a paucity of published acoustic property measurements of crude oil at oceanographically relevant temperatures and pressures. Three medium crude oil samples (Alaska North Slope, Angola Bavuca, and Angola Xikomba) were tested to better constrain these properties for oceanographic applications. A temperature (\−10 to 30 \°C) and pressure (0.1 to 19.3 MPa) controlled sound speed chamber was developed for highly accurate differential time of flight measurements. Density and viscosity were also measured over the same temperature range. Finally, differential scanning calorimetry measurements (\−40 to 50 \°C) were conducted to identify phase changes in crude oil constituents that may contribute to nonlinearities in acoustic properties as a function of temperature at a constant pressure. Results are compared to previously available models for sound speed, such as the PC-Shaft model, and density as a function of temperature and pressure. The results can also be used to fully constrain models of the shape of oil droplets in the marine environment as a function of size, an important input for models of acoustic scattering.

}, doi = {10.1121/1.5014153}, author = {Loranger, Scott and Cole, Justin P and Bassett, Christopher and Thomas C Weber} } @article {6823, title = {Acoustic Scattering of Large Wobbly Bubbles}, year = {2017}, month = {June 6-16}, address = {Tromso, Norway}, abstract = {

Our research group uses acoustic systems, such as split-beam or multibeam echosounders found on most research vessels, to observe and quantify gas flux of methane bubbles released from both shallow and deep seafloor settings. Ebullition of methane gas from the seafloor plays an important role in climate forcing. The majority of methane bubbles released from the seafloor (especially deep water), while unlikely to survive transport through the water column to the atmosphere, export methane into the water column resulting in ocean acidification. Gaseous methane released in shallow water (\<100 m) can facilitate the transport of methane directly to the atmosphere, resulting in direct climate forcing.

Flux measurements of methane gas can be obtained using gas traps and/or optical methods; however these single point source methods are often time consuming and expensive. Acoustic methods have proven to be an efficient alternative for methane gas flux measurements due to its versatility. Acoustic measurements can be calibrated and can be obtained at point sources or over large areas of interest. \ We can obtain bubble size estimates by converting acoustic backscatter measurements of bubbles to bubble target strength using analytical models.

My general research interest is in refining acoustic techniques for measuring bubbles in the ocean using a variety of techniques including broadband, split-beam, and multibeam echosounders. Currently I am investigating the acoustic inversion errors associated with assuming that large bubbles are spherical when, in-fact, experimental and field observations show that bubbles with a radius greater than 1 mm are non-spherical.

}, keywords = {Acoustic Scattering; Gas Bubbles;}, author = {Alexandra M Padilla and Thomas C Weber} } @article {6205, title = {ADEON Soundscape and Modeling Metadata Standard. Version 2.0 DRAFT}, year = {2017}, month = {July 7}, pages = {41}, institution = {TNO for ADEON Prime Contract No. M16PC00003}, abstract = {

The Atlantic Deepwater Ecosystem Observatory Network (ADEON) for the U.S. Mid- and South Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) is currently being developed and is anticipated to be deployed in the summer of 2017. The lead P.I. for this project is Dr. Jennifer Miksis-Olds, University of New Hampshire (UNH). Dr. Miksis-Olds leads a collaborative research team consisting of individuals from UNH, OASIS, TNO, JASCO, Stony Brook University, and NOAA SWFSC.

This observatory network will generate long-term measurements of both the natural and human factors active in this region, thus informing the ecology and soundscape of the OCS. Long-term observations of living marine resources and marine sound will assist Federal agencies, including BOEM, ONR, and NOAA, in complying with mandates in the Endangered Species

}, url = {https://adeon.unh.edu/sites/default/files/user-uploads/WEB-DRAFT\%20ADEON\%20Soundscape\%20Specification_V2.pdf}, author = {M.A. Ainsle and Jennifer Miksis-Olds and S. Bruce Martin and Kevin Heaney and C.A.F. de Jong and A.M. von Benda-Beckman and Anthony P. Lyons} } @article {6796, title = {Advancement in the Estimation of Gas Seep Flux from Echosounder Measurements}, year = {2017}, month = {March 20-23}, pages = {Galveston, TX}, author = {Elizabeth Weidner and Larry A Mayer and Thomas C Weber} } @mastersthesis {6086, title = {Airborne Lidar Bathymetry Beam Diagnostics Using an Underwater Optical Detector Array}, volume = {Ocean Engineering/Ocean Mapping}, year = {2017}, month = {05/2017}, pages = {118}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

The surface geometry of air-water interface is considered as an important factor affecting the performance of Airborne Lidar Bathymetry (ALB), and laser optical communication through the water surface. ALB is a remote sensing technique that utilizes a pulsed green (532 nm) laser mounted to an airborne platform in order to measure water depth. The water surface (i.e., air-water interface) can distort the light beam\’s ray-path geometry and add uncertainty to range calculation measurements. Previous studies on light refracting through a complex water surface are heavily dependent on theoretical models and simulations. In addition, only very limited work has been conducted to validate these theoretical models using experiments under well-controlled laboratory conditions.

The goal of the study is to establish a clear relationship between water-surface conditions and the uncertainty of ALB measurement. This relationship will be determined by conducting more extensive empirical measurements to characterize the changes in beam slant path associated with a variety of short wavelength wind ripples, typically seen in ALB survey conditions. This study will focus on the effects of capillary and gravity-capillary waves with surface wavelengths smaller than the diameter of the laser beam on the water surface. Simulations using Monte-Carlo techniques of the ALB beam footprints and the environmental conditions were used to analyze the ray-path geometries. Based on the simulation results, laboratory experiments were then designed to test key parameters that have the greatest contribution on beam path and direction through the water. The laser beam dispersion experiments were conducted in well-controlled laboratory setting at the University of New Hampshire\’s Wave and Tow tank.

The spatial elevations of the water surface were independently measured using a high resolution wave staff. The refracted laser beam footprint was measured using an underwater optical detector consisting of a 6x6 array of photodiodes. Image processing techniques were used to estimate the laser\’s incidence angle intercepted by the detector array. Beam patterns that resulted from intersection between the laser beam light field underwater and the detector array were modeled and used to calculate changes in position and orientation for water surface conditions containing wavelengths less than 0.1m. Finally, a total horizontal uncertainty (THU) model was estimated, which can be implemented in total propagated uncertainty (TPU) models for reporting as a measure of the quality of each measurement. The wave refraction error for various sea states and beam characteristics was successfully quantified using both experimental and analytical techniques.

}, keywords = {airborne lidar bathymetry, alb, underwater optical detector array}, author = {Matthew Birkebak} } @article {6805, title = {Analysis of the Radiated Sound Field of Deep Water Multibeam Echo Sounders for Return Intensity Calibration Using an Underwater Hydrophone Array}, volume = {142(2)}, year = {2017}, month = {November 16}, pages = {2731-2731}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, abstract = {

Multibeam echo sounders (MBES) are tools used to gather geophysical information on the seafloor and watercolumn which are important for feature detection, identifying gas seeps, and characterizing the seafloor, among others. At high frequencies (\>100 kHz), MBES can be calibrated for their ensonification patterns in test tanks. However, deep water MBES feature long transmit arrays and varying geometries that make tank calibration impractical. The transmit arrays can be over 8m and have a far field range in the hundreds of meters. In addition, these systems use beam steering techniques to segment the swath into multiple sectors to mitigate ship motions, which complicates the radiated pattern and return intensity. This study will better characterize the radiated sound field of deep water MBES for return intensity calibration. A MBES survey was conducted using a Kongsberg EM122 MBES on the SCORE range, a submerged broadband hydrophone array. Hydrophones were spaced ~5 km apart and were continuously recording during the survey. The EM112 is a multisector dual swath system operated at 12 kHz with CW waves. Hydrophone data were analyzed, and the resultant radiated sound field was determined at different distances and angles.

}, doi = {10.1121/1.5014973}, author = {Michael Smith and Thomas C Weber and Larry A Mayer and David Moretti and Anthony P. Lyons and Val Schmidt} } @article {6209, title = {Atlantic Deep-water Ecosystem Observatory Network (ADEON): An Integrated System}, year = {2017}, month = {May 11-15}, pages = {Barcelona, Spain}, abstract = {

An Atlantic Deepwater Ecosystem Observatory Network (ADEON) for the U.S. Mid- and South Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) is currently being developed. ADEON will generate long term measurements of the natural and human factors that describe the ecology and soundscape of the OCS. Ocean processes, marine life dynamics, and human ocean use are each inherently three-dimensional and time-dependent, and each occur at many spatial and temporal scales. No single measurement system (in situ or remote) is sufficient for describing any of the ocean state variables, and a \“multi-platform, multi-variable\”\ù observational approach integrated with models is required. The ADEON network will combine acoustic information with contextual data from space-based remote sensing, hydrographic sensors, and mobile platforms to fully comprehend how human, biologic, and natural abiotic components create the soundscape and influence ecosystem dynamics of the OCS. Measurements made within this research program will serve as a baseline for pattern and trend analyses of ambient sound and the ecosystem components contributing to the OCS soundscapes. Study concept, oversight, and funding were provided by the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Environmental Studies Program, Washington, DC under contract Number M16PC00003, in partnership with other NOPP funding agencies.

}, author = {Jennifer Miksis-Olds and M.A. Ainslie and S. Bruce Martin and J. Warren and Kevin Heaney and Anthony P. Lyons} } @article {6101, title = {Automated Tools to Improve the Ping-to-Chart Workflow}, volume = {17}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {21-30}, publisher = {International Hydrographic Bureau}, address = {Monaco}, abstract = {

The review of hydrographic and cartographic data sets is still too often based on tedious and error-prone manual actions; however, these same characteristics make the work suitable for automation. As such, a software suite of task-specific solutions was developed to support the reviewer. The specific application of these tools to NOAA Coast Survey specifications as a case study highlighted improved quality, timeliness, and user confidence in the reviewed data, and provided a training resource for new personnel. Finally, the tools drove the algorithmic interpretation of agency specifications that can establish the foundation for a fully automated workflow.

}, keywords = {automation, Data Processing, data review, quality control}, url = {https://www.iho.int/mtg_docs/IHReview/IHR_Intro.htm}, author = {Matthew J. Wilson and Giuseppe Masetti and Brian R Calder} } @article {6166, title = {BedMachine v3: Complete Bed Topography and Ocean Bathymetry Mapping of Greenland From Multibeam Echo Sounding Combined With Mass Conservation}, volume = {44}, year = {2017}, month = {November 1}, pages = {11}, publisher = {John Wiley and Sons, Inc.}, abstract = {

Greenland\&$\#$39;s bed topography is a primary control on ice flow, grounding line migration, calving dynamics, and subglacial drainage. Moreover, fjord bathymetry regulates the penetration of warm Atlantic water (AW) that rapidly melts and undercuts Greenland\&$\#$39;s marine-terminating glaciers. Here we present a new compilation of Greenland bed topography that assimilates seafloor bathymetry and ice thickness data through a mass conservation approach. A new 150\ m horizontal resolution bed topography/bathymetric map of Greenland is constructed with seamless transitions at the ice/ocean interface, yielding major improvements over previous data sets, particularly in the marine-terminating sectors of northwest and southeast Greenland. Our map reveals that the total sea level potential of the Greenland ice sheet is 7.42 \± 0.05 m, which is 7\ cm greater than previous estimates. Furthermore, it explains recent calving front response of numerous outlet glaciers and reveals new pathways by which AW can access glaciers with marine-based basins, thereby highlighting sectors of Greenland that are most vulnerable to future oceanic forcing.

}, doi = {10.1002/2017GL074954}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2017GL074954/abstract;jsessionid=158B0362B92B2C2D0D7ECF2F8104691C.f02t02}, author = {Morlighem, M. and C.N. Williams and Rignot, E. and An, J. and Jan Erik Arndt and Bamber, J.L. and Catania, G. and Chauche, N. and Dowdeswell, J and Dorschel, B. and Fenty, I. and Hogan, K. and Howat, I. and Hubbard, A. and Martin Jakobsson and Thomas Jordan and Kjeldsen, K.K. and Millan, R. and Larry A Mayer and Mouginot, J. and Noel, B.P.Y. and O{\textquoteright}Cofaigh, C. and Palmer, S. and Rysgaard, S. and Seroussi, H. and Siegert, M and Slabon, P. and Straneo, F. and van den Broeke, M.R. and Weinrebe, W. and Wood, M. and Zinglersen, K.B.} } @article {6192, title = {Comparing Acoustic- and Aerial Imagery-based Methods of Eelgrass Mapping at Two New England Sites}, year = {2017}, month = {November 5-9}, pages = {Providence, RI}, abstract = {

Eelgrass is an important part of many temperate coastal ecosystems and is often used as a bio-indicator for environmental issues such as water quality. Many eelgrass monitoring programs rely on the analysis of optical remote sensing data, including aerial or satellite imagery. However, these methods are often inhibited by natural attenuation of light with water depth and clarity. Acoustic methods have the potential to complement these optical remote sensing-based datasets. The method described here uses water column data from a multi-beam echo-sounder. It can provide geo-referenced acoustic imagery and depth information needed to document the location, structure, and spatial heterogeneity of eelgrass beds, with more spatial coverage than existing acoustic tools that mostly utilize single-beam echo-sounders. Presented here are two acousticallyderived datasets from Wellfleet, Massachusetts, and Kittery, Maine, classified to characterize the presence/absence, percent cover and canopy height of eelgrass. These data are compared to optical-remote-sensing-derived datasets and sidescan sonar imagery using standard accuracy assessment techniques i.e., error matrices. Analysis also includes correlations of classification accuracies with parameters such as water depth, slope and rugosity. Preliminary results indicate that boundaries of eelgrass beds in acoustic and aerial datasets agree more in shallower water than at the deeper edges, and that eelgrass is detected at lower densities in the acoustic data than in the aerial imagery. These differences are due to the differences in horizontal positioning accuracy and resolution and inherent differences in data collection methods (i.e., continuous transects vs. pixel-based imagery).

}, keywords = {eelgrass, habitat mapping, multi-beam sonar, seagrass, water column}, author = {Ashley R Norton and Semme J Dijkstra} } @article {5948, title = {Computationally Efficient Variable Resolution Depth Estimation}, volume = {106}, year = {2017}, pages = {49-59}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam, North Holland, The Netherlands}, abstract = {
A new algorithm for data-adaptive, large-scale, computationally efficient estimation of bathymetry is proposed. The algorithm uses a first pass over the observations to construct a spatially varying estimate of data density, which is then used to predict achievable estimate sample spacing for robust depth estimation across the area of interest.\ A low-resolution estimate of depth is also constructed during the first pass as a guide for further work.\ A piecewise-regular grid is then constructed following the sample spacing estimates, and accurate depth is finally estimated using the composite refined grid.\ Resource-efficient data structures allow for the algorithm to operate over large areas and large datasets without excessive compute resources; modular design allows for more complex spatial representations to be included if required. The proposed system is demonstrated on a pair of hydrographic datasets, illustrating the adaptation of the algorithm to different depth- and sensor-driven data densities.\ Although the algorithm was designed for bathymetric estimation, it could be readily used on other two dimensional scalar fields where variable data density is a driver.
}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2017.05.013}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0098300416306161}, author = {Brian R Calder and Glen A Rice} } @article {6218, title = {Correlating Sea Level Rise Still-stands to Marine Terraces and Undiscovered Submerged Shoreline Features in the Channel Islands (USA) Using Autonomous and Remotely Operated Systems}, year = {2017}, month = {December 11-15}, pages = {New Orleans, LA}, abstract = {

In 2017, the Ocean Exploration Trust aggregated onboard and autonomous mapping technologies to identify and explore paleo shorelines and discover previously undocumented submerged shoreline features in and around the Channel Islands offshore of California. Broad area mapping was conducted with the hull mounted multibeam echosounder aboard the E/V Nautilus. This Kongsberg EM302 provided maps at 2-10 m resolution, at depths generally greater than 50 m. From this data marine terraces were identified for higher resolution mapping via an Autonomous Surface Vehicle (ASV). The precision data from the ASV\’s Kongsberg EM2040p echosounder allowed identification of the knickpoints associated with cliffs on the landward extent of each terrace. Sub-sea cave targets were identified using backscatter and slope maps from a combination of both the broad area and high resolution multibeam data. To ground-truth the targets identified through mapping, remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) and a highly specialized team of cave divers explored these targets. The results from the visual inspection were then fed back into the analysis fostering the rapid iteration of the onboard identification criteria and resulted in locating submerged shorelines containing numerous large caves, arches, and concretions. Caves were found at still-stands at 8, 33, 66, and 103 m depth at Santa Cruz Island, Santa Barbara Island platform, and Osborn Bank, along the vertical escarpment at the cliff-face and aligned with the strike of fractures in the volcanic rock. These terraces correspond to different sea level still-stands. ROV grab samples of fossiliferous marine terraces will provide ages and aid in reconstructions of sea level change and tectonic history for each location. Finally, caves were mapped in sub-cm resolution using a Kongsberg M3 sonar mounted vertically on the front of the ROV to test the capabilities of the system to provide accurate information about exterior dimensions and morphology.\ 

}, keywords = {asv, backscatter, bathymetry, em302, multibeam, ROV}, url = {https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm17/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/292497}, author = {Nicole A Raineault and Robert Ballard and Jason Fahy and Larry A Mayer and Erin Heffron and Kristopher Kranosky and Chris Roman and Val Schmidt and Andy McLeod and Julie Bursek and Kenneth Broad} } @article {6236, title = {The De Long Trough: A Newly Discovered Glacial Trough on the East Siberian Continental Margin}, volume = {13,9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 28}, pages = {1269-1284}, publisher = {Copernicus Publications}, abstract = {

Ice sheets extending over parts of the East Siberian continental shelf have been proposed for the last glacial period and during the larger Pleistocene glaciations. The sparse data available over this sector of the Arctic Ocean have left the timing, extent and even existence of these ice sheets largely unresolved. Here we present new geophysical mapping and sediment coring data from the East Siberian shelf and slope collected during the 2014 SWERUS-C3 expedition (SWERUS-C3: Swedish \– Russian \– US Arctic Ocean Investigation of Climate-Cryosphere-Carbon Interactions). The multibeam bathymetry and chirp sub-bottom profiles reveal a set of glacial landforms that include grounding zone formations along the outer continental shelf, seaward of which lies a \>65m thick sequence of glacio-genic debris flows. The glacial landforms are interpreted to lie at the seaward
end of a glacial trough \– the first to be reported on the East Siberian margin, here referred to as the De Long Trough because of its location due north of the De Long Islands. Stratigraphy and dating of sediment cores show that a drape of acoustically laminated sediments covering the glacial deposits is older than 50 cal kyr BP. This provides direct evidence for extensive glacial activity on the Siberian shelf that predates the Last Glacial Maximum and most likely occurred during the Saalian (Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 6).

}, doi = {doi:10.5194/cp-2017-56, 2017}, url = {https://www.clim-past.net/13/1269/2017/cp-13-1269-2017.pdf}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Regan, M A and Backman, Jan and Barrientos, Natalia and Cronin, Tomas and Laura Gemery and Kirchner, N. and Larry A Mayer and Johan Nilsson and Noormets, R. and Pearce, Christof and Semiltov, I. and Christian Stranne and Martin Jakobsson} } @article {6118, title = {Deepwater Exploration of the Marianas}, volume = {30(1)}, year = {2017}, month = {March 2017}, pages = {60-65}, publisher = {Oceanography Society}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2017.supplement.01$\#$sthash.usB6fq8O.dpuf}, url = {http://tos.org/oceanography/issue/volume-30-issue-01-supplement}, author = {D.J. Amon and P. Fryer and D. Glickson and S.A. Pomponi and Elizabeth Lobecker and K. Cantwell and Kelley Elliott and Derek Sowers} } @article {6244, title = {The Deglacial to Holocene Paleoceanography of Bering Strait: Results From the SWERUS-C3 Program}, year = {2017}, month = {December 11-15}, pages = {New Orleans, LA}, abstract = {

The climate-carbon-cryosphere (C3) interactions in the East Siberian Arctic Ocean and related ocean, river and land areas of the Arctic have been the focus for the SWERUS-C3 Program (Swedish \– Russian \– US Arctic Ocean Investigation of Climate-Cryosphere-Carbon Interactions). This multi-investigator, multi-disciplinary program was carried out on a two-leg 90-day long expedition in 2014 with Swedish icebreaker Oden. One component of the expedition consisted of geophysical mapping and coring of Herald Canyon, located on the Chukchi Sea shelf north of the Bering Strait in the western Arctic Ocean. Herald Canyon is strategically placed to capture the history of the Pacific-Arctic Ocean connection and related changes in Arctic Ocean paleoceanography. Here we present a summary of key results from analyses of the marine geophysical mapping data and cores collected from Herald Canyon on the shelf and slope that proved to be particularly well suited for paleoceanographic reconstruction. For example, we provide a new age constraint of 11 cal ka BP on sediments from the uppermost slope for the initial flooding of the Bering Land Bridge and reestablishment of the Pacific-Arctic Ocean connection following the last glaciation. This age corresponds to meltwater pulse 1b (MWP1b) known as a post-Younger Dryas warming in many sea level and paleoclimate records. In addition, high late Holocene sedimentation rates that range between about 100 and 300 cm kyr-1, in Herald Canyon permitted paleoceanographic reconstructions of ocean circulation and sea ice cover at centennial scales throughout the late Holocene. Evidence suggests varying influence from inflowing Pacific water into the western Arctic Ocean including some evidence for quasi-cyclic variability in several paleoceanographic parameters, e.g. micropaleontological assemblages, isotope geochemistry and sediment physical properties.

}, url = {https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm17/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/214305}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Anderson, L and Backman, Jan and Barrientos, Natalia and Bjork, G and Helen K. Coxall and Cronin, Tomas and de Boer, A. and Laura Gemery and Kevin Jerram and Johansson, Carina and Kirchner, N. and Larry A Mayer and M{\"o}rth, C-M. and Johan Nilsson and Noormets, R. and O{\textquoteright}Regan, M A and Pearce, Christof and Semiltov, I. and Christian Stranne} } @proceedings {6224, title = {Designing Augmented Reality Marine Navigation Aids Using Virtual Reality}, year = {2017}, month = {Sept 18-21}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Anchorage, AK}, abstract = {Augmented reality (AR) is an emerging technology that superimposes digital information directly on top of a user{\textquoteright}s real world view. AR may have great potential for aiding safe marine navigation, however the devices currently available have significant limitations that prevent them from being practical for marine usage. While suitable devices are still a few years away from the market, we propose that research into AR-aided marine navigation can and should be conducted now. Towards this goal, we have developed a virtual reality simulation system that allows us to experiment with a range of possible AR devices and information overlays within a dynamic and highly flexible ship simulation. This strategy avoids challenging registration issues and being tied to any particular prototype AR hardware. The project{\textquoteright}s goals include identifying the technical specifications required for future AR devices to be useful in navigation, what information is most beneficial to display, and what types of visual representations are best for conveying that information. }, keywords = {augmented reality, navigation, virtual reality, Visualization}, author = {Butkiewicz, Thomas} } @article {6810, title = {Detection and Characterization of Hydrocarbon Droplets Using Broadband Echosounders}, volume = {142(4)}, year = {2017}, month = {November 15}, pages = {2506-2506}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, abstract = {

Investigation of the fate and transport of liquid hydrocarbons is limited by the small field of view of current instrumentation. Mass spectrometers, fluorometers, and megahertz sonars\—the typical instrumentation for detection and classification of liquid hydrocarbons in the marine environment are limited to detections are ranges of less than a few tens of meters. Lower frequency (80\–500 kHz) broadband acoustic backscattering from weakly scattering liquid hydrocarbon targets has been investigated using a novel droplet making device. Results show that such instrumentation should be capable of detections at significantly greater ranges than current instrumentation. The results are compared to a variety of models of acoustic scattering from spherical targets to determine the most accurate model for predicting the frequency response of weakly scattering spheres. The frequency response can be used to characterize the liquid hydrocarbon droplets, as long as the acoustic impedance of the hydrocarbon is well known for the range of temperatures and pressures affecting the droplet.

}, doi = {10.1121/1.5014152}, author = {Loranger, Scott and Thomas C Weber} } @article {6103, title = {Development of a New Acoustic Mapping Method for Eelgrass Using a Multi-Beam Echo-Sounder}, year = {2017}, month = {May 1-5}, pages = {Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada}, abstract = {

Eelgrass plays important roles in temperate coastal ecosystems, including as primary producers and as habitat for many species. The distribution and health of eelgrass beds are also sometimes used as a bio-indicator for water quality. The deepest edges of eelgrass beds are especially vulnerable to water quality issues because of the pre-existing light limitation with increasing depth due to natural light attenuation. However, the deep edges of beds are also often the most difficult to delineate with satellite and aerial imagery often used for large-scale seagrass mapping programs; the use of aerial imagery for mapping eelgrass beds is also sometimes hindered by turbidity issues common in estuarine environments. We are in particular developing methods to determine and map the maximum depth limit (\‘deep edge\’), percent cover, functional type (i.e., macroalgae or eelgrass) and canopy height of the beds using water column backscatter data from a multi-beam echo-sounder because these characteristics are difficult to obtain using existing optical and acoustic methods. Water column data was collected using an Odom MB1 sonar in 2014 and 2015 over a variety of vegetated sites in New Hampshire and Massachusetts, selected to represent a range of conditions: dense/sparse eelgrass, long/short eelgrass, mixed macroalgae and eelgrass, eelgrass on muddy or hard substrates, etc. The data processing workflow will look at both echo and terrain characteristics to determine the presence and characteristics of vegetation. In addition to sonar data, drop camera data was collected, and data from a regional aerial mapping program also exist for comparison. Initial data analysis shows good agreement between drop camera and sonar detections, and patches as small as 1m2 and as short as 20 cm are detectable.

}, keywords = {acoustic mapping, eelgrass, multi-beam, multibeam}, author = {Ashley R Norton}, editor = {Semme J Dijkstra} } @article {5947, title = {Development of an Uncertainty Propagation Equation for Scalar Fields}, volume = {40, 5}, year = {2017}, month = {August 1}, pages = {341-360}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis Group}, abstract = {

The uncertainty of a scalar field is essential structuring information for any estimation problem. Establishing the uncertainty in a dense gridded product from sparse or random uncertainty-attributed input data is not, however, routine.\ This manuscript develops an equation that propagates the uncertainty of individual observations, arbitrarily distributed in R2, to a common estimation location at which they can be used to determine the composite uncertainty of the output field. The equation includes the effect of the distance between the observation and estimation locations, the field and horizontal uncertainty of the observation, and user-parameters to control the expected variability in the field as a function of distance. Two computational versions of the equation, a lower cost conservative approach and a higher cost mean-distance approach, are developed and evaluated for computational cost and resulting accuracy in numerical experiments over simulated bathymetric data. The mean-distance approach is more accurate, but more costly; suitable numerical approximations are proposed to control computational costs. A benefit of the work described is flexibility and enhancement for applications of the model, such as the Combined Uncertainty and Bathymetry Estimator (CUBE) algorithm, which is used as a demonstration of the difference between the two versions of the equation.

}, keywords = {bathymetry, DEM, hydrographic survey, mapping, multibeam sonar, ocean mapping}, doi = {10.1080/01490419.2017.1345811}, author = {Brian R Calder and Paul A. Elmore} } @article {6225, title = {Distribution of an Acoustic Scattering Layer, Petermann Fjord, Northwest Greenland}, year = {2017}, month = {December 11-15}, pages = {New Orleans, LA}, abstract = {

The Petermann 2015 Expedition was a comprehensive paleoceanographic and paleoclimatological study of the marine-terminating Petermann Glacier and its outlet system in Northwest Greenland carried out July-August 2015. The purpose was the reconstruction of glacial history and current glacial processes in Petermann Fjord to better understand the fate of the Petermann Glacier and its floating ice tongue that acts as a critical buttressing force to the outlet glacier draining about 4\% of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Seafloor mapping was a critical component of the study and an EM122 multibeam sonar was utilized for this purpose; additionally, water column data were acquired with this sonar and an EK80 split-beam echosounder.

During the expedition, the mapping team noted an acoustic scattering layer in the EK80 and EM122 water column data which was observed to change depth in a spatially consistent manner that appeared to be related to location. Initial onboard processing revealed what appears to be a strong spatial coherence in the layer distribution that corresponds to our understanding of the complex circulation pattern in the study area, including inflow of warmer Atlantic waters and outflow of subglacial waters. This initial processing was limited to observations at 46 discrete locations that corresponded to CTD stations, a very small subset of the 4800 line kilometers of data collected by each sonar. Both sonars were run 24 hours per day over the 30-day expedition, providing continuous time-varying acoustic coverage of the study area.

Post-cruise additional data has been processed to extract the acoustic returns from the scattering layer using a combination of commercial sonar processing software and specialized MATLAB and Python routines. 3-D surfaces have been generated from the extracted points in order to visualize the continuous spatial and temporal distribution of the scattering layer across the entire study area. Multiple crossings of the same location at different times of day address the question of the temporal stability of the scattering layer while the detailed map of the spatial distribution demonstrates the relationship of the scattering layer to the water masses and implies that continuous acoustic coverage may be a powerful proxy for oceanography.

}, keywords = {acoustic, arctic, DSL, EK80, EM122, Petermann, scattering layer}, url = {https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm17/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/287293}, author = {Erin Heffron and Larry A Mayer and Martin Jakobsson and Hogan, Kelly and Kevin Jerram} } @article {6104, title = {Elevated Seasonal Temperatures Eliminate Thermal Barriers of Reproduction of a Dominant Invasive Species: A Community State Change for Northern Communities?}, volume = {23}, year = {2017}, month = {2017/10}, pages = {1082-1092}, publisher = {Wiley}, keywords = {elevated seasonal temperatures, invasive species, thermal barriers reproduction}, author = {Jennifer A. Dijkstra and E.L. Westerman and Larry G. Harris} } @article {6115, title = {E/V Nautilus - EM302 Multibeam Echosounder System Quality Assurance Review - NA079, May 1-6, 2017}, year = {2017}, month = {May 12}, pages = {99}, abstract = {
The E/V Nautilus undertook a multibeam echosounder quality assurance test from May 1 to May 5, 2017 during an engineering shakedown leg (NA079) in order to perform an assessment of the vessel\’s Kongsberg EM302 multibeam echosounder. Data were collected near the Southern Channel Islands (Figure 1), offshore from San Pedro, California. Paul Johnson and Lindsay Gee provided logistical and technical support for mission planning, data collection, and analysis. This report presents:
}, author = {Paul Johnson and Lindsay Gee} } @mastersthesis {6276, title = {Evaluating Satellite Derived Bathymetry in Regard to Total Propagated Uncertainty, Multi-Temporal Change Detection, and Multiple Non-Linear Estimation}, volume = {Ocean Engineering}, year = {2017}, month = {07/2017}, pages = {147}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Acoustic and electromagnetic hydrographic surveys produce highly-accurate bathymetric data that can be used to update and improve current nautical charts. For shallow-water surveys (i.e., less than 50m depths), this includes the use of single-beam echo-sounders (SBES), multi-beam echo-sounders (MBES), and airborne lidar bathymetry (ALB). However, these types of hydrographic surveys are time-consuming and require considerable financial and operational resources to conduct. As a result, some maritime regions are seldom surveyed due to their remote location and challenging logistics.

Satellite-derived bathymetry (SDB) provides a means to supplement traditional acoustic hydrographic surveys. In particular, Landsat 8 imagery: 1) provides complete coverage of the Earth\’s surface every 16 days, 2) has an improved dynamic range (12-bits), and 3) is freely-available from the US Geological Survey. While the 30m spatial resolution does not match MBES, ALB, or SBES coverage, SDB based on Landsat 8 can be regarded as a type of \“reconnaissance survey\” that can be used to identify potential hazards to navigation in areas that are seldom surveyed.\  It is also a useful means to monitor change detection in dynamic regions.

This study focused on developing improved image-processing techniques and time-series analysis for SDB from Landsat 8 imagery for three different applications:

1. An improved means to estimate total propagated uncertainty (TPU), mainly the vertical component, for single-image SDB.
2. Identifying the location and movement of dynamic shallow areas in river entrances based on multiple-temporal Landsat 8 imagery.
3. Using a multiple, nonlinear SDB approach to enhance depth estimations and enable bottom discrimination.

An improved TPU estimation was achieved based on the two most common optimization approaches (Dierssen et al., 2003 and Stumpf et al., 2003). Various single-image SDB band-ratio outcomes and associated uncertainties were compared against ground truth (i.e., recent Lidar surveys). Several parameters were tested, including various types of filters, kernel sizes, number of control points and their coverage, and recent vs. outdated control points. Based on the study results for two study sites (Cape Ann, MA and Ft Myers, FL), similar performance was observed for both the Stumpf and the Dierssen models. Validation was performed by comparing estimated depths and uncertainties to observed ALB data. The best performing configuration was achieved using low-pass filter (kernel size 3x3) with ALB control points that were distributed over the entire study site.

A change detection process using image processing was developed to identify the location and movement of dynamic shallow areas in riverine environments. Yukon River (Alaska) and Amazon River (Brazil) entrances were evaluated as study sites using multiple satellite imagery. A non-traditional time-series analysis was used to identify probable shallow areas with no usable control points. By using an SDB ratio model with image processing techniques that includes feature extraction and a well-defined topological feature to describe the shoal feature, it is possible to create a time-series of the shoal\’s motion, and predict its future location. A further benefit of this approach is that vertical referencing of the SDB ratio model to chart datum is not required.

In order to enhance the capabilities of the SDB approach to estimate depth in non-uniform conditions, Dierssen\’s band ration SDB algorithm was transformed into a full non-linear SDB model. The model was evaluated in the Simeonof Island, AK, using Lidar control points from a previous NOAA ALB survey. Linear and non-linear SDB models were compared using the ALB survey for performance evaluation. The multi-nonlinear SDB model provides an enhanced performance compared to the more traditional linear SDB method. This is most noticeable in the very shallow waters (0-2 m), where a linear model does not provide a good correlation to the control points. In deep-waters close to the extinction depth, the multi-nonlinear SDB method is also able to better detect bottom features than the linear SDB method. By recognizing the water column contributions to the SDB solution, it is possible to achieve a more accurate estimate of the bathymetry in remote areas.

}, keywords = {Applied sciences; Change detection; Nonlinear model; Satellite derived bathymetry; Total uncertainty propagation}, author = {Freire, Ricardo} } @proceedings {6197, title = {Evaluating the Perceptual Uniformity of Color Sequences for Feature Discrimination}, year = {2017}, month = {June 12-13}, pages = {1-5}, publisher = {The Eurographics Association}, address = {Barcelona, Spain}, abstract = {

Probably the most common method for visualizing univariate data maps is through pseudocoloring and one of the most commonly cited requirements of a good colormap is that it be perceptually uniform. This means that differences between adjacent colors in the sequence be equally distinct. The practical value of uniformity is for features in the data to be equally distinctive no matter where they lie in the colormap, but there are reasons for thinking that uniformity in terms of feature detection may not be achieved by current methods which are based on the use of uniform color spaces. In this paper we provide a new method for directly evaluating colormaps in terms of their capacity for feature resolution. We apply the method in a study using Amazon Mechanical Turk to evaluate seven colormaps. Among other findings the results show that two new double ended sequences have the highest discriminative power and good uniformity. Ways in which the technique can be applied include the design of colormaps for uniformity, and a method for evaluating colormaps through feature discrimination curves for differently sized features.

}, doi = {doi.org/10.2312/eurorv3.20171107}, author = {Colin Ware and Turton, Terece L and Samsel, Francesca and Bujack, Roxana and David H Rogers} } @article {6820, title = {Evidence of Low-Frequency Multiple Scattering of Methane Gas Bubbles at Coal Oil Point, Santa Barbara, California}, year = {2017}, month = {December 4-8}, pages = {New Orleans, LA}, abstract = {

Coal Oil Point, located in the Santa Barbara Channel, CA is known for its prolific natural hydrocarbon seepage. These hydrocarbons are released at depths between 30-80 m, shallow enough that the hydrocarbons reach the surface. Transport via bubbles and droplets through the water column enables the exchange of hydrocarbons between the ocean and the atmosphere. Hydroacoustic observations from previous surveys have been used to map hydrocarbon seep distributions and estimate the flux of hydrocarbons from the seafloor in Coal Oil Point. On September 14, 2016, this area was revisited and surveyed using low-frequency sub-bottom profilers operating from 1-10 kHz. The goal is to estimate the gas flux of hydrocarbons from the hydroacoustic measurements and compare them to historic estimates for this area. Visual observations of dense bubble cloud structures of these seeps were seen and evidence of multiple scattering effects were observed in the hydroacoustic measurements. We examine how acoustic scattering of natural hydrocarbon gas bubbles is effected by multiple scattering and how this process affects the quantification of gas flux.

}, keywords = {Acoustic Scattering; Gas Bubbles; Multiple Scattering; Low-Frequency; Coal Oil Point Seep Field}, author = {Alexandra M Padilla and Loranger, Scott and Thomas C Weber} } @article {6819, title = {Experimental Observations of Acoustic Backscattering from Spherical and Wobbly Bubbles}, year = {2017}, month = {June 25-29}, pages = {Boston, MA}, abstract = {

Methane bubbles released from the seafloor transport gas through the water column to the atmosphere. Direct or optical methods via underwater vehicles are often used for quantifying methane gas flux in the water column, however these methods are time consuming and expensive. Acoustic measurements, using split-beam and multibeam echo sounders that are readily available on most sea vessels, provide a more efficient method for determining methane gas flux. These acoustic methods typically convert acoustic backscatter measurements of bubbles to bubble size using analytical models of bubble target strength. These models assume that bubbles have uniform shape; however it has been shown that bubbles with a radius greater than 1 mm, which have large E\ötv\ös and/or large Reynolds number, are non-spherical. To investigate the error associated with assuming large bubbles are spherical, a 6 m deep tank experiment was conducted to compare calibrated target strength measurements of both small spherical and large wobbly bubbles to existing acoustic scattering models. Bubble sizes observed in this experiment ranged from a fraction of 1 mm to 6 mm in radius. This experiment used a broad range of frequencies (10-300 kHz) to cover typical echo sounder frequencies utilized in field measurements of natural methane seeps.

}, keywords = {Acoustic Scattering; Gas Bubbles;}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4987724}, author = {Alexandra M Padilla and Kevin M Rychert and Thomas C Weber} } @article {6591, title = {Exploring 4D Flow Data in an Immersive Virtual Environment}, volume = {Abstract H51E-1323}, year = {2017}, month = {Dec 11 - 15}, publisher = {AGU}, address = {New Orleans, LA}, abstract = {

Oceanic and atmospheric simulations help us to understand and make prediction about the intricate physical processes of our dynamic planet. These simulations output models\ containing extremely large and complex time-varying three-dimensional (i.e., 4D) data, which poses a significant visualization challenge.

Recent advances in mobile computing have ushered in a new era of affordable, high-fidelity virtual reality (VR) devices. The proliferation of these devices presents a unique opportunity to incorporate their use into scientific\ workflows; especially those involving geospatial data.

Head-Mounted Displays (HMDs)\ provide a separate view of the virtual scene to each eye, which changes based on the position and orientation of the HMD in physical space to match real-world viewing. The binocular viewing contributes stereopsis (stereoscopic 3D) and the head tracking enables motion parallax, both of which convey strong depth cues to the human visual system. In addition, they provide a natural and intuitive way to change the viewing position, a task which is normally mapped to a mouse or keyboard function.

Six-Degree-of-Freedom (6DOF) interaction devices\ report their position and rotation with respect to a reference coordinate system. The total degrees of freedom can be determined by counting the principal axes (x, y, z) that a device an be positioned along or rotated around. A traditional computer mouse, for example, only reports the relative x- and y-offsets of the mouse position on a desk or mousepad, yielding 2DOF. A device capable of 6DOF provides data about its position and orientation in 3D space.\  For 3D tasks, having these truly 3D input devices is critical.

The Kinematic Chaining Model of Bimanual Actions proposed by Yves Guiard posits that the left and right hands form a kind of kinematic chain and the non-dominant hand forms a local, coarse frame of reference which the dominant hand can leverage for finer, more precise movements.

An example of this type of asymmetric action would be painting a figurine by holding it in one hand and applying the fine details with the other. Past evaluations have found this mode of interaction to be superior over single-handed ones for a variety of tasks in virtual environments.

By combining these superior viewing conditions and interaction techniques, we believe that we can improve the exploration of simulation results to more quickly and efficiently assess their validity and gain additional insight and understanding of these models.

}, url = {http://abstractsearch.agu.org/meetings/2017/FM/H51E-1323.html}, author = {Andrew H. Stevens and Butkiewicz, Thomas} } @article {6231, title = {An Extended Surface Target for High-frequency Multibeam Echo Sounder Calibration}, volume = {141,4}, year = {2017}, month = {April 12}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, abstract = {

An extended calibration target has been developed for calibrating the intensity output of a multibeam echo sounder (MBES). The target was constructed of chain links arranged similar to a curtain, providing an extended surface target with a mean scattering strength of -17.8\ dB at 200\ kHz. The target was used to calibrate a 200\ kHz MBES, and the MBES was subsequently used to collect seafloor backscatter over sand and gravel seafloors. Field results were compared with calibrated split-beam echo sounder measurements at an incidence angle of 45\°. The results suggest that the chain target is a viable MBES calibration tool.

}, doi = {10.1121/1.4980006}, author = {John L Heaton and Glen A Rice and Thomas C Weber} } @proceedings {6058, title = {Finding Fliers: New Techniques and Metrics}, year = {2017}, month = {March 20-23}, publisher = {The Hydrographic Society of America}, address = {Galveston, TX}, abstract = {

Fliers in bathymetric grid products evidence an inaccurate portrayal of the seafloor, and must be remediated before final product creation. Traditional methods to ensure flier detection and removal are apparently not sufficient since nearly 25\% of surveys received at NOAA in 2015 had final grid deliverables affected by fliers. These grids not only require time and effort to resolve, but also compromise the lineage of the original field submission. This work describes new automated techniques for flier identification and compares their effectiveness to traditional, manual methods of flier detection. The benefits of automatic identification being statistically significant, integration of the flier identification techniques could be in the gridding algorithm is suggested as a means to reduce the rate of fliers delivered on the created surfaces.

}, keywords = {bathymetry, fliers, metrics, qc, survey}, url = {http://www.ushydro2017.com/}, author = {Matthew J. Wilson and Giuseppe Masetti and Brian R Calder} } @article {6198, title = {The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: A Theoretical Framework for the Assessment of Continuous Colormaps}, volume = {24,1}, year = {2017}, month = {August 29}, pages = {923-933}, publisher = {IEEE}, abstract = {

A myriad of design rules for what constitutes a \"good\" colormap can be found in the literature. Some common rules include order, uniformity, and high discriminative power. However, the meaning of many of these terms is often ambiguous or open to interpretation. At times, different authors may use the same term to describe different concepts or the same rule is described by varying nomenclature. These ambiguities stand in the way of collaborative work, the design of experiments to assess the characteristics of colormaps, and automated colormap generation. In this paper, we review current and historical guidelines for colormap design. We propose a specified taxonomy and provide unambiguous mathematical definitions for the most common design rules.

}, doi = {10.1109/TVCG.2017.2743978}, author = {Bujack, Roxana and Turton, Terece L and Samsel, Francesca and Colin Ware and David H Rogers and James P Ahrens} } @article {6097, title = {How to Improve the Quality and the Reproducibility for Acoustic Seafloor Characterization}, year = {2017}, month = {May 1-5}, pages = {Nova Scotia, Canada}, abstract = {

Current commercial solutions for processing acoustic data with the aim of seafloor characterization does not take full advantage of the wide spectra of information collected by modern sonars (e.g., water column data, multiple sectors). In addition, those solutions tend to act as a \‘magic black-box\’ with only a few user-defined parameters. This can be seen as an advantage (it makes these technologies available to a large community), but it also engenders a lack of data reproducibility. Currently, it is a real challenge to \‘properly\’ merge backscatter-based products from different vendors (and even from the same vendor given the lack of metadata).

In order to mitigate both issues, we developed a different approach. The proposed workflow is organized into two main phases: the first part focuses on artifact identification and reduction, while the second part is product-oriented. The artifact-oriented phase applies a (growing) set of algorithms to facilitate the identification of corrupted data so that they can then be ignored or, if required by the user, reconstructed using several different techniques. This approach also provides a metric that can then be used to identify which ping should be excluded during seafloor characterization.

The first phase is cleanly separated from the product creation. At the end of it, corrected data in the sonar\’s native format are generated together with an (optional) \‘difference\’ file (containing only the data that has been modified) and a human-readable and computer-interpretable textual description of all the applied processes. This \‘native-format\’ solution is better than converting the data to a hybrid generic data format which may not adequately preserve all of the important information from the file. The \‘difference\’ files reduce the amount of data storage since they contain only the changes, rather than doubling the storage requirement. An additional advantage is modularity. For instance, based on the kind of survey different strategies combining the identification and reduction methods can be built. Once the valid, corrected data files are created, they can be mosaicked or analyzed for seafloor characterization by the user-preferred application.

The proposed approach is demonstrated with real-world data by first using a set of bubble washdown detection algorithms, then improving the quality of the generated outputs. Specifically, the mosaic is created after the reconstruction of the corrupted samples with a weighted randomization schema, while the seafloor characterization is improved by ignoring the corrupted data.

A possible future development of this approach is to carry all the line-based descriptions of the applied processes together with the products. To make this possible in a robust way, we propose the creation of an open, community-driven product data format mimicking what has been done for bathymetric data by the Open Navigation Surface Working Group (BAG format).

}, keywords = {angular response curve, artifacts, backscatter, marianas, Seafloor Characterization}, doi = {10.4095/305398}, url = {http://geohab2017.wixsite.com/geohab2017/program}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti and Brian R Calder and Larry A Mayer} } @article {6246, title = {Implementation of an Acoustic-based Methane Flux Estimation Methodology in the Eastern Siberian Arctic Sea }, year = {2017}, month = {December 11-15}, pages = {New Orleans, LA}, abstract = {

Quantifying methane flux originating from marine seep systems in climatically sensitive regions is of critically importance for current and future climate studies. Yet, the methane contribution from these systems has been difficult to estimate given the broad spatial scale of the ocean and the heterogeneity of seep activity. One such region is the Eastern Siberian Arctic Sea (ESAS), where bubble release into the shallow water column (\<40 meters average depth) facilitates transport of methane to the atmosphere without oxidation. Quantifying the current seep methane flux from the ESAS is necessary to understand not only the total ocean methane budget, but also to provide baseline estimates against which future climate-induced changes can be measured.

At the 2016 AGU fall meeting, we presented a new acoustic-based flux methodology using a calibrated broadband split-beam echosounder. The broad (14-24 kHz) bandwidth provides a vertical resolution of 10 cm, making possible the identification of single bubbles. After calibration using 64 mm copper sphere of known backscatter, the acoustic backscatter of individual bubbles is measured and compared to analytical models to estimate bubble radius. Additionally, bubbles are precisely located and traced upwards through the water column to estimate rise velocity. The combination of radius and rise velocity allows for gas flux estimation.

Here, we follow up with the completed implementation of this methodology applied to the Herald Canyon region of the western ESAS. From the 68 recognized seeps, bubble radii and rise velocity were computed for more than 550 individual bubbles. The range of bubble radii, 1-6 mm, is comparable to those published by other investigators, while the radius dependent rise velocities are consistent with published models. Methane flux for the Herald Canyon region was estimated by extrapolation from individual seep flux values.

}, url = {https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm17/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/228715}, author = {Elizabeth Weidner and Thomas C Weber and Larry A Mayer} } @article {6809, title = {Improving Seep Detection by Swath Sonars with Adaptive Beamforming}, volume = {141(5)}, year = {2017}, month = {June 10}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, abstract = {

Detection of gas seeps is currently of interest for a wide variety of applications. The oil and gas industry can use it to monitor their installations, e.g. oil wells and pipelines. It may also contribute to the understanding of geological and biological activity in the seabed. In a climate perspective, it is also important for estimating the amount of methane that seeps into the atmosphere and monitoring CO2 stored in geological structures. Seeps are commonly detected by bathymetric swath sonars. Bubbles are strong acoustical targets and may form clear flares in the water column display, depending on the size and density of the bubbles. Detection is often easy before the first bottom return arrive and is gradually masked by the seafloor reverberation at longer ranges. We propose to use the sidelobe suppressing properties of adaptive beamforming to suppress seafloor reverberation and extend seep detection range. To investigate this in practice we placed an artificial seep at approximately 45 m depth and mapped it with a swath sonar. We ran lines over the seep at between 0 and 80 m horizontal range. Our processing chain allows us to process each ping with both standard and adaptive beamforming, providing easily comparable results.

}, doi = {10.1121/1.4989190}, author = {L{\o}nmo, Tor Inge B and Thomas C Weber} } @article {6226, title = {In Situ Quantitative Characterisation of the Ocean Water Column Using Acoustic Multibeam Backscatter Data}, year = {2017}, month = {December 11-15}, pages = {New Orleans, LA}, abstract = {

Detecting liquid, solid or gaseous features in the ocean is generating considerable interest in the geoscience community, because of their potentially high economic values (oil \& gas, mining), their significance for environmental management (oil/gas leakage, biodiversity mapping, greenhouse gas monitoring) as well as their potential cultural and traditional values (food, freshwater). Enhancing people\&$\#$39;s capability to quantify and manage the natural capital present in the ocean water goes hand in hand with the development of marine acoustic technology, as marine echosounders provide the most reliable and technologically advanced means to develop quantitative studies of water column backscatter data. This is not developed to its full capability because (i) of the complexity of the physics involved in relation to the constantly changing marine environment, and (ii) the rapid technological evolution of high resolution multibeam echosounder (MBES) water-column imaging systems. The Water Column Imaging Working Group is working on a series of multibeam echosounder (MBES) water column datasets acquired in a variety of environments, using a range of frequencies, and imaging a number of water-column features such as gas seeps, oil leaks, suspended particulate matter, vegetation and freshwater springs. Access to data from different acoustic frequencies and ocean dynamics enables us to discuss and test multifrequency approaches which is the most promising means to develop a quantitative analysis of the physical properties of acoustic scatterers, providing rigorous cross calibration of the acoustic devices. In addition, high redundancy of multibeam data, such as is available for some datasets, will allow us to develop data processing techniques, leading to quantitative estimates of water column gas seeps. Each of the datasets has supporting ground-truthing data (underwater videos and photos, physical oceanography measurements) which provide information on the origin and chemistry of the seep content. This is of first importance when assessing the physical properties of water column scatterers from backscatter acoustic measurement.

}, keywords = {seep, water column, WCIWG}, url = {https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm17/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/290213}, author = {Geoffroy Lamarche and Yves Le Gonidec and Vanessa Lucieer and Xavier Lurton and Jens Greinert and St{\'e}phanie Dupr{\'e} and Amy Nau and Erin Heffron and Marc Roche and Yoann Ladroit and Peter Urban} } @article {6120, title = {Integrating Dual Frequency Side-scan Sonar Data and Multibeam Backscatter, Angular Response and Bathymetry, for Benthic Habitat Mapping in the Laganas Gulf MPA, Zakinthos Isl., Greece}, volume = {141}, year = {2017}, month = {June 2017}, pages = {3949-3949}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, abstract = {

The preferred procedure nowadays for benthic habitat mapping is combining marine acoustic and ground truthing methods, with the former ones tending to be the swath sonars, such as the Multi Beam Echo Sounders (MBES) and the Side-Scan Sonars (SSS). Both above acoustic systems, in conjunction with an extensive underwater video footage, were employed to map in detail benthic habitats in the marine area of Laganas Gulf in the National Marine Park of Zakynthos Isl., Greece, including key protected habitats such as P.oceanica beds and coralligenous formations. Object oriented seafloor classification was achieved taking advantage of the multi-layer information available, including the two individual frequencies of SSS and the MBES backscatter, angular response, and bathymetry data. The extracted statistical derivatives regarded: (1) textural analysis of the multi-frequency backscatter imagery, (2) angular range analysis of the MBES backscatter, as well as (3) application of various bathymetric indices. Those derivatives were classified individually or fuzzed together, to explore the rate of improvement when choosing one system or another and to investigate their best combinations and practices towards valid seafloor classification. Benthic habitat classification has been comprehended using the NATURA and EUNIS classification schemes to be compatible with the EU regulations.

}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4988964}, url = {http://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.4988964}, author = {Elias Fakiris and Xenophon Dimas and Nikolaos Georgiou and Dimitrios Christodoulou and Yuri Rzhanov and George Papatheodorou} } @article {6208, title = {Internal Wave Effects on Seafloor Imagery and Bathymetry Estimates}, year = {2017}, month = {June 25 - 29}, pages = {Boston, MA}, abstract = {

Large linear structures (tens of meters by several meters) have been observed recently in seafloor imagery and bathymetry collected
with both synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) and multibeam echosounder (MBES) systems. It has been suggested [Hansen, et al., IEEE J.
Oceanic Eng., 40, 621-631 (2015)] that this phenomenon is not due to the true morphology of the seafloor, but is caused by water column
features related to breaking internal waves. Changes observed in acoustic intensity and bathymetry estimates are caused by a focusing of the acoustic field which results in structures that appear to be true seabed topography. In terms of seafloor mapping, these topography mimicking features will impact the interpretation of imagery, may complicate the production of mosaics, and have the potential to cause
bathymetric uncertainties exceeding International Hydrographic Organization standards. In this talk we will show that these water-column
caused features may not be uncommon using examples of data collected with several different SAS and MBES systems in a variety
of experimental locations.

}, author = {Anthony P. Lyons and R.E. Hansen and J. Prater and W.A. Connors and Glen A Rice and Y. Pailhas} } @article {6059, title = {Invasive Species Transform Habitat Structure and Increase Biodiversity of Associated Species}, volume = {105}, year = {2017}, pages = {1668-1678}, publisher = {Wiley}, keywords = {ecosystem change, food-webs, habitat complexity, invasive species, kelp loss}, doi = {doi: 10.1111/1365-2745.12775}, author = {Jennifer A. Dijkstra and Larry G. Harris and Kristen Mello and A S Litterer and Wells, C. and Colin Ware} } @article {6795, title = {Investigating Bubble Transport and Fate in the Watercolumn with Calibrated Broadband Split-Beam Echosounder Data}, year = {2017}, month = {December 4-8}, pages = {New Orleans, LA}, author = {Elizabeth Weidner and Thomas C Weber and Larry A Mayer} } @article {5910, title = {Large-Scale Navigational Chart Update Using Data Collected During the Super Storm Sandy Disaster Relief Efforts}, year = {2017}, month = {April 5 - 9}, pages = {Boston, MA}, address = {Boston, MA}, abstract = {
Since the 1930s, most of New Jersey\’s intracoastal waters have not been surveyed to NOAA\’s Coast Survey hydrographic standards. The main reason is lack of resources that are required to conduct IHO hydrographic surveys in shallow waters. As a result, the bathymetry used to compile the large-scale nautical charts (1:40,000) of New Jersey\’s back bays is outdated. As part of the Superstorm Sandy disaster relief efforts, a novel approach was applied to update these charts. Bathymetric data collected by other federal and state agencies is being used to provide a current depiction of the bathymetry and update the metadata associated with surveys (IHO S-57 attributes). Although these datasets vary in quality and accuracy, they provide a current depiction of the bathymetry and its morphological characteristics. All data sets over a given area were ranked based on the survey technology and the service provider. The quality of the datasets were used to segment the dataset into three main quality groups before conducting compilation. The resulting compiled bathymetry products were evaluated following a chart adequacy procedure that included hydrographic characteristics, bathymetry (smooth sheet soundings and depth curves) and supplementary documentation. This paper outlines the different datasets used in the project and the adequacy evaluation of the data used in the chart for navigation.
}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Nyberg, John and Auclert, G. and Barber, John E. and Morrow, D. and Wittrock, A.} } @inbook {5672, title = {Mapping and Quantifying Seascape Patterns}, booktitle = {Seascape Ecology}, year = {2017}, month = {12/2017}, pages = {27-49}, publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Ltd.}, organization = {John Wiley and Sons Ltd.}, chapter = {2}, address = {West Chester, England}, keywords = {habitat mapping, spatial ecology}, author = {B. Costa and Walker, Brian and Jennifer A. Dijkstra}, editor = {Pittman, Simon J.} } @article {6806, title = {Mapping Methane Gas Seeps with Multibeam and Split-Beam Echo Sounders}, volume = {141(5)}, year = {2017}, month = {June 10}, pages = {3949-3949}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, abstract = {

Modern multibeam echo sounders (MBES), which are most widely used for collecting high-resolution bathymetry and seabed imagery, often have the capability of recording acoustic backscatter from the full water column. This capability has enabled several new applications for MBES including the study of marine organisms, the quantification of suspended sediments, imaging physical oceanographic structure, and the detection, localization, and characterization of methane gas seeps. Split-beam echo sounders (SBES) are widely used in fisheries applications, but have a similarly diverse range of other applications. Here, we review the use of both MBES and SBES systems for mapping different phenomena in the water column, with a focus on mapping methane gas seeps. In doing so, we attempt to highlight the many advantages of these systems, but also discuss some of the limitations including the masking of targets by high seafloor reverberation levels in MBES systems. We also discus some of the challenges associated with wide bandwidth SBES systems, including our attempts to maintain a frequency-independent field-of-view using constant-beamwidth transducers.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4988967}, author = {Thomas C Weber} } @article {6214, title = {Mapping of the Major Morphologic Features and Seafloor Sediments of the New Hampshire Continental Shelf Using the Coastal and Marine Ecologic Classification Standard (CMECS)}, year = {2017}, month = {May 1-5}, pages = {Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada}, abstract = {

The New Hampshire continental shelf is extremely heterogeneous and includes extensive bedrock outcrops, sand and gravel deposits, and muddy basins. Many of the depositional features are glacial in origin and have been significantly modified by marine processes as sea level fluctuated since the end of the last major glaciation. Glacial deposits (e.g., drumlins) on the shelf have been eroded, leaving very coarse lag deposits, while supplying sand to develop wave-formed features (shoals). Many of these features have positive relief standing above the seafloor, lending evidence of their formation by waves and shallow water currents. Some of these deposits may represent significant sand and gravel deposits and have the potential for future use for beach nourishment and other efforts to build coastal resiliency.

Relatively recent high resolution multibeam echosounder (MBES) bathymetric and backscatter surveys have revealed features of the New Hampshire shelf and vicinity seafloor in exceptional detail that has not been previously described. Synthesis of the MBES bathymetry and backscatter (along with bathymetric derivatives), coupled with an extensive archived database consisting of subbottom seismics, bottom sediment grain size data, and vibracores, were used to develop new surficial geology maps based on CMECS (partially supported by the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management). The new surficial geology maps of the New Hampshire shelf produced in ArcGIS represent a major improvement over previous mapping efforts and provide ground truth for testing automated classification approaches. Presently, the CMECS maps are being refined and the classification of the geoforms expanded for paraglacial environments. In addition, automated characterization and segmentation approaches using QPS Fledermaus Geocoder Toolbox Angle Range Analysis (ARA) and ESRI ArcGIS Spatial Analyst Tools are being evaluated.

}, url = {http://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/eaa54f_0194ec66feec4dad8f97b84951606910.pdf}, author = {Larry G Ward and Zachary S. McAvoy and Erin Nagel} } @article {6378, title = {Marine Managed Area Mapping Experiments in Machine S-122 Data Generation}, year = {2017}, month = {May 12}, pages = {15}, institution = {International Hydrographic Organization}, address = {Monaco}, abstract = {

Marine Managed Area Mapping Experiments in Machine S-122 Data Generation.

}, keywords = {GML, Marine Protected Areas, S-122}, url = {https://www.iho.int/mtg_docs/com_wg/NIPWG/NIPWG4/NIPWG\%204\%20WP\%206-2\%20S-122\%20From\%20Theory\%20to\%20Practice.pdf}, author = {Virgil Zetterland and Briana M Sullivan} } @mastersthesis {6537, title = {Maritime Zones and Boundaries Delimitation Analysis and Implementation in Digital Environment}, year = {2017}, month = {06/2017}, pages = {248}, school = {National Technical University of Athens}, address = {Zografou, Greece}, abstract = {

The aim of this doctoral dissertation was to investigate and resolve cartographical issues in maritime delimitation, to determine the limitations of existing software solutions and to develop and implement a comprehensive methodology to address them in a digital environment. Its findings comprise three automated methodologies -and their implementation in digital environment- namely that of the identification and determination of juridical bays according to the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, that for the Voronoi Tessellation on the ellipsoidal Earth and that for the automated delimitation of maritime zones and boundaries for all coastal states in the dataset and for any combination of normal and straight baselines, as well as the selection of the most appropriate cartographic projection for the presentation of maritime zones and boundaries. The findings of this dissertation contribute to cartographers\’ work and substantially improve the accuracy and reliability of the end-results as they examine all available spatial information and are independent of user\’s perception. Furthermore, they significantly reduce the time of maritime delimitation as they comprise fully automated processes with no need for supervised intervention and, finally, contribute to the correct cartographic portrayal of maritime zones and boundaries.

}, keywords = {Analytical cartography, Computational cartography, Computer cartography, Map projections, Maritime delimitation}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.12189.61927/2}, author = {Christos Kastrisios} } @proceedings {6196, title = {Maritime Zones Delimitation Problems and Solutions}, volume = {1}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2{\textendash}7}, publisher = {International Cartographic Association (ICA)}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {
The delimitation of maritime zones and boundaries foreseen by the United Nations Conve of the Sea (UNCLOS) is a factor of economic growth, effective management of the coastal and ocean environment and the cornerstone for maritime spatial planning. coastal states and their accurate delineation and cartographic portrayal is a matter of national priority. Although UNCLOS is a legal document, its implementation theoretical and applied background on Geodesy, Cartography and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for those involved. This paper provides a brief historical background of the evolution of the UNCLOS, presents the various concepts of the Convention and identifies the problems inherent in the maritime delimitation process. Furthermore, it presents solutions that will facilitate the cartographer\&$\#$39;s work in order to achieve unque the paper it becomes evident that the role of the cartographer and the GIS expert is critical for the successful impl mentation of maritime delimitation.
}, keywords = {Boundaries delimitation, Contiguous zone, continental shelf, Exclusive Economic Zone, Maritime zones, Territorial Sea}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-1-59-2018}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318278189_Maritime_Zones_Delimitation_Problems_and_Solutions}, author = {Christos Kastrisios and Lysandros Tsoulos} } @proceedings {6062, title = {Methods for Artifact Identification and Reduction in Acoustic Backscatter Mosaicking}, year = {2017}, month = {Marc 20-23}, publisher = {The Hydrographic Society of America}, address = {Galveston, TX}, abstract = {

Modern multibeam sonars provide high resolution measurements of acoustic backscatter that were unthinkable just a few decades ago. However, many aspects of the data acquisition can heavily impact these measurements, reducing the data quality in the output mosaic and any attempt of seafloor characterization. This work first describes techniques to identify the presence of artifacts (e.g., bubble wash-down), then explores possible scenarios for how to reduce the lack of knowledge in such areas. Finally, it outlines an approach for how to retain the information from the processing steps used in an attempt to increase output reproducibility and reusability.

}, keywords = {angular response curve, artifacts, backscatter, marianas, Seafloor Characterization}, url = {http://www.ushydro2017.com/}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti and Brian R Calder and John E. Hughes Clarke} } @article {6107, title = {A Metric for Characterization of Two-Dimensional Spatial Coherence}, volume = {142}, year = {2017}, pages = {EL313-EL318}, abstract = {
A metric is developed providing a quantitative measure of
the two-dimensional spatial coherence of scattered fields. The metric is
based on fitting a function similar to bivariate Gaussian to measured
two-dimensional coherence surfaces. This function provides a robust fit
to the measured data for a range of coherence lengths and surface asymmetries.
Through an eigendecomposition of the bivariate Gaussian
covariance matrix, it is possible to define surface orientation as well as
coherence lengths along the major and minor axes. The metric is applied
to normal-incidence
}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5001163}, author = {D.C. Brown and Anthony P. Lyons and C.F. Brownstead and T.B. Gabrielson} } @article {6342, title = {Modeling Annual Variations in High-Frequency Scattering from Sea Ice}, year = {2017}, month = {December 4-8}, pages = {New Orleans, LA}, author = {Anthony P. Lyons} } @article {6183, title = {The Morphometry of the Deep-Water Sinuous Mendocino Channel and the Immediate Environs, Northeastern Pacific Ocean}, volume = {7, 4}, year = {2017}, month = {November 29}, publisher = {MDPI}, abstract = {

Mendocino Channel, a deep-water sinuous channel located along the base of Gorda Escarpment, was for the first time completely mapped with a multibeam echosounder. This study uses newly acquired multibeam bathymetry and backscatter, together with supporting multichannel seismic and sediment core data to quantitatively describe the morphometry of the entire Mendocino Channel and to explore the age and possible causes that may have contributed to the formation and maintenance of the channel. The first 42 km of the channel is a linear reach followed for the next 83.8 km by a sinuous reach. The sinuous reach has a sinuosity index of 1.66 before it changes back to a linear reach for the next 22.2 km. A second sinuous reach is 40.2 km long and the two reaches are separated by a crevasse splay and a large landslide that deflected the channel northwest towards Gorda Basin. Both sinuous reaches have oxbow bends, cut-off meanders, interior and exterior terraces and extensive levee systems. The lower sinuous reach becomes more linear for the next 22.2 km before the channel relief falls below the resolution of the data. Levees suddenly decrease in height above the channel floor mid-way along the lower linear reach close to where the channel makes a 90\° turn to the southwest. The entire channel floor is smooth at the resolution of the data and only two large mounds and one large sediment pile were found on the channel floor. The bathymetry and acoustic backscatter, together with previously collected seismic data and box and piston cores provide details to suggest Mendocino Channel may be no older than early Quaternary. A combination of significant and numerous earthquakes and wave-loading resuspension by storms are the most likely processes that generated turbidity currents that have formed and modified Mendocino Channel.

}, keywords = {seabed mapping; marine geology; submarine topography; marine geomorphology; terrain analysis; multibeam echosounder}, doi = {10.3390/geosciences7040124}, url = {http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3263/7/4/124}, author = {James V. Gardner} } @article {6247, title = {A Multi-Frequency Investigation of the Influences of Groundwater Discharge on Hydrocarbon Emission and Transport in the Baltic Sea}, year = {2017}, month = {December 11-15}, pages = {New Orleans, LA}, abstract = {

In nearshore coastal regions submarine groundwater discharge is a major component of the hydro-geological cycle: transporting nutrients and pollutants to the ocean, producing up-welling currents through buoyancy effects, and acting as an erosional force at discharge sites. In nearshore regions where biogenic gas production is high, groundwater discharge could potentially act as a control on hydrocarbon emission and transport from the seafloor though the water-column.

In the southern Stockholm Archipelago of the Baltic Sea, terraces and semi-circular depressions on shallow (\<20 meters) seafloor have been linked to the discharge of ground water, traveling along the permeable layers in glacial clay deposits (S\öderberg and Flod\én 1995; Jakobsson et al., 2016). Sub-bottom profiles over the same region have identified widespread areas of subsurface blanking, commonly attributed to gas, as well as water-column seep features, both in spatial proximity to the groundwater discharge sites.

High-resolution multibeam bathymetry and chirp sub-bottom profiles were combined with water-column data sets collected at multiple frequencies (300 kHz, 45-90 kHz, 160-260 kHz) to map the spatial distribution of seeps and investigate their relationship to localized groundwater discharge as determined by seafloor and subsurface morphology. The spatial extent of seep sites appears closely tied to regions of suspected groundwater discharge, suggesting direct or indirect controls on gas emission pathways. Additionally, seep morphology in the broadband data hints at the possibility of groundwater and gas flow mixing.

}, url = {https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm17/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/230878}, author = {Elizabeth Weidner and Martin Jakobsson and Nycander, J and Larry A Mayer} } @article {6190, title = {Nautical Cartography Competences and Their Effect to the Realisation of a Worldwide Electronic Navigational Charts Database, the Performance of ECDIS and the Fulfilment of IMO Chart Carriage Requirement}, volume = {75}, year = {2017}, month = {January}, pages = {29-40}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {
This paper is concerned with the implementation and realisation of a Worldwide Electronic Navigational Charts Database (WEND), adopted by the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) and its members in supporting marine navigation. It identifies the issue of gaps and overlaps between adjoining Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs) and explores its consequences to the operation of Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS) and the fulfilment of International Maritime Organization (IMO) chart carriage requirements. As the ENCs production is directly dependent on states\’ cartographic competences, this paper delves into the coastal states\’ jurisdiction in accordance with international law of the sea, and in particular the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and \Ι\Η\Ο and IMO instruments. Through a case study on recently produced ENCs in the Mediterranean and more specifically in the Aegean Sea, this paper documents the necessity to respect states\’ cartographic competences in realising the WEND concept and cautions that, otherwise, new and extended overlaps emerge, which pose a risk to the safety of navigation, and, at the same time, become means through which states may promote their geopolitical aspirations as to jurisdiction over certain marine areas.
}, keywords = {Aegean Sea dispute, Coastal state jurisdiction, ENC gaps and overlaps, Hydrographic surveys, IC-ENC, Maritime boundaries disputes, Nautical cartography}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpol.2016.10.007}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X16304250}, author = {Christos Kastrisios and Pilikou, Maria} } @article {6380, title = {Navigational Services S-125}, year = {2017}, month = {February 7}, pages = {4}, institution = {International Hydrographic Organization}, address = {Monaco}, abstract = {

SNPWG was tasked by HSSC4 to provide an estimate of the number of potential Product Specifications related to nautical publications. At HSSC5 SNPWG reported their plans to develop altogether seven such specifications, one of which was named Navigational Services. Navigational Services has been assigned the number S-125, and was initially to include additional information regarding Aids to Navigation, AIS Aids to Navigation (V-AIS) and GNSSstations. Since then, the concept of S-125 has evolved and is today comprehended primarily as an extended substitute of the conventional List of Lights. S-125 would include, but not be limited to, the data normally included in a List of Lights.

}, keywords = {Notice to Mariners, S-125}, url = {https://www.iho.int/mtg_docs/com_wg/NIPWG/NIPWG5/NIPWG\%205_13.1_S125_Status_update.pdf}, author = {Stefan Engstrom and Briana M Sullivan and Robert D Lewald} } @article {6117, title = {New Technologies for Ocean Mapping}, volume = {30(1)}, year = {2017}, month = {March 2017}, pages = {43-45}, publisher = {Oceanography Society}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2017.supplement.01}, url = {https://tos.org/oceanography/issue/volume-30-issue-01-supplement}, author = {Elizabeth Lobecker and Derek Sowers and Mashkoor A Malik} } @proceedings {6172, title = {Nippon Foundation / GEBCO Ocean Mapping Training Program at the University of New Hampshire: 13 Years of Success and Alumni Activities}, year = {2017}, month = {June 19-22}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Aberdeen, UK}, abstract = {

The General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO, http://www.gebco.net/) training of a new generation of hydrographers and scientists in ocean mapping has been funded by the Nippon Foundation, based in Tokyo, Japan, since 2004. The Nippon Foundation is a private, non-profit foundation, whose overall objectives include social innovation, assistance for humanitarian activities and global ocean management (www.nippon-foundation.or.jp/en). The 14th class of Nippon Foundation / GEBCO Postgraduate Certificate in Ocean Bathymetry (PCOB) Training Program (www.gebco.net/training) will begin one year-long education for a Graduate Certificate at the Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping / Joint Hydrographic Center in the University of New Hampshire in August 2017 (ccom.unh.edu/gebco). These six new individuals from Year 14 will join an international and active group of 78 Nippon Foundation / GEBCO Training Program alumni from 35 coastal states educated in ocean mapping over the last 13 years. These alumni working at national naval and hydrographic offices, industry, research institutes and universities represent a group of ocean mappers who take home a strong passion for the oceans, backed by a world-class education they will use to build capacity through sharing their knowledge and experiences in their home nations. Currently \∼80\% of the alumni are still employed within the same organization they were attached to when selected for the Training Program and \∼97\% are still working in ocean sciences. This strong retention of alumni is one of the greatest successes of the Nippon Foundation / GEBCO Training Program. This capacity-building Training Program consists of a combination of theoretical education and practical training. Obligatory and elective courses give the students a complex knowledge of topics related to hydrographic surveying and coastal and ocean mapping. The Summer Hydrographic Field Course is a culmination of the training; consisting of planning, practical realization and data analysis of hydrographic survey data of a specific area of New Hampshire coastal waters. The academic training is followed by a visit in an international laboratory, chosen individually for each student and a deep-water ocean mapping research cruise. This gives the students the opportunity to get familiarized with oceans-related research and to work in institutions abroad on their own relevant projects with the support of laboratory staff. The lab visit and research cruise round out the students training, help them build networks and deepen some of their newly-acquired theoretical knowledge. GEBCO\ aims to provide the most authoritative, publicly-available bathymetry data sets for the worlds oceans and is a joint project of the International Hydrographic Organisation (IHO) and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization. Nippon Foundation / GEBCO Training Program alumni are now a significant group within the GEBCO organization, and are engaged in various regional and global mapping projects, including the Indian Ocean Bathymetric Compilation (IOBC), the International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO), the International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean (IBSCO) and the GEBCO Sub-Committee on Undersea Feature Names (SCUFN). The diverse backgrounds, academic skills and practical experiences and knowledge of the Nippon Foundation / GEBCO alumni group, has being capitalized on in a number of alumniled initiatives. The alumni supported by industry and GEBCO experts, are, for example, currently developing an alternative integrated and remote mapping system solution for the Shell Ocean Discovery XPRIZE competition participation.

}, keywords = {Electronic mail, GEBCO, geology, Oceans, Organizations, Sea measurements, Training}, doi = {10.1109/OCEANSE.2017.8084900 }, author = {Rochelle Wigley and Zarayskaya, Yulia and Evgenia Bazhenova and Falconer, Robin and Karolina Zwolak} } @article {5912, title = {NOAA{\textquoteright}s National Charting Plan{\textemdash}A Strategy to Transform Nautical Charting}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2 - 7}, pages = {Washington, DC}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

The U.S. Coast Survey was established in 1807 to provide nautical charts to support safe shipping, national defense, and maritime boundaries for the young nation. More than two centuries later, Coast Survey \– now an office within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) \– continues to provide navigational products and services that ensure safe and efficient maritime commerce on America\’s oceans, coastal waters, and in the Great Lakes. This comprises an area of about 3.4 million square nautical miles and 95,000 miles of coastline. The first complete nautical chart published by the Coast Survey was of New York Harbor in 1844. The format, information, and intended uses of this first chart were quite similar to the raster charts that NOAA continues to make today and mariners continue to use paper charts in much the same way they did in the age of tall sailing ships.

Although NOAA still produces \"traditional\" raster nautical charts, a sea-change in chart production methods and the practice of marine navigation began in the mid-1990s when Global Positioning System (GPS) technology and electronic navigational charts (ENCs) became available to the public. Since the introduction of ENCs thirty years ago, the size of commercial vessels has increased more than four-fold, modern navigational systems have become more sophisticated, and recreational boaters have joined professional mariners in using electronic chart displays to ply the nation\&$\#$39;s waters. Users of all types are expecting more precision in the charted positions of features, higher resolution of depth information on electronic charts, and the greater timelines and ease of access to charts and chart updates.
The National Charting Plan (currently under development) briefly describes the evolving state of marine navigation, data collection, and chart compilation and explains how changes in technology will affect both the raster and vector NOAA marine chart suites. The plan also describes some of the steps that NOAA will be taking to improve our chart products in the short term, including changes to chart formats, scales, data compilation, as well as some considerations on the future of NOAA navigational products beyond the short term.

This presentation will explain what to expect regarding the future of nautical charts, navigation systems, and value-added data providers. It will also discuss services and products that will be changed or discontinued and the introduction of completely new products and services optimized for modern technology and techniques.

Coast Survey\’s goal is to deliver products that are more useful, more up-to-date, and safer to navigate with, and at the same time optimize the use of the government resources employed to maintain the navigational products and services that are increasingly required to support higher levels of precision and timeliness.

}, author = {Nyberg, John and Harmon, Colby and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Brown, M} } @article {5956, title = {The Not-So-Silent World: Measuring Arctic, Equatorial, and Antarctic Soundscapes in the Atlantic Ocean}, volume = {122}, year = {2017}, month = {March 3}, pages = {95-104}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {

Anthropogenic noise in the ocean has been shown, under certain conditions, to influence the behavior and health of marine mammals. Noise from human activities may interfere with the low-frequency acoustic communication of many Mysticete species, including blue (Balaenoptera musculus) and fin whales (B. physalus). This study analyzed three soundscapes in the Atlantic Ocean, from the Arctic to the Antarctic, to document ambient sound. For 16 months beginning in August 2009, acoustic data (15\–100 Hz) were collected in the Fram Strait (79\°N, 5.5\°E), near Ascension Island (8\°S, 14.4\°W) and in the Bransfield Strait (62\°S, 55.5\°W). Results indicate (1) the highest overall sound levels were measured in the equatorial Atlantic, in association with high levels of seismic oil and gas exploration, (2) compared to the tropics, ambient sound levels in polar regions are more seasonally variable, and (3) individual elements beget the seasonal and annual variability of ambient sound levels in high latitudes. Understanding how the variability of natural and man-made contributors to sound may elicit differences in ocean soundscapes is essential to developing strategies to manage and conserve marine ecosystems and animals.

}, keywords = {Soundscapes; Ocean ambient sound; Atlantic Ocean; Masking}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2017.03.002}, author = {S. Haver and H. Klinck and S. Nieukirk and Matsumoto, Haruyoshi and R. Dziak and Jennifer Miksis-Olds} } @article {6804, title = {Observing the Evolution and Fate of Free Methane in the Ocean}, volume = {142(4)}, year = {2017}, month = {November 15}, pages = {2505-2505}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, abstract = {

Free methane gas is increasingly observed escaping the seabed in the world\’s oceans from sources that are either biogenic, typically in shallow sediments, or from deeper geologic reservoirs. Methane gas bubbles undergo a complicated journey as they rise toward the sea surface. Some or all of the methane may pass through the gas-liquid boundary, into aqueous solution, where it is eventually oxidized and can impact ocean chemistry. Some of the methane, particularly in shallow environments, may reach the atmosphere where it acts as a strong greenhouse gas. One of the key questions regarding the transport of methane upward from the seabed is how much goes where, and this question is being increasingly addressed using acoustic remote sensing techniques. Answering this question begins with seep detection and localization, now routinely performed on data collected with split-beam and multibeam echo sounders. Once located, observations of the bubble-plume backscattering cross section can be used to address questions of flux and vertical gas transport. Both narrow- and broad-band techniques and some of the associated challenges, including wobbly bubbles and multiple scattering in dense plumes, will be discussed.

}, doi = {10.1121/1.5014146}, author = {Thomas C Weber and Elizabeth Weidner and Alexandra M Padilla and Kevin M Rychert and Loranger, Scott} } @article {6176, title = {Parameter identification of a nonlinear model: replicating the motion response of an autonomous underwater vehicle for dynamic environments}, year = {2017}, month = {November 25}, pages = {1-19}, publisher = {Springer Netherlands}, abstract = {

This study presents a system identification algorithm to determine the linear and nonlinear parameters of an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) motion response prediction mathematical model, utilising the recursive least squares optimisation method. The key objective of the model, which relies solely on propeller thrust, gyro measurements and parameters representing the vehicle hydrodynamic, hydrostatic and mass properties, is to calculate the linear velocities of the AUV in the x, y and z directions. Initially, a baseline mathematical model that represents the dynamics of a Gavia class AUV in a calm water environment was developed. Using a novel technique developed in this study, the parameters within the baseline model were calibrated to provide the motion response in different environmental conditions by conducting a calibration mission in the new environment. The accuracy of the velocity measurements from the calibrated model was substantially greater than those from the baseline model for the tested scenarios with a minimum velocity prediction improvement of 50\%. The determined velocities will be used to aid the inertial navigation system (INS) position estimate using a Kalman filter data fusion algorithm when external aiding is unavailable. When an INS is not externally aided or constrained by a mathematical model such as that presented here, the positioning uncertainty can be more than 4\% of the distance travelled (assuming a forward speed of 1.6 m s\−1)\−1)\ˆ\{-1\}). The calibrated model is able to compute the position of the AUV within an uncertainty range of around 1.5\% of the distance travelled, significantly improving the localisation accuracy.

}, keywords = {Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), Mathematical models, Model-aided inertial navigation system, Recursive least squares optimisation, System identification, Underwater localisation}, doi = {10.1007/s11071-017-3941-z}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11071-017-3941-z}, author = {S. Randeni}, editor = {Forrest, A. L. and Cossu, R. and Leong, Z. Q. and Ranmuthugala, D. and Val Schmidt} } @mastersthesis {6154, title = {Performance Evaluation of the Velodyne VLP-16 System for Surface Feature Surveying}, volume = {Earth Sciences/Ocean Mapping}, year = {2017}, month = {05/2017}, pages = {85}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

For safety of marine navigation, it is important to locate, describe, and chart the horizontal position and vertical elevation of exposed marine surface features such as piers, piles, and rocks. Vessel-mounted laser scanners have been previously demonstrated to be effective tools for this task. However, the use of expensive survey-grade laser scanners for this shoreline survey requirement has been considered by United States charting authorities to be cost prohibitive. In this work, an in-depth performance evaluation of the Velodyne VLP-16 system, a low-cost industrial-grade mobile laser scanner, was conducted to characterize its performance. The VLP-16\’s accuracy of range estimates as a function of distance and angle of incidence, angular separation between individual beams, and data density as a function of mounting orientation and scanner settings were measured and assessed. The uncertainties of these key parameters were derived through multiple experiments under both well-controlled laboratory and realistic field conditions. The results of the study demonstrate that the use of low-cost industrial-grade mobile laser scanners can be a cost-efficient survey tool for mapping marine surface features with performance that can meet survey requirements for charting purposes. Additionally, this study demonstrates that the Velodyne VLP-16 can be used as a validation tool for measuring the vertical clearance of bridges and overhead power cables crossing navigation channels.

}, doi = {https://search.proquest.com/docview/1925567459?accountid=14612}, author = {John Kidd} } @article {6827, title = {Physical Linkages Between Offshore Bathymetry and Surf Zone Morphologic Change}, volume = {122(4)}, year = {2017}, month = {March 23}, pages = {3451-3460}, publisher = {AGU}, abstract = {

The causes of surf zone morphologic changes observed along a sandy beach onshore of a submarine canyon were investigated using field observations and a numerical model (Delft3D/SWAN). Numerically simulated morphologic changes using four different sediment transport formulae reproduce the temporal and spatial patterns of net cross-shore integrated (between 0 and 6.5 m water depths) accretion and erosion observed in a \∼300 m alongshore region, a few hundred meters from the canyon head. The observations and simulations indicate that the accretion or erosion results from converging or diverging alongshore currents driven primarily by breaking waves and alongshore pressure gradients. The location of convergence or divergence depends on the direction of the offshore waves that refract over the canyon, suggesting that bathymetric features on the inner shelf can have first-order effects on short-term nearshore morphologic change.

}, doi = {10.1002/2016JC012319}, author = {Hansen, J. and Raubenheimer, B. and Elgar, S. and List, J. and Lippmann, T. C.} } @article {6113, title = {Ping Once Use many times: NOAA Wilmington NC 2016 Field Season}, year = {2017}, month = {March 20-23}, pages = {Galveston, TX}, abstract = {NOAA Coast Survey and The National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS) collaborated during the 2016 Field Season to map the continental shelf near Wilmington, North Carolina for habitat analysis and the safety of navigation. The Wilmington project has epitomized the Integrated and Coastal Ocean Mapping (IOCM) effort within NOAA: from data discovery and communication of mapping priorities between stakeholders; to the sharing of expertise and data; doing more with limited resources. Past habitat surveys were refined for charting. Scientists from Coast Survey, NCCOS, and UNH JHC/CCOM came together to share best practices. A bottom camera attached to the grab sampler prototype developed by UNH JHC/CCOM scientists was tested. Bottom photos, sediment samples, backscatter, and bathymetry were collected, to meet both habitat analysis and charting needs. This opportunity has opened discussions on how we can collect data that meets multiple needs, and how to serve that data to our stakeholders. The hydrographic community wears many hats: we are sailors, scientists, and explorers. We muster considerable resources, face a considerable risk, to gather data to see the world better. For the safety of navigation; for solving environmental problems; and to model our world, we work together.}, keywords = {Bottom sample imagery, Communicating priorities, IOCM, NC, UNH Drop Camera, Wilmington}, author = {Starla Robinson}, editor = {Juliet Kinney and Chris Taylor} } @article {5908, title = {Plan to Rescheme NOAA ENC Coverage}, year = {2017}, month = {March 20 - 23}, pages = {Galveston, TX}, publisher = {The Hydrographic Society of America}, address = {Galveston, TX}, abstract = {
The scheme \– or footprints \– of NOAA ENCs are based on the footprints of the raster charts from which they were derived. As a result, changing current ENC coverage to incorporate additional survey data outside of the existing bounds is complex and poses a challenge. In addition, the scale ranges chosen for the ENC navigational usage bands differ from the International Hydrographic Organization\’s (IHO) recommendations. As part of the \“ENC first\” effort, an ENC rescheming approach was developed to provide a seamless, tiled coverage that can easily be segmented or extended based on geographic location, available data and scale. In this new regular gridded ENC coverage approach, only a limited number of chart scales are used (down from the current 131 different scales). The new ENC scales conform to IHO S-57 and IHO S-101 ENC format specification. The new scheme segments the ENC tiles into three geographic zones. All individual ENC cell limits within each zone are along even lines of latitude and longitude. At higher latitudes, the regular longitudinal width of cells is increased twice to account for the convergence of meridians at the poles.
}, author = {Auclert, G. and Wittrock, A. and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Kampia, Andrew and Harmon, Colby and Nyberg, John} } @article {6121, title = {Position, Orientation and Velocity Detection of Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs) Using an Optical Detector Array}, volume = {17(8)}, year = {2017}, month = {July 27}, pages = {1741}, publisher = {MDPI Publishing}, abstract = {

This paper presents a proof-of-concept optical detector array sensor system to be used in Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV) navigation. The performance of the developed optical detector array was evaluated for its capability to estimate the position, orientation and forward velocity of UUVs with respect to a light source fixed in underwater. The evaluations were conducted through Monte Carlo simulations and empirical tests under a variety of motion configurations. Monte Carlo simulations also evaluated the system total propagated uncertainty (TPU) by taking into account variations in the water column turbidity, temperature and hardware noise that may degrade the system performance. Empirical tests were conducted to estimate UUV position and velocity during its navigation to a light beacon. Monte Carlo simulation and empirical results support the use of the detector array system for optics based position feedback for UUV positioning applications.

}, doi = {10.3390/s17081741}, url = {http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/8/1741}, author = {Eren, Firat and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and May-Win Thein and Yuri Rzhanov and Celikkol, Barbaros and Swift, Robinson} } @article {6237, title = {Post-Glacial Flooding of the Bering Land Bridge Dated to 11 cal ka BP Based on New Geophysical and Sediment records}, volume = {13}, year = {2017}, month = {August 1}, pages = {991-1005}, publisher = {Copernicus Publications}, abstract = {

The Bering Strait connects the Arctic and Pacific oceans and separates the North American and Asian landmasses. The presently shallow ( 53 m) strait was exposed during the sea level lowstand of the last glacial period, which permitted human migration across a land bridge today referred to as the Bering Land Bridge. Proxy studies (stable isotope composition of foraminifera, whale migration into the Arctic Ocean, mollusc and insect fossils and paleobotanical data) have suggested a range of ages for the Bering Strait reopening, mainly falling within the Younger Dryas stadial (12.9\–11.7 cal ka BP). Here we provide new information on the deglacial and post-glacial evolution of the Arctic\–Pacific connection through the Bering Strait based on analyses of geological and geophysical data from Herald Canyon, located north of the Bering Strait on the Chukchi Sea shelf region in the western Arctic Ocean. Our results suggest an initial opening at about 11 cal ka BP in the earliest Holocene, which is later than in several previous studies. Our key evidence is based on a well-dated core from Herald Canyon, in which a shift from a near-shore environment to a Pacific-influenced open marine setting at around 11 cal ka BP is observed. The shift corresponds to meltwater pulse 1b (MWP1b) and is interpreted to signify relatively rapid breaching of the Bering Strait and the submergence of the large Bering Land Bridge. Although the precise rates of sea level rise cannot be quantified, our new results suggest that the late deglacial sea level rise was rapid and occurred after the end of the Younger Dryas stadial.

}, doi = {doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-991-2017}, url = {https://www.clim-past.net/13/991/2017/cp-13-991-2017.pdf}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Pearce, Christof and Cronin, Tomas and Backman, Jan and Anderson, Louise and Barrientos, Natalia and Bjork, G and Helen K. Coxall and de Boer, A. and Larry A Mayer and M{\"o}rth, C-M. and Johan Nilsson and Rattray, J.E. and Christian Stranne and Semiltov, I. and O{\textquoteright}Regan, M A} } @proceedings {6063, title = {Radiometric Compensation Strategy for Multispectral Backscatter Data}, year = {2017}, month = {March 20-23}, publisher = {The Hydrographic Society of America}, address = {Galveston, TX}, abstract = {

Acoustic backscatter data from multibeam sonars are increasingly being used for seafloor classification. In order to improve the classification one emerging trend is to use multifrequency backscatter data (for example in this case 40 kHz to 300 kHz). While this ideally should reduce ambiguities in seafloor classification, it requires data collection by either simultaneous operation of multiple sonars or operation of a single sonar simultaneously at multiple frequencies. For a given configuration multiple sectors and swaths are used to maintain motion stabilization and to obtain an even sounding density. Furthermore as the sensor altitude varies, all of the pulselength, sector spacing, and center frequency changes. All of these add complications in removing the radiation overprint on the backscatter data.

In this study, strategies for radiation pattern removal from multispectral backscatter data are analyzed. The dataset utilized was collected using new EM710 and EM2040 multibeam sonars on the NOAA ship Thomas Jefferson. Different methods to remove radiation patterns are tested on the dataset and their relative impact on the fidelity of seafloor classification is assessed. Examples of improvements in seafloor discrimination using multispectral backscatter data are presented and suggestions for standardized field procedures for the data collection are put forward.

}, author = {Anand D. Hiroji and John E. Hughes Clarke} } @article {6216, title = {A Ray-Tracing Uncertainty Estimation Tool for Ocean Mapping}, volume = {6}, year = {2017}, month = {11 December 2017}, pages = { 2136 - 2144}, publisher = {IEEE}, abstract = {

A tool to estimate the ray-tracing component of the surveyed depth uncertainty was created and made publicly available through web services and a Web GIS. The estimation is based on a spatial variability analysis at the time of validity of two popular, global-scope sources of oceanographic environmental data. The tool has potential applications in all the phases of ocean mapping, from survey planning to data collection and processing.

}, keywords = {Acoustic applications, computational modeling, Geographic Information Systems, oceanographic techniques, ray tracing, underwater acoustics, web services}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2781801}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8183436/}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti and John G Kelley and Paul Johnson and Beaudoin, Jonathan} } @article {6110, title = {Relationship Between Depth Measurement Uncertainty and Seafloor Characteristics in Airborne Lidar Bathymetry Systems}, year = {2017}, month = {March 20-23}, pages = {Galveston, TX}, address = {Galveston, TX}, keywords = {airborne lidar bathymetry, alb, depth measurement, uncertainty}, url = {http://www.ushydro2017.com/}, author = {Eren, Firat and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Neil Weston} } @article {5911, title = {Rescheming Plan for NOAA{\textquoteright}s Electronic Navigational Chart Coverage}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2 - 7}, pages = {Washington, DC}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

The scheme - or footprints - of NOAA ENCs are based on the footprints of the raster charts from which they were derived. As a result, changing current ENC coverage to incorporate additional survey data outside of the existing bounds is complex and poses a challenge. In addition, the scale ranges chosen for the ENC navigational usage bands differ from the International Hydrographic Organization\&$\#$39;s (IHO) recommendations. As part of the \"ENC first\" effort, an ENC rescheming approach was developed to provide a seamless, tiled coverage that can easily be segmented or extended based on geographic location, available data and scale. In this new regular gridded ENC coverage approach, only a limited number of chart scales are used (down from the current 131 different scales). The new ENC scales conform to IHO S-57 and IHO S-101 ENC format specification. The new scheme segments the ENC tiles into three geographic zones. All individual ENC cell limits within each zone are along even lines of latitude and longitude. At higher latitudes, the regular longitudinal width of cells is increased twice to account for the convergence of meridians at the poles.

}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Auclert, G. and Wittrock, A. and Nyberg, John and Harmon, Colby} } @article {5909, title = {Revision of NOAA{\textquoteright}s Nautical Chart Manual}, year = {2017}, month = {March 17-20}, pages = {Galveston, TX}, publisher = {THSOA}, address = {Galveston, TX, USA}, abstract = {
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Nautical Chart Manual (NCM) contains policies and procedures used to guide cartographers for making charts. Over the years, the NCM has been split into three volumes that contain instructions for compiling Raster Navigational Charts (RNCs), Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs), and chart symbol specifications. It has been a challenge to adapt the NCM to accommodate new products and deliverables with a uniform specification across all three volumes. We hope to create a new manual that can be easily understood by compilers with different levels of expertise and who are working in different geographic settings. In this paper, we present NOAA\’s effort to meet international standards and provide a \“one-stop- shop\” for compilers working on ENC and RNC products. The revised NCM will follow the structure of the International Hydrographic Office (IHO) S-4 chart specification publication and include references to the IHO S-57 and IHO S-101 documents. The new design will feature a web interface that will guide compilers and enable efficient searches.
}, author = {Ence, C. and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Macek, J. and Bartlett, M. and Harmon, Colby and Nyberg, John} } @article {6177, title = {The Role of Deep-Water Sedimentary Processes in Shaping a Continental Margin: The Northwest Atlantic}, volume = {393}, year = {2017}, month = {November 1}, pages = {245-259}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {

The tectonic history of a margin dictates its general shape; however, its geomorphology is generally transformed by deep-sea sedimentary processes. The objective of this study is to show the influences of turbidity currents, contour currents and sediment mass failures on the geomorphology of the deep-water northwestern Atlantic margin (NWAM) between Blake Ridge and Hudson Trough, spanning about 32\° of latitude and the shelf edge to the abyssal plain. This assessment is based on new multibeam echosounder data, global bathymetric models and sub-surface geophysical information.

The deep-water NWAM is divided into four broad geomorphologic classifications based on their bathymetric shape: graded, above-grade, stepped and out-of-grade. These shapes were created as a function of the balance between sediment accumulation and removal that in turn were related to sedimentary processes and slope accommodation. This descriptive method of classifying continental margins, while being non-interpretative, is more informative than the conventional continental shelf, slope and rise classification, and better facilitates interpretation concerning dominant sedimentary processes.

Areas of the margin dominated by turbidity currents and slope by-pass developed graded slopes. If sediments did not by-pass the slope due to accommodation then an above grade or stepped slope resulted. Geostrophic currents created sedimentary bodies of a variety of forms and positions along the NWAM. Detached drifts form linear, above-grade slopes along their crests from the shelf edge to the deep basin. Plastered drifts formed stepped slope profiles. Sediment mass failure has had a variety of consequences on the margin morphology; large mass-failures created out-of-grade profiles, whereas smaller mass failures tended to remain on the slope

}, keywords = {contourites, deep-water, geomorphology, geostrophic current, mass-transport deposits, mtd, northwest atlantic margin, turbidites}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2017.08.018}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025322717304073}, author = {David C Mosher and Campbell, D.C. and James V. Gardner and J.D. Chaytor and M. Rebesco} } @article {6116, title = {R/V Falkor - EM302 \& EM710 Multibeam Echosounder System Quality Assurance Review - FK170602, June 2-8, 2017}, year = {2017}, month = {June 6}, abstract = {
The R/V Falkor is equipped with both a Kongsberg Maritime (KM) EM302 (30 kHz) and an EM710 (70-100 kHz) multibeam echosounder. These systems have been reviewed for calibration, configuration, and performance almost annually since initial sea trials in 2012, with the most recent prior system Quality Assurance Test (QAT) performed in September of 2015, offshore of Oahu, Hawaii. This report describes the procedures and results of a calibration and performance assessment conducted during leg FK170602 (June 2-8, 2017) which was used to verify system functionality immediately following a significant shipyard period.
Changes to the multibeam systems since the September 2015 visit include occasional patch tests during the 2015-17 mapping missions, followed by removal, factory calibration, and reinstallation of the Seapath 320 MRU and the Applanix POS MV V5 IMU during the 2017 dry dock period. The FK170602 post-shipyard evaluation included full geometric calibrations (patch tests, with verification lines where appropriate) for the EM302 and EM710 using the Seapath 320 and Applanix POS MV motion sensors as the primary position and attitude feeds. Transmitter element impedance measurements were collected for both systems to identify any early warning signs for possible transducer degradation. Vessel noise measurements were collected while operating under a variety of speeds and headings relative to the prevailing swell to evaluate changes in the platform noise environment; these results are outlined in a separate report by Gates Acoustic Services. Finally, swath coverages as a function of depth were examined for both echosounders using data collected throughout FK170602 in depths of 15-2,500 m.
}, author = {Paul Johnson and Kevin Jerram} } @article {6220, title = {R/V Kilo Moana EM122 Multibeam Echosounder Review, KM1711 - July 24-26, 2017}, year = {2017}, pages = {17}, chapter = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center}, author = {Paul Johnson} } @article {6221, title = {R/V Sally Ride EM122 \& EM712 Multibeam Echosounder System Review, July 25-28, 2016}, year = {2017}, month = {October 13}, pages = {56}, chapter = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center}, abstract = {

The R/V Sally Ride is equipped with a Kongsberg Maritime EM122 (12 kHz) and EM712 (40-100 kHz) multibeam echosounders both utilizing a Seapath 330+ (primary) and iXBlue HYDRINS (secondary) positioning and attitude reference system. This report describes the procedures and results from a review of system geometry, geometric calibrations (\‘patch tests\’), and assessments of swath accuracy and swath coverage conducted during cruise SR1601 (July 25-28, 2016) off the coast of Washington. These tests were conducted to verify functionality and data quality at the beginning of each multibeam system\’s service life, setting a baseline for future evaluations.

}, url = {http://mac.unols.org/sites/mac.unols.org/files/SR1601_MAC_report_final_optimized.pdf}, author = {Paul Johnson and Kevin Jerram} } @article {6377, title = {S-111 and S-126: Surface Currents and the Physical Environment a Test Case}, year = {2017}, month = {May 19}, pages = {15}, institution = {International Hydrographic Organization}, address = {Monaco}, abstract = {

Surface currents and the physical environment, a case study from the Netherlands.

}, keywords = {Coast Pilot, Interoperability, Physical Environment, S-111, S-126, Surface Currents}, author = {Briana M Sullivan} } @article {6379, title = {S-126 Physical Environment: Status of Development}, year = {2017}, month = {May 9}, pages = {2}, institution = {International Hydrographic Organization}, address = {Monaco}, abstract = {

In NIPWG 3 the question was raised if there was a need for the S-126 product specification. The Netherlands was given the task to see where the various product specifications overlapped to make sure that the S-126 was not unnecessarily repeating data.

}, keywords = {Physical Environment, S-126}, url = {https://www.iho.int/mtg_docs/com_wg/NIPWG/NIPWG4/NIPWG\%204-15.1\%20S-126\%20comparison.pdf}, author = {Wildfred denToom and Briana M Sullivan} } @article {6210, title = {Scattering Statistics of Glacially Quarried Rock Outcrops: Bayesian Inversions for Mixture Model Parameters}, year = {2017}, month = {June 25-29}, pages = {Boston, MA}, abstract = {

Knowledge of the probability distribution of the scattered amplitude return from the seafloor in reverberation measurements and seafloor sonar images is a prerequisite to designing effective target detection systems and predicting their performance. Previous measurements have revealed that the distribution is often heavier tailed than the Rayleigh distribution, and may be modeled by the K, Weibull, and log-normal distributions, among others. Recent measurements of the scattering statistics from rock seafloors resulted in a bimodal distribution, which is poorly modeled by many commonly used distributions. The rock surfaces were formed from glacial quarrying and exhibit a stepped structure. The observed distribution is hypothesized to result from a mixture, where the scattered field from vertically oriented facets is modeled as a K distribution, and the scattered field due to the horizontally oriented facets is modeled as a Rayleigh distribution. If this hypothesis is true, then roughness parameters may be estimated from scattering data. A Bayesian technique for estimating the distribution of mixture parameters from the probability distribution of the scattered field is presented. This technique, while computationally expensive, reveals the relationship between the mixture model parameters, and can reveal any degeneracies that could lead to problems during inversions.

}, author = {D. R. Olson and Anthony P. Lyons} } @article {6452, title = {Seafloor features delineate Late Wisconsinan ice stream configurations in eastern Parry Channel, Canadian Arctic Archipelago}, journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews}, year = {2017}, doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.02.001}, author = {MacLean, B. and Blasco, S. and Bennett, R. and Lakeman, T. and Piekowski, A.J. and Furze, M.F.A. and John E. Hughes Clarke and Patton, E.} } @article {6245, title = {Seafloor Mapping: We{\textquoteright}ve Come a Long Way {\textendash} But Still Have Far to Go}, year = {2017}, month = {December 11-15}, pages = {New Orleans, LA}, abstract = {

Our ability to map the seafloor has changed radically over the past century. For thousands of years a weight at the end of a rope (or wire) \– a lead line -- provided the only means to measure depth. By the end of the Second World War, single beam echo sounders had been perfected to the extent that they became common on oceanographic and other vessels providing more rapid but laterally averaged (typically over a distance commensurate with the water depth) measurements of seafloor depths. Towards the end of the 20th Century \– two great advances were made in seafloor mapping \– the development of techniques to use satellite altimetry to predict seafloor bathymetry and the evolution of multibeam sonar technology from classified military applications to the academic and commercial communities. Satellite-altimetry derived bathymetry provides an unprecedented view of seafloor topography and tremendous insight into tectonic-scale processes but is limited in achievable resolution. Multibeam sonars offer the potential of extremely high-resolution (a function of array size, beam footprint, and water depth), but are typically deployed from manned surface vessels that cover limited amount of seafloor at a relatively high daily cost. We have the technology to map the entire world ocean with multibeam sonar but It has been estimated that to map the world ocean deeper than about 150m (shallow water is very time-consuming and expensive because the coverage swath width is typically 3-5 times water) would take approximately 200 ship years and cost on the order of 3 billion dollars. We have demonstrated our willingness to spend billions to map other planets (e.g. Mars and the Moon) but for some reason, not our own. Recently, however, there has been growing momentum to see the entire world ocean mapped. The Nippon Foundation and GEBCO have recently announced the Seabed 2030 project with a goal of facilitating the mapping of the world ocean by 2030 and international agreements like The Galway Statement on Atlantic Cooperation are coordinating international efforts to see large portions of the seafloor mapped. Coupled with these international efforts, new technologies like autonomous mapping barges or large-scale multibeam sonar equipped Saildrones may greatly reduce costs and make the dream of mapping the world ocean at high-resolution a reality.

}, url = {https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm17/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/216626}, author = {Larry A Mayer} } @article {6807, title = {Seafloor Mapping with a Cylindrical Array}, volume = {141(5)}, year = {2017}, month = {June 10}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, abstract = {

Seafloor mapping is conducted with different types of arrays. Single beam mapping systems are often constructed with piston arrays. Linear arrays are used for both side scan sonar and for multibeam echo sounders. These conventional approaches to seafloor mapping are typically constrained to a single observation of any one point on the seafloor for any one pass of a moving vessel. A less conventional cylindrical array offers the opportunity to observe the majority of the seafloor from different perspectives but with the same angle with a single pass. This has the potential to improve the resulting depth estimates and seafloor backscatter products. In 2016, a Simrad Omnisonar was used to demonstrate seafloor mapping with a cylindrical array. While this array is designed for observing fish schools, a small area was successfully mapped and the results compared with a conventional bathymetric mapping system. Observations on the benefits and challenges of this approach to seafloor mapping will be discussed.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4989189}, author = {Glen A Rice and Gammelseter, Ole Bernt and Thomas C Weber} } @article {6067, title = {The Sedimentary and Crustal Velocity Structure of Makarov Basin and Adjacent Alpha Ridge}, volume = {696-697}, year = {2017}, month = {January 31}, pages = {99-114}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {

This study examines the velocity structure of Makarov Basin and the adjacent Alpha Ridge to determine the tectonic origins of these features and link them to the larger Amerasia Basin. Seismic data from sonobuoys distributed along a 650 km-long line extending from Alpha Ridge and across Makarov Basin to the Lomonosov Ridge were analyzed for this purpose. Forward modelling of traveltimes, supported by coincident multi-channel seismic reflection and shipborne gravity data, were used to determine the P-wave velocity structure along the line. The sedimentary cover averages 0.5 km-thick on Alpha Ridge and 1.9 km-thick in Makarov Basin, but reaches up to 5 km-thick at the base of Lomonosov Ridge. Velocities in the sedimentary section range from 1.6 to 4.3 km s\− 1. As suggested by relatively high velocities, interbedded volcaniclastic or volcanic rock may occur in the deep sedimentary section. The shallow basement of Alpha Ridge (3.3 to 3.6 km s\− 1) is characterized by semi-continuous high amplitude reflections and is interpreted as volcanic rock possibly intercalated with sedimentary rock. Velocities do not vary significantly in the upper and mid-crustal layers between Alpha Ridge and Makarov Basin. Total crustal thickness decreases from 27 km beneath Alpha Ridge to 5 km-thick in Makarov Basin then thickens to \> 20 km over a short distance as part of Lomonosov Ridge. The crustal structure of Alpha Ridge is consistent with previous studies suggesting that the Alpha-Mendeleev ridge complex is part of a large igneous province (LIP) with thick igneous crust. The lack of change in crustal velocities between Alpha Ridge and Makarov Basin suggests that the basin, at least partly, either formed during or was influenced by LIP-related magmatism. The rapid transition of crustal thicknesses from Makarov Basin to Lomonosov Ridge supports the interpretation that this section of the ridge is a transform margin.

}, keywords = {2D gravity modelling, alpha ridge, large igneous province, Makarov Basin, seismic refraction}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.12.026}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040195116306400}, author = {Evangaletos, J. and Funck, T. and David C Mosher} } @article {6228, title = {Seep Detection Using E/V Nautilus Integrated Seafloor Mapping and Remotely Operated Vehicles on the United States West Coast}, year = {2017}, month = {December 11-15}, pages = {New Orleans, LA}, abstract = {

Exploration Vessel (E/V) Nautilus has been mapping the seafloor off the west coast of the United States, from Washington to California, for the past three years with a Kongsberg EM302 multibeam sonar. This system simultaneously collects bathymetry, seafloor and water column backscatter data, allowing an integrated approach to mapping to more completely characterize a region, and has identified over 1,000 seafloor seeps.

Hydrographic multibeam sonars like the EM302 were designed for mapping the bathymetry. It is only in the last decade that major mapping projects included an integrated approach that utilizes the seabed and water column backscatter information in addition to the bathymetry. Nautilus mapping in the Eastern Pacific over the past three years has included a number of seep-specific expeditions, and utilized and adapted the preliminary mapping guidelines that have emerged from research.

The likelihood of seep detection is affected by many factors:

Nautilus integrated seafloor mapping provided multiple indicators of seep locations, but it remains difficult to assess the probability of seep detection. Even when seeps were detected, they have not always been located during ROV dives. However, the presence of associated features (methane hydrate and bacterial mats) serve as evidence of potential seep activity and reinforce the transient nature of the seeps. Not detecting a seep in the water column data does not necessarily indicate that there is not a seep at a given location, but with multiple passes over an area and by the use of other contextual data, an area may be classified as likely or unlikely to host seeps.

}, keywords = {backscatter, bathymetry, e/v nautilus, multibeam, seep, water column}, url = {https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm17/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/289727}, author = {Lindsay Gee and Nicole A Raineault and Renato Kane and Miles Saunders and Erin Heffron and Robert W Embley and Susan G. Merle} } @article {6102, title = {Sound Speed Manager: An Open-Source Application to Manage Sound Speed Profiles}, volume = {17}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {31-40}, publisher = {International Hydrographic Bureau}, address = {Monaco}, abstract = {

The execution of a modern survey using acoustic sensors cannot overlook an accurate environmental characterization of the water column. In particular, the selected sound speed profile is critical for ray tracing, while knowing the temperature and the salinity variability is crucial in the calculation of valid absorption coefficients. Built on decades of experience and feedback from hydrographic surveyors, Sound Speed Manager provides a streamlined workflow that guides the user to perform accurate processing and management of sound speed profiles. Developed following criteria of simplicity of use, robustness of results, and openness of the chosen solutions, Sound Speed Manager is a ready-for-use but customizable application, with a long-term support plan, made freely available to the hydrographic community under an open source license model.

}, keywords = {oceanography, sound speed, survey}, url = {https://www.iho.int/mtg_docs/IHReview/IHR_Intro.htm}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti and Gallagher, B and Brian R Calder and Zhang, Chen and Matthew J. Wilson} } @proceedings {6061, title = {Sound Speed Manager: An Open-Source Initiative to Streamline the Hydrographic Data Acquisition Workflow}, year = {2017}, month = {March 20-23}, publisher = {The Hydrographic Society of America}, address = {Galveston, TX}, abstract = {

The use of inaccurate sound speed data heavily affects all survey products, from the bathymetry to the backscatter mosaic to the water column imagery. Thus, sound speed profiling (SSP) is a key element for any workflow that aims to collect high-quality echosounder data. Historically, surveyors have addressed SSP using a mixture of manufacturer-specific tools, spreadsheets, scripts and some manual hacking. Far from optimal, this approach carries several disadvantages such as being error prone and inconsistent among different sound profile systems. Tools such as Velocipy, SVP Editor, and HydrOffice SSP Manager have bridged this gap, but have limitations. A new open-source tool that combines the best features of these into a single \“best of breed\” tool is here described. A joint development of NOAA Coast Survey and UNH CCOM/JHC, but open to contributions from the wider user community, Sound Speed Manager provides a route to long-term, reliable, SSP management in a convenient, readily re-distributable, flexibly licensed, form.

}, keywords = {attenuation, sound speed, survey}, url = {http://www.ushydro2017.com/}, author = {Gallagher, B and Giuseppe Masetti and Zhang, Chen and Brian R Calder and Matthew J. Wilson} } @proceedings {6207, title = {Sub-band Coherence in Broadband, Wide-angle Synthetic Aperture Sonar}, year = {2017}, month = {Sep 3 - Sep 8}, address = {Skiathos, Greece}, abstract = {

The coherence between sub-bands formed by splitting the total range and cross-range bandwidth data provided by broadband, wide-angle synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) systems yields complementary information to that given in traditional intensity images or by the more recent acoustic color analysis. For a random distribution of scatterers, the spectral coherence will be low when sub-bands do not overlap. Cases where the spectral coherence is high are related to scattering from specific structures such as points or facets that violate the random distribution assumption, suggesting possibilities for using coherence in the detection and classification of targets on random seafloor backgrounds. Data used in this study were collected off the Florida coast in the Gulf of Mexico during the SAX04 experiment in 2004 and the TREX experiment in 2013 using a rail-based SAS system operated by the Applied Physics Laboratory of the University of Washington. In this talk we show the utility of sub-band coherence analysis using 2 to 50 kHz data collected on seafloor areas which included both targets and natural clutter. [Work performed under ONR Grants N00014-16-1-2469 and N00014-16-1-2313]

}, author = {Anthony P. Lyons and D.C. Brown} } @proceedings {6114, title = {On Testing of Complex Hydrographic Data Processing Algorithms}, year = {2017}, month = {March 21-23}, publisher = {The Hydrographic Society of America}, address = {Galveston, TX}, abstract = {
Modern hydrography relies, more and more, on complex algorithms to resolve the soundings generated by remote sensing modalities, and to process those soundings into chartable products.\ Algorithm quality assurance is therefore critical to the integrity of the hydrographic effort.
At best, the algorithms used might be described in a published paper, or possibly be available as a research code-base.\ More often, however, they are integrated deep in proprietary code and cannot be tested or verified without great effort.\ For algorithms transitioned from research in one organization to operations in another, there is no guarantee that the algorithm implemented is the algorithm that was designed. And each new software release demands effectively ab initio testing effort.
Using the CHRT algorithm as an example, a testing structure is proposed.\ The structure consists of an XML-based definition which packages the required data with the desired tests, and allows for exact or approximate matching of results, with control over tolerances.\ The XML-based output provides hierarchically aggregated summaries of test success to assist in reporting with level-of-detail control.\ Although intended for end user testing, the structure has obvious benefits for developers, and acts, effectively, as the algorithm\&$\#$39;s definition: any implementation that passes the conformance suite.
}, author = {Brian R Calder and Plumlee, Matt D} } @article {6173, title = {Three-Dimensional Assessment of Seaweed Habitats Using Remote Sensing}, year = {2017}, month = {November 5-9}, pages = {Providence, RI}, abstract = {

Seafloor mapping at different scales via multibeam echosounder (MBES) has become a prominent tool for characterizing marine habitats. The presence/absence of macroalgae, for example, have been determined using shipboard MBES systems. However, differentiation of macroalgal assemblages through integration of MBES water column data, diver survey, and in-situ video collection has yet to be established. The purpose of this study is to evaluate an integrative approach to assess the distribution and cover of various macroalgal assemblages across seascapes. High frequency water column multibeam data, along with diver and video surveys were collected at 3 sites around the Isles of Shoals and one site in York, ME. Water column data was used to assess canopy heights and were correlated with diver collected canopy heights and in-situ 3D models of macroalgae collected in different morphological seafloor settings. Integration of multiple datasets may provide insights for the detection, differentiation and characterization of macroalgal assemblages at spatial scales greater than that covered using SCUBA.

}, keywords = {benthic habitats, macroalgae, seaweeds}, url = {https://cerf.confex.com/cerf/2017/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/3762}, author = {Jennifer A. Dijkstra and Ashley R Norton and Semme J Dijkstra} } @proceedings {6833, title = {Tidal Energy Dissipation in Three Estuarine Environments}, volume = {267}, year = {2017}, month = {June 12-16}, pages = {346-355}, address = {Helsing{\o}r, Denmark}, abstract = {

Tidal energy dissipation was examined in three estuaries using a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model (COAWST;\ Warner, et al., 2010). The modeled M2 tidal amplitude decay and phase lag were estimated at specific locations along\ transects from the mouths of the estuaries to the furthest inland extent, and compared to observations where available.\ Nonlinear evolution of the tides was qualitatively examined with the spatial evolution of the skewness and asymmetry,\ and the growth of harmonic constituents. Harmonic constituents and over-tides were estimated from modeled time\ series of water levels and three-dimensional currents with T_TIDE (Pawlowicz, 2002). Observed evolution of tidal\ dissipation, harmonic growth, and nonlinear statistics are also well modeled, indicating that the nonlinear evolution of\ the tides is well represented in COAWST.

}, keywords = {estuarine hydrodynamics, numerical modeling, tidal asymmetry}, url = {http://coastaldynamics2017.dk/onewebmedia/267_cook.pdf}, author = {Cook, S. and Lippmann, T. C.} } @article {6112, title = {Total Propagated Uncertainty Analysis for Topobathymetric Lidar}, year = {2017}, month = {June 6-8}, pages = {Savannah, GA}, address = {Savannah, GA}, keywords = {topobathymetric lidar, uncertainty}, url = {http://shoals.sam.usace.army.mil/Tech_Workshops.aspx}, author = {Christopher E Parrish and Eren, Firat and J. Jung and Imahori, Gretchen and White, Stephen A} } @article {6229, title = {Toward a Standard Line for Use in Multibeam Echo Sounder Calibration}, year = {2017}, month = {November 21}, pages = {1-13}, publisher = {Springer Netherlands}, abstract = {

A procedure is suggested in which a relative calibration for the intensity output of a multibeam echo sounder (MBES) can be performed. This procedure identifies a common survey line (i.e., a standard line), over which acoustic backscatter from the seafloor is collected with multiple MBES systems or by the same system multiple times. A location on the standard line which exhibits temporal stability in its seafloor backscatter response is used to bring the intensity output of the multiple MBES systems to a common reference. This relative calibration procedure has utility for MBES users wishing to generate an aggregate seafloor backscatter mosaic using multiple systems, revisiting an area to detect changes in substrate type, and comparing substrate types in the same general area but with different systems or different system settings. The calibration procedure is demonstrated using three different MBES systems over 3 different years in New Castle, NH, USA.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11001-017-9334-3 }, author = {Thomas C Weber and Glen A Rice and Michael Smith} } @article {6191, title = {Toward the Development of a Marine Administration System Based on International Standards}, volume = {6(7)}, year = {2017}, month = {26 June 2017}, publisher = {MDPI}, abstract = {
The interests, responsibilities and opportunities of states to provide infrastructure and resource management are not limited to their land territory but extend to marine areas as well. So far, although the theoretical structure of a Marine Administration System (MAS) is based on the management needs of the various countries, the marine terms have not been clearly defined. In order to define an MAS that meets the spatial marine requirements, the specific characteristics of the marine environment have to be identified and integrated in a management system. Most publications that address the Marine Cadastre (MC) concept acknowledge the three-dimensional (3D) character of marine spaces and support the need for MC to function as a multipurpose instrument. The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) conceptual standard ISO 19152 has been referenced in scholarly and professional works to have explicit relevance to 3D cadastres in exposed land and built environments. However, to date, very little has been done in any of those works to explicitly and comprehensively apply LADM to specific jurisdictional MAS or MC, although the standard purports to be applicable to those areas. Since so far the most comprehensive MC modeling approach is the S-121 Maritime Limits and Boundaries (MLB) Standard, which refers to LADM, this paper proposes several modifications including, among others, the introduction of class marine resources into the model, the integration of data on legal spaces and physical features through external classes, as well as the division of law and administrative sources. Within this context, this paper distinctly presents both appropriate modifications and applications of the IHO S-121 standard to the particular marine and maritime administrative needs of both Greece and the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago.
}, keywords = {ISO 19152, Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), Marine Administration System (MAS), Marine Cadastre (MC), Marine information data model, Marine rights, Restrictions and Responsibilities (RRRs), S-121 Maritime limits and boundaries (MLB)}, doi = {10.3390/ijgi6070194}, url = {http://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/6/7/194/htm}, author = {Athanasiou, Katerina and Sutherland, Michael and Christos Kastrisios and Lysandros Tsoulos and Griffith-Charles, Charisse and Davis, Dexter and Dimopoulou, Efi} } @article {6528, title = {Towards an Optic-Based Citizen Science Solution for Mapping Habitats in Coastal Areas}, year = {2017}, month = {November 13-15}, address = {Riviere du Loup (QC), Canada}, author = {F. Ferrario and P. Gigu{\`e}re and Y. Rzhanov and S. Daniel and J.-F. Lalonde and P. Lajeunesse and L. Johnson and P. Archambault} } @inbook {6326, title = {Underwater Soundscapes}, booktitle = {Applied Underwater Acoustics}, year = {2017}, pages = {904-907}, publisher = {Elsevier}, organization = {Elsevier}, chapter = {14}, author = {Jennifer Miksis-Olds} } @article {6419, title = {U.S. Extended Continental Shelf Cruise to Map Necker Ridge and Vicinity, Central Pacific Ocean}, year = {2017}, month = {December 21}, pages = {69}, chapter = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center}, keywords = {Law of the Sea}, author = {Andrew A. Armstrong and Brian R Calder} } @article {6222, title = {USCGC Healy EM122 Multibeam Echosounder System Review, May 16-20, 2017}, year = {2017}, pages = {57}, author = {Paul Johnson and Vicki L Ferrini and Kevin Jerram} } @article {5971, title = {Variability of in situ Sediment Strength and Pore Pressure Behavior of Tidal Estuary Surface Sediments}, volume = {37, 5}, year = {2017}, month = {October}, pages = {441-456}, publisher = {Springer}, abstract = {

Tidal estuaries feature spatially and temporally varying sediment dynamics and characteristics. Particularly, the variability of geotechnical sediment parameters is still poorly understood, limiting the prediction of long-term sediment stability and dynamics. This paper presents results from an in situ investigation of surficial sediments (\≤50 cm) in a tidal estuary in New Hampshire (USA), using a portable free fall penetrometer. The aim is to investigate variations in sediment strength and pore pressure behavior with regard to sediment type and seabed morphology. The study also provides a detailed analysis of high velocity impact pore pressure data to derive information about sediment type and permeability. The penetrometer was deployed 227 times, and the findings are correlated to 78 sediment samples. Differences in sediment strength and type were found when transitioning from tidal flats to the deeper channels. Finer-grained sediments located predominantly on the tidal flats appeared well consolidated with noticeable and spatially consistent sediment strength (reflected in an estimate of quasi-static bearing capacity qsbcmax\ ~10 kPa). Sediments with higher sand content (\>75\%) showed more variations in strength relating to differences in gradation, and likely represent loose and poorly consolidated sands (qsbcmax\ ~10\–55 kPa). The rate at which the recorded excess pore pressures approached equilibrium after penetration was classified and related to sediment type. The data indicate that the development of excess pore pressures upon impact and during penetration may provide additional insight into the nature and layering of bed material, such as identifying a desiccated or over-consolidated dilative surficial layer. In summary, with varying sediment grain size distributions, bulk densities and morphology, sediment strength and pore pressure behavior can vary significantly within a tidal estuary.

}, keywords = {free falling penetrometer, pore pressure, sediment strength, surface sediments, tidal estuary}, doi = {10.1007/s00367-017-0494-6}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007\%2Fs00367-017-0494-6}, author = {Gregory Lucking and Nina Stark and Thomas C Lippmann and Stephen Smyth} } @article {6376, title = {Visualization of Nautical Information (VONI) Workshop 2017}, year = {2017}, month = {12/7/2016}, pages = {2}, institution = {International Hydrographic Organization}, address = {Monaco}, abstract = {

At the NIPWG2 meeting the question was raised \“once the standards are in place how will the Hydrographic Offices (HO) implement them?\” The answer was silence and a shrug of the shoulders. It was then proposed by UNH to host a workshop to help each HO answer that question with confidence and direction.

}, keywords = {IHO, NIPWG, Visualization, Workshop}, url = {https://www.iho.int/mtg_docs/com_wg/NIPWG/NIPWG3/NIPWG\%203-39.1\%20VONI_workshop.pdf}, author = {Briana M Sullivan} } @proceedings {6834, title = {Wave and Current Induced Ripple Formation and Migration During a Storm}, volume = {129}, year = {2017}, month = {June 12-16}, pages = {955-965}, address = {Helsing{\o}r, Denmark}, abstract = {

Field observations of bedform response to combined wave-current flows were obtained within the surf zone along the\ Delfland coast, The Netherlands, as part of the MEGAPEX Field Experiment in the fall of 2014. Fine scale seafloor\ topography was observed with a rotating pencil beam sonar along with co-located observations of waves and currents.\ New methods for sonar processing were implemented to find fluid-sediment boundaries, quantify bedform geometry,\  and estimate bedform migration rates. Observed bedform geometries with wavelengths ranging from 0.14 to 2.5 m and migration rates between 0 and 3 cm/min are strongly influenced by variations in the flow field due to the spring-neap\ tidal cycle as well as forcing from several storm events. Results suggest that the combined effects of storm waves and\ mean currents most strongly influence small scale morphodynamic behaviors.

}, keywords = {bedforms, combined flows, currents, field experiment, morphodynamics, sediment transport}, url = {http://coastaldynamics2017.dk/onewebmedia/129_wengrove_meagan.pdf}, author = {Wengrove, M. E. and Foster, D. L. and de Schipper, M. A. and Lippmann, T. C.} } @article {6223, title = {When is it Advantageous to Maximise Swath Width? When Bigger is Not Better}, volume = {21,6}, year = {2017}, month = {December 18}, url = {https://www.hydro-international.com/content/article/when-is-it-advantageous-to-maximise-swath-width?output=pdf}, author = {Val Schmidt} } @article {5798, title = {Acoustic and Geomorphological Signatures of Gas Seeps on the East Siberian Margin}, year = {2016}, month = {April 11-12}, address = {University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Rising hydrocarbon gas concentrations in the atmosphere are strongly linked to global warming. In the next century, significant amounts of hydrocarbons will be transport from the ocean to the atmosphere via thawing of flooded permafrost. The East Siberian Arctic Shelf (ESAS) holds 80\% of the world\’s flooded permafrost and is at risk of massive release due to bottom water warming. Gas released from permafrost is transported by gas seeps through the ocean; however, the magnitude of this gas flux has historically been difficult to quantify.

This research aims to estimate the total gas flux from a region of the ESAS, Herald Canyon, via acoustic and geomorphological characterization of gas seeps in the area. Data was collected with three acoustic systems (EM122 multibeam echosounder, SBP120 subbottom profiler, and EK80 split-beam sonar) onboard the Oden during the Swedish-Russian-US Arctic Ocean Investigation of Climate-Cryosphere-Carbon Interactions (SWERUS-C3) program.

53 seeps have been identified in the vicinity of Herald Canyon. Together, the EM122 high-resolution multibeam bathymetry and SBP120 chirp subbottom profiling data, provide the spatial and geologic context of the gas seeps. The EK80, which makes acoustic measurements over a broad range of frequencies, can identify individual bubble scatters. This enables estimates of bubble size distribution and rise velocity measurements in certain seeps; ultimately providing gas flux estimates. The combination of three data sets offers the opportunity to link seep flux estimates to geomorphological setting. The geomorphological setting can further be linked to local and regional geologic processes determined from seafloor morphology and subsurface structure. These links will help define our knowledge of the transport of hydrocarbon gas from flooded permafrost to the atmosphere.

}, keywords = {acoustic, east siberian margin, gas seeps, geomorphological signatures}, author = {Elizabeth Weidner and Larry A Mayer and Kevin Jerram and Thomas C Weber and Martin Jakobsson and Chernykh, D. and Ananiev, R. and Mohammad, R. and Semiltov, I.} } @article {6812, title = {Acoustic observations and characterization of oceanic methane gas bubbles rising from the seabed}, volume = {140(4)}, year = {2016}, month = {November 18}, pages = {3077-3077}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, abstract = {

Methane, a potent greenhouse gas, can be found escaping the ocean seabed as gas bubbles in a wide range of geographic locations and water depths. As they rise toward the sea surface, methane gas bubbles undergo a complicated evolution. During ascent, methane gas is transferred into aqueous solution and other dissolved gases are transferred into the bubble. The gas transfer rate\—a key factor in determining the ultimate fate of the methane\—may be inhibited by hydrate formation in deep, cold water, or potentially by surfactants and adsorbed particulates at any depth. The presence of methane gas bubbles from both natural and anthropogenic sources is often identified using acoustic echo sounders. Beyond simple detection, acoustic techniques can be used to characterize methane bubbles in several ways. For example, narrow-band observations of seep target strength can be used with knowledge of bubble size distributions to estimate methane flux. Similar acoustic observations can be coupled with bubble-evolution models to constrain the fate of bubbles as they rise. Broadband techniques offer the potential to directly observe bubble size and rise speed, and consequently depth-dependent gas flux. The application of these and other techniques for detecting and characterizing methane gas-bubble seeps will be discussed.

}, doi = {10.1121/1.4969587}, author = {Thomas C Weber} } @article {5752, title = {Airborne Lidar Bathymetry (ALB) Waveform Analysis for Bottom Return Characteristics}, year = {2016}, month = {Apr 17 - 21}, address = {Baltimore, MD}, abstract = {

Airborne Lidar Bathymetry (ALB) waveforms provide a time log for the interaction of the laser pulse with the environment (water surface, water column and seafloor) along its ray-path geometry. Using the water surface return and the bottom return, it is possible to calculate the water depth. In addition to bathymetry, the ALB bottom return can provide information on seafloor characteristics. The main environmental factors that contribute to the ALB bottom return measurements are: slope, roughness, vegetation, and mineral composition of the surface geology. Both the environment and the ALB hardware affect the bottom return and contribute to the measurement uncertainties. In this study, the ALB bottom return waveform was investigated spatially (i.e., area contributing to the return) and temporally (i.e. the shape of the waveform return) for seafloor characterization. A system-agnostic approach was developed in order to distinguish between the spatial variations of different bottom characteristics. An empirical comparison of bottom characteristics was conducted near the Merrimack River Embayment, Gulf of Maine, USA. The study results showed a good correlation to acoustic backscatter collected over the same area.

}, keywords = {airborne lidar bathymetry, alb, bottom return characteristics, waveform analysis}, author = {Eren, Firat and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Yuri Rzhanov} } @proceedings {6268, title = {Analysis of Airborne Lidar Bathymetry (ALB) Bottom Return Waveforms}, year = {2016}, month = {July 19-21 }, address = {Silver Spring, MD}, abstract = {

Airborne Lidar Bathymetry (ALB) could provide information about the laser beam interaction with the environment (water surface, water column and seafloor) during its travel from air to the seafloor. These interactions are time recorded as waveforms and could be assessed to obtain useful information about the environment. Using water surface and bottom (seafloor) returns in the ALB waveform, it is possible to calculate the water depth. In addition to bathymetry, the bottom return provides information on the seafloor characteristics. The characteristics of the bottom return depends mainly on bottom characteristics, such as, bottom slope, roughness, vegetation, and mineral composition of the seafloor. In this study, the ALB bottom return waveform was analyzed spatially and temporally for seafloor characterization. A system-agnostic approach was developed in order to distinguish between the spatial variations of different bottom characteristics. The ALB data collected in the Merrimack River Embayment, Gulf of Maine was used as the study site. The results demonstrated good correlation to acoustic backscatter which was collected in the same area.\ 

}, author = {Eren, Firat and Matthew Birkebak and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri} } @mastersthesis {6007, title = {Analysis of CLCS Recommendations in Light of Their Relevance to the Delineation of a United States Extended Continental Shelf (ECS) in the Arctic}, volume = {Earth Sciences/Ocean Mapping}, year = {2016}, month = {05/2016}, pages = {217}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Article 76 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea provides a mechanism by which a coastal State can extend sovereign rights over resources of the seafloor and subsurface outside of its 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone. In order for a coastal State to delineate this region, often referred to as the extended continental shelf (ECS), bathymetric, geophysical and geological data must be collected and analyzed to apply the mandates defined within Article 76. The coastal State must present its ECS delineation to a commission, called the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS). The CLCS reviews coastal States\’ submissions and publishes recommendations as to whether they believe that the proposed ECS boundary is in accordance with Article 76. The United States has a potential ECS in the Chukchi Borderland region north of Alaska. This thesis examined two coastal States\’ CLCS recommendations, the Kerguelen Plateau (Australia) and V\øring margin (Norway), to assess what criteria the CLCS utilized to classify seafloor highs, to forecast the impact these recommendations may have on a potential submission of the United States in the Chukchi Borderland region. This thesis has found that the CLCS requires a coastal State with seafloor highs that are connected to its continental margin to show that these features are (or not) morphologically and geologically continuous with the continental margin and landmass. If the coastal State can prove the seafloor high under question satisfies both of these criteria, it could potentially increase the coastal State\’s final ECS outer boundary. Application of these criteria to the Chukchi Borderland region found that available data today could substantiate an argument that the Chukchi Borderland fulfills both criteria; however, further geological data needs to be collected from the northern extension of the Chukchi Borderland to support an Article 76 seafloor high classification.

}, keywords = {Social sciences; Health and environmental sciences; Article 76; Commission on the limits of the continental shelf; Extended continental shelf; United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea}, author = {Onni Irish} } @proceedings {5933, title = {Animated Versus Static Views of Steady Flow Patterns}, year = {2016}, month = {July 22-23}, pages = {77{\textendash}84}, publisher = {ACM}, address = {Anaheim, CA}, abstract = {

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that animated representations of vector fields are more effective than common static representations even for steady flow. We compared four flow visualization methods: animated streamlets, animated orthogonal line segments (where short lines were elongated orthogonal to the flow direction but animated in the direction of flow), static equally spaced streamlines, and static arrow grids. The first experiment involved a pattern detection task in which the participant searched for an anomalous flow pattern in a field of similar patterns. The results showed that both the animation methods produced more accurate and faster responses. The second experiment involved mentally tracing an advection path from a central dot in the flow field and marking where the path would cross the boundary of a surrounding circle. For this task the animated streamlets resulted in better performance than the other methods, but the animated orthogonal particles resulted in the worst performance. We conclude with recommendations for the representation of steady flow patterns.

}, keywords = {flow patterns}, doi = {10.1145/2931002.2931012 }, url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2931012}, author = {Colin Ware and Bolan, Daniel and Miller, Ricky and David H Rogers and James P Ahrens} } @inbook {5813, title = {The Arctic Continental Shelf and Its Evolving Morphologic Context}, booktitle = {Challenges of the Changing Arctic: Continental Shelf, Navigation and Fisheries}, volume = {19}, year = {2016}, pages = {17{\textendash}41}, publisher = {Brill Nijhoff Press}, organization = {Brill Nijhoff Press}, chapter = {3}, address = {Leiden, The Netherlands}, keywords = {arctic, continental shelf, morphology}, doi = {10.1163/9789004314252_005 }, author = {Larry A Mayer}, editor = {Nordquist, M. and Moore, J M and Ron{\'a}n Long} } @article {5503, title = {Assessment of Elevation Uncertainty in Salt Marsh Environments Using Discrete-Return and Full-Waveform Lidar}, volume = {SI 76}, year = {2016}, pages = {107-122}, publisher = {Coastal Education \& Research Foundation [CERF]}, address = {Coconut Creek, FL}, abstract = {

Lidar data can serve as an important source of elevation information for studying, monitoring and managing salt marshes. However, previous studies have shown that lidar data tend to have greater vertical uncertainty in salt marshes than in other environments, hindering the ability to resolve small elevation differences that can be ecologically significant in marshes. For coastal scientists and managers to effectively collect, evaluate, and/or use lidar data in salt marshes, factors affecting elevation uncertainty (e.g., plant species, season, and lidar processing methods) must be well understood. This study addresses this need using discrete-return (DRL) and full-waveform lidar, along with field-surveyed reference data, for four marshes on Cape Cod, Massachusetts (USA). The lidar bias and standard deviation were computed across all four marsh systems and four major taxa using varying interpolation and filtering methods. The effects of seasonality were also investigated using lidar data acquired in the summer and the following spring. Relative uncertainty surfaces (RUS) were computed from lidar waveform-derived metrics and examined for their utility and correlation with individual lidar errors. The results clearly illustrate the importance of seasonality, species, and lidar interpolation and filtering methods on elevation uncertainty in salt marshes. Results also demonstrate that RUS generated from lidar waveform features are useful in qualitative assessments of lidar elevation uncertainty and correlate well with vegetation height (r = 0.85; n = 268). Knowledge of where DRL uncertainty persists within salt marshes and the factors influencing the higher uncertainty should facilitate the development of better correction methods.

}, keywords = {bare earth filtering, DEM, interpolation, inverse distance weighting, salt marsh vegetation, Spartina alterniflora, uncertainty}, doi = {10.2112/SI76-010}, url = {http://www.jcronline.org/doi/full/10.2112/SI76-010}, author = {J Rogers and Christopher E Parrish and Larry G Ward and Burdick, David M} } @article {5822, title = {Averaged Propulsive Body Acceleration (APBA) Can Be Calculated from Biologging Tags That Incorporate Gyroscopes and Accelerometers to Estimate Swimming Speed, Hydrodynamic Drag and Energy Expenditure for Steller Sea Lions}, year = {2016}, month = {June 10, 2016}, publisher = {PLOS}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, abstract = {

Forces due to propulsion should approximate forces due to hydrodynamic drag for animals horizontally swimming at a constant speed with negligible buoyancy forces. Propulsive forces should also correlate with energy expenditures associated with locomotion\—an important cost of foraging. As such, biologging tags containing accelerometers are being used to generate proxies for animal energy expenditures despite being unable to distinguish rotational movements from linear movements. However, recent miniaturizations of gyroscopes offer the possibility of resolving this shortcoming and obtaining better estimates of body accelerations of swimming animals. We derived accelerations using gyroscope data for swimming Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus), and determined how well the measured accelerations correlated with actual swimming speeds and with theoretical drag. We also compared dive averaged dynamic body acceleration estimates that incorporate gyroscope data, with the widely used Overall Dynamic Body Acceleration (ODBA) metric, which does not use gyroscope data. Four Steller sea lions equipped with biologging tags were trained to swim alongside a boat cruising at steady speeds in the range of 4 to 10 kph. At each speed, and for each dive, we computed a measure called Gyro-Informed Dynamic Acceleration (GIDA) using a method incorporating gyroscope data with accelerometer data. We derived a new metric\—Averaged Propulsive Body Acceleration (APBA), which is the average gain in speed per flipper stroke divided by mean stroke cycle duration. Our results show that the gyro-based measure (APBA) is a better predictor of speed than ODBA. We also found that APBA can estimate average thrust production during a single stroke-glide cycle, and can be used to estimate energy expended during swimming. The gyroscope-derived methods we describe should be generally applicable in swimming animals where propulsive accelerations can be clearly identified in the signal\—and they should also prove useful for dead-reckoning and improving estimates of energy expenditures from locomotion.

}, keywords = {apba, biologging, propulsive body acceleration, steller sea lions}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0157326}, author = {Colin Ware}, editor = {Trites, A.W. and Rosen, D.A.S. and Potvin, J.} } @article {5924, title = {Bathymetric Terrain Model of the Atlantic Margin for Marine Geological Investigations, Version 2.0}, volume = {Version 2}, year = {2016}, month = {February 23}, pages = {17}, institution = {U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}, address = {Woods Hole, MA}, abstract = {

A bathymetric terrain model of the Atlantic Margin covering almost 725,000 square kilometers of seafloor from the New England Seamounts in the north, to the Blake Basin in the south is compiled from existing multibeam bathymetry data for marine geological investigations. Although other terrain models of the same area are extant, they are produced from either satellite-derived bathymetry at coarse resolution (ETOPO1), or use older bathymetry data collected using a combination of single beam, and multibeam sonars (Coastal Relief Model). The new multibeam data used to produce this terrain model have been edited using hydrographic data processing software to maximize the quality, usability, and cartographic presentation of the combined 100-meter resolution grid. The final grid provides the largest, high resolution, seamless terrain model of the Atlantic Margin.

}, author = {B.D. Andrews and J.D. Chaytor and ten Brink, U.S and D. S. Brothers and James V. Gardner and Elizabeth Lobecker and Brian R Calder} } @inbook {5392, title = {Cascades and Plunge Pools in the Gulf of Alaska}, booktitle = {Atlas of Submarine Glacial Landforms: Modern, Quaternary and Ancient}, volume = {Memoirs}, number = {46}, year = {2016}, month = {12/2016}, pages = {389-390}, publisher = {Geological Society of London }, organization = {Geological Society of London }, address = {London, UK}, abstract = {

In the summer of 2005, the University of New Hampshire\’s Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center, mapped more than 321,400 sq. km. of seafloor in the Gulf of Alaska in support of efforts to establish the limits of the juridical continental shelf of the United States as defined under the Law of the Sea Treaty. Both bathymetry and high-resolution backscatter data were collected with a 12-kHz EM120 multibeam echoshounder aboard the University of Hawaii\’s R/V Kilo Moana. The resulting digital terrain models and backscatter mosaics (presented as average backscatter normalized to 45o) provide a remarkable view of the processes on a tectonically active, glaciated margin including the formation of numerous submarine channels (Gardner and Mayer, this volume) and large deep submarine fans (Gardner and Mayer, this volume). In the course of these surveys, several morphological features similar to cascades and plunge pools that are found beneath terrestrial waterfalls were identified on the continental slope.

}, keywords = {cascades, gulf of alaska, plunge pools}, doi = {doi:10.1144/M46.20}, author = {Larry A Mayer and James V. Gardner} } @article {5757, title = {Chart Adequacy Evaluation of the Coastal Water of Haiti Using Satellite-Derived Bathymetry}, year = {2016}, month = {January 2016}, pages = {126}, institution = {National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Ocean Survey (NOS)}, chapter = {Office of Coast Survey}, address = {Silver Spring, MD}, abstract = {

As part of the humanitarian aid and as a response to the Haiti Earthquake disaster, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and other hydrographic offices around the world have provided support to SHOH (Service Hydrographique et Oc\éanographique de Haiti) by training SHOH personnel, surveying key areas around Haiti and updating the charts. As part of the 2013 NOAA effort to support SHOH, a novel approach was used to evaluate shallow-waters in areas that were not surveyed in 2010. Commercial multispectral satellite imagery (Landsat 8 and Worldview 2) was used to derive bathymetry. This report reviews the satellite-derived bathymetry procedure and the results produced over the coastal waters of Haiti. The procedure was conducted using Geographic Information System (GIS) software (ArcMap 10.1). A step-by-step procedure is provided in the GEBCO Cook Book and in the Appendix of this report

}, keywords = {chart adequacy, haiti, satellite-derived bathymetry, shallow water}, url = {http://www.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/csdl/publications/TM_NOS_CS35_FY16_Snyder_ChartAdequacyEval.pdf}, author = {Snyder, Leland P and Nyberg, John and Smith, Shep M and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Madore, Brian and Rogers, James and Lowell, John and DeAngelis, Robert} } @article {5750, title = {Chart Adequacy Procedure Using Publicly-Available Information}, year = {2016}, month = {May 16 - 19}, publisher = {Canadian Hydrographic Association}, address = {Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada}, abstract = {
Many marine transportation information and satellite imagery have recently become available to the general public. Automatic Identification System data has been used to estimate and quantify vessel traffic. Satellite imagery and non-hydrographic surveys provide reconnaissance to identify bathymetric changes since the production of the chart. Using these publicly-available information, a chart adequacy procedure has been developed in order to provide a transferable tool that can be used by hydrographic offices around the world. The results of the chart adequacy procedure provide a cost-efficient solution to the nationally and internationally. The goal of the approach is to develop a standardized procedure that can be transferable to cartographers, hydrographers and potential chart producers from hydrographic offices and government agencies around the world. In this paper, an analysis of the current state of nautical charts using the chart adequacy procedure is compared to a simulated chart update using best available and nontraditional bathymetric data, also known as the composite coastal bathymetry project. It is important to note that the focus of the procedure is on quality management based on the hydrographic characteristics of the chart (as opposed to risk assessment based on potential consequences by different users and vessels in different marine settings).
}, keywords = {chart adequacy}, author = {Klemm, Anthony and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Sartor, Constance and Nyberg, John and Barber, John E.} } @inbook {5393, title = {Chatham Fan and Adjacent Upper Baranof Fan Channels and Levee, U.S. Gulf of Alaska Margin}, booktitle = {Atlas of Submarine Glacial Landforms: Modern, Quaternary and Ancient}, volume = {Memoirs}, number = {46}, year = {2016}, month = {12/2016}, pages = {387}, publisher = {Geological Society of London }, organization = {Geological Society of London }, address = {London, UK}, abstract = {

The University of New Hampshire\’s Center for Coastal \& Ocean Mapping collected ~321,500 km2 of bathymetry and backscatter data of the U.S. Gulf of Alaska continental margin (Fig. 1a) using a 12-kHz multibeam echosounder in support of the U.S. Extended Continental Shelf (United Nations Law of the Sea Treaty) project (Gardner and Mayer, 2005). A previously unmapped small submarine fan, unofficially named Chatham fan (Figs. 1b and 1c), was identified that has buried a portion of the head of the much larger Baranof Fan (Stevenson and Embley, 1987; von Huene, 1989; LeVoir et al., 2011). Chatham fan either buried or diverted to the NW the upper reaches of Horizon Channel. The existing levee of upper Horizon Channel was subsequently incised by a remarkable meandering channel that trends along the strike of the levee, not down the steeper lee side of the levee slope. Although not directly related to Chatham fan, the meandering levee channel is related to processes that were contemporaneous with the deposition of Chatham fan. \ 

}, doi = { https://doi.org/10.1144/M46.18}, author = {James V. Gardner and Larry A Mayer} } @article {5768, title = {Coarse and Fine Scale Patterns of Community Structure of Benthic Habitats Along the US Atlantic Continental Margin}, year = {2016}, month = {March 16-19}, address = {Portland, ME}, keywords = {Atlantic continental margin, benthic habitats, scale patterns}, author = {Kristen Mello and Jennifer A. Dijkstra and Mashkoor A Malik and Derek Sowers and Lindsay McKenna and Elizabeth Lobecker} } @article {6189, title = {A Cohesive Methodology for the Delimitation of Maritime Zones and Boundaries}, volume = {130}, year = {2016}, month = {October}, pages = {188{\textendash}195}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {

The delimitation of maritime zones and boundaries foreseen by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea is a factor of economic growth, effective management of the coastal and ocean environment and the cornerstone for maritime spatial planning. Maritime boundaries form the outermost limits of coastal states and their accurate computation is a matter of national priority. The final delimitation agreement is ultimately a political decision; however the cartographer/GIS expert should portray the zones\’ limits with the best possible accuracy. Existing applications tend to address this issue with their weakness being that the delimitation is a complex and time-consuming process. There, the subject is addressed in a fragmented way with the user composing the outer limits from partial results. This paper presents a cohesive methodology for the automated delimitation of the median lines and maritime zones between all states in a region based on the Voronoi tessellation of maritime space. Furthermore, through a case study, it presents and evaluates the results of this methodology and its implementation and demonstrates its ability to delimit the zones and boundaries, unilaterally and bilaterally, without the user\’s intervention.

}, keywords = {Maritime spatial planning, Maritime zones and boundaries, Median line delimitation, Territorial sea baselines, Voronoi tessellation}, doi = {10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.06.015}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0964569116301247}, author = {Christos Kastrisios and Lysandros Tsoulos} } @proceedings {6538, title = {The Contribution of Marine Cartographers to the Efficient Management of Immigration Flows (In Greek with English Abstract)}, year = {2016}, month = {November 2 - 4}, publisher = {Hellenic Cartographic Society}, address = {Thessaloniki, Greece}, abstract = {

A huge immigration crisis has been unfolding in the Mediterranean region in recent years, forcing the countries involved to draw up agreements and take measures for the reception and prevention of immigration flows in the area. The study of information from the past decade shows that cooperation agreements among the states concerned contribute to the limitation of flow and human trafficking. Both the agreements and the operations conducted by the naval forces are based on geospatial data, a key element of which is the maritime boundaries of the states in the area of interest. Although it is current, the issue of immigration is not recent. It has been a repeated concern of the international community and as such, it was included in the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). The UNCLOS stipulates the delimitation of maritime zones, which involve a number of rights and obligations for the coastal State. In this sense, the territorial sea and contiguous zone extending from the outer limit of the territorial sea to 24 n.m. from the baselines become of particular interest. In the contiguous zone, as well as in the territorial sea where the State exercises full sovereignty, the coastal State is entitled to legislate for the purpose of immigration control -among other things- a task that begins at sea and continues on its land areas. To control immigration, it is important to accurately determine and define the pertinent maritime zones in accordance with the UNCLOS provisions, a task that falls under the purview of cartographers. The process is complex and, besides the cartographic background, requires knowledge of the delimitation methods and the use of specialized software. This paper presents the main parameters affecting the cartographer\’s objective, the delimitation methods, the existing specialized software, its capabilities and limitations as well as the ongoing effort to address its weaknesses.

}, keywords = {Computational cartography, Immigration, Maritime Limits and boundaries, Methods of maritime delimitation}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.11428.12160/1}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309732742_The_Contribution_of_Marine_Cartographers_to_the_Efficient_Management_of_Immigration_Flows_In_Greek_with_English_abstract_-_E_Symbole_tou_Chartographou_ston_Elencho_ton_Metanasteutikon_Roon_meso_tes_Ch}, author = {Christos Kastrisios and Lysandros Tsoulos} } @article {6453, title = {Crag-and-Tail Features, Amundsen Gulf, Canadian Arctic Archipelago}, journal = {Geological Society Memoir}, year = {2016}, doi = {10.1144/M46.84}, author = {MacLean, B. and Blasco, S. and Bennett, R. and John E. Hughes Clarke and Patton, E.} } @article {6375, title = {Current work status of S-125 Navigational Services}, year = {2016}, month = {November 18}, pages = {4}, institution = {International Hydrographic Organization}, address = {Monaco}, abstract = {

At NIPWG2 it was decided there would be a task team assigned to working on the s125 \– Navigational Services. The work would include additional light data (work originating at SNPWG), as well as other AtoN such as AIS/V-AIS AtoN and GMDSS data. Within the team there was hope that the S-125 could also \“absorb\” much of the Notices to Mariners. A data model would be created that would attempt to encapsulate all the objects it was expected to contain. This paper describes the work completed to date based on the last two NIPWG meetings and an overview of the major discussions that have come up within the task team for the NIPWG group to consider.

}, keywords = {Aids to Navigation, Notice to Mariners, S-125}, url = {https://www.iho.int/mtg_docs/com_wg/NIPWG/NIPWG3/NIPWG\%203-28.1_S-125_NavigationalSerevices.pdf}, author = {Stefan Engstrom and Briana M Sullivan and Robert D Lewald} } @article {5941, title = {Detection and Quantification of Submerged Oil Droplets by a Broadband, High-frequency Echo Sounder}, year = {2016}, month = {February 1-4}, pages = {Tampa, FL}, abstract = {

The evolution and fate of dispersed oil droplets in the marine environment is crucial to the development of response protocols and to the assessment of risk for areas surrounding a spill. Current models of the movement of submerged oil droplets suffer from a lack of in-situ data for verification. Current in-situ measurement depends on short range instrumentation that is only capable of evaluating small segments of a spill at a time. Very high-frequency acoustics (few MHz), mass spectrometers, fluorometers and water sampling systems have very small fields of view, creating observational challenges when trying to generate a synoptic view of a spill. As an alternative, the use of broad-band high-frequency acoustics (100-500 kHz) is being explored. Broad-band high-frequency acoustics are capable of measuring and quantifying oil droplets at ranges of tens to hundreds of meters in a single measurement. The frequency-dependent acoustic response of oil droplets is dependent on the size, sound speed and density of oil droplets. Broadband high-frequency acoustic measurements of a variety of oils have been measured in the laboratory setting to quantify the droplet size dependent acoustic response of oils of varying density and sound speed. This instrumentation was able to differentiate between droplets with different radii. Results indicate that broadband high-frequency acoustics can be used to map the location of submerged oil droplets and to evaluate changes in the physical properties of oil for large areas of a spill.

}, keywords = {acoustics, oil fate, physical processes, submerged oil droplets}, url = {https://event.crowdcompass.com/gulfconference2016}, author = {Loranger, Scott and Thomas C Weber} } @proceedings {5837, title = {Detection of Internal Waves Using Multi-Aspect Processing in Synthetic Aperture Sonar}, year = {2016}, month = {June 6 - 9}, pages = {757-760}, address = {Hamburg, Germany}, author = {R.E. Hansen and Anthony P. Lyons and D.A. Cook and T.O. S{\ae}b{\o}} } @article {5253, title = {Detector Array Design for Optical Communication Between Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs)}, volume = {40(1)}, year = {2016}, pages = {18-26}, publisher = {IEEE Oceanic Engineering Society}, keywords = {detector array, optical communication, uuv}, author = {Eren, Firat and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Yuri Rzhanov and May-Win Thein and Celikkol, Barbaros} } @article {6232, title = {Determining the Flux of Methane into Hudson Canyon at the Edge of Methane Clathrate Hydrate Stability}, volume = {17,10}, year = {2016}, month = {October 13}, pages = {3882{\textendash}3892}, publisher = {American Geophysical Union }, abstract = {

Methane seeps were investigated in Hudson Canyon, the largest shelf-break canyon on the northern U.S. Atlantic Margin. The seeps investigated are located at or updip of the nominal limit of methane clathrate hydrate stability. The acoustic identification of bubble streams was used to guide water column sampling in a 32 km2 region within the canyon\&$\#$39;s thalweg. By incorporating measurements of dissolved methane concentration with methane oxidation rates and current velocity into a steady state box model, the total emission of methane to the water column in this region was estimated to be 12 kmol methane per day (range: 6\–24 kmol methane per day). These analyses suggest that the emitted methane is largely retained inside the canyon walls below 300 m water depth, and that it is aerobically oxidized to near completion within the larger extent of Hudson Canyon. Based on estimated methane emissions and measured oxidation rates, the oxidation of this methane to dissolved CO2 is expected to have minimal influences on seawater pH.

}, doi = {10.1002/2016GC006421}, author = {Weinstein, Alexander and Navarrete, Luis and Carolyn Ruppel and Thomas C Weber and Leonte, Mihai and Kellermann, Matthias Y and Arrington, Eleanor C and David L Valentine and Scranton, Mary I and John D Kessler} } @mastersthesis {6008, title = {Development of Autonomous Surface Vessels for Hydrographic Survey Applications}, volume = {Ocean Engineering}, year = {2016}, month = {05/2016}, pages = {123}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Autonomously navigating surface vessels have a variety of potential applications for ocean mapping. The use of small vessels for coastal mapping is investigated through development of hardware and software that form a complete system for survey operations. The hardware is selected to minimize cost while maximizing flexibility for installation on different platforms. MOOS-IvP open-source autonomy software enables independent operation of the vessel and provides for human monitoring. Custom applications allow the sensors and actuators of the hardware platforms to interface with MOOS-IvP.

An autonomy behavior is developed that replicates current human driven survey acquisition, in which the boat plans paths automatically to achieve full survey coverage with a swath sonar system. With initial input of a survey boundary and depths from the onboard sonar system, subsequent paths are planned to be offset based on the collected data. This behavior is tested in simulation and field experiments.

A model reference adaptive control system for the heading of the vessel is investigated for improved reliability of vessel operation in a variety of conditions and over the full range of operation speeds. Simulations tests verify the adaptation of two types of controllers. A new method for speed control to increase endurance and decrease engine wear is also proposed and simulated. Together, these developments form an easily configurable system that provides automated hydrographic survey capability to a vessel with minimal human involvement for optimal performance.

}, keywords = {Applied sciences; ASV; Autonomous surface vessel; Control system; Hydrography; Path planning; Unmanned}, author = {Damian Manda} } @article {5838, title = {Developments in Eelgrass Mapping Methodology Using Hydrographic Multi-beam Sonar}, year = {2016}, month = {March 30}, address = {EPA District 1 Offices, Boston, MA}, abstract = {

The goal of this work is to develop a data collection and processing methodology for water column backscatter data collected with a multi-beam echo-sounder (Teledyne Odom MB1) to determine the presence or absence, percent cover, maximum depth limit, and canopy height of eelgrass beds. Acoustic eelgrass mapping is of particular use in deep waters and turbid estuaries, where aerial imagery does not reveal the necessary detail for analysis. Presented here are updates to this project, including fieldwork completed in the summer and fall of 2015. The three main updates to the project are: a more comprehensive delineation of the deep edge of eelgrass beds in Portsmouth Harbor; trials of a remotely-operated survey vehicle with the same sensor package used for our boat-based multi-beam surveys over eelgrass beds; and the extension of canopy and bottom picks further out across the swath of the multi-beam.

}, keywords = {eelgrass mapping}, author = {Ashley R Norton and Semme J Dijkstra} } @article {5644, title = {Distribution and Diversity of Tunicates Utilizing Eelgrass as Substrate in the Western North Atlantic: A Latitudinal Study Between N 39{\textdegree} and N 47{\textdegree}}, volume = {7}, year = {2016}, month = {February 8}, pages = {51-57}, abstract = {

Seagrass meadows are ecologically important habitats that are declining globally at an accelerating rate due to natural and anthropogenic stressors. Their decline is a serious concern as this habitat provides many ecosystem services. Eelgrass (Zostera marina) is the dominant seagrass species in the western North Atlantic. It has recently been established that invasive tunicate species possibly threaten the health of eelgrass beds. Colonization of eelgrass leaves by tunicates can inhibit eelgrass growth and may cause shoot mortality. To document the distribution and diversity of tunicate species that attach to eelgrass in the western North Atlantic, we surveyed twenty-one eelgrass sites from New Jersey to Newfoundland. Eight species of tunicates were found to be colonizing eelgrass, of which 6 are considered invasive.
Botrylloides violaceus and Botryllus schlosseri were most commonly attached to eelgrass, with B. schlosseri having the largest latitudinal range of any species. Tunicate faunas attached to eelgrass were less diverse north of Gloucester, Massachusetts, where individual survey sites exhibited two species at most and only 4 of the 8 species observed in this study. Percent tunicate cover on eelgrass tended to fall within the 1\–25 range, with occasional coverage up to \>75\–100. Density of eelgrass was highly variable among sites, ranging from \<1 to 820 shoots/m2. The solitary tunicate Ciona intestinalis was only found on eelgrass at the highest latitude sampled, in Newfoundland, where it is a new invader. The tunicates observed in this study, both solitary and colonial, are viable when attached to eelgrass and pose a potential threat to overgrow and weaken seagrass shoots and reduce the sustainability of seagrass meadows.\ 

}, keywords = {Ascidiacea, eelgrass, invasive species, tunicates, Zostera marina}, author = {M.R. Carman and Colarusso, P.D. and Nelson, E.P. and Grunden, D.W. and Wong, M.C. and McKenzie, C. and Matheson, K. and Davidson, J. and Fox, S. and Neckles, H. and Bayley, H. and Schott, S. and Jennifer A. Dijkstra and Stewart-Clark, S.} } @article {5840, title = {Dynamic Change Arcs to Explore Model Forecasts}, volume = {35(3)}, year = {2016}, month = {June 6}, pages = {311-320}, abstract = {

In many planning applications, a computational model is used to make predictions about the effects of management or engineering decisions. To understand the implications of alternative scenarios, a user typically adjusts one or more of the input parameters, runs the model, and examines the outcomes using simple charts. For example, a time series showing changes in productivity or revenue might be generated. While this approach can be effective in showing the projected effects of changes to the model\&$\#$39;s input parameters, it fails to show the mechanisms that cause those changes. In order to promote understanding of model mechanics using a simple graphical device, we propose dynamic change arcs. Dynamic change arcs graphically reveal the internal model structure as cause and effect linkages. They are signed to show both positive and negative effects. We implemented this concept using a species interaction model developed for fisheries management based on a system of Lotka-Volterra equations. The model has 10 economically important fish species and incorporates both predation and competition between species. The model predicts that changing the catch of one species can sometimes result in changes in biomass of another species through multi-step causal chains. The dynamic change arcs make it possible to interpret the resulting complex causal chains and interaction effects. We carried out an experiment to evaluate three alternative forms of arcs for portraying causal connections in the model. The results show that all linkage representations enabled participants to reason better about complex chains of causality than not showing linkages. However, none of them were significantly better than the others.

}, doi = {10.1111/cgf.12907}, author = {Carmen St Jean and Colin Ware and Robert Gamble} } @article {5545, title = {Eelgrass and Macroalgal Mapping to Develop Nutrient Criteria in New Hampshire{\textquoteright}s Estuaries Using Hyperspectral Imagery}, volume = {SI76}, year = {2016}, pages = {209-218}, doi = {10.2112/SI76-018}, url = {http://www.jcronline.org/doi/pdf/10.2112/SI76-018}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Morrison, John R and Frederick, Short and Mathieson, Arthur and Thomas C Lippmann} } @article {5921, title = {Effect of Low Complexity Adaptive Beamforming on Seafloor Backscatter Statistics}, year = {2016}, month = {Nov 28 - Dec 2}, pages = {Honolulu, HI}, author = {T.I.B. L{\o}nmo and Anthony P. Lyons} } @proceedings {6539, title = {Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems as Systems of Dynamic and Interactive Cartography (In Greek with English Abstract)}, year = {2016}, month = {November 2 - 4}, publisher = {Hellenic Cartographic Society}, address = {Thessaloniki, Greece}, abstract = {

The creation of the Mercator chart has been a milestone in nautical cartography, namely the composition and production of charts aiding mariners to safely navigate their vessels. The development and propagation of digital systems in the last decades of the 20th century, was instrumental for the collection and processing of data pertaining to the coastal and maritime environment as well as to nautical cartography. In the 1980s, utilizing the capabilities that technology could provide, the hydrographic community turned to the creation of Electronic Charts, initially in raster and subsequently in vector format. Soon, the electronic chart became a key tool for mariners and, in the end, part of a vessel\’s carriage requirements. In particular, and pursuant to the SOLAS Convention (Safety Of Life At Sea), the use of ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems) is an obligation for vessels, depending to their size and the year they were built (UN, 1974; IMO, 2000). ECDISs are integrated information systems using as cartographic background the electronic navigational charts produced by the official hydrographic organizations on the basis of international specifications, and are interconnected with other systems aboard the vessel to assist navigation. This paper presents the capabilities of electronic charts and ECDIS as interactive and dynamic mapping systems, which allow the user to perform a number of tasks for the vessel\’s navigation, to modify the chart settings, to change the cartographic representation and the type/number of appearing information as well as the feedback he receives throughout the voyage.

}, keywords = {Dynamic Cartography, Electronic Charts Display and Information Systems (ECDIS), Electronic Navigational Charts, Nautical cartography}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.33805.38880/1}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309704039_Electronic_Chart_Display_and_Information_Systems_as_Systems_of_Dynamic_and_Interactive_Cartography_in_Greek_with_English_abstract_-_Ta_Systemata_Elektronikon_Charton_gia_ten_Ploegese_Skaphon_os_System}, author = {Christos Kastrisios and Lysandros Tsoulos} } @article {6233, title = {Ephemerality of Discrete Methane Vents in Lake Sediments}, volume = {43,9}, year = {2016}, month = {May 16}, pages = {4374{\textendash}4381}, publisher = {American Geophysical Union }, abstract = {

Methane is a potent greenhouse gas whose emission from sediments in inland waters and shallow oceans may both contribute to global warming and be exacerbated by it. The fraction of methane emitted by sediments that bypasses dissolution in the water column and reaches the atmosphere as bubbles depends on the mode and spatiotemporal characteristics of venting from the sediments. Earlier studies have concluded that hot spots\—persistent, high-flux vents\—dominate the regional ebullitive flux from submerged sediments. Here the spatial structure, persistence, and variability in the intensity of methane venting are analyzed using a high-resolution multibeam sonar record acquired at the bottom of a lake during multiple deployments over a 9 month period. We confirm that ebullition is strongly episodic, with distinct regimes of high flux and low flux largely controlled by changes in hydrostatic pressure. Our analysis shows that the spatial pattern of ebullition becomes homogeneous at the sonar\&$\#$39;s resolution over time scales of hours (for high-flux periods) or days (for low-flux periods), demonstrating that vents are ephemeral rather than persistent, and suggesting that long-term, lake-wide ebullition dynamics may be modeled without resolving the fine-scale spatial structure of venting.

}, doi = {10.1002/2016GL068668}, author = {Scandella, Benjamin P and Liam Pillsbury and Thomas C Weber and Carolyn Ruppel and Hemond, Harold F and Juanes, Ruben} } @article {5844, title = {E/V Nautilus EM302 Multibeam Echosounder System Review NA070 - April 10-15, 2016}, year = {2016}, pages = {74}, institution = {University of New Hampshire}, chapter = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

The E/V Nautilus undertook an engineering shakedown leg (NA070) in order to perform an assessment of the vessel\’s Kongsberg EM302 multibeam echosounder. Data were collected near the continental shelf break (Figure 1) offshore from Victoria, British Columbia during April 10-15, 2016. Paul Johnson and Kevin Jerram provided logistical and technical support for mission planning, data collection, and analysis.

}, keywords = {e/v nautilus, em302 multibeam}, author = {Paul Johnson and Kevin Jerram} } @proceedings {5821, title = {Evaluating Outside Source Interferometric Data for Chart Updates}, year = {2016}, month = {May 16-19}, publisher = {Canadian Hydrographic Association}, address = {Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada}, abstract = {

Incorporation of \“outside source\” bathymetric data is advantageous to maintaining accurate and current NOAA nautical charts. Whether from governmental, academic, or commercial sources, many surveys are conducted annually around the country for purposes other than hydrography. While many of these surveys adhere only to some degree to the NOAA and International Hydrographic Office requirements, when properly vetted they provide useful information for survey reconnaissance and chart updates. Most outside source data comes from beam-forming sonars similar to those used by NOAA. However, a small portion comes from interferometric (non beam-forming, phase measuring) systems, which until recently NOAA did not accept for internal or contract survey work. This exclusion results from the volume of data and noisy nature of first generation systems, whose data proved difficult for NOAA\’s standard processing methods and software to accommodate. Here we investigate a USGS survey within Buzzards Bay, MA, collected with a first generation SEA SwathPlus interferometric sonar. Methods are shown for assessing the data for hydrographic purposes. In addition, methods are proposed for assessing survey uncertainty allowing the data to be used for charting. Guidelines are given for collection and processing of data that may aid in their future use for hydrography.

}, keywords = {chart updates, Interfermometric data}, author = {Cassandra Bongiovanni and Val Schmidt} } @mastersthesis {6005, title = {Evaluating the Usage of Multi-frequency Backscatter Data as an Additional Tool for Seafloor Characterization}, volume = {Earth Sciences/Ocean Mapping}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2016}, pages = {161}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

A reliable understanding regarding the seafloor characteristics can have innumerable application in a variety of fields of knowledge, such as ocean mapping and military fields. In the last decades, studies associating backscatter intensity to seafloor characterization have increased, based on the principle that different types of seabed may provide, a priori, different reflectivity responses patterns. Those differences in intensity levels can be used to attempt seafloor classification.

This thesis proposes to evaluate the potential usage of multi-frequency backscatter as an additional tool for seafloor characterization. Modern multibeam systems can provide high-resolution bathymetry and backscatter data. The echosounder used to collect data for this research was a Kongsberg EM 2040, which can operate using three different center frequencies (200, 300 and 400 kHz) at a time. The backscatter data, which was collected using all three available frequencies, was investigated under two different perspectives. The first one consists of interpreting how backscattering strength curves may vary when the same frequency is used to ensonify distinct types of substrates. This approach can be used to establish a connection between acoustic wavelength and intensity levels, and the result is supposed to be useful in seafloor characterization. The second perspective consists of verifying the existence of any frequency dependency, such as seafloor roughness or sediment volume contribution, when the same type of seabed is ensonified with different frequencies.

Beyond that, some of the corrections that had been applied to the raw data during the data acquisition process were compared to post-processing models, which, a priori, might be more accurate, in order to evaluate, under some circumstances, if approximations made by the acquisition software could impact the final result.

}, keywords = {EM 2040; Frequency dependency; Multibeam backscatter; Multifrequency backscatter; Seafloor characterization; Sonar equation}, author = {Anderson Pe{\c c}anha} } @article {5788, title = {Evaluating the Utility of EAARL-B Lidar Waveforms for Mapping Coral Reef Habitats}, year = {2016}, month = {July 19-21}, address = {Silver Spring, MD}, keywords = {coral reef habitats, lidar waveforms}, author = {B. Costa and Tim Battista and Christopher E Parrish and Jennifer A. Dijkstra} } @article {5546, title = {Evaluation of Chart Adequacy over the Arctic North Slope using a Satellite-Derived Bathymetry multi-temporal approach}, year = {2016}, pages = {56-63}, doi = {10.2112/SI76-006}, url = {http://www.jcronline.org/doi/pdf/10.2112/SI76-006}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Madore, Brian and Nyberg, John and Snyder, Leland P and Christopher E Parrish and Smith, Shep M} } @article {5939, title = {An Evaluation of the Frequency Response of Hydrocarbon Droplets}, year = {2016}, month = {May 23-27}, pages = {Salt Lake City, UT}, abstract = {

Development of instrumentation to detect and quantify submerged oil droplets would provide researchers and oil spill responders with crucial information about the fate and movement of oil in the environment. By detecting oil droplets in the watercolumn it should be possible to trace surface sheens to their source and to determine the location and extent of plumes of oil at depth. Methods of detecting oil currently exist, for example, mass spectrometers and fluorometers; however, they are limited to detecting oil that is submeter range from the instrument. Using broadband high frequency (30\–300 kHz) acoustic echosounders, it is possible to not only detect oil droplets from a greater distance (10s of meters for individual droplets, depending on the background noise) but to quantify the physical properties of the oil, including the size of droplets. Droplet size is an important factor in determining the likely location of submerged plumes and surface sheens, the rate of biodegradation and rise rate of oil. Laboratory measurements of the broadband response along with the sound speed, density and droplet size of crude oil, diesel, gasoline, and kerosene have been made. The frequency response of the droplets have been compared to models for the target strength of fluid filled spheres to verify the models, and to empirically derive adjustments if necessary. The data are also used to empirically estimate a detection range limit for different densities of droplets determined.

}, keywords = {frequency response, hydrocarbon}, url = {http://acousticalsociety.org/content/program-171st-meeting-acoustical-society-america}, author = {Loranger, Scott and Thomas C Weber} } @article {5814, title = {Evidence for an Ice Shelf Covering the Central Arctic Ocean During the Penultimate Glaciation}, volume = {7}, year = {2016}, month = {January 18}, publisher = {Macmillan Publishers Ltd.}, abstract = {

The hypothesis of a km-thick ice shelf covering the entire Arctic Ocean during peak glacial conditions was proposed nearly half a century ago. Floating ice shelves preserve few direct traces after their disappearance, making reconstructions difficult. Seafloor imprints of ice shelves should, however, exist where ice grounded along their flow paths. Here we present new evidence of ice-shelf groundings on bathymetric highs in the central Arctic Ocean, resurrecting the concept of an ice shelf extending over the entire central Arctic Ocean during at least one previous ice age. New and previously mapped glacial landforms together reveal flow of a spatially coherent, in some regions \>1-km thick, central Arctic Ocean ice shelf dated to marine isotope stage 6 (~140\ ka). Bathymetric highs were likely critical in the ice-shelf development by acting as pinning points where stabilizing ice rises formed, thereby providing sufficient back stress to allow ice shelf thickening.

}, keywords = {Arctic Ocean, glaciation, ice shelf}, doi = {doi:10.1038/ncomms10365}, url = {http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2016/160118/ncomms10365/full/ncomms10365.html}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Johan Nilsson and Anderson, L and Backman, Jan and Bjork, G and Cronin, Tomas and Kirchner, N. and Koshurnikov, Andrey and Larry A Mayer and Noormets, R. and O{\textquoteright}Regan, M A and Christian Stranne and Ananiev, R. and Barrientos, Natalia and Chernykh, D. and Helen K. Coxall and Bjorn Eriksson and Floden, Tom and Laura Gemery and Gustafson, Orjan and Kevin Jerram and Johansson, Carina and Khortov, Alexey and Mohammad, R. and Semiltov, I.} } @article {5815, title = {Exploration of Hydrothermal Vents Along the Galapagos Spreading Center}, volume = {29, No.1, Supplement}, year = {2016}, month = {March}, pages = {35-7}, publisher = {The Oceanography Society}, keywords = {galapagos, hydrothermal vents}, url = {http://tos.org/oceanography/assets/images/content/29-1_supplement.pdf}, author = {Nicole A Raineault and Robert Ballard and Larry A Mayer and Fisher, Charles R. and Carey, S. and Marsh, Leigh and Renato Kane and T{\"u}z{\"u}n, Suna and Shank, T M and Smart, Clara} } @article {6068, title = {Exploring the Geology of the Central Arctic Ocean {\textendash} Understanding the Basin Features in Place and Time}, volume = {173}, year = {2016}, month = {November}, pages = {967-987}, abstract = {

The history of the deep Arctic Ocean is largely unwritten. The means to understand this history may now be at hand. Bathymetry and potential field data have accumulated to the point it is possible to ask specific questions about the origins and evolution of the individual ridges and basins. The two primary basins have contrasting histories and deficits of understanding. The Eurasia Basin, formed during the Cenozoic, is well understood as far as the kinematics are concerned. The dynamics of ultraslow spreading, as observed on the Gakkel Ridge, are not well understood. It is widely thought that the Amerasia Basin formed during the Mesozoic. Most previous work has begun with a large-scale model of the basin tectonics and fit the ridges and basins it into this pattern. Enough is now known to establish the internal structure and relations from specific observations rather than a priori assumptions. This paper reviews knowledge about the central Arctic Ocean and proposes what should be done to develop a historical understanding of basin history. Ground truth from Arctic Ocean sediments is necessary. It will not be possible to establish the history of events, in geological time, until the sediments have been sampled and dated.

}, keywords = {amerasia basin, Arctic Ocean, basin features, Eurasia basin}, doi = {10.1144/jgs2016-082 }, url = {http://jgs.geoscienceworld.org.libproxy.unh.edu/content/173/6/967}, author = {Coakley, Bernie and Brumley, K and Lebedeva-Ivanova, N. and David C Mosher} } @article {6420, title = {Extended Continental Shelf Mapping Cruise in Vicinity of Palmyra Atoll}, year = {2016}, month = {February 10}, pages = {180}, institution = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping / Joint Hydrographic Center}, chapter = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center}, address = {Durham, NH}, keywords = {Law of the Sea}, author = {Andrew A. Armstrong and David C Mosher} } @article {6454, title = {First Wide-Angle View of Channelized Turbidity Currents Links Migrating Cyclic Steps to Flow Characteristics}, volume = {7}, year = {2016}, month = {June 10}, publisher = {Nature}, abstract = {

Field observations of turbidity currents remain scarce, and thus there is continued debate about their internal structure and how they modify underlying bedforms. Here, I present the results of a new imaging method that examines multiple surge-like turbidity currents within a delta front channel, as they pass over crescent-shaped bedforms. Seven discrete flows over a 2-h period vary in speed from 0.5 to 3.0\ ms\−1. Only flows that exhibit a distinct acoustically attenuating layer at the base, appear to cause bedform migration. That layer thickens abruptly downstream of the bottom of the lee slope of the bedform, and the upper surface of the layer fluctuates rapidly at that point. The basal layer is inferred to reflect a strong near-bed gradient in density and the thickening is interpreted as a hydraulic jump. These results represent field-scale flow observations in support of a cyclic step origin of crescent-shaped bedforms.

}, doi = {10.1038/ncomms11896}, url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms11896}, author = {John E. Hughes Clarke} } @article {5769, title = {A Fish Eyes View of the Impact of Non-native Seaweeds on Temperate Reef Seascapes}, year = {2016}, month = {March 16-19}, address = {Portland, ME}, keywords = {non-native seaweeds, temperate reef seascapes}, author = {Jennifer A. Dijkstra and A S Litterer and Kristen Mello and Yuri Rzhanov and Paul Johnson} } @article {5922, title = {Geomorphology of the Northwest Atlantic Continental Margin: The Role of Deep Sea Sedimentation Processes}, year = {2016}, month = {December 12-16}, pages = {San Francisco, CA}, abstract = {

Deep-sea sedimentation processes impart a fundamental control on the morphology of the western North Atlantic continental margin from Blake Spur to Hudson Strait. This fact is illustrated by the variable patterns of cross-margin gradients that are based on extensive new multibeam echo-sounder data in concert with subbottom profiler and seismic reflection data. Most of the continental margin has a steep (\>3o) upper slope down to 1500 to 2500 m and then a gradual middle and lower slope with a general concave upward shape There is a constant
interplay of deep sea sedimentation processes, but the general morphology is dictated by the dominant one. Erosion by off-shelf sediment transport in turbidity currents creating channels, gullies and canyons creates the steep upper slope. These gullies and canyons amalgamate to form singular channels that are conduits to the abyssal plain. This process results in a general seaward flattening of gradients, producing a concave-upward continuous, curvilinear slope profile. Comparatively, sediment mass failure produces steeper upper slopes due to head scarp development and a wedging architecture to the lower slope as deposits thin in the\ downslope direction. This process results in either a two-segment slope, and/or a significant downslope gradient change where MTDs pinch out.

Large sediment bodies deposited by contour-following currents are developed all along the margin. Blake Ridge, Sackville Spur, and Hamilton Spur are large detached drifts on disparate parts of the margin. Along their crests, they form a linear profile from the shelf to abyssal plain. Deeper portions of the US continental margin are dominated by the Chesapeake Drift and Hatteras Outer Ridge; both plastered elongate mounded drifts. Farther north, particularly on the Grand Banks margin, are plastered and separated drifts. These drifts tend to form bathymetric steps in profile, where they onlap the margin. Stacked drifts create several steps. Turbidites of the abyssal plain onlap the lowermost drift creating a significant gradient change at this juncture. Understanding the geomorphological consequences of deep sea sedimentation processes is important to extended continental shelf mapping, for example, in which gradient change is a critical metric.

}, author = {David C Mosher and Campbell, D.C. and James V. Gardner and J.D. Chaytor and Piper, D.J.W. and M. Rebesco} } @article {6119, title = {GIS Application to Post Super Storm Sandy Marine Debris Assessment and Categorization}, year = {2016}, month = {November 1-3}, pages = {Redlands, CA}, abstract = {

Super Storm Sandy in 2012 produced marine debris along the east coast of the US. Marine debris poses a danger to navigation and impacts marine habitat. FEMA, NOAA and state/local agencies surveyed and removed marine debris in coastal areas. We analyzed remaining debris in GIS to find potential dangers to navigation, mapped debris with lidar and imagery, recommended best practices for future response on how marine debris data is attributed to inform further action of decision makers.

}, keywords = {Dangers to Navigation (DTONs), GIS, LIDAR, marine debris, super storm sandy}, url = {http://proceedings.esri.com/library/userconf/oceans16/index.html}, author = {Michael Bogonko and Juliet Kinney and Sarah Wolfskehl and Andrew A. Armstrong and Michael White and Samantha Bruce} } @article {6455, title = {Glacial lineations in Navy Board Inlet, Nunavut, Canada}, journal = {Geological Society Memoir}, year = {2016}, doi = {10.1144/M46.56}, author = {Bennett, R. and MacLean, B. and Blasco, S. and John E. Hughes Clarke} } @article {6003, title = {The Glacimarine Sediment Budget of the Nares Strait-Petermann Fjord Area Since the Last Glacial Maximum}, year = {2016}, month = {December 12-16}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, abstract = {

During the Petermann 2015 Expedition of the Swedish icebreaker Oden more than 6500 line-km of high-resolution chirp sub-bottom profiles (2-7 kHz) were acquired in Petermann Fjord and Nares Strait in the area immediately outside of the fjord. The sub-bottom profiles reveal a highly-variable distribution of post-glacial sediment that appears to be largely controlled by the rugged relief of the underlying bedrock. Sediment thicknesses are between 0-60 m above bedrock and comprise predominantly acoustically-stratified, homogeneous to transparent acoustic facies. In Petermann Fjord itself unlithified sediment cover typically comprises two units: an underlying acoustically-transparent unit overlain by an acoustically-stratified unit. Both of these units are conformable over scoured and fairly flat bedrock terrain; small basins are present only locally. Outside of the fjord are a few local sedimentary basins containing up to 40 m of stratified basin-fill deposits, and several areas of stacked mass-flow deposits. Glacial lineations both in the fjord and Nares Strait are formed in an acoustically-homogenous unit that underlies stratified and transparent units. In addition to the sub-bottom profiles, approximately 780 line-km of 2D seismic reflection profiles were acquired using an airgun (210 cu in.) and a 300-m long streamer. These profiles have allowed us to map full unlithified sediment thicknesses down to basement in the area. Here we present the results of this mapping and we calculate the volumes of a prominent grounding-zone wedge at the mouth of Petermann Fjord, and smaller GZWs in Kennedy Channel. These features demarcate former still-stand positions of grounded ice retreating through this system, both towards the present-day grounding line of Petermann Glacier and southwards through Nares Strait. Post-glacial sediment volumes are also calculated and the sedimentary processes responsible for their distribution examined. These data, when combined with chronological information, will provide sediment fluxes through the Petermann system and help us to identify how the system has responded to a past global warming event, namely the last deglaciation. This is particularly important in light of the recent thinning and acceleration of NW Greenland\’s marine-terminating outlet glaciers at present.

}, keywords = {glacial maximum, glacimarine sediment budget, nares strait, petermann fjord}, url = {https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm16/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/172466}, author = {Hogan, K. and Martin Jakobsson and Larry A Mayer and Mix, A C and Kevin Jerram and Nielsen, T. and Kamla, E. and Christian Stranne and Bjorn Eriksson} } @article {6913, title = {Global Geodetic Reference Frame for Sustainable Development (E-C20-2016-3}, year = {2016}, month = {June}, institution = {United Nations}, chapter = {Committee of Experts on Global Geospatial Information Management, Sixth Session {\textendash} Economic and Social Council}, author = {Neil Weston} } @inbook {5961, title = {Global Trends in Ocean Noise}, booktitle = {Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life II}, volume = {2}, year = {2016}, pages = {713-718}, publisher = {Springer Science \& Business Media, LLC}, organization = {Springer Science \& Business Media, LLC}, chapter = {Global Trends in Ocean Noise}, address = {New York, NY}, abstract = {

This ongoing work provides information about sound level trends from three ocean regions to compare with those of the North Pacific to determine whether increasing sound levels are a global phenomenon. Here the term soundscape is used to describe a measured physical property that can be selectively decomposed by frequency and sound level is used to provide insight relating to conditions ranging from the quietest conditions (sound floor) to the most extreme acoustic events. Acoustic time series from the Indian, South Atlantic, and Equatorial Pacific Oceans were used to quantify the rate and direction of low-frequency change over the past decade.

}, keywords = {Ambient Sound, Global Trends, Ocean Noise, Sound Floor, Soundscape}, doi = {10.1007/978-1-4939-2981-8_86}, author = {Jennifer Miksis-Olds}, editor = {A.N. Popper and A. Hawkins} } @article {5823, title = {Hairy Slices: Evaluating the Perceptual Effectiveness of Cutting Plane Glyphs for 3D Vector Fields}, volume = {23(1)}, year = {2016}, publisher = {IEEE Computer Society}, abstract = {

Three-dimensional vector fields are common datasets throughout the sciences. Visualizing these fields is inherently difficult, due to issues such as visual clutter and self-occlusion. Cutting planes are often used to overcome these issues by presenting more manageable slices of data. The existing literature provides many techniques for visualizing the flow through these cutting planes, however there is a lack of empirical studies focused on the underlying perceptual cues that make popular techniques successful. This paper presents a quantitative human factors study that evaluates static monoscopic depth and orientation cues in the context of cutting plane glyph designs for exploring and analyzing 3D flow fields. The goal of the study was to ascertain the relative effectiveness of various techniques for portraying the direction of flow through a cutting plane at a given point, and to identify the visual cues and combinations of cues involved, and how they contribute to accurate performance. It was found that increasing the dimensionality of line-based glyphs into tubular structures enhances their ability to convey orientation through shading, and that increasing their diameter intensifies this effect. These tube-based glyphs were also less sensitive to visual clutter issues at higher densities. Adding shadows to lines was also found to increase perception of flow direction. Implications of the experimental results are discussed and extrapolated into a number of guidelines for designing more perceptually effective glyphs for 3D vector field visualizations.

}, author = {Andrew H. Stevens and Butkiewicz, Thomas and Colin Ware} } @article {6813, title = {High-Frequency Seafloor Scattering in a Dynamic Harbor Environment: Observations of Change Over Time Scales of Seconds to Seasons}, volume = {140(4)}, year = {2016}, month = {November 18}, pages = {3348-3349}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, abstract = {

Predicting sonar performance in a harbor environment can be made challenging by the dynamics of the upper and lower surface boundaries. In this talk we examine measurements of the seabed in Portsmouth Harbor, NH. Tidally influenced currents in the Piscataqua River make Portsmouth Harbor one of the most challenging commercial ports to navigate in the northeastern United States. The level of interaction between these currents and the harbor floor is a function of the substrate type. Stereo-camera observations in a sand-wave field near the harbor entrance show fluctuations in microscale roughness and optical reflectance at time scales of seconds during periods of high current. Despite the observed microscale dynamics in the sand-wave field, acoustic observations of both high-frequency seabed scattering strength and mesoscale topography in the same area appear stationary over time scales up to seasons. The low-level of observed fluctuations in scattering strength from the sand-wave field are commensurate with the gravel (and presumably less mobile) river thalweg. Nearby bedrock and sand seafloors show similarly low fluctuations over large time scales, despite seasonal variations in benthic fauna.

}, doi = {10.1121/1.4970700}, author = {Thomas C Weber and Larry G Ward} } @article {6002, title = {The History of Retreat Dynamics of Petermann Glacier Inferred from Submarine Glacial Landforms}, year = {2016}, month = {December 12-16}, pages = {San Francisco, CA}, abstract = {

Preserved submarine glacial landforms produced at the base and margin of ice sheets and outlet glaciers comprise records of past ice dynamics complementary to modern glaciological process studies. The Petermann 2015 Expedition on the Swedish icebreaker Oden systematically mapped approximately 3100 km2 of the seafloor in Petermann Fjord and the adjacent Hall Basin of Nares Strait, northwest Greenland, with an EM122 (12 kHz) multibeam and SBP120 (2-7 kHz) chirp sub-bottom profiler. Complete, overlapping mapping coverage permitted compilation of a high-quality (15x15m) digital terrain model (DTM). In addition, the seafloor at the margin of one of the smaller outlet glaciers draining into the Petermann Fjord and selected shallow areas along the coast were mapped using a small survey boat (RV Skidbladner), equipped with an EM2040 (200-300 kHz) multibeam. High-resolution (2 x 2 m) DTMs were compiled from the RV Skidbladner surveys. The seafloor morphology of Petermann Fjord and adjacent Hall Basin is dominated by a stunning glacial landform record comprising the imprints of Petermann Glacier\’s retreat dynamics since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The entrance to Petermann Fjord consists of a prominent bathymetric sill formed by a large well-develop grounding zone wedge that undoubtedly represents a stability point during the glacier\’s retreat history. The deepest entrance to the fjord is 443 m and located on the southern side of this grounding zone wedge. Outside of this grounding zone wedge in Hall Basin, less well developed grounding zones appears to be present. The landform assemblage in between the grounding zones, in particular the lack of retreat ridges, may signify a leap-frog behavior of the glacier\’s retreat; rapid break-up and disintegration of the outlet glacier causing retreat back to the next stability point dictated by the local bedrock geology. While numerous classical glacial landforms characteristic for fast flowing ice streams are identified, the multibeam bathymetry also reveals an enigmatic, toilet bowl-shaped features whose origin is still unclear. The collected data during the Petermann 2015 Expedition will among other things provide new insights into ice shelf-ocean interactions, essential to projecting future climate impacts on Greenland and global sea level changes.

}, keywords = {petermann glacier, retreat dynamics, submarine glacial landforms}, url = {https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm16/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/164992}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Hogan, K. and Larry A Mayer and Mix, A C and Kevin Jerram and Mohammad, R. and Christian Stranne and Bjorn Eriksson} } @article {5717, title = {The Influence of Substrate Material on Ascidian Larval Settlement}, volume = {106}, year = {2016}, month = {May 15}, pages = {35-42}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {

Submerged man-made structures present novel habitat for marine organisms and often host communities that differ from those on natural substrates. Although many factors are known to contribute to these differences, few studies have directly examined the influence of substrate material on organism settlement. We quantified larval substrate preferences of two species of ascidians, Ciona intestinalis (cryptogenic, formerly C. intestinalis type B) and Botrylloides violaceus (non-native), on commonly occurring natural (granite) and man-made (concrete, high-density polyethylene, PVC) marine materials in laboratory trials. Larvae exhibited species-specific settlement preferences, but generally settled more often than expected by chance on concrete and HDPE. Variation in settlement between materials may reflect preferences for rougher substrates, or may result from the influence of leached chemicals on ascidian settlement. These findings indicate that an experimental plate material can influence larval behavior and may help us understand how substrate features may contribute to differences in settlement in the field.

}, keywords = {Artificial substrate, Ascidians, Botrylloides violaceus, Ciona intestinalis, Larval substrate preference, Surface roughness}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X16301795}, author = {A.L. Chase and Jennifer A. Dijkstra and Larry G. Harris} } @article {6188, title = {An Integrated GIS Methodology for the Determination and Delineation οf Juridical Bays}, volume = {122}, year = {2016}, month = {March}, pages = {30-36}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {

One of the fundamental concepts of the Convention on the Law of the Sea is that of the baselines, where from the breadth of the maritime zones is measured. Baselines, delimiting the land and internal waters from the sea, can be any combination of normal, straight, archipelagic or bay-closing lines. The determination of the coastline indentations at which the coastal State is entitled to draw bay-closing lines has been a complicated and time-consuming task. Existing GIS environments carry out the process semi-automatically with the user undertaking the location of the candidate indentation and the software validating the length and semi-circle criteria stipulated by the Convention. This process has the inherent weakness that indentations meeting both criteria may remain undetected. This paper presents, implements and evaluates a methodology for the determination of all indentations along the coastline that can be closed with bay-closing lines without the intervention of the user. The proposed methodology addresses the issue of juridical bays in its entirety, including the existence or absence of headlands, the presence of islands in the mouth of the bay, as well as the maximization of the area of the bay, something that currently available solutions are lacking in.

}, keywords = {Bay-closing lines, Juridical bays, Maritime delimitation, Maritime zones and boundaries, Territorial sea baselines}, doi = {10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.01.005}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0964569116300059}, author = {Christos Kastrisios and Lysandros Tsoulos} } @article {5943, title = {Integrated Studies of the New Hampshire Shoreline and Continental Shelf: An Important Step Towards Coastal Resiliency}, year = {2016}, month = {October 25-28}, pages = {Long Branch, NJ}, abstract = {

The coast of New Hampshire (NH), like many paraglacial environments, is extremely heterogeneous ranging from bedrock outcrops, beaches interrupted by rocky headlands or remnant glacial features (e.g., drumlins), and barrier islands. The composition of the beaches reflects this extreme variability ranging from fine sand to cobbles with bimodal sediment populations being common. The NH shoreline to date has exhibited only small changes in position largely due to the low relative sea-level rise, bedrock outcrops, and extensive engineering structures. Changes in the location of the NH shoreline was determined from charts and orthophotography dating back to the late 1800s and more recent lidar surveys using the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS). Due to its relatively short length (~29 km), the entire coast was analyzed at a fine (50 m) spatial resolution. In general, the larger southern barrier beaches show a small net seaward movement (accretion), while the northern beaches show a small net shoreward movement (erosion). In contrast, the beaches have undergone larger vertical changes (volumetric) based on comparison of lidar surveys and seasonal beach profiling. Comparison of the lidar surveys from 2000 to 2014 showed large variability in trends, but most beaches appeared to have a net loss of sediment. However, the two largest beaches in the state (Hampton Beach and Seabrook Beach) show more gains than losses. To offset the vertical changes in elevation and to extend their widths, selected beaches have periodically been nourished. Although coastal erosion issues in NH have not been overwhelming, the expected acceleration in sea-level rise and the increase in storm severity will result in new challenges and requires building coastal resiliency. To address this expected need, offshore sources of suitable sand and gravel resources are being evaluated with significant support from Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, the New Hampshire Geological Survey, and the University of New Hampshire Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center. Similar to the shoreline environment, the continental shelf of NH and vicinity is extremely heterogeneous and is composed of extensive bedrock outcrops, sand and gravel deposits, and muddier sediments. Depositional features are dominated by remnant glacial features (e.g., drumlins, eskers, moraines) that have been significantly modified by marine processes as sea level fluctuated following deglaciation. The glacial deposits have been eroded leaving very coarse lag deposits, while supplying sand to develop wave formed features (shoals). Many of these features have positive relief standing above the seafloor, lending evidence of their formation by waves and shallow water currents. Of particular interest is a large sand body that is ~3.2 km in length, ~1.3 km in width and has a maximum relief of ~7 m. As a result of the heterogeneity of the NH shelf, locating significant sand and gravel deposits is challenging. However, some of these modified glacial deposits and associated shoals, as well as some marine formed shoals, represent significant sand and gravel deposits that have the potential for future use for beach nourishment and other efforts to build coastal resiliency.

}, keywords = {coastal resiliency, continental shelf, new hampshire shoreline}, author = {Larry G Ward and Zachary S. McAvoy and N. Olsen and M. Vallee-Anziani and F. Chormann and K. McPherran and K. Nifong} } @article {5800, title = {Intensity and Reflectance Mapping for Habitat Mapping and Seafloor Characterization Using the Superstorm Sandy Lidar Data}, year = {2016}, month = {July 19-21}, address = {Silver Spring, MD}, keywords = {habitat mapping, reflectance mapping, superstorm sandy lidar}, author = {Juliet Kinney and Michael Bogonko and Michael White and Erin Nagel and Jennifer A. Dijkstra and Christopher E Parrish and Nicholas Wilson and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @article {5763, title = {Intraspecific Response of Colonial Ascidians to Variable Salinity Stress in an Era of Global Change}, volume = {551}, year = {2016}, month = {June 9}, pages = {215-225}, publisher = {Inter-Research}, address = {Oldendorf/Luhe, Germany }, abstract = {

Extreme or seasonal climatic events can lead to abrupt changes in environmental conditions. These events can produce a range of organismal responses that may help to protect local-scale populations against changes in climate. Empirical studies examining intraspecific variation in reproductive and physiological responses to varying durations of environmental stress are rare. We performed laboratory experiments under varying episodic and chronic salinities using the botryllid ascidians, Botrylloides nigrum and Botryllus planus. Our study illustrates intraspecific phenotypic variation to salinity stress. Respectively 40 and 20\% of B. nigrum and B. planus colonies exhibited a distinct physical behavior when exposed to low salinity treatments. They distended their cloacal cavities, exposing their pharyngeal baskets and neural glands. Physiological signs of salinity stress included higher mortality, lower heart rates and limited asexual reproduction in both species. The physical and physiological differences among clones and colonies highlight phenotypic variation within and between genotypes to selective environmental pressures in real time. Our results underscore the need to examine physiological responses of species under
varying durations of environmental stress. Plastic responses of species to fine-scale environmental change may aid their persistence in a future where extreme climatic events are likely to be more common and acute.

}, keywords = {colonial ascidians, variable salinity}, doi = {10.3354/meps11719}, url = {http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v551/p215-225/}, author = {Jennifer A. Dijkstra and Christina Simkanin} } @article {5959, title = {Is Low Frequency Ocean Sound Increasing Globally?}, volume = {139}, year = {2016}, month = {January}, pages = {501-511}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, abstract = {
Low frequency\ sound\ has increased in the Northeast Pacific Ocean over the past 60\ yr [Ross (1993)\ Acoust.\ Bull.\ 18, 5\–8; (2005) IEEE J. Ocean. Eng.\ 30, 257\–261; Andrew, Howe, Mercer, and Dzieciuch (2002) J.\ Acoust.\ Soc. Am.\ 129, 642\–651; McDonald, Hildebrand, and Wiggins (2006) J.\ Acoust.\ Soc. Am.\ 120, 711\–717; Chapman and Price (2011) J.\ Acoust.\ Soc. Am.\ 129, EL161\–EL165] and in the\ Indian Ocean\ over the past decade, [Miksis-Olds, Bradley, and Niu (2013) J.\ Acoust.\ Soc. Am.\ 134, 3464\–3475]. More recently, Andrew, Howe, and Mercer\&$\#$39;s [(2011) J.\ Acoust.\ Soc. Am.\ 129, 642\–651] observations in the Northeast Pacific show a level or slightly decreasing trend in low frequency\ noise.\ It remains unclear what the low frequency trends are in other regions of the world. In this work, data from the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test Ban Treaty Organization International Monitoring System was used to examine the rate and magnitude of change in low frequency\ sound\ (5\–115\ Hz) over the past decade in the South Atlantic and Equatorial Pacific Oceans. The dominant\ source\ observed in the South Atlantic was\ seismic\ air gun signals, while shipping and biologic\ sources\ contributed more to the acoustic environment at the Equatorial Pacific location.\ Sound\ levels over the past 5\–6\ yr in the Equatorial Pacific have decreased. Decreases were also observed in the ambient\ sound\ floor in the South Atlantic Ocean. Based on these observations, it does not appear that low frequency\ sound\ levels are increasing globally.

}, keywords = {Acoustic source identification, agroacoustics, Indian Ocean, Seismic sources, Time series analysis}, doi = { http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4938237}, url = {http://asa.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1121/1.4938237}, author = {Jennifer Miksis-Olds and S.M. Nichols} } @proceedings {6193, title = {Management of Marine Rights, Restrictions and Responsibilities according to International Standards}, year = {2016}, month = {October 18-20}, pages = {81-104}, address = {Athens, Greece}, abstract = {

The interests, responsibilities and opportunities of states to provide infrastructure and resource management are not limited to their land territory but extend to marine areas as well. So far, although the theoretical structure of a Marine Administration System (MAS) is based on the management needs of the various countries, the marine terms have not been clearly defined. In order to define a MAS that meets the spatial marine requirements, the specific characteristics of the marine environment have to be identified and integrated in a management system. To explicitly define MAS, certain issues need to be addressed such as: the types of interests that exist in marine environment, the best way to capture and register those interests, laws defining these interests, and their hierarchical classification, as well as how this classification can be used to produce the principles for the implementation of MSP. In addition, the registration of laws in a MAS that could automatically define the constraints of the emerging Rights, Restrictions and Responsibilities (RRRs) should be addressed, along with property/ tenure object definition. Further questions need to be answered e.g., what is the basic reference unit and how can this be defined, deliminated and demarcated, capturing the 3D presence of marine parcel and is the traditional definition of a cadastral parcel applicable in a marine zone defined by United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea (Hereinafter: UNCLOS) (United Nations, 1982) and how could the fourth dimensional nature of marine RRRs be included. Addressing these questions constitutes the basis upon which a MAS can be built. However, the most crucial question is how the international standards and practices of land administration domain can be used for managing the marine environment. The aim of this paper is to examine the above questions, to probe the ways the legislation can be included into a MAS and to present how RRRs relating to marine space may be defined and organized, in order to develop a MAS based on international standards by means of not only trading in marine interests, but rather facilitating the management of activities related to resources.

}, keywords = {Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), Marine Administration System (MAS), Marine Cadastre (MC), Marine Data Model, Marine Spatial Planning (MSP), S-121 Maritime Limits and Boundaries}, url = {https://www.fig.net/resources/proceedings/2016/2016_3dcadastre/3Dcad_2016_15.pdf.pdf}, author = {Athanasiou, Katerina and Dimopoulou, Efi and Christos Kastrisios and Lysandros Tsoulos} } @inbook {6238, title = {Mapping Submarine Glacial Landforms Using Acoustic Methods}, booktitle = {Atlas of Submarine Glacial Landforms: Modern, Quaternary and Ancient}, volume = {Memoirs}, number = {46}, year = {2016}, month = {12/2016}, pages = {17-40}, publisher = {Geological Society of London}, organization = {Geological Society of London}, address = {London, UK}, doi = {doi:10.1144/M46.182}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Gyllencreutz, R. and Larry A Mayer and Dowdeswell, J and Canals, M. and Todd, B J and Dowdeswell, E.K. and Hogan, Kelly and Larter, R.D.} } @article {5816, title = {Mapping the Eastern Pacific Ocean}, volume = {29, No.1, Supplement}, year = {2016}, month = {March}, pages = {38-9}, publisher = {The Oceanography Society}, abstract = {

E/V Nautilus conducts multibeam mapping surveys to create accurate bathymetric maps for science and for remotely operated vehicle (ROV) navigation. In addition, the ship collects bathymetric data during transits between ROV dive locations in previously unmapped areas that may lead to opportunities for future exploration. Between 2013 and 2015, Nautilus mapped over 211,355 km2 of seafloor in the Mediterranean, Atlantic, Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, and eastern Pacific regions. Nearly 87,000 km2 were collected in 2015, due in large part to two long-distance transits from Galveston, TX, to the Gal\ápagos, and from the Gal\ápagos to San Diego, CA.

}, keywords = {eastern pacific, ocean mapping}, url = {http://tos.org/oceanography/assets/images/content/29-1_supplement.pdf}, author = {Nicole A Raineault and Larry A Mayer and Robert Ballard and Onni Irish} } @proceedings {5919, title = {Matched-filter Loss from a Time-varying Rough-surface Reflection with a Small Ensonifi Ed Area}, year = {2016}, month = {Sep 19-23}, pages = {Monterey, CA}, publisher = {MTS/IEEE}, address = {Monterey, CA, USA}, author = {D.A. Abraham and S.M. Murphy and P.C. Hines and Anthony P. Lyons} } @article {5745, title = {Measurement of Dynamic Biases in Hydrographic Surveying Using an Industrial Laser Scanner}, year = {2016}, month = {May 16 - 19}, publisher = {Canadian Hydrographic Association}, address = {Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada}, abstract = {
As commercial shipping routes expand into new areas with higher levels of depth uncertainty, there is an increasing demand for acquiring near-shore bathymetry (depths \< 40 m). Littoral surveys pose a challenge for the hydrographer, not the least of which is an increased cost of operation to maintain full bottom swath coverage as depth decreases. Additionally, acquiring data in these regions imposes a stringent constraint on the vertical error budget. Some solutions provide a horizontal and vertical position referenced to the ellipsoid using a GNSS-aided inertial navigation system that can be costly. Conversely, inexpensive sensor systems may not adequately compensate for all the dynamic biases that occur during the survey (e.g., heave and dynamic draft responses to water surface patterns that occur around the vessel). This paper presents a cost-effective solution to measure the dynamic biases using an industrial laser scanner. Such technology may facilitate the use of non-hydrographic vessels-of-opportunity for accurate \"crowd sourced\" bathymetry data. In a collaboration between the Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping, HYPACK, and the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, software tools were developed using a commercial-off-the-shelf laser scanner. The results of the work include theoretical modeling and experiments in laboratory and field conditions.
}, keywords = {dynamic biases, industrial laser scanner, near-shore bathymetry}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Eren, Firat and Matthew Birkebak and Pradith, Vitad and John Kidd and Riley, Jack} } @article {5836, title = {Measurements of High-Frequency Acoustic Scattering from Glacially-Eroded Rock Outcrops}, volume = {139}, year = {2016}, pages = {1833-1847}, abstract = {

Measurements of acoustic backscattering from glacially eroded rock outcrops were made off the coast of Sandefjord,Norway using a high-frequency synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) system. A method by which scattering strength can be estimated from data collected by a SAS system is detailed, as well as a method to estimate an effective calibration parameter for the system. Scattering strength measurements from very smooth areas of the rock outcrops agree with predictions from both the small-slope approximation and perturbation theory, and range between 33 and 26 dB at 20 grazing angle. Scattering strength measurements from very rough areas of the rock outcrops agree with the sine-squared shape of the empirical Lambertian model and fall between 30 and 20 dB at 20 grazing angle. Both perturbation theory and the small-slope approximation are expected to be inaccurate for the very rough area, and overestimate scattering strength by 8 dB or more for all measurements of very rough surfaces. Supporting characterization of the environment was performed in the form of geoacoustic and roughness parameter estimates.

}, keywords = {acoustic seafloor scatter rock}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4945589}, author = {D. R. Olson and Anthony P. Lyons and T.O. S{\ae}b{\o}} } @article {5940, title = {Measurements of the Acoustic Properties of Crude Oil}, year = {2016}, month = {Nov 28-Dec 2}, pages = {Honolulu, HI}, abstract = {

The acoustic response of crude oil is dependent on the density and sound speed contrast between the oil and the surrounding media. To detect and quantify crude oil in the marine environment it is crucial to have accurate measures of the density and sound speed at oceanographically relevant temperatures and pressures. A meta-analysis of currently available sound speed data has found a paucity of sound speed data for crude oil at relevant temperatures (\<298 K) and pressures (0.1-30 MPa). Typical sound speed measurements are confined to reservoir temperatures (\>300K) and pressures (\>100 MPa). In order to evaluate the use of currently available data, time-of-flight measurements in a few different types of crude oil were performed in a purpose-built chamber that simulated oceanographic conditions. These test data were compared with extrapolated sound speed curves from currently available data.

}, keywords = {acoustical oceanographic, crude oil}, url = {http://acousticalsociety.org/content/5th-joint-meeting-acoustical-society-america-and-acoustical-society-japan}, author = {Loranger, Scott and Bassett, Christopher and Thomas C Weber} } @article {6456, title = {Mega-scale glacial lineations, Peel Sound, Canadian Arctic Archipelago}, journal = {Geological Society Memoir}, year = {2016}, doi = {10.1144/M46.89}, author = {MacLean, B. and Blasco, S. and Bennett, R. and John E. Hughes Clarke and Patton, E.} } @article {6457, title = {Moat features, Amundsen Gulf, Canadian Arctic Archipelago}, journal = {Geological Society Memoir}, year = {2016}, doi = {10.1144/M46.85}, author = {MacLean, B. and Blasco, S. and Bennett, R. and John E. Hughes Clarke and Patton, E.} } @article {5932, title = {The Multibeam Advisory Committee (MAC): A Search for Solutions for Collecting Consistent High Quality Multibeam Data Across Multiple Ships, Systems, and Operators in the U.S. Academic Fleet.}, year = {2016}, month = {December 12-16}, pages = {San Francisco, CA}, abstract = {

In 2015 the National Science Foundation funded the University of New Hampshire\’s Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, for the second time, to coordinate the effort of standardizing the quality of multibeam echosounder (MBES) data across the U.S. academic fleet. This effort supports 9 different ship operating institutions who manage a total of 12 multibeam-equipped ships carrying 6 different MBES systems, manufactured by two different companies. These MBES are designed to operate over a very wide range of depths and operational modes. The complexity of this endeavor led to the creation of the Multibeam Advisory Committee (MAC), a team of academic and industry experts whose mission is to support the needs of the U.S academic fleet\’s multibeam echo sounders through all of the phases of the \“life\” of a MBES system and its data, from initial acceptance of the system, to recommendations on at-sea acquisition of data, to validation of already installed systems, and finally to the post-survey data evaluation.

The main activities of the MAC include 1.) standardizing both the Shipboard Acceptance Testing of all new systems and Quality Assurance Testing of already installed systems, 2.) working with the both the ship operators/technicians and the manufacturers of the multibeam systems to guarantee that each MBES is working at its peak performance level, 3.) developing tools that aid in the collection of data, assessment of the MBES hardware, and evaluation of the quality of the MBES data, 4.) creating \“best practices\” documentation concerning data acquisition and workflow, and 5.) providing a website, http://mac.unols.org, to host technical information, tools, reports, and a \“help desk\” for operators of the systems to ask questions concerning issues that they see with their systems.

}, keywords = {mac, multibeam advisory committy}, author = {Paul Johnson and Vicki L Ferrini and Kevin Jerram} } @proceedings {5689, title = {Multiple Independent Highlighting Techniques}, volume = {2016(1)}, year = {2016}, month = {February 16 - 18}, pages = {1-9}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, abstract = {

Interactive highlighting is a common component of many techniques used in visualization such as brushing and dynamic queries. Sometimes these may be used in combination necessitating that two different highlighting methods be simultaneously applied.\  The challenge of effective highlighting is to design methods that make a subset of the items on a display stand out clearly without overly interfering with other information on a display. This is especially difficult when more than one subset of displayed symbols must be simultaneously highlighted. Three experiments are reported that investigate four different highlighting methods: 3D vs 2D symbols, encirclement, oscillatory motion and blinking. These are applied to the nodes in node-link diagrams. The first experiment was designed to evaluate the highlighting methods used separately and the results showed all four techniques to be effective. The second experiment evaluated combinations of highlighting methods. E.g. can we easily find a node that is both moving AND 3D in a set of nodes some of which are 3D and some of which are moving. The results showed that combinations including motion were the most effective.\  The third experiment was designed to determine which highlighting methods, used both separately and in combination supported the rapid counting of small numbers of targets.\  Again, combinations using motion were the most effective.

}, author = {Colin Ware}, editor = {Nicholas Pioch} } @inbook {5755, title = {Nautical Chart Adequacy Procedure}, booktitle = {The IHO-IOC GEBCO Cook Book (IHO Publication B-11 and IOC Manuals and Guides, 63)}, year = {2016}, month = {January 2016}, pages = {346-422}, publisher = {International Hydrographic Office (IHO)/ International Ocean Commision (IOC)}, organization = {International Hydrographic Office (IHO)/ International Ocean Commision (IOC)}, edition = {11.1.16}, chapter = {14.0}, address = {Monaco, Monaco Cedex, Monaco}, author = {Klemm, Anthony and Nyberg, John and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Rochelle Wigley and Gur-Arieh, Limor and Kamaruddin, Y. and Kimeli, Amon and Kurita, H. and Prasetyawan, Indra B. and Jaya Roperez and Samarakoon, Nilupa and M. Vallee-Anziani and Roh, J-Y and Sydenham, J.} } @proceedings {5824, title = {Nautical Chart Awareness for Autonomous Surface Vehicles}, year = {2016}, month = {May 16-19}, publisher = {Canadian Hydrographic Association}, address = {Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada}, abstract = {

There is great potential for the use of Autonomous Surface Vehicles (ASVs) in seafloor mapping, given their ability to increase survey efficiency. In order to efficiently function in an unstructured environment, robots must be able to use their sensory information to make short and long term decisions. To accomplish important tasks such as avoiding obstacles, advanced path planning, and determining what obstacles from the Electronic Nautical Charts (ENCs) are in the field of view of the sensor, it is advantageous for the ASV to be able to read and understand the information from ENCs and make decisions as a human mariner would. The data from the ENCs will be used to populate a special database, which will be made available to a system that monitors the current and planned trajectory. This system uses the ENC database and the current and planned trajectory to give guidance to the helm to help make chart-informed navigation decisions. Furthermore, the ENC\’s data will also help the ASV place its measurements into a reference base which allows the ASV to achieve a higher level of autonomy.

}, keywords = {asv, autonomy, ENC, MOOS-IvP, Robots}, author = {Samuel Reed and Val Schmidt} } @article {5952, title = {New Hampshire and Vicinity Continental Shelf: Morphologic Features and Surficial Sediments}, volume = {BOEM/New Hampshire Cooperative Agreement (Contract M14ACOOO10) Technical Report}, year = {2016}, month = {2016}, pages = {24}, institution = {Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Marine Minerals Branch}, address = {Herndon, VA}, abstract = {

The New Hampshire continental shelf is extremely heterogeneous and includes extensive bedrock outcrops, sand and gravel deposits, and muddy basins. Many of the depositional features are glacial in origin and have been significantly modified by marine processes as sea level fluctuated since the end of the last major glaciation. The apparent glacial deposits (e.g., drumlins) have been eroded, leaving very coarse lag deposits while supplying sand to develop wave-formed features (shoals). Many of these features have positive relief standing above the seafloor, lending evidence of their formation by waves and shallow water currents. Of particular interest is a large sand body that is ~3.2 km in length, ~1.3 km in width and has a maximum relief of ~7 m (in comparison to the surrounding seafloor).\  Some of these deposits may represent significant sand and gravel deposits on the New Hampshire continental shelf that have the potential for future use for beach nourishment and other efforts to build coastal resiliency.

Recent high resolution multibeam echosounder (MBES) bathymetric and backscatter surveys have revealed features of the New Hampshire shelf and vicinity seafloor in exceptional detail that has not been previously described. Synthesis of the MBES bathymetry and backscatter, coupled with an extensive archived database consisting of subbottom seismics, bottom sediment grain size data, and vibracores, was used to develop new surficial geology maps and significantly improve our knowledge of the character and origin of the major depositional features. The new surficial geology maps depict the exposed bedrock distribution, morphologic features, and sediment distribution. These maps are only the first step in developing high resolution and accurate surficial geology maps for the New Hampshire and vicinity continental shelf and need extensive field verification. However, they represent a major improvement over previous mapping efforts. When completed and verified, the surficial geology maps will be the most detailed ever published for the New Hampshire continental shelf.

}, keywords = {CMECS, continental shelf, Maps, New Hampshire, Surficial Geology}, author = {Larry G Ward and M. Vallee-Anziani and Zachary S. McAvoy} } @article {5953, title = {New Hampshire and Vicinity Continental Shelf: Sand and Gravel Resources}, volume = {BOEM/New Hampshire Cooperative Agreement (Contract M14ACOOO10) Technical Report}, year = {2016}, month = {2016}, pages = {97}, institution = {Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Marine Minerals Branch}, address = {Herndon, VA}, abstract = {

Based on the synthesis of relatively recent high-resolution bathymetry, new surficial sediment and geoform maps, and an extensive data archives that includes over ~1280 km of seismic profiles, ~1200 grain size analyses, and 23 vibracores, the distribution of sand and fine gravel was evaluated for the New Hampshire and vicinity continental shelf. This work heavily utilized the results of previous research on sand and gravel resources on the New Hampshire shelf by Birch (1984) and others. Unfortunately, much of the archived data was collected before the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) was used routinely for navigation on research vessels. Consequently, much of the critical data from the archives has large uncertainty associated with the positioning. Furthermore, the seismics are of variable quality. Nevertheless, the data archives coupled with the recent high-resolution bathymetry and surficial sediment mapping provides the bases to develop an initial or 1st order evaluation of the sand and gravel resources and identify areas where follow-up field campaigns are warranted.

To date, five potential sites where sand and fine gravel deposits may be located in quantities suitable for extraction for beach nourishment have been identified. This report focuses on four of these sites due to the availability of seismics and vibracores. The most promising sites are referred to in this study as the Northern Sand Body (NSB) and the Southern Sand Deposits (SSD). Estimates of the volume of sand and fine gravel potentially available in the NSB and the SSD are on the order of 17.3 million m3 and 16.4 million m3, respectively. However, these values represent the total volume in area defined by subbottom seismics and include very fine sand and mud. Therefore, the volume of material that may be available for beach nourishment is likely considerably less. Both of these areas, as well as other potential sites identified, need to have high-resolution seismic surveys and vibracoring to fully evaluate the potential of the New Hampshire and vicinity continental shelf sand and fine gravel resources.

The New Hampshire continental shelf has extensive marine modified glacial deposits and associated marine formed shoals. The marine formed features, as well as some of the offshore eroded drumlins, are hypothesized as possible targets for marine mineral resources and will be examined in greater detail in future studies. Some of these deposits may represent significant sand and gravel deposits on the New Hampshire and vicinity continental shelf that have potential for future use for beach nourishment and other efforts to build coastal resiliency.

}, keywords = {continental shelf, Gravel, Maps, New Hampshire, Sand, Seismics}, author = {Larry G Ward and Zachary S. McAvoy and M. Vallee-Anziani} } @article {5954, title = {New Hampshire Beaches: Sediment Characterization}, volume = {BOEM/New Hampshire Cooperative Agreement (Contract M14ACOOO10) Technical Report}, year = {2016}, pages = {37}, institution = {Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Marine Minerals Branch}, address = {Herndon, VA}, abstract = {

The grain size of the natural sediment composing the major New Hampshire beaches under summer equilibrium conditions were determined as a first step in assessing the optimal sediment size that would be needed for beach nourishment. In summer, 2015, seven major beaches including Wallis Sands, Foss Beach, Jenness Beach, North Hampton Beach, North Beach, Hampton Beach, and Seabrook Beach were sampled along three to five transects extending from the dunes or engineering structures (e.g., seawalls) to the low water line. In addition, the beach cross-section was profiled using a rover GPS system or the Emery method (profile rods and the horizon). Results indicate that during the low energy conditions of summer 2015, many of the sandy beaches appeared to vary between fine to medium sands with granular sediments and scattered pebbles. Two of the beaches (North Hampton and Seabrook) were somewhat coarser with medium to coarse sands with granular material and scattered pebbles. However, the gravel fractions tended to be under-sampled due to the methodology used. Also, higher energy conditions were not sampled. Therefore, additional studies are needed to fully understand the seasonal changes or changes related to calm (low energy) versus stormy (high energy) conditions in sediment size and characteristics and verification of results presented here.

}, keywords = {Beaches, Grain Size, New Hampshire, Sediment}, doi = {https://dx.doi.org/10.34051/p/2021.29}, author = {Larry G Ward and K.A. McPherran and Zachary S. McAvoy and M. Vallee-Anziani} } @article {6915, title = {The Next Generation of Precision Navigation: Products and Services to Support Real Time Decision-Making for Coastal Marine Transportation}, year = {2016}, month = {June}, institution = {Committee on the Marine Transportation System}, author = {Neil Weston} } @proceedings {5826, title = {NOAA QC Tools: Origin, Development, and Future}, year = {2016}, month = {May 16 - 19}, publisher = {Canadian Hydrographic Association}, address = {Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada}, abstract = {

Advancing multibeam technology allows us to map the seafloor better than ever before, and we have plenty of stunning bathymetry to show for it. Yet the ever-increasing data volume presents some challenges during both quality review and in its generalization to nautical chart scale. Specific challenges and inefficiencies in these processes are addressed with NOAA QC tools, specifically: 1) \"flier finder,\" which scans gridded bathymetry and flags anomalous data \"fliers\" for easy identification and removal, 2) feature scans, to ensure proper attribution and accurate representation within gridded bathymetry, and 3) an automated method of comparing survey soundings to those charted, as a formal means of chart comparison, identification of dangers to navigation, and also in the evaluation of a prospective chart sounding selection.

This paper discusses the QC tools listed above, with regards to: 1) their organic development within NOAA, to alleviate redundant, manually intensive tasks better suited for automation, 2) their implementation into the Rapid Survey Assessment (RSA) process of the NOAA Hydrographic Surveys Division (HSD), 3) their joint development with the Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping \& Joint Hydrographic Center (CCOM/JHC) through their integration within the HydrOffice research framework, and 4) future and ongoing improvements.

Proposed innovation includes flier identification through a multi-detector algorithm, a \“smart\” chart sounding selection, and a wide range of task-specific applications to facilitate all phases of ocean mapping.

}, author = {Matthew J. Wilson and Giuseppe Masetti and Brian R Calder} } @article {5832, title = {Non-Native Species Increase Habitat Heterogeneity to Influence Trophi Interactions in Temperate Reef Seascapes}, year = {2016}, month = {June 25-30}, pages = {Pisa, Italy}, address = {Pisa, Italy}, author = {Jennifer A. Dijkstra and A S Litterer and Kristen Mello and Yuri Rzhanov and Paul Johnson and Brandon O{\textquoteright}Brien} } @article {5936, title = {Observations of Acoustic Backscatter and Current Velocity Above an Eelgrass Canopy Over Multiple Tidal Cycles}, year = {2016}, month = {October 20-22}, pages = {Block Island, RI}, abstract = {

Acoustic mapping of eelgrass beds has the potential to document, in three dimensions, the structure of an eelgrass canopy. However, the acoustically-measured height of a submerged canopy can vary by more than 50\% due to plant pronation in response to hydrodynamic forcing. In May of 2016, a multi-beam echosounder, high-resolution current profiler and high-definition video camera were deployed on a custom-built stationary frame above an eelgrass canopy in New Castle, NH. The objectives of the study were (1) to observe how the varying posture of the eelgrass canopy due to currents affects the acoustic backscatter signature and (2) to verify, in the field, a laboratory-tested model by Luhar and Nepf (2011) for deflected canopy height under varying hydrodynamic forcing. Acoustic, current velocity, and video data were collected continuously over several tidal cycles, and plant morphological characteristics (blade length, thickness, width) were sampled periodically during the deployment. Preliminary results indicate that the acoustic signature of a fully-pronated canopy differs significantly from an upright canopy, and that changes in the acoustically-measured canopy heights are correlated to changes in horizontal current velocity. Continuing work will also try to examine the changes in acoustic backscatter intensity from the canopy with changing light levels and time of day. These data offer an interesting snapshot of the daily and weekly variability of parameters that may affect the acoustic signature of an eelgrass canopy.

}, keywords = {Acoustic backscatter, eelgrass, tidal cycles}, author = {Ashley R Norton and Semme J Dijkstra} } @article {5965, title = {Observations of Pockmark Flow Structure in Belfast Bay, Maine. Part 2: Evidence for Cavity Flow}, volume = {37}, year = {2016}, month = {October 4}, pages = {15-22}, publisher = {Springer}, abstract = {

Pockmark flow circulation patterns were investigated through current measurements along the rim and center of two pockmarks in Belfast Bay, Maine. Observed time-varying current profiles have a complex vertical and directional structure that rotates significantly with depth and is strongly dependent on the phase of the tide. Observations of the vertical profiles of horizontal velocities in relation to relative geometric parameters of the pockmark are consistent with circulation patterns described qualitatively by cavity flow models (Ashcroft and Zhang 2005). The time-mean behavior of the shear layer is typically used to characterize cavity flow, and was estimated using vorticity thickness to quantify the growth rate of the shear layer horizontally across the pockmark. Estimated positive vorticity thickness spreading rates are consistent with cavity flow predictions, and occur at largely different rates between the two pockmarks. Previously modeled flow (Brothers et al. 2011) and laboratory measurements (Pau et al. 2014) over pockmarks of similar geometry to those examined herein are also qualitatively consistent with cavity flow circulation, suggesting that cavity flow may be a good first-order flow model for pockmarks in general.

}, keywords = {belfast bay, cavity flow, pockmark flow structure}, doi = {DOI 10.1007/s00367-016-0473-3}, author = {Christina Fandel and Thomas C Lippmann and Diane Foster and Laura Brothers} } @article {5966, title = {Observations of Pockmark Flow Structure in Belfast Bay, Maine. Part 3: Implications for Sediment Transport}, volume = {37}, year = {2016}, month = {October 6}, pages = {23-34}, publisher = {Springer}, abstract = {

Current observations and sediment characteristics acquired within and along the rim of two pockmarks in Belfast Bay, Maine, were used to characterize periods of sediment transport and to investigate conditions favorable to the settling of suspended sediment. Hourly averaged Shields parameters determined from horizontal current velocity profiles within the center of each pockmark never exceed the critical value (approximated with the theoretical model of Dade et al. 1992). However, Shields parameters estimated at the pockmark rims periodically exceed the critical value, consistent with conditions that support the onset of sediment transport and suspension. Below the rim in the near-center of each pockmark, depth-averaged vertical velocities were less than zero (downward) 60\% and 55\% of the time in the northern and southern pockmarks, and were often comparable to depthaveraged horizontal velocities. Along the rim, depth-averaged vertical velocities over the lower 8 m of the water column were primarily downward but much less than depthaveraged horizontal velocities indicating that suspended sediment may be moved to distant locations. Maximum grain sizes capable of remaining in suspension under terminal settling flow conditions (ranging 10\–170 \μm) were typically much greater than the observed median grain diameter (about 7 \μm) at the bed. During upwelling flow within the pockmarks, and in the absence of flocculation, suspended sediment\ would not settle. The greater frequency of predicted periods of sediment transport along the rim of the southern pockmark is consistent with pockmark morphology in Belfast Bay, which transitions from more spherical to more elongated toward the
south, suggesting near-bed sediment transport may contribute to post-formation pockmark evolution during typical conditions in Belfast Bay.

}, doi = {10.1007/s00367-016-0474-2}, author = {Christina Fandel and Thomas C Lippmann and Diane Foster and Laura Brothers} } @article {5964, title = {Observations of Pockmark Flow Structure in Belfast Bay, Maine. Part 1: Current-Induced Mixing}, volume = {37}, year = {2016}, month = {October 5}, pages = {1-14}, publisher = {Springer}, abstract = {

Field observations of current profiles and temperature, salinity, and density structure were used to examine vertical mixing within two pockmarks in Belfast Bay, Maine. The first is located in 21 m water depth (sea level to rim), nearly circular in shape with a 45 m rim diameter and 12 m rim-to bottom relief. The second is located in 25mwater depth, more elongated in shape with an approximately 80 m (36 m) major (minor) axis length at the rim, and 17 m relief. Hourly averaged current profiles were acquired from bottom-mounted acoustic Doppler current profilers deployed on the rim and center of each pockmark over successive 42 h periods in July 2011. Conductivity\–temperature\–depth casts at the rim and center of each pockmark show warmer, fresher water in
the upper water column, evidence of both active and fossil thermocline structure 5\–8 m above the rim, and well-mixed water below the rim to the bottom. Vertical velocities show up- and down-welling events that extend into the depths of each pockmark. An observed temperature change at both the rim and center occurs coincident with an overturning event below the rim, and suggests active mixing of the water column into the depths of each pockmark. Vertical profiles of horizontal velocities show depth variation at both the center and rim consistent with turbulent logarithmic current boundary layers, and suggest that form drag may possibly be influencing the local flow regime. While resource limitations prevented observation of the current structure and water properties at a
control site, the acquired data suggest that active mixing and overturning within the sampled pockmarks occur under typical
benign conditions, and that current flows are influenced by upstream bathymetric

}, keywords = {belfast bay, current-induced mixing, pockmark flow structure}, doi = {10.1007/s00367-016-0472-4}, author = {Christina Fandel and Thomas C Lippmann and Diane Foster and Laura Brothers} } @article {5945, title = {Observations of Seasonal Changes and Storm Effects on a Bedrock-Influenced, Paraglacial Coastal System: New Hampshire}, year = {2016}, month = {March 21-23}, pages = {Albany, NY}, abstract = {

Coastal systems are undergoing increasing pressure due to growing anthropogenic influences, accelerated eustatic sea-level rise, and more intense storms due to climate change. Consequently, a thorough understanding of coastal processes and sediment dynamics is necessary to create and maintain a sustainable balance between human influences and coastal environments. Like many other areas in the northeastern United States, the New Hampshire coastal region is heavily developed and features almost continuous engineering structures along the entire coast. Despite the extensive development, the New Hampshire coast has not been systematically studied to evaluate changes in beach morphology and sedimentology on seasonal bases nor in response to storms. To address these needs, monitoring stations have been established along the New Hampshire coast to study beach morphology, volumetric changes, sediments, and morphodynamics. Beach profiles are being measured primarily utilizing a GPS rover system. Each beach has been profiled at approximately bimonthly intervals, with additional surveys before and after high energy events. In addition, an uncertainty analysis was conducted. Initial profiling results indicate significant changes in beach elevation in response to relatively weak events.\  For example, the berm crest at the northernmost Hampton Beach station shifted 8.5m landward and lost 31 cm of elevation between June 2015 and July 2015, with no major storms as influences.\  In contrast, the berm crest at the northernmost Seabrook Beach station retreated 19.5m between July and October 2015 (likely in response to a minor storm), then steadily prograded 18.5m between October and December 2015. The beaches will continue to be monitored through spring 2016 to assess the impacts of winter storms.

}, author = {K. McPherran and Larry G Ward} } @article {6234, title = {Observing the Ocean Interior in Support of Integrated Management}, volume = {73,8}, year = {2016}, month = {July 31}, pages = {1947-1954}, abstract = {

Active- and passive-acoustic methods are widely used tools for observing, monitoring, and understanding marine ecosystems. From 25 to 28 May 2015, 214 scientists from 31 nations gathered for an ICES symposium on Marine Ecosystem Acoustics (SoME Acoustics) to discuss three major themes related to acoustic observations of marine ecosystems: (i) recent developments in acoustic and platform technologies; (ii) acoustic characterisation of aquatic organisms, ecosystem structure, and ecosystem processes; and (iii) contribution of acoustics to integrated ecosystem assessments and management. The development of, and access to new instruments, such as broad bandwidth systems, enables insightful ecological studies and innovative management approaches. Unresolved ecological questions and the increasing move towards ecosystem based management pose further challenges to scientists and instrument developers. Considering the SoME Acoustics presentations in the context of three previous ICES symposia on fisheries acoustics, topics increasingly emphasize ecosystem studies and management. The continued expansion of work and progress in marine ecosystem acoustics is due to the cross-disciplinary work of fisheries acousticians, engineers, ecologists, modellers, and others. An analysis of the symposium co-authorship network reveals a highly connected acoustic science community collaborating around the globe.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsw132}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/icesjms/article/73/8/1947/2198679}, author = {Trenkel, Verena M and Handegard, Nils Olav and Thomas C Weber} } @article {5935, title = {Optimizing for Visual Cognition in High Performance Scientific Computing}, volume = {2016}, year = {2016}, pages = {1-9}, publisher = {Society for Imaging Science and Technology}, abstract = {

High performance scientific computing is undergoing radical changes as we move to Exascale (1018 FLOPS) and as a consequence products for visualization must increasingly be generated in-situ as opposed to after a model run. This changes both the nature of the data products and the overall cognitive work flow. Currently, data is saved in the form of model dumps, but these are both extremely large and not ideal for visualization. Instead, we need methods for saving model data in ways that are both compact and optimized for visualization. For example, our results show that animated representations are more perceptually efficient than static views even for steady flows, so we need ways of compressing vector field data for animated visualization. Another example, motion parallax is essential to perceive structures in dark matter simulations, so we need ways of saving large particle systems optimized for perception. Turning to the cognitive work flow, when scientists and engineers allocate their time to high performance computer simulations their effort is distributed between pre and post run work. To better understand the tradeoffs we created an analytics game to model the optimization of high performance computer codes simulating ocean dynamics. Visualization is a key part of this process. The results from two analytics game experiments suggest that simple changes can have a large impact on overall cognitive efficiency. Our first experiment showed that study participants continued to look at images for much longer than optimal. A second experiment revealed a large reduction in cognitive efficiency as working memory demands increased. We conclude with recommendations for systems design.

}, keywords = {visual cognition}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.2352/ISSN.2470-1173.2016.16.HVEI-130}, url = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/ist/ei/2016/00002016/00000016/art00041}, author = {Colin Ware and David H Rogers and Petersen, Mark and James P Ahrens and Aygar, Erol} } @article {5743, title = {Performance Evaluation of the Velodyne VLP-16 System for Feature-Surface Surveying}, year = {2016}, month = {May 16 - 19}, publisher = {Canadian Hydrographic Association}, address = {Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada}, abstract = {
Previous work, conducted between the Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping and HYPACK, demonstrated the potential use of a low-cost industrial laser scanner as an alternative for survey-grade laser scanners for mapping of surface features such as piers, piles and rocks. In this paper, an in-depth performance evaluation that is currently being conducted using the Velodyne VLP-16 system will be discussed. This industrial laser scanner, which currently costs $8,000, uses 16 laser beams that cover a vertical field of view of \± 15\°. These laser/detector pairs also rotate at an adjustable rate from 5 Hz to 20 Hz to cover a horizontal field of view of
360\°. Although it is possible to output geo-referenced measurements with information such as position, azimuth and angle, range and intensity, the accuracy of these measurements is not clear. Based on a total propagation uncertainty model developed for laser scanner surveying which incorporates auxiliary systems (i.e., GPS and IMU), the dependency of the laser measurements on different survey conditions was evaluated through experiments conducted in laboratory and field conditions. The study results show the changes in range estimation as a function of distance, angle of incidence and surface roughness.
}, keywords = {feature-surface surveying, industrial laser scanner, velodyne, vlp-16}, author = {John Kidd and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Eren, Firat and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @article {6000, title = {The Petermann Glacier Experiment, NW Greenland}, year = {2016}, month = {December 12-16}, pages = {San Francisco, CA}, abstract = {

The Petermann Glacier Experiment is a comprehensive study on land, ocean, and ice in Northwest Greenland, staged from Swedish Icebreaker Oden in 2015 as a collaboration between the US, Sweden, UK, and Denmark. This talk introduces the strategic goals of the experiment and connects the various scientific results. Petermann Glacier drains a significant marine-based sector of the northern Greenland Ice Sheet and terminates in a floating ice tongue, one of the largest remaining systems of its kind in the northern hemisphere. Records of the modern state of Petermann Glacier and its past variations are of interest to understand the sensitivity of marine terminating outlet glaciers to change, and to constrain the rates and extent of changes that have actually occurred. With this case study we are learning the rules of large scale dynamics that cannot be understood from modern observations alone. Although past behavior is not an simple analog for the future, and no single system captures all possible behaviors, insights from these case studies can be applied through models to better project how similar systems may change in the future. The Petermann Expedition developed the first comprehensive bathymetric maps of the region, drilled through the floating ice tongue to obtain sub-shelf sediment cores near the grounding line and to monitor sub-ice conditions, recovered a broad array of sediment cores documenting changing oceanic conditions in Petermann Fjord, Hall Basin, and Nares Strait, measured watercolumn properties to trace subsurface watermasses that bring heat from the Arctic Ocean into deep Petermann Fjord to melt the base of the floating ice tongue, developed a detailed record of relative sealevel change on land to constrain past ice loads, and recovered pristine boulders for cosmogenic exposure dating of areal ice retreat on land. Together, these studies are shedding new light on the dynamics of past glaciation in Northwest Greenland, and contributing to fundamental understanding of large marine-terminating outlet glacier systems, which are threatened by global warming and poised to contribute to global sealevel rise in the future. Further information in the Petermann Glacier Experiment is available at https://petermannsglacialhistory.wordpress.com

}, keywords = {greenland, petermann glacier}, url = {https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm16/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/139793}, author = {Mix, A C and Martin Jakobsson and Andrews, J.T. and Jennings, A. and Larry A Mayer and Anderson, S.T. and Brook, E. and Ceperley, E. and Cheseby, M. and John E. Hughes Clarke and Dalerum, F. and Dyke, L.M. and Einarsson, D. and Erkisson, D.B. and Frojd, C. and Glueder, A. and Hedman, U. and Heirman, K. and Heuze, C. and Hogan, K. and Padman, J. and Pecnerova, P. and Reilly, B. and Reusche, M. and Ross, A. and Christian Stranne and Marcott, S.A. and Muenchow, A. and Stoner, J S and Andresen, C.S. and Nicholls, K.W. and Holm, C. and Kevin Jerram and Krutzfeld, J. and Nicolas, L. and Par, L. and Lomac-MacNair, K. and Madlener, S. and McKay, J. and Meijer, T. and Meiton, A. and Brian, M. and Mohammad, R. and Molin, M. and Moser, C. and Normark, E. and Trinhammer, P. and Walczak, M.H. and Walczak, P. and Washam, P. and Karasti, M. and Anker, P.} } @inbook {5960, title = {Pinniped Sounds in the Polar Oceans}, booktitle = {Listening in the Ocean: New Discoveries and Insights on Marine Life From Autonomous Passive Acoustic Monitors (PAM)}, year = {2016}, pages = {257-308}, publisher = {Springer-Verlag}, organization = {Springer-Verlag}, chapter = {Pinniped Sounds in the Polar Oceans}, abstract = {

New developments and applications of autonomous Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) technology in polar regions have come at time of increased interest in the Arctic and Antarctic due to predictions of global climate change. Information gained with autonomous PAM systems has provided new information on polar pinniped communication, mating systems, distribution, and the relationships between these species and their environment. Although new discoveries continue to be made, there is still much that remains to be learned about these species. This chapter is organized into a review of species specific information known prior to 2000, case studies describing new knowledge gained through the use of autonomous PAM systems since 2000, and future projection on how autonomous PAM systems can be used to address and fill data gaps related to polar pinnipeds.

}, keywords = {Passive Acoustic Monitoring, Pinnipeds, Polar Oceans}, doi = {10.1007/978-1-4939-3176-7_11}, author = {Jennifer Miksis-Olds and I.C. Van Opzeeland and Van Parijs, S and J. Jones}, editor = {Au, W W and Lammers, M O} } @article {6458, title = {Pockmarks in Passamaquoddy Bay, New Brunswick, Canada}, journal = {Geological Society Memoir}, year = {2016}, doi = {10.1144/M46.60}, author = {Brothers, L.L. and Legere, C. and John E. Hughes Clarke and Kelley, J.T. and Barnhardt, W.A. and B.D. Andrews and Belknap, D.F.} } @article {5547, title = {Post-Sandy Benthic Habitat Mapping Using New Topographic-Bathymetric Lidar Technology and Object-Based Image Classification}, year = {2016}, pages = {200-208}, doi = {http://www.jcronline.org/doi/pdf/10.2112/SI76-017}, url = {10.2112/SI76-017}, author = {Christopher E Parrish and Jennifer A. Dijkstra and O{\textquoteright}Neil-Dunne, Jarlath and Lindsay McKenna and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri} } @article {6814, title = {Potential for Broadband Acoustics to Improve Stock Assessment Surveys of Midwater Fishes}, volume = {140(4)}, year = {2016}, month = {November 18}, pages = {3242-3243}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, abstract = {

Acoustic-trawl surveys rely on a combination of backscatter measured with echosounders and species composition data from trawls to apportion the backscatter to different species and size classes. Narrowband echosounders have been widely used in this context for decades. Multi-frequency analysis of narrowband echosounder data has been shown to be effective for discriminating between diverse taxa (e.g., euphausiids vs. swimbladdered fishes) but distinguishing morphologically similar species (e.g., swimbladdered fishes) remains a major challenge. Previous work indicates that broadband backscatter techniques have the potential to improve such acoustic target characterizations by exploiting nearly continuous frequency spectra, but these methods have not been widely applied in fisheries surveys. The recent commercial availability of broadband transceivers is accelerating the evaluation of this technology. We present operational data from two broadband acoustic scattering systems: (1) 14-160 kHz and (2) 3-10 kHz used during surveys of walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) in the Gulf of Alaska and Eastern Bering Sea. The presentation focuses on the potential for: 1) discrimination among common species in the area and 2) utilization of swimbladder resonance to estimate the dominant size class in single-species fish aggregations. The implications for fish stock assessment surveys are considered.

}, doi = {10.1121/1.4970256}, author = {Bassett, Christopher and Thomas C Weber and Wilson, Chris and De Robertis, Alex} } @article {6459, title = {Preconditioning and Triggering of Offshore Slope Failures and Turbidity Currents Revealed by Most Detailed Monitoring Yet at a Fjord-Head Delta}, volume = {450}, year = {2016}, month = {September 15}, pages = {208-220}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {

Rivers and turbidity currents are the two most important sediment transport processes by volume on Earth. Various hypotheses have been proposed for triggering of turbidity currents offshore from river mouths, including direct plunging of river discharge, delta mouth bar flushing or slope failure caused by low tides and gas expansion, earthquakes and rapid sedimentation. During 2011, 106 turbidity currents were monitored at Squamish Delta, British Columbia. This enables statistical analysis of timing, frequency and triggers. The largest peaks in river discharge did not create hyperpycnal flows. Instead, delayed delta-lip failures occurred 8\–11 h after flood peaks, due to cumulative delta top sedimentation and tidally-induced pore pressure changes. Elevated river discharge is thus a significant control on the timing and rate of turbidity currents but not directly due to plunging river water. Elevated river discharge and focusing of river discharge at low tides cause increased sediment transport across the delta-lip, which is the most significant of all controls on flow timing in this setting.

}, keywords = {river delta; submarine landslides; turbidity current; geohazard; mass failure; sediment flow}, doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2016.06.021}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X16303089}, author = {M.A. Clare and John E. Hughes Clarke and P.J. Talling and Matthieu J.B. Cartigny and Pratomo, D.G.} } @proceedings {5938, title = {Providing Nautical Chart Awareness to Autonomous Surface Vessel Operations}, year = {2016}, month = {September 19-23}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Monterey, CA}, abstract = {

When a mariner navigates into an unfamiliar area, he/she uses a nautical chart to familiarize him/herself with the environment, determine the locations of hazards, and decide upon a safe course of travel. An autonomous surface vehicle (ASV) would gain a great advantage if, like its human counterpart, it can learn to read and use the information from a nautical chart. Electronic Nautical Charts (ENCs) contain extensive information on an area, providing indications of rocks and other obstructions, navigational aids, water depths, and shore lines. The goal of this research is to increase an ASV\’s autonomy by using ENCs to provide guidance to the helm when its intended path, which may be dynamically changing, is unsafe due to known hazards to navigation, and context to its sensor measurements that are invariably subject to uncertainty.

The approach taken in this paper divides nautical chart awareness into two sections: obstacle avoidance and contextualizing sensor measurements. Unplanned changes to the ASV\’s path, such as avoidance of other vessels or previously unknown obstacles sensed by the ASV in real-time, may cause the ASV to maneuver into an unsafe environment. Prior mission planning, even with knowledge of nautical charts, cannot account for these dynamic responses. Therefore, to navigate an ASV safely through its environment, obstacle avoidance procedures have been developed to reactively change the ASV\’s path to avoid known obstacles identified from ENCs. The ENC obstacle avoidance procedures are implemented in a behavior-based architecture where information on the potential threat of the nearby obstacles, as well as the ASV\’s current state, are used to penalize heading choices that would intersect with the obstacle and, when combined with the waypoint behavior, ensures safe travel around the obstacle while maintaining close proximity to the original path.

Identifying objects in a camera, sonar, LIDAR or other sensor\’s data can be a challenging endeavor in an ocean environment due to the variable sea state, wind, fog, sea spray, sun glint from the sea surface, and bubbles in the water column. Therefore, providing a prior probability distribution for the likely location of those objects in a sensor\’s field of view has the potential to significantly enhance object detection processing. Contextualizing sensor measurements dynamically identifies objects from the ENC in a sensor\’s field of view and provides that information to the sensor in real-time.

To accomplish these tasks, feature layers within a standard ENC must be translated to a spatial database. In this database, features are encoded with a \“threat level\” based on the feature type and the estimated depth of the object, which is not always encoded within the ENC. Variations in the local tides as well as the vessel size and speed are also factors when deciding the threat level and the vehicle\’s appropriate course of action.

\ Providing an ASV the ability to read, understand, and use nautical charts allows the ASV to safely react to known obstacles in its environment and to increase robustness of sensor detection algorithms. No mariner would go into an unfamiliar harbor with restricted visibility without consulting a nautical chart. Autonomous surface vehicles should not be an exception.

}, keywords = {asv, ENCs, MOOS-IvP, Obstacle Avoidance}, doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.2016.7761472}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7761472/}, author = {Samuel Reed}, editor = {Val Schmidt} } @article {5999, title = {Quantification of Methane Gas Flux and Bubble Fate on the Eastern Siberian Arctic Shelf Utilizing Calibrated Split-beam Echosounder Data}, year = {2016}, month = {December 12-16}, pages = {San Francisco, CA}, abstract = {

On the Eastern Siberian Arctic Shelf (ESAS) subsea permafrost, shallow gas hydrates, and trapped free gas hold an estimated 1400 Gt of methane. Recent observations of methane bubble plumes and high concentrations of dissolved methane in the water column indicate methane release via ebullition. Methane gas released from the shallow ESAS (\<50 m average depth) has high potential to be transported to the atmosphere.

To directly and quantitatively address the magnitude of methane flux and the fate of rising bubbles in the ESAS, methane seeps were mapped with a broadband split-beam echosounder as part of the Swedish-Russian-US Arctic Ocean Investigation of Climate-Cryosphere-Carbon Interactions program (SWERUS-C3). Acoustic measurements were made over a broad range of frequencies (16 to 29 kHz). The broad bandwidth provided excellent discrimination of individual targets in the water column, allowing for the identification of single bubbles. Absolute bubble target strength values were determined by compensating apparent target strength measurements for beam pattern effects via standard calibration techniques. The bubble size distribution of seeps with individual bubble signatures was determined by exploiting bubble target strength models over the broad range of frequencies. For denser seeps, with potential higher methane flux, bubble size distribution was determined via extrapolation from seeps in similar geomorphological settings. By coupling bubble size distributions with rise velocity measurements, which are made possible by split-beam target tracking, methane gas flux can be estimated.

Of the 56 identified seeps in the SWERUS data set, individual bubbles scatterers were identified in more than half (31) of the seeps. Preliminary bubble size distribution results indicate bubble radii range from 0.75 to 3.0 mm, with relatively constant bubble size distribution throughout the water column. Initial rise velocity observations indicate bubble rise velocity increases with decreasing depth, seemingly independent of bubble radius.

}, keywords = {flux and bubble fate, methane gas, siberian arctic}, url = {https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm16/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/122698}, author = {Elizabeth Weidner and Larry A Mayer and Martin Jakobsson and Chernykh, D. and Ananiev, R. and Thomas C Weber and Kevin Jerram and Mohammad, R. and Semiltov, I.} } @proceedings {5918, title = {Quantifying the Effect of Random Seafloor Roughness on High-frequency Synthetic Aperture Sonar Image Statistics}, volume = {38}, year = {2016}, month = {Dec 12 - Dec 13}, pages = {151-158}, publisher = {Institute of Acoustics}, address = {Cambridge, UK}, author = {Anthony P. Lyons and D. R. Olson and R.E. Hansen} } @proceedings {5825, title = {Risk Models and Survey Completeness}, year = {2016}, month = {May 16 - 19}, publisher = {Canadian Hydrographic Association}, address = {Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada}, abstract = {

Hydrography has no well-established, mathematically rigorous, objective model for data quality. Survey effort can therefore sometimes be applied inefficiently, in that there can be as much effort expended on 1m high rocks in 30m depth as in 5m (which should be of lesser concern), or on areas where there is light to non-existent traffic. A computational model of return-on-investment associated with survey effort might allow assessment of where to survey first in a given area, and to determine when extant survey effort was \“good enough\” to meet survey specification, leading to survey efficiencies.

Mathematical models of risk associated with ship passage have previously been demonstrated as models for generalized end-user chart uncertainty, and re-survey priority estimation. Here, they are proposed as a model for survey completion which can be applied incrementally in order to rationalize the effort being applied in each area of the working grounds, and to determine when the area is sufficiently well surveyed to be considered complete.

This paper demonstrates the requirements for, and implications of, adopting such an approach for survey completeness prediction, focusing particularly on the data dependencies, and model calibration.\ The methods are illustrated with historical survey data from Hampton Roads, VA.

}, author = {Brian R Calder} } @inbook {6069, title = {The Role of Submarine Landslides in the Law of the Sea}, booktitle = {Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences VII, Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research}, number = {41}, year = {2016}, pages = {15-26}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, edition = {1}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-20979-1}, author = {David C Mosher and Laberg, J-S and Murphy, A.}, editor = {Geoffroy Lamarche and Mountjoy, J. and Bull, S. and Hubble, T. and Krastel, S. and Lane, E. and Micallef, A. and Mueller, C. and Pecher, I. and Woelz, S.} } @article {5839, title = {R/V Bat Galim EM302 and EM2040 Multibeam Echosounder System Review - January 31 to February 4, 2016}, year = {2016}, pages = {29}, institution = {University of New Hampshire}, chapter = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center}, address = {Durham, NH}, keywords = {bat galim}, url = {http://mac.unols.org/sites/mac.unols.org/files/RVBG_EM302_EM2040_Report_Final_V2pt2.pdf}, author = {Paul Johnson} } @article {5843, title = {R/V Hugh R. Sharp Reson 7125 SVP2 Multibeam Echosounder System Calibration - March 21-23, 2016}, year = {2016}, pages = {10}, institution = {University of New Hampshire}, chapter = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

The R/V Hugh R. Sharp is equipped with a Reson 7125 SVP2 (200/400 kHz) multibeam echosounder installed on a drop keel and an Applanix POS-MV 320 positioning and attitude system. Traditionally, survey planning and data acquisition are handled using Hypack HYSWEEP software installed on the RESON acquisition machine. These systems were reviewed by personnel from the Multibeam Advisory Committee (MAC), University of Delaware (UDEL), and Reson during sea acceptance trials in October 2012 with satisfactory results and have been used for very high quality mapping exercises (e.g., evaluation of bedform migration at the \‘Redbird Reef\’ artificial reef site before and after major storms).

Given the seasonal removal/reinstallation of the Reson 7125, frequent drop keel adjustment (e.g., retracted dockside and extended at sea), and personnel changes since sea trials in 2012, the MAC was asked to review the most recent Reson 7125 installation and perform a patch test prior to the summer 2016 operational season. Preliminary review of the system configuration and functionality testing were performed dockside on March 21 and a patch test was performed during a public day cruise (HRS1602) on March 22 at the \‘Redbird Reef\’ artificial reef site. This site was much shallower (20-30 m) than ideal depths for calibration of angular offsets, but included many submerged targets making distinct features for latency, pitch, and yaw calibration, plus ample \‘flat\’ seafloor for roll calibration.

}, keywords = {calibration, multibeam, Reson}, author = {Kevin Jerram and Vicki L Ferrini} } @article {5931, title = {R/V Neil Armstrong Multibeam Echosounder Sea Acceptance Trials - February 10-17, 2016}, year = {2016}, month = {October 29}, pages = {106}, institution = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping / Joint Hydrographic Center}, address = {University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH}, author = {Paul Johnson and Kevin Jerram and Glen A Rice and Erin Nagel and Zhang, Chen} } @article {5842, title = {R/V Sikuliaq EM302 and EM710 Multibeam Echosounder System Calibration - March 7-12, 2016}, year = {2016}, pages = {46}, institution = {University of New Hampshire}, chapter = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

The MAC was requested to review the modified system configuration and perform geometric calibrations (\‘patch tests\’) of the multibeam systems during a coring shakedown cruise northwest of San Diego. This report describes the procedures and results of the calibrations conducted during cruise SKQ201602S (March 9-12, 2016) in order to verify functionality following the antenna relocation. In addition to geometric calibrations, transmitter element impedance measurements were collected for both systems to identify early warning signs for any possible transducer degradation. Swath coverage versus depth was examined for both echosounders using data collected throughout transits and surveys of opportunity for other activities during SKQ201602S in depths of 10-2,000 m.

}, keywords = {calibration, Kongsberg, multibeam}, author = {Kevin Jerram and Paul Johnson} } @inbook {5754, title = {Satellite-Derived Bathymetry}, booktitle = {The IHO-IOC GEBCO Cook Book (IHO Publication B-11 and IOC Manuals and Guides, 63)}, series = {IHO Publication B-11 and IOC Manuals and Guides}, year = {2016}, month = {Nov. 16}, pages = {346-422}, publisher = {International Hydrographic Office (IHO)/ International Ocean Commision (IOC)}, organization = {International Hydrographic Office (IHO)/ International Ocean Commision (IOC)}, edition = {11.1.16}, chapter = {11.0}, address = {Monaco, Monaco Cedex, Monaco}, keywords = {satellite derived bathymetry}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Madore, Brian and Alexander, Lee and Christopher E Parrish and Klemm, Anthony and Andrew A. Armstrong and Azuike, Chukwuma and Tetteh, Eunice} } @article {5744, title = {Satellite-Derived Bathymetry: Performance and Production}, year = {2016}, month = {May 16 - 19}, publisher = {Canadian Hydrographic Association}, address = {Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada}, abstract = {
Satellite-derived bathymetry (SDB) has proven itself as a useful reconnaissance tool for ocean mapping. Although SDB provides bathymetry products at a coarser spatial resolution compared to acoustic surveying, satellite imagery is repeatedly collected over the same area. Also, satellite imagery is publicly-available at no cost. Recent academic research has published SDB performance evaluation results on different algorithms and approaches with an associated uncertainty to the products. Over the past year, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has outlined policies for the use of SDB, especially for intermediate charting products until a traditional survey can be conducted. In addition, the industries are now offering services for SDB productions. This triangle of academia, government and industry empowers hydrographic offices around the world to acquire near-shore bathymetry in their own territorial waters. This effort can be conducted by the hydrographic offices themselves or in partnership with industry where additional capacity is required. In this paper, we will review recent updates on SDB procedures and products from academia, government and industry. The motivation of this work is provide the hydrographer and cartographer several
paths that will depend on the capacity and resources available at the hydrographic office, deadline requirements, and other logistical considerations.
}, keywords = {satellite-derived bathymetry, sdb}, author = {Jegat, Veronique and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Freire, Ricardo and Klemm, Anthony and Castillo, Julio and Nyberg, John} } @article {5797, title = {Sedimentary Analysis from the Mouth of the Great Bay Estuary: Biogenic Sediment Fraction}, year = {2016}, month = {May 18}, abstract = {

Sediments were collected from the mouth of Great Bay Estuary in New Hampshire.Their lithological and biological constitutes were examined in an effort to understand the area\’s sedimentary history. Objectives of the Smear Slide/Coarse Fraction Team (SSCFT) were to:\ 

}, keywords = {Biogenic Sediment Fraction, ESCI 854, great bay estuary, sedimentary analysis, Sedimentology}, author = {Elizabeth Weidner and Matthew Roy} } @article {5796, title = {Sedimentary Analysis from the Mouth of the Great Bay Estuary: Lithologic Analysis}, year = {2016}, month = {May 18}, keywords = {ESCI 854, great bay estuary, Lithologic Analysis, sedimentary analysis, Sedimentology}, author = {Elizabeth Weidner and Matthew Roy} } @mastersthesis {6006, title = {Sedimentary Environments and Depositional History of a Paraglacial, Estuarine Embayment and Adjacent Inner Continental Shelf: Portsmouth Harbor, New Hampshire,}, volume = {Earth Sciences/Ocean Mapping}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2016}, pages = {188}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Portsmouth Harbor, New Hampshire and the adjacent inner continental shelf are typical of paraglacial, bedrock influenced embayments that characterize large areas of the Western Gulf of Maine. The surficial geology and seismic stratigraphy were described using high-resolution multibeam echosounder (MBES) bathymetry and backscatter, side scan sonar (SSS) backscatter, subbottom seismics, and ground truth in order to develop high-resolution seafloor maps and better understand the influence of Quaternary glaciations, sea-level fluctuations, and marine processes on the sedimentary environments.

The majority of the seafloor within the inner harbor and harbor mouth is coarse sand to fine gravel. Two sand bodies characterized by bedforms composed of a medium to coarse sand, are located north and south of a channel bend within the inner harbor. An apron of fine sand that begins in the harbor mouth expands into the inner shelf and connects to another region of fine sand at the southwestern corner of the study area. This apron of fine sand corresponds to a mounded seismic unit that may represent a mineral resource of sand for future beach nourishment. A small moraine field is located within the harbor mouth (containing 3-5 features). The seafloor of the inner shelf is highly variable with the apron of fine sand, coarse sand to fine gravel dominating the seaward extent, large bedrock outcrop areas, and a large moraine field (containing ~30 features). Both of the moraine fields are hypothesized to be De Greer Moraines.

The major stratigraphic features characterizing Portsmouth Harbor and the inner shelf include an early Pleistocene paleochannel, a possible point bar deposit, an erosional unconformity (Un) at an average depth of ~25 m below present sea level. The channel fill sequence for the entire study area can be generalized as glaciomarine sediments (Gm) separated from overlying Holocene sediments (Hc) by an erosional unconformity (Un).

The channel fill sequence at the channel bend contains a hypothesized point bar deposit overlying the erosional unconformity (Un). The paleochannel fill sequence of the inner shelf shows the only evidence of possible fluvial erosion of the glaciomarine sediment by the Piscataqua River during the sea-level lowstand.

}, keywords = {Earth sciences; Depositional history; Estuarine; Paraglacial; Portsmouth harbor; Sedimentary environments}, author = {Nifong, Kelly} } @article {6070, title = { Seismic Stratigraphy, Structure and Morphology of Makarov Basin and Surrounding Regions: Tectonic Implications}, volume = {374}, year = {2016}, month = {April 1}, pages = {1-13}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {

The tectonic history of Amerasia Basin, Arctic Ocean, is not well known because of a paucity of data and complexities introduced by the Alpha\–Mendeleev Ridge large igneous province. Makarov Basin, at the northern limit of Amerasia Basin and adjacent to Lomonosov Ridge, may provide a window into understanding the larger tectonic framework. The objective of this study is to decipher the sedimentary and tectonic history of northern Amerasia Basin by analysing the seismic stratigraphy, structure and morphology of Makarov Basin and surrounding regions (Alpha and Lomonosov ridges) of the central Arctic Ocean. The principal data sources for this study are a 400 km long multi-channel seismic line, extending from Alpha Ridge to the crest of Lomonosov Ridge via central Makarov Basin, and the Arctic bathymetric chart.

The seismic record within Makarov Basin is divided into five seismic units. The first unit overlying basement hosts Late Cretaceous (minimum age) slope to base of slope sediments. Some of these sediments are interbedded with volcanic or volcanoclastic rocks with a minimum age of 89 Ma. Makarov Basin becomes isolated from proximal sources of sediments after the onset of rifting that separated Lomonosov Ridge from the Barents Shelf, which may have occurred as early as the mid-Late Cretaceous, and led to the creation of Eurasia Basin. Sediments are largely pelagic to hemipelagic as a result of this isolation. This deposition style also applies to the draped sedimentary strata on Alpha and Lomonosov ridges. The uppermost seismic units within Makarov Basin arejump-correlatedto the stratigraphic record of the ACEX drill site on top of Lomonosov Ridge to provide age control. This correlation shows that the 44.4\–18.2 Ma hiatus documented in the drill core is not apparent in the basin. Inter-ridge correlations and the absence of an obvious planate surface on Alpha Ridge also suggest that sedimentation was uninterrupted on this ridge during the hiatus.

Seismic data reveal a deep subbasin (~ 5 km thick) within Makarov Basin. This subbasin is immediately adjacent to Lomonosov Ridge within major bends in the general strike orientation of the ridge. The rhomboid shape of the deep subbasin, the straight and steep morphology of the Amerasian flank of Lomonosov Ridge and the presence of numerous sub-parallel ridges (e.g. Geophysicists and Marvin spurs) created by splay faulting are evidence of strike-slip (transtensional) tectonics. This interpretation supports the \“rotational\” model of opening of Amerasia Basin with a transform to transtensional margin at Lomonosov Ridge. As spreading continued, however, the tectonics became increasingly extensional perpendicular to Lomonosov Ridge. There is no evidence of major tectonic deformation in Makarov Basin beyond the late Paleocene.

}, keywords = {alpha-mendeleev ridge complex, arctic morphology, arctic stratigraphy, lomonsov ridge, Makarov Basin, seismic reflection}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2016.01.013}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025322716300135}, author = {Evangaletos, J. and David C Mosher} } @article {5748, title = {Sensor-Derived Policy and Localized Chart Updates at NOAA{\textquoteright}s Marine Chart Division}, year = {2016}, month = {May 16 - 19}, address = {Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada}, abstract = {
Historically, nautical products are updated using data derived from traditional survey methodologies. The methodology for deriving bathymetry using satellites and airborne sensors has matured over the past decade. As a result of this technological change, policy regarding the incorporation of this data into nautical products must also change. Recent policy changes have allowed NOAA\’s Marine Chart Division to adapt the use of a Satellite Derived Bathymetry (SDB), Airborne Lidar Bathymetry (ALB), and Automated Information System (AIS) technologies into a procedure that allows for the information to be applied to nautical products. This procedure can open the door to a myriad of other possibilities which hydrographic offices around the world can use to improve the safety of navigation in appropriate use cases. The first-year\’s results already provide a rapid and cost-effective solution to update nautical charts in areas of dynamic seafloor change both nationally and internationally. The development of this standardized procedure can be transferable to cartographers, hydrographers and potential chart producers from hydrographic offices and government agencies around the world. This paper will provide a brief review of policy, procedure and real world applications.
}, keywords = {chart updates, sensor policy}, author = {Barber, John E. and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Klemm, Anthony and Nyberg, John and Powell, Julia} } @article {5998, title = {Signs of Recent Volcanism and Hydrothermal Activity Along the Eastern Segment of the Galapagos Spreading Center}, year = {2016}, month = {December 12-16}, pages = {San Francisco, CA}, publisher = {American Geophysical Union }, address = {San Francisco, CA}, abstract = {

Since the initial discovery of the Gal\ápagos Spreading Center (GSC) vents in 1977, large-scale disturbances resulting from eruptive and tectonic activity have both destroyed and created vent habitats along the GSC. In 2015, the E/V Nautilus returned to the GSC with remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) to explore 17 kilometers of the rift valley from the Rosebud site in the west, to a previously unexplored temperature anomaly east of the Tempus Fugit vent site. In the years to over a decade since scientists last visited the Rosebud, Rose Garden, and Tempus Fugit sites, there were many changes. Most notably, the Rosebud site, where scientists found a nascent vent community and left site markers in 2002, was apparently covered with glassy basaltic sheet flows. In addition to visual exploration, oceanographic sensor measurements and direct sampling, we used the ROV Hercules imaging suite, comprised of stereo cameras and a structured light laser sensor to map an area of diffuse flow in the Tempus Fugit field (100 m x 150 m). The centimeter-level photographic and bathymetric maps created with this system, along with ROV HD video, samples, and environmental sensors, documented hydrothermal activity and changes in biological community structure (e.g., Riftia tubeworms observed in nascent stages of community development in 2011 were now, in 2015, in greater abundance (with tubes almost 4 m in length). The detection of active venting and associated faunal assemblages will provide insight into the temporal and spatial variability of venting activity at the Tempus Fugit site. On a visual survey of the Rift east of the Tempus Fugit site, extinct sulfide chimney structures were discovered and sampled. There were several chimneys and sulfide deposits in a span of over 8 km that ranged in height from over a half meter to 1.5 m tall. Diffuse flow hosting white and blue bacterial mats was observed near the chimneys complexes. The base of a large chimney structure, venting white fluids, as well as adjacent chemically-stained sediments supported vent-endemic fauna including the Pompeii worm (Alvinella pompejana) and other polychaete worms, along with pycnogonids, rat-tail fish, and galatheid crabs. This discovery provided the first evidence that the eastern segment of the GSC may have contained high-temperature, black smoker vents.\ 

}, keywords = {galpagos, hydrothermal activity, volcanism}, author = {Nicole A Raineault and Smart, Clara and Larry A Mayer and Robert Ballard and Fisher, Charles R. and Marsh, Leigh and Shank, T M} } @article {5673, title = {Spatial Extent and Temporal Dynamics of Ascidian Invasions in the Continental United States and Alaska}, year = {2016}, pages = {1-16}, author = {C. Simkanin and Fofonoff, P.W. and Larson, K. and G. Lambert and Jennifer A. Dijkstra and Ruiz, G.M.} } @article {6374, title = {Status of S-126 Product Specification for Physical Environment}, year = {2016}, month = {November 22}, pages = {1}, institution = {International Hydrographic Organization}, address = {Monaco}, abstract = {

At NIPWG2 the S-126 Test Data Set was considered complete. The Netherlands agreed to start with the initial mapping of the S-126 Physical Environment Test Data Set with pre-existing objects and attributes. In 2006 SNPWG began the initial work on the objects and attributes for the physical environment data model. It was decided at that time that a simple generic model would suffice. Technology and expectations have changed greatly over the past decade which makes this the perfect time to move forward with an eye to the future and the overall goal of the S-100 data products\…\”to provide the data framework for the development of the next generation of ENC products, as well as other related digital products required by the hydrographic, maritime and GIS communities.\”

}, keywords = {Coast Pilot, S-126 Physical Environment}, url = {https://www.iho.int/mtg_docs/com_wg/NIPWG/NIPWG3/NIPWG\%203-22.1\%20Status\%20S126.pdf}, author = {Wildfred denToom and Briana M Sullivan} } @article {5949, title = {Surficial Geology Mapping of the Arctic Ocean: Using Subbottom Profiling and Multibeam Echosounding Data Sets to Constrain the Subsea North of 64{\textdegree} as a Layer for the IBCAO}, year = {2016}, month = {December 12-16}, pages = {San Francisco, CA}, abstract = {

Barriers to data collection such as perennial ice cover, climate, and remoteness have contributed to a paucity of geologic data in the Arctic. The last decade, however, has seen a multi-national push to increase the quantity and extent of data available at high latitudes. With increased availability of geophysical and geological data holdings, we expand on previous mapping initiatives by creating a comprehensive surficial geology map as a layer to the International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO), providing a way to collectively analyze physiography, morphology and geology. Acoustic facies derived from subbottom profiles, combined with morphology illuminated from IBCAO and multibeam bathymetric datasets, and ground truth data compiled from cores and samples are used to map surficial geology units. We identified over 25 seismo-acoustic facies leading to interpretation of 12 distinct geologic units for the Arctic Ocean. The largest variety of seismic facies occurs on the shelves, which demonstrate the complex ice-margin history (e.g. chaotic bottom echoes with amorphous subbottom reflections that imply ice scouring processes). Shelf-crossing troughs generally lead to trough mouth fans on the continental margin with characteristic glaciogenic debris flow deposits (acoustically transparent units) comprising the bulk of the sedimentary succession. Other areas of continental slopes show a variety of facies suggesting sediment mass failure and turbidite deposition. Vast areas of the deep water portion of the Arctic are dominated by parallel reflections, indicative of hemi-pelagic and turbidity current deposition. Some deep water parts of the basin, however, show evidence of current reworking (sigmoidal reflections within bedforms), and contain deep sea channels with thalwegs (bright reflections within channels) and levee deposits (reflection pinch-out). These results delineated in the surficial geology map provide a comprehensive database of regional geologic information of the Arctic Ocean that can be applied to a variety of disciplines, including the study of Arctic sedimentary processes, climatologic and oceanographic processes, environmental and geohazard risk assessment, resource management, and Extended Continental Shelf mapping.

}, keywords = {atlantic ocean, ibcao, surficial geology mapping}, author = {Dr. Ken C Baldwin and David C Mosher and Gebhardt, C.} } @article {5827, title = {Synoptic Risk Assessment for Ship Passage and Hydrographic Uncertainty Representation}, year = {2016}, month = {June 21 - 23}, pages = {Washington, DC}, address = {Committee on the Marine Transportation System}, abstract = {

Expression of the inherent uncertainty of hydrographic and cartographic data in chart products for surface navigation is, in general, poor.\ On most products, the only representation is a description of the age of the data (which means little to most users, and cannot be adequately assessed without detailed knowledge of when different technologies were adopted into practice), or at best some assessments such as CATZOC, which mostly describe what the hydrographers did, not what they know (or, more importantly, do not know) about the area.\ Consequently, models of ship transit risk (often in limited form, such as grounding probability or incident rate) that ignore the bathymetric component, or assume that the chart provides all available knowledge, can (potentially significantly) underestimate the effects of bathymetry on risk experienced.

As an alternative, a bathymetry-aware own-ship risk model is proposed, which accommodates presence or absence of bathymetric data, and includes such effects as measurement uncertainty, vessel parameters, and environmental variations.\ This model can be used to predict own-ship risk for specific transits in pre-voyage planning, estimate a predict-ahead uncertainty from a given position to provide real-time decision support tools, and (calibrated by AIS-derived statistical models of shipping) compute the overall risk for particular areas, which provides for an alternative statement of uncertainty in chart products that can be readily visualized even in static printed or electronic products.\ The model can also be used to assess resurvey priority, and to direct conduct of surveys.

The resulting toolset is designed as a library of risk-estimation software objects which can be configured to solve all of the described own-ship risk model estimation problems.\ The library could also be readily integrated with more general multi-ship environments to provide core risk estimation services, and readily adapts for multi-threading and multi-processing for computational efficiency.

}, author = {Brian R Calder} } @article {6818, title = {Target Strength Observations of Wobbly Bubbles}, year = {2016}, month = {May 23-27}, pages = {Salt Lake City, Utah}, abstract = {

Large methane bubbles released from shallow water seabed are of interest because bubbles facilitate the transport process of gas through their journey in the water column, making them more susceptible to reaching the atmosphere than those released from deep water. Several models that relate bubble radius and acoustic backscattering for ideal, spherical bubbles have been developed and are typically used by researchers attempting to invert acoustic backscatter measurements for bubble size and/or gas flux. However, based on theory and field experimentation, it has been shown that large free gas bubbles in liquids (large E\ötv\ös and/or large Reynolds numbers) are non-spherical. A shallow water (\< 6 m) tank experiment has been designed to understand the influence of bubble shape on acoustic backscattering. This experiment was conducted for bubbles between 1-5 mm in radius (E\ötv\ös number between 0.5 and 13, Reynolds numbers between 300 and 1500, and a Morton number of approximately 7.2e-11) and at frequencies between 10-100 kHz. These frequencies are well above bubble resonance but cover the range of typical echo sounder measurements of bubbles in the field. Calibrated bubble target strength for these bubbles will be compared to existing acoustic backscattering models for bubbles.

}, keywords = {Acoustic Scattering; Gas Bubbles;}, doi = {10.1121/1.4950082}, author = {Alexandra M Padilla and Kevin M Rychert and Thomas C Weber} } @article {5950, title = {Toward cyberinfrastructure to facilitate collaboration and reproducibility for marine integrated ecosystem assessments}, volume = {10}, year = {2016}, month = {10 December 2016}, pages = {13}, publisher = {Springer}, abstract = {

There is a growing need for cyberinfrastructure to support science-based decision making in management of natural resources. In particular, our motivation was to aid the development of cyberinfrastructure for Integrated Ecosystem Assessments (IEAs) for marine ecosystems. The IEA process involves analysis of natural and socio-economic information based on diverse and disparate sources of data, requiring collaboration among scientists of many disciplines and communication with other stakeholders. Here we describe our bottom-up approach to developing cyberinfrastructure through a collaborative process engaging a small group of domain and computer scientists and software engineers. We report on a use case evaluated for an Ecosystem Status Report, a multi-disciplinary report inclusive of Earth, life, and social sciences, for the Northeast U.S. Continental Shelf Large Marine Ecosystem. Ultimately, we focused on sharing workflows as a component of the cyberinfrastructure to facilitate collaboration and reproducibility. We developed and deployed a software environment to generate a portion of the Report, retaining traceability of derived datasets including indicators of climate forcing, physical pressures, and ecosystem\ states. Our solution for sharing workflows and delivering reproducible documents includes IPython (now Jupyter) Notebooks. We describe technical and social challenges that we encountered in the use case and the importance of training to aid the adoption of best practices and new technologies by domain scientists. We consider the larger challenges for developing end-to-end cyberinfrastructure that engages other participants and stakeholders in the IEA process.

}, keywords = {E-science, Executable workflow, Indicator, IPython notebook, Open science, Use case methodology}, doi = {10.1007/s12145-016-0280-4}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007\%2Fs12145-016-0280-4}, author = {Stace E. Beaulieu and Peter A. Fox and Massimo Di Stefano and Andrew Maffei and Patrick West and Jonathan A. Hare and Michael Fogarty} } @article {6001, title = {Towards the Complete Characterization of Marine-Terminating Glacier Outlet Systems}, year = {2016}, month = {December 12-16}, pages = {San Francisco, CA}, abstract = {

The Petermann Glacier Experiment was aimed at understanding past variations in Petermann Glacier and their relationship to changes in climatic and oceanographic conditions. A critical component of the experiment was a comprehensive program conducted on the icebreaker Oden to map submarine glacial landforms, offering insight into past ice dynamics and establishing the overall geomorphological context of the region. Concurrent water-column mapping provided remarkable insight into modern glacial, oceanographic, and biological processes suggesting that a carefully designed experiment could provide a near-complete characterization of marine-terminating glacier outlet systems.

Water-column mapping revealed seeps emanating from several seafloor regions. These features appeared along common depth zones and may represent fresh water emanating from a submerged aquifer; initial pore water analyses of cores also imply a fresh water flux into the fjord system. Water-column data also show a spatially consistent but variable distribution of a strong mid-water scattering layer, a biological response possibly tracing the inflow of Atlantic water into the fjord and enhanced by input from local outlet glaciers. The continuous nature of these acoustic records over 30 days offers a complete 4-D picture of the distribution of the scattering layer (and perhaps internal circulation patterns and water-mass interactions) with a spatial and temporal distribution far beyond that achievable by traditional oceanographic stations. Additional, higher-resolution water-column imaging around local outlet glaciers presents a clear picture of subglacial sediment-laden meltwater plumes. Thus in addition to the paleoceanographic information they provided, the acoustic systems deployed captured a 4D-view of many of the modern geological, oceanographic and ecological processes within and adjacent to the Petermann Glacier marine system. With the addition of seafloor and water-column sampling, long-term oceanographic moorings, a much more robust biological program (to understand what we are mapping in the water-column) and, the ability to extend our measurements under the ice sheet, we stand poised to truly characterize and hopefully understand the processes at work in front of marine-terminating outlet glaciers.

}, keywords = {marine-terminating glacier outlet systems, petermann glacier}, url = {https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm16/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/174118}, author = {Larry A Mayer and Martin Jakobsson and Mix, A C and Erin Heffron and Kevin Jerram and Hogan, K. and Muenchow, A.} } @inbook {5391, title = {An Ultrahigh-Latitude Submarine Channel: Northern Chukchi Rise}, booktitle = {Atlas of Submarine Glacial Landforms: Modern, Quaternary and Ancient.}, volume = {Memoirs}, number = {46}, year = {2016}, month = {12/2016}, pages = {391-392}, publisher = {The Geological Society of London}, organization = {The Geological Society of London}, address = {London, UK}, abstract = {

In support of efforts to establish an extended continental shelf under the auspices of the Law of the Sea Treaty, the United States and other nations have been collecting high-resolution multibeam sonar data in many previously unmapped regions of the Arctic. The U.S. has conducted eight dedicated mapping cruises since 2003 (four in collaboration with Canada) in the mostly ice-covered waters north of Alaska as far north as 83.5o N (Mayer et al., 2010) using the USCG Icebreaker HEALY equipped with a 12-kHz multibeam sonar. Given the generally heavy ice conditions in this region (the ice-edge was typically encountered at about 75o N), most of the surveys involved single multibeam swaths that cover specific targets relevant to a Law of the Sea submission (e.g., the 2500-m isobath or the foot of the slope). During the 2012 record-setting ice minimum, however, we found the ice margin at about 80oN that left large areas of open water available for mapping using more traditional overlapping multibeam survey techniques (Mayer and Armstrong, 2012). The complete coverage surveys carried out during 2012 revealed a remarkable, previously unknown submarine channel (informally named \“Weather Channel\”), most likely, the northern-most submarine channel ever mapped.

}, keywords = {chukchi, submarine channel}, doi = {doi:10.1144/M46.19}, author = {Larry A Mayer and James V. Gardner and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @article {5751, title = {Underwater-Detector Array for Optical Communication and Laser Beam Diagnostics}, year = {2016}, month = {Apr 17 - 21}, address = {Baltimore, MD}, keywords = {laser beam diagnostics, Lasers, optical communication, underwater detector array}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Eren, Firat and May-Win Thein and Yuri Rzhanov and Matthew Birkebak} } @article {6553, title = {U.S. Extended Continental Shelf Cruise to Map Northern Sections of Northern Mariana Islands Continental Shelf}, year = {2016}, month = {October 30}, pages = {145}, institution = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping / Joint Hydrographic Center}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

This report describes a 32-day Extended Continental Shelf-related bathymetry cruise to the Northern Mariana Islands Continental Shelf plus a 13-day extension of the cruise conducted by Fugro contract personnel following debarkation of the NOAA and University of New Hampshire personnel. The mapping area on this cruise will junction with Extended Continental Shelf Project data acquired by NOAA and the University of New Hampshire in 2006, 2007, and 2010, with bathymetry acquired by Okeanos Explorer in 2016, with bathymetry outside the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) that was generously provided to NOAA by Japan Coast Guard in 2016, and with miscellaneous bathymetric data from the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) multibeam bathymetry archive. A study of the U.S. data holdings pertinent to the formulation of U.S. potential definition of an Extended Continental Shelf (ECS) under the United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) identified areas where new bathymetric surveys are needed (Mayer, et al., 2002). The report recommended that multibeam echo sounder (MBES) data are needed to rigorously define an extended continental shelf. The Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center (CCOM/JHC) at the University of New Hampshire (UNH) was funded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to conduct research on ECS topics including new surveys and archive the resultant data.

This is the 5th Extended Continental Shelf Project cruise to the Mariana Islands region. Earlier cruises were completed in 2006, 2007, and 2010 (Gardner 2006, Gardner 2007, Gardner 2010, Armstrong, 2011). NOAA entered into a contract with Fugro Pelagos, Inc., who provided the 75-m, 2065-ton M.V. Fugro Supporter with a hull-mounted Kongsberg Maritime EM122 MBES and an Edgetech 3300 HM (hull-mounted) chirp sub-bottom profiler. In addition to the ship and associated sensors, Fugro provided three science technicians for technical support of the cruise, and an onboard survey representative. Under the guidance of the NOAA Joint Hydrographic Center Chief Scientist, NOAA and UNH provided the science party who carried out the data acquisition and onboard data processing for both the EM122 and the 3300. The 32-day cruise began and ended in Saipan, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and included a 3-day mid-cruise port call in Saipan for engineering and multibeam repairs. The 13-day extension began in Saipan and ended at sea when the Fugro team aboard Fugro Supporter completed their additional mapping effort and the ship began a transit to Palau. The survey data included multibeam bathymetry, backscatter, and full-water column data, as well as high-resolution CHIRP sub-bottom profiling (SBP).

}, author = {Andrew A. Armstrong and Giuseppe Masetti} } @article {5928, title = {U.S. Law of the Sea Cruise to Map and Sample the US Arctic Ocean Margin, Healy 1603}, year = {2016}, month = {October 6}, pages = {135}, institution = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping / Joint Hydrographic Center}, address = {University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Healy-1603 was a relatively short cruise that was scheduled late in the year when Healy time became available due to cancellation of a BOEM cruise. Originally scheduled for 11 days, the primary objective of was to collect a few key high-resolution multibeam sonar lines in the region north of the Alaskan north slope margin and on the Beringian margin to verify and further support initial foot of the slope (FoS) picks. With the decision to use Healy for ECS operations this season, discussions also began with the Canadians with respect to a possible two-ship operation with the Louis S. St. Laurent (LSL) which was scheduled for a seismic and mapping mission in the vicinity of the North Pole and the Alpha Ridge during August and September. Logistical constraints prevented the scheduling the ships for joint operations, however, both Canada and the U.S. agreed to extend their respective cruises by five days to accommodate high-priority objectives for each other -- the LSSL would attempt to collect a seismic line on the northern extension of Chukchi Cap for the U.S. and the Healy would attempt to dredge on the southern Alpha Ridge for Canada. Thus Healy-1603 was extended five days with the added objective of dredging on the Alpha Ridge. Ancillary projects on Healy-1603 included the deployment of ice buoys under the direction of Ignatius Rigor (University of Washington) and Pablo Clemente-Col\ón (NIC) (APPENDIX G) and the real-time underway isotopic analyses of seawater samples for ocean acidification studies under the direction of Jonathan Wynn from the University of Southern Florida (APPENDIX H). NIC on board personnel also provided sea ice analysis, tactical navigation support, and daily briefings for the Healy Command and Chief Scientist.

}, keywords = {arctic, ECS, Healy, Law of the Sea}, author = {Larry A Mayer and Brian R Calder and David C Mosher} } @article {5746, title = {Use of Satellite Imagery for Monitoring the Mouths of Dynamic Rivers}, year = {2016}, month = {May 16 - 19}, address = {Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada}, abstract = {
Among the most dynamic areas that is used for maritime navigation are the river mouths. Hydrographic surveying using conventional survey technologies (e.g., single-beam, side-scan sonar, and multibeam echosounder) are useful to determine current conditions. However, these methods are not particularly effective for frequently measurement to monitor the rapid morphological changes that are common in river mouths. A supplemental approach is the use of archived satellite imagery to assess current and past trends related to the river bottom depths and shoaling. In this paper, we describe multi-temporal analysis of satellite-derived bathymetry (SDB) using Landsat 8 imagery of the Yukon River, AK, USA and the Amazonas River, Brazil. The study results are useful for analyzing the stable and dynamic seafloor areas (navigable portions). Thus, it is possible to generate a set of products that present the seasonal shoal features characteristics of the season. In addition, trends of migrating shoals along the navigational channel of the river can be assessed. These trends can be further used to update position of aids to navigations, warn mariners, and
plan future surveys and dredging operations.
}, keywords = {dynamic rivers, stellite imagery}, author = {Freire, Ricardo and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Alexander, Lee and Yuri Rzhanov and Christopher E Parrish and Thomas C Lippmann} } @article {5747, title = {Using JALBTCX - USACE Airborne Topographic-Bathymetric Lidar to Update Coastal Bathymetry on NOAA Nautical Charts}, year = {2016}, month = {May 16 - 19}, address = {Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada}, abstract = {
The Joint Airborne Lidar Bathymetry Technical Center of Expertise (JALBTCX) partnership is comprised of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), the U.S. Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Both the
USACE and NOAA have requirements to collect topo-bathy lidar of the U.S. coastline, but for different intended applications. The USACE resurvey the contiguous U.S. coast every\ five to seven\ years through their National Coastal Mapping Program: an excellent resource to assist NOAA in meeting their nautical charting requirements. This paper summarizes how NOAA and USACE are investigating the topo-bathy lidar datasets and plans to ingest them into the NOAA charting pipeline to routinely update nautical charts on a national scale. Ultimately, reducing the deficit of recent and reliable near-shore coastal bathymetry for the U.S. mariner.
}, keywords = {airborne topographic-bathymetry lidar, coastal bathymetry, jalbtcx, noaa nautical charts, usacce}, author = {Wozencraft, J. and Aslaksen, Michael and Imahori, Gretchen and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Witmer, Joshua} } @article {5920, title = {On Using Multi-look Synthetic Aperture Sonar Analysis for the Investigation of Scattering Mechanisms}, year = {2016}, month = {Nov 28 - Dec 2}, pages = {Honolulu, HI}, author = {Anthony P. Lyons and D.C. Brown} } @article {6914, title = {Variance-Covariance Matrix of Transformed GPS Positions: Case Study for the NAD 83 Geodetic Datum}, volume = {142(1)}, year = {2016}, month = {February}, pages = {13}, publisher = {American Society of Civil Engineers}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)SU.1943-5428.0000143}, author = {Tom{\'a}s Soler and Jen-Yu Han and Neil Weston} } @article {2874, title = {The Vertical Structure of Low Frequency Motions in the Nearshore, Part 1: Observations}, volume = {46(12)}, year = {2016}, month = {2016}, pages = {3695-3711}, publisher = {American Meteorological Society}, address = {Boston, MA}, doi = {DOI: 10.1175/JPO-D-16-0014.1}, author = {Thomas C Lippmann and Thornton, Ed and Stanton, Tim} } @article {2875, title = {The Vertical Structure of Low Frequency Motions in the Nearshore, Part 2: Theory}, volume = {46(12)}, year = {2016}, month = {2016}, pages = {3713-3727}, publisher = {American Meteorological Society}, address = {Boston, MA}, keywords = {Other}, doi = {DOI: 10.1175/JPO-D-16-0015.1}, author = {Thomas C Lippmann and Bowen, Tony} } @article {5951, title = {Western Gulf of Maine Bathymetry and Backscatter Synthesis}, volume = {BOEM/New Hampshire Cooperative Agreement (Contract M14ACOOO10) Technical Report}, year = {2016}, pages = {18}, institution = {Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Marine Minerals Branch,}, address = {Herndon, VA}, abstract = {

In July 2014 a Cooperative Agreement between the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, the University of New Hampshire Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center, and the New Hampshire Geological Survey was developed to assess the potential sand and gravel resources on the New Hampshire shelf and vicinity for the primary purpose of beach nourishment to enhance coastal resiliency. Of major importance to the effort was the development of high resolution bathymetric maps of the region to provide an understanding of the seafloor and to be used as a base for subsequent mapping products. Fortunately, over the last decade a number of high resolution multibeam echosounder bathymetric surveys were completed in the Western Gulf of Maine including the New Hampshire shelf. In addition, many of these multibeam echosounder surveys collected backscatter, which is the intensity of the returned acoustic signal from the seafloor and often reveals a great deal of information about the characteristics of the substrate.

Utilizing the high resolution multibeam echosounder bathymetry, as well as several older extant surveys, a synthesis was constructed for the Western Gulf of Maine. The original surveys used in this compilation were gridded over a large range (0.50 to 25 m). Therefore, the surveys were re-gridded at 4 m and 8 m for map development. Composites were also constructed of multibeam echosounder backscatter for the Western Gulf of Maine (gridded at 2m). However, due to the difficulties of combining varying surveys, the synthesis for the backscatter surveys was limited to a region off New Hampshire.

The composites for the Western Gulf of Maine Bathymetry and Backscatter Synthesis are presently available through the Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center website at http://ccom.unh.edu/gis/maps/WGOM_4m/ (for bathymetry gridded at 4 m), http://ccom.unh.edu/gis/maps/WGOM_8m/ (for bathymetry gridded at 8 m), and http://ccom.unh.edu/gis/maps/WGOM_BS/ (for the backscatter gridded at 2 m).

}, keywords = {backscatter, bathymetry, Western Gulf of Maine}, doi = {https://dx.doi.org/10.34051/p/2021.27 }, author = {Larry G Ward and Paul Johnson and Erin Nagel and Zachary S. McAvoy and M. Vallee-Anziani} } @article {5749, title = {Yukon River Prototype Electronic Charts Using Satellite Derived Bathymetry}, year = {2016}, month = {May 16 - 19}, publisher = {Canadian Hydrographic Association}, address = {Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada}, abstract = {
The Yukon River in Alaska was not adequately charted for the local barge industry to supply goods and services to Western Alaska without navigating on unauthoritative data. The large extent of the navigable Yukon, resources, funding, platform availability, remoteness and windows of opportunity to survey were prohibitive obstacles in securing the data and compiling it to a traditional chart product. Additionally, the temporal value of traditional surveying and charting methods along a river with a potential high
changeability after every winter\’s thaw was unknown. NOAA needed to find a charting solution that overcame these problems and could be maintained efficiently. Satellite Derived Bathymetry (SDB) provided a solution.
In November 2015, NOAA created provisional ENCs (Electronic Navigational Charts) using SDB shallow areas and shoreline. The techniques are automated and repeatable after every winter\’s thaw. This solution is unprecedented for NOAA charting products. This paper will present the end-to-end process, challenges, and future plans for construction and maintenance of the Yukon River ENCs.
}, keywords = {satellite derived bathymetry, sdb, yukon river}, author = {Kampia, Andrew and Klemm, Anthony and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Barber, John E. and Merke, David and Athens, Elise} } @article {6373, title = {1-6.3-CoastPilotDataStructure}, year = {2015}, month = {July 2}, pages = {28}, institution = {International Hydrographic Organization}, chapter = {IHO - NIPWG}, address = {Monaco}, abstract = {

The current state of the Coast Pilot data structure and database and insights on where it could be with ideas on how to make it happen.

}, keywords = {Coast Pilot}, url = {https://www.iho.int/mtg_docs/com_wg/NIPWG/NIPWG1/NIPW\%201-6.3-CoastPilotDataStructure.pdf}, author = {Briana M Sullivan} } @article {6460, title = {Active mud volcanoes on the continental slope of the Canadian Beaufort Sea}, journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems}, year = {2015}, doi = {10.1002/2015GC005928}, author = {Paull, C.K. and Dallimore, S.R. and Caress, D.W. and Gwiazda, R. and Melling, H. and Riedel, M. and Jin, Y.K. and Hong, J.K. and Kim, Y.-G. and Graves, D. and Sherman, A. and Lundsten, E. and Anderson, K. and Lundsten, L. and Villinger, H. and Kopf, A. and Johnson, S.B. and John E. Hughes Clarke and Blasco, S. and Conway, K. and Neelands, P. and Thomas, H. and C{\^o}t{\'e}, M.} } @article {5970, title = {Advances in Nearshore Processes Research: Four Decades of Progress}, volume = {83(1)}, year = {2015}, pages = {39-52}, publisher = {ASBPA}, abstract = {

The purpose of this paper is to summarize four decades of progress in nearshore research, the duration of the science career of Dr. Abby Sallenger. This paper is a retrospective foundation and jumping-off point for a companion paper that discusses the priority directions for future research as developed in a recent community meeting and from subsequent discussions. Our review starts with a short discussion of the nature of the nearshore problem, then is divided into four periods, pre-1974, 1974-1989, 1989-2000 and finally 2000-the present. Each section covers the research highlights for fluid and sedimentary processes, key facilitators of progress including instrumentation development and large experiments, and community assessments of priority unsolved problems at the end of each period.

}, author = {Robert Holman and Merrick Haller and Thomas C Lippmann and K. Todd Holland and Bruce Jaffee} } @proceedings {5704, title = {Alpha / Mendeleev Ridge and Chukchi Borderland 40Ar/39Ar Geochronology and Geochemistry: Character of the First Submarine Intraplate Lavas Recovered from the Arctic Ocean}, volume = {17}, year = {2015}, month = {April 12 - 17}, address = {Vienna, Austria}, abstract = {

At least three episodes of magmatic activity have been recognized on the basis of 40Ar/39Ar age determinations in the submarine basaltic samples dredged, drilled or grabbed with a manipulation arm from Alpha / Mendeleev Ridge and Chukchi Borderland of the Arctic Ocean by US Coast Guard Icebreaker Healy, in August-September 2008, and Russian research vessel Captain Dranitsin in August-October 2012: ca. 112 Ma, ca. 100 Ma and ca. 85-73 Ma. Major-oxide and trace-element concentrations, and Pb, Sr, Nd, and Hf isotopic ratios of the recovered lavas provide important constraints on the composition and sources for the original melts. Lavas erupted at ca. 112 Ma (Group 1) have alkali basalt major-oxide compositions. Their low degree of rare-earth-element (REE) fractionation (CeN/YbN = 1.7-2.5), combined with high overall HREE (22-24 times chondrite) and Mg$\#$ ~54, suggest derivation from a garnet-free source followed by only minimal crystal fractionation for this group. Pb-Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic systematics of the lavas (206Pb/204Pb = 18.73-18.79; 207Pb/204Pb = 15.54-15.56; 208Pb/204Pb = 38.28-38.35; 143Nd/144Nd = 0.512594-0.512610; 87Sr/86Sr = 0.709458-0.709601; 176Hf/177Hf = 0.283224), together with ratios of highly incompatible trace elements (Th/Ce = 0.09-0.11; Ce/Nb = 2.58-3.09; Th/Nb = 0.24-0.33), point toward a lithospheric source for the magmas. Eruptions at ca. 100 Ma and 85-73 Ma produced two types of lavas: low-Ti tholeiitic basalts - LT, and high-Ti alkali basalts - HT, both assigned to Group 2. This distribution of low- and high-Ti lavas is common in continental flood basalt (CFB) provinces elsewhere, and has been attributed to plume activity in some studies. The trace-element abundance patterns for these Group 2 Arctic lavas are also very similar to those of CFBs elsewhere. Their low degrees of REE fractionation (CeN/YbN = 2.0-3.3) accompanied by progressively decreasing Mg$\#$s (from 53 to 33) suggest a garnet-free source, with the derivative magmas experiencing significant crystal fractionation prior to eruption. Both LT and HT basalts have Sr, Nd and Hf isotope ratios that fall between MORB and Bulk Silicate Earth (143Nd/144Nd = 0.512669-0.512919; 87Sr/86Sr = 0.703820-0.704764; 176Hf/177Hf = 0.283128-0.283191), and are thus characterized as depleted, most likely originating in a subcontinental asthenospheric source. Contamination of these lavas with small amounts of lithospheric components is a distinct possibility. HT basalts, generally the younger of the two lava types in Group 2, are more depleted in their Nd and Sr isotopic compositions than the older LT basalts. Measured Pb-isotopic ratios plot mostly along and above the Northern Hemisphere Reference Line or NHRL (206Pb/204Pb = 18.59-19.37; 207Pb/204Pb = 15.55-15.60; 208Pb/204Pb = 38.31-38.99). Volume estimates between the Group 1 and Group 2 lavas are not yet possible to determine. However, the composition-time relationships for the lavas suggest inception of melting in the Amerasia Basin\ 

}, url = {http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2015/EGU2015-8291-2.pdf}, author = {Mukasa, S B and Larry A Mayer and Aviado, Kimberly and Bryce, Julie and Andronikov, A and Brumley, K and Blichert-Toft, Janne and Petrov, Oleg and Shokalsky, Sergey} } @article {5690, title = {Alternating Asymmetric Swimming Strokes in California Sea Lions}, year = {2015}, month = {December 13 - 18}, publisher = {Society for Marine Mammalogy}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, abstract = {

The addition of gyroscopes to tags have made it possible to describe, for the first time, fine-scale movements and underwater orientation of a free-ranging otariid, the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Gyroscopes enable the separation of animal accelerations from acceleration due to gravity, and provide direct measurements of rotation speeds. We instrumented four adult females with archival tags containing accelerometers, magnetometers, gyroscopes and pressure sensors. The tags were attached at the midline of the body, approximately above the center of mass, and remained in place for at least one foraging trip to sea of 5-9 days. We applied a matched filter method to separate dynamic animal accelerations from the gravity signal, producing a record that clearly reveals individual swimming strokes. Previous reports of sea lions swimming describe brief symmetrical strokes of their pectoral flippers interspersed with gliding. In contrast our data show alternating asymmetric stroking patterns during the ascent portion of dives deeper than 60 m. Simultaneous with each stroke, gyroscopes recorded an alternating change in angular velocity from clockwise to counter clockwise approximately 30 deg/s in each direction about a rostral-caudal axis. The animals rotated approximately 90-200 deg during the glide interval between strokes, and then rotated in the reverse direction on the next stroke. In addition, the reconstructed tracks show a zig-zag pattern with alternating headings changing approximately 25 degrees . These patterns are not evident either in horizontal swimming portions of dives or the descent portion of dives where the stroking pattern was far more irregular. We speculate that the asymmetrical stroke patterns might either support greater environmental awareness or that this may be an efficient swimming mode.

}, keywords = {california sea lions, sea lions, swimming strokes}, url = {https://www.marinemammalscience.org/conference/}, author = {Colin Ware}, editor = {Elizabet McHuron and Luis Huckstadt and Sara Peterson and Daniel P Costa} } @proceedings {5605, title = {Ambiguity of Underwater Color Measurement and Color-based Habitat Classification}, year = {2015}, month = {May 11-13}, address = {Barcelona, Spain}, abstract = {

The paper discusses ambiguities in recording color underwater. Routinely collected RGB imagery can be used for classification and recognition utilizing the proposed probabilistic approach. The device for collection of spectral signatures, necessary for this approach is described.

}, author = {Yuri Rzhanov and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Aleksej Shashkov} } @article {5711, title = {Arctic Ocean Bathymetry: A Necessary Geospatial Framework}, volume = {68, No. 5}, year = {2015}, month = {July 2015}, pages = {41-47}, publisher = {Arctic Institute of North America}, address = {Calgary, Canada}, abstract = {

Most ocean science relies on a geospatial infrastructure that is built from bathymetry data collected from ships underway, archived, and converted into maps and digital grids. Bathymetry, the depth of the seafloor, besides having vital importance to geology and navigation, is a fundamental element in studies of deep water circulation, tides, tsunami forecasting, upwelling, fishing resources, wave action, sediment transport, environmental change, and slope stability, as well as in site selection for platforms, cables, and pipelines, waste disposal, and mineral extraction. Recent developments in multibeam sonar mapping have so dramatically increased the resolution with which the seafloor can be portrayed that previous representations must be considered obsolete. Scientific conclusions based on sparse bathymetric information should be re-examined and refined. At this time only about 11\% of the Arctic Ocean has been mapped with multibeam; the rest of its seafloor area is portrayed through mathematical interpolation using a very sparse depth-sounding database. In order for all Arctic marine activities to benefit fully from the improvement that multibeam provides, the entire Arctic Ocean must be multibeam-mapped, a task that can be accomplished only through international coordination and collaboration that includes the scientific community, naval institutions, and industry.
Key words: bathymetry; Arctic Ocean; mapping; oceanography;

}, keywords = {Arctic Ocean, bathymetry, mapping, oceanography, tectonics}, url = {http://arctic.journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/arctic/index.php/arctic/article/view/4451/4655}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Larry A Mayer and Monahan, Dave} } @article {5693, title = {Assessment of Trawlable and Untrawlable Seafloor Using Multibeam-Derived Metrics}, volume = {12}, year = {2015}, month = {May 2015}, pages = {18{\textendash}35}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {

Groundfish that associate with rugged seafloor types are difficult to assess with bottom-trawl sampling gear. Simrad ME70 multibeam echosounder (MBES) data and video imagery were collected to characterize trawlable and untrawlable areas, and to ultimately improve efforts to determine habitat-specific groundfish biomass. The data were collected during two acoustic-trawl surveys of the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) during 2011 and 2012 by NOAA Alaska Fisheries Science Center (AFSC) researchers. MBES data were collected continuously along the trackline, which included parallel transects (1\–20 nmi spacing) and fine-scale survey locations in 2011. Video data were collected at camera stations using a deployed camera system. Multibeam-derived seafloor metrics were overlaid with the locations of previously conducted AFSC bottom-trawl (BT) survey hauls and 2011 camera stations. Generalized linear models were used to identify the best combination of multibeam metrics to discriminate between trawlable and untrawlable seafloor for the region of overlap between the camera stations or haul paths and the MBES data. The two best models were developed using data collected at camera stations with either oblique incidence backscatter strength (Sb)(Sb) or mosaic SbSb in combination with bathymetric position index and seafloor ruggedness; these described over 54\% of the variation between trawlable and untrawlable seafloor types. A map of predicted seafloor trawlability produced from the model using mosaic SbSb and benthic-terrain metrics demonstrated that 58\% of the area mapped (View the MathML source5987km2) had \≥50\%\≥50\% probability of being trawlable and 42\% of being untrawlable. The model correctly predicted 69\% of trawlable and untrawlable haul locations. Successful hauls occurred in areas with 62\% probability of being trawlable and gear damage occurred in areas with a 38\% probability of being trawlable. This model and map produced from multibeam-derived seafloor metrics may be used to refine seafloor interpretation for the AFSC BT surveys and to advance efforts to develop habitat-specific biomass estimates for GOA groundfish populations.

}, keywords = {Acoustic backscatter, Bottom-trawl survey, gulf of alaska, Seafloor Characterization}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211122015000225}, author = {Jodi L Pirtle and Thomas C Weber and Christopher D Wilson and Rooper, Christopher N} } @article {5691, title = {AUV-Acquired Bathymetry, Methods: Scrutinizing AUV Mission Planning, Operations and Data Processing}, volume = {11}, number = {56}, year = {2015}, month = {November 2015}, pages = {17-22}, keywords = {AUV, bathymetry, navigation}, author = {Shannon Byrne and Val Schmidt and Hegrenaes, Oyvind and Brodet, Steve} } @proceedings {5497, title = {A Bayesian marine debris detector using existing hydrographic data products}, year = {2015}, month = {May 18 - May 21}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Genoa, Italy}, abstract = {

Natural disasters can represent a massive source of marine debris deposition along the coastline due to strong winds, heavy rainfall, and storm surge. Such an extensive amount of debris of different size, shape, and materials could threaten navigation, natural resources, and/or human safety. After a disaster (e.g., hurricane, typhoon, tsunami, etc.), effectively and quickly processing large amounts of hydrographic data, collected using commercial systems for detection and classification of marine debris, would be highly advantageous to the necessary remediation operations. Such a task involves some degree of modeling and approximation to make the analysis computationally attractive and sufficiently effective in practice (i.e., an approximate solution with a well-structured model is preferred to an exact solution with a suboptimal model).

For this reason, a target model was built postulating a simplified description of the object properties, and a detector was specifically outlined for marine debris, detecting discrete objects which differ (e.g., protrude) from the surrounding seafloor, being close or connected to the bottom. The scope of the detector was also constrained to analyze products commonly available in existing post processing software (mainly, bathymetric digital terrain models (DTM) and backscatter mosaics with several associated data sets, such as statistics derived from the core data, or during construction) so that the technique may be quickly inserted into existing workflows, which eases resource management in a response situation.

For the backscatter mosaic, as in many existing algorithms, target detection is based on the observation that denser material (often anthropogenic) makes debris returns much stronger than the surrounding background. However, the often used approach to object detection through simple thresholding (e.g., based on the premise that on a mosaic the object return is brighter than the background) was modified since it tends to fail when the background is textured (i.e., detectors are not aware of image correlation). For the bathymetric DTM, a few spatial indices were used as proxies for any discontinuity and, thus, a possible target. For both backscatter and bathymetry, the adoption of classical estimation techniques usually generates point estimate or a confidence interval, which becomes important when fusion of target information coming from different products is attempted. In order to provide appropriate distributions for exploitation, Bayesian methods were adopted since they permit use of multiple-source asymmetric and discontinuous posterior distributions that may be carried into further analysis. A hierarchical scheme is proposed where a series of modeling tasks are implemented through a probabilistic model, casting the debris detection problem as one of estimating properties of the posterior distribution describing the probability of objects occurring given the observed data products.

The proposed model hypothesizes that the observed products are formed through observations of naturally smooth processes, modified to incorporate the presence of potential objects. Pragmatic advantages of the proposed Bayesian framework are the opportunity to include prior knowledge as well as developing an extendible robust scheme for estimating the probability of an object occurring at any point in the area of interest, making detection simpler. For instance, additional background information can be added as it becomes available. By inspection on existing nautical charts, the backscatter return far from marine debris can be approximated using a texture model or, in case the area has a geological context of large scatterers, a default model providing less informative priors.

A Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) system is used to estimate probability of object presence on a per pixel/node basis. The data probability under the hypothesis of having marine debris is produced by the detector from different types of products, related both to bottom detection (depth) and to the intensity time series usually collected over it (backscatter). Together with the updated posterior probabilities, the Bayesian estimator maintains a binary detection layer. Such a layer provides a means to partially vectorize the analysis, i.e. applying prior constraints through computational geometry, and can also be used as the basis for higher-order (e.g., object-based) constraints or detection modeling.

Finally the paper provides some examples of debris detections based on the analysis of real data collected after the Super Storm Sandy event, and the detector outcomes are shown in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed technique. Since the framework provides sufficient flexibility to integrate additional source of information, we are currently working on extending the detector with a set of ad hoc hydrographic products with the intent to improve the detection performance.

}, keywords = {Bayesian estimator, hierarchical model, marine debris, spatial data analysis, target detection}, url = {http://www.oceans15mtsieeegenova.org/index.cfm}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti and Brian R Calder} } @proceedings {5508, title = {Binary Adaptive Semi-Global Matching Based on Image Edges}, volume = {9631}, year = {2015}, month = {April 9 -10}, publisher = {SPIE}, address = {Los Angeles, CA}, abstract = {

Image-based modeling and rendering is currently one of the most challenging topics in Computer Vision and Photogrammetry. The key issue here is building a set of dense correspondence points between two images, namely dense matching or stereo matching. Among all dense matching algorithms, Semi-Global Matching (SGM) is arguably one of the most promising algorithms for real-time stereo vision. Compared with other global matching algorithms, SGM aggregates matching cost from several (eight or sixteen) directions rather than only the epipolar line using dynamic programming approach. Thus, SGM eliminates the classical \“streaking problem\” and greatly improves the accuracy and efficiency. In this paper, we aim at further improvement of SGM about its accuracy without increasing the computational cost. We propose setting the penalty parameters adaptively according to image edges extracted by edge detectors. We have carried out experiments on the standard Middlebury stereo dataset and evaluated the performance of our modified method with the ground truth. The results have shown a noticeable accuracy improvement compared with the results using fixed penalty parameters while the runtime computational cost was not increased.

}, keywords = {3D reconstruction, Canny Edges, Computer Vision, Dense Matching, Semi-Global Matching}, doi = {10.1117/12.2196960}, url = {http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/proceeding.aspx?articleid=2389114}, author = {Han Hu and Yuri Rzhanov and Philip J. Hatcher and R. Daniel Bergeron} } @mastersthesis {5718, title = {Characterizing and Quantifying Marine Methane Gas Seeps Using Acoustic Observations and Bubble Dissolution Models}, volume = {Ocean Engineering}, year = {2015}, month = {12/2015}, pages = {100}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

A method for characterizing and quantifying marine methane gas seeps along the U.S. Western Atlantic Margin was developed and applied to 70 free-gas seeps observed by the R/V Okeanos Explorer in 2012 and 2013, in water depths ranging from 300-2000 meters. Acoustic backscatter from an 18 kHz split-beam echo sounder and a 30 kHz multi-beam echo sounder provided information on the height to which the gas seeps rose from the seafloor. Profiles of the depth-dependent target strength and scattering strength were compared to models of the evolution of rising bubbles to help constrain the ultimate fate of the methane gas. To do so, a refined methodology was developed that decoupled the target strength of a bubble plume from the inherent background noise and reverberation in the ocean. This methodology was particularly useful for acoustically weak (i.e., low signal-to-noise ratio) seeps, and for examining the acoustic trends of seeps as their echo signature approached background noise levels. Comparisons of target strength profiles to models of bubble dissolution demonstrated that the parameters used in the model (e.g., gas transfer rate) are consistent with empirical observations.

}, keywords = {acoustics, bubble dissolution models, gas seeps, marine methane}, author = {Liam Pillsbury} } @article {5662, title = {Chart Adequacy Procedure Using Publically-Available Information}, year = {2015}, month = {October 5}, address = {Kuala Lampur, Malaysia}, author = {Klemm, Anthony and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Nyberg, John} } @article {5661, title = {Chart Adequacy: Workshop and GEBCO Training}, year = {2015}, month = {October 5}, address = {Kuala Lampur, Malaysia}, author = {Gur Arie, Limor and Kamaruddin, Y. and Kimeli, Amon and Klemm, Anthony and Kurita, H. and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Prasetyawan, Indra B. and Roh, J-Y and Jaya Roperez and Samarakoon, Nilupa and Sydenham, J. and M. Vallee-Anziani and Rochelle Wigley} } @article {6916, title = {A Comparison Between OPUS Projects and PAGE-NT Using Airport Surveys}, year = {2015}, month = {December}, author = {Neil Weston and Daniel Callahan and Kevin Jordan and Julie Prusky} } @article {5507, title = {Comparison of Manual and Semi-Automatic Underwater Imagery Analysis Approaches for Hard Bottom Benthic Microfauna Monitoring at Offshore Renewable Energy Installations}, volume = {756, No. 1}, year = {2015}, month = {September}, pages = {139{\textendash}153}, publisher = {Springer}, abstract = {The construction of new offshore wind farms is one of the strategies to fulfill growing demands for {\textquotedblleft}green{\textquotedblright} renewable energy. Underwater imagery is an important tool in the environmental monitoring of offshore renewable energy installations, especially in rocky benthic environment where traditional techniques, such as benthic grabs, are not applicable. Benthic features cover quantitative estimation from underwater imagery is a not easy task, especially when large amount of visual data must be processed in a short time. Underwater video from the high energy Norwegian Sea coast was used for this study. Traditional manual point-based benthic cover estimations from selected frames was tested against a semi-automatic color-based computer-assisted approach which involved making mosaic images from underwater videos. The study demonstrates that results of manual and semi-automatic benthic cover estimations are similar, although the manual analysis has a much larger spread in the variability of the data with many outliers due to the limited amount of points used in the analysis, compared to the semi-automatic analysis, where much larger proportion of the imagery is used. Although the number of benthic features that could be extracted by computer using color are fewer than those that can be detected with the human eye, the described semi-automatic method is less biased and less costly in terms of qualified staff. Implementation of the semi-automatic method does not reqiure any programing skills and has the ability to quickly and simply process larger amount of underwater imagery which would of decisive advantage to the industry.}, keywords = {automatic image analysis, benthic cover estimation, features color, Underwater video, video mosaics}, doi = {10.1007/s10750-014-2072-5}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10750-014-2072-5}, author = {Alex {\v S}a{\v s}kov and Thomas G. Dahlgren and Yuri Rzhanov and Marie-Lise Schl{\"a}ppy} } @article {5594, title = {Dedication to Dr. Michele Dionne (1954 - 2012)}, volume = {38}, year = {2015}, pages = {1213-1214}, publisher = {Springer}, author = {R.A. MacKenzie and C Y Chen and Jennifer A. Dijkstra} } @article {5708, title = {Depositional Systems on the Northern Massachusetts and New Hampshire Inner Continental Shelf: Use of High Resolution Seafloor Mapping to Understand Impacts of Glaciation, Marine Processes and Sea-Level Fluctuations}, year = {2015}, month = {November 1 - 4}, address = {Baltimore, MD}, abstract = {

Depositional features on the continental shelf off northern Massachusetts and New Hampshire are dominated by remnant glacial features (e.g., drumlins, subaqueous deltas, moraines) that have been significantly modified by marine processes as sea level fluctuated following deglaciation. The sedimentologic, morphologic and controlling processes of many of these features have been studied over the last 15 years using high resolution multibeam echosounder bathymetry and backscatter, subbottom seismics, videography, and bottom sediment sampling. Glacial features on the inner shelf (within 20 km of shore) clearly show the impact of sea-level fluctuations and marine processes. Apparent glacial deposits (e.g., drumlins) have been eroded leaving very coarse lag deposits while supplying sand to develop wave formed features (shoals?). These coarse lag deposits are defined by higher backscatter intensity and surface rugosity index. Many of these features have positive relief standing above the seafloor, lending evidence of their formation by waves and shallow water currents. Of particular interest is a large sand body that is ~3.2 km in length, ~1.3 km in width and has a maximum relief of ~7 m (in comparison to the surrounding seafloor). Subbottom seismics display moderate to intense, parallel to subparallel top reflectors with a mounding geometry. The sand body appears to extend between two eroded drumlins. Further offshore (~50 km) the seaward boundary of the study area is formed by Jeffreys Ledge, a major physiographic feature in the western Gulf of Maine. Jeffreys Ledge rises over 150 m from nearby basins to depths less than 50 m on the ridge surface. The seafloor on Jeffreys Ledge typically ranges from sandy pebble gravel to pebble cobble gravel with boulders. Major glacial features include several boulder ridges ~ 5m in elevation that likely reflect winnowed recessional moraines. On the seaward edge of the platform facing the open Gulf of Maine is an apparent subaqueous delta. Subbottom seismics show evidence of soft sediment faulting and slumping on the flanks of the ridge and in the adjacent muddy basins. The Quaternary geology of the New Hampshire and vicinity shelf exemplifies the interplay between glacial features, sea-level fluctuations and modifications by marine processes.\ 

}, url = {http://community.geosociety.org/gsa2015/home}, author = {Larry G Ward and Zachary S. McAvoy and M. Vallee-Anziani and Erin Nagel and Nifong, K} } @proceedings {5697, title = {Depth Adaptive Hydrographic Survey Behavior for Autonomous Surface Vessels}, year = {2015}, month = {Oct 19 - 22}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {National Harbor, MD}, abstract = {
A large portion of autonomous ocean mapping surveys are currently performed by autonomous underwater vehicles, which have the ability to maintain a constant vertical distance above the seafloor by controlling their altitude. This allows for a multibeam sonar system with a fixed angular swath to maintain the same width of coverage along a trackline. Therefore, even in environments where the depth is previously unknown, survey missions can be planned before deployment using fixed line intervals. Many autonomous surface vessels (ASVs) have inherited this operational paradigm and execute linear survey tracklines with preplanned waypoints. However, since ASVs are limited to operation on the surface, the swath width varies with depth and preplanned paths will leave gaps in coverage or reduce efficiency by acquiring unnecessary overlap between subsequent lines.
To achieve the most efficient and complete surveys without human guidance, a set of algorithms and behaviors have been developed to guide sonar survey acquisition in real-time. The inputs to the path planning system are a polygonal region to be surveyed and starting line. In typical operation, the starting line would be chosen as the offshore (deeper) side of the polygon and would be oriented parallel to bathymetric contours. The autonomous control system navigates the vessel along the starting line, acquiring depth data from the sonar system. At the end of the path, the recorded swaths from the sonar are processed to determine an accurate edge of coverage, eliminating poor quality pings if necessary. A subsequent path is then planned to achieve desired coverage.
The path is based on the minimum swath widths over a specified interval to ensure full overlap at all locations. The minimum width points are used to create a new line along the edge of the coverage, from which perpendicular offsets of the swath width are used to determine the waypoints of the next survey track line. An overlap percentage may be specified to compensate for increased uncertainty in outer beam measurements. After generating the initial new trackline, this line is analyzed for conditions that would be detrimental to survey acquisition, such as sharp turns, looping segments and departure from the desired survey region. Removing waypoints in this step will sometimes leave gaps in subsequent survey coverage, but increases data quality through more predictable and smooth ASV motion. As a final step, tracklines are extended to the edges of the desired coverage region for full coverage. This operation is similar to that presented by Bourgeois [3], but uses a different methodology to guarantee overlap for subsequent lines.
The new trackline is sent to the autonomous control system which will plan a turn to the beginning of the next line, taking into account the minimum radius of the ASV and executing a modified Williamson turn if necessary. A lead to the first point is taken into account to allow the vessel to have a steady heading when entering the survey region. The process of acquiring coverage and planning tracklines is repeated until the survey region has been fully covered, at which time the data is analyzed for gaps resulting from the smoothing step or poor data. These can then be addressed following an optimal path to ensure complete coverage of the region.
At any time during the survey, if the sonar data indicates reliable shallower depths than a specified threshold, or exceeds a gradient approaching that depth, the ASV will break the planned survey path and return to known safe water from previously acquired data. It will then proceed near the detected underwater obstacle along the edge of the previous swath to determine if a safe passage is possible. Subsequent trackline planning then takes into account this obstacle and attempts to determine if safe passage is possible inshore (for an isolated rock or sandbar), or if the survey should be concluded for that region (for example when the shoreline is reached). A simulator that uses a previously acquired gridded depth data has been developed to test the path planning algorithms.
The path planning algorithm and survey behaviors have also been implemented for the MOOS-IvP marine autonomy system for application to survey ASVs. While no swath sonar capable ASV is currently available for testing at the University of New Hampshire, the basic operation of the system is being tested with single beam sonar data on a 5 ft NOAA EMILY ASV.
}, keywords = {asv, autonomous vehicle, autonomy, hydrography, path planning}, author = {Damian Manda and May-Win Thein and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @article {5676, title = {Detecting and Characterizing the Deep Edge and Canopy Height of Eelgrass Beds Using a Multi-beam Echosounder}, year = {2015}, month = {November 8-13}, address = {Portland, OR}, abstract = {

Eelgrass plays many important roles in temperate coastal ecosystems, including as habitat for many species, and as a bio-indicator for water quality in many areas. The deepest edges of eelgrass beds are considered more vulnerable to water quality issues because of the pre-existing light limitation with increasing depth due to natural light attenuation. However, the deep edges of beds are also often the most difficult to delineate with satellite and aerial imagery often used for large-scale seagrass mapping programs. We are developing a methodology to characterize the depth limit (\‘deep edge\’), percent cover and canopy height of eelgrass beds at high resolution (~1 m) using water column acoustic backscatter data from a multi-beam echo-sounder.An automated data processing workflow is being developed that will use a combination of digital signal and image-processing techniques, including techniques originally developed for medical ultrasound imagery. These data can provide georeferenced acoustic imagery and depth information needed to document the location, structure, and spatial heterogeneity of eelgrass beds, with more spatial coverage than existing acoustic tools that mostly utilize single-beam echosounders. Water column data were collected over beds at 3 locations in the estuary in the summer of 2014, and preliminary data analysis shows that eelgrass patches as small as 1m2 and as short as 20 cm are detectable. Data was also collected concurrently in the summer of 2015, and they include 1) ground-truth data from drop camera imagery and field surveys; 2) aerial surveys; and 3) acoustic backscatter data.

The ability to process multi-beam water column data for eelgrass characterization may provide a new data source and tool for ecologists and managers interested in eelgrass distribution and characterization, as well as bathymetric information used for charting depths.

}, keywords = {canopy height, eelgrass}, author = {Ashley R Norton and Semme J Dijkstra} } @article {5557, title = {Developing methodology for efficient eelgrass habitat mapping across lidar systems}, year = {2015}, month = {May 3-8}, address = {Salvador, Brazil}, author = {Price, V.E. and Jennifer A. Dijkstra and O{\textquoteright}Neil-Dunne, J.P.M. and Christopher E Parrish and Erin Nagel and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri} } @article {5709, title = {Development of Late Quaternary Depositional History of Portsmouth Harbor, NH}, year = {2015}, month = {November 1 - 4}, address = {Baltimore, MD}, abstract = {

The sedimentological and stratigraphic characteristics of Portsmouth Harbor, New Hampshire and adjacent inner continental shelf were described using high resolution multibeam echosounder (MBES) bathymetry and backscatter, side scan sonar (SSS), subbottom seismics, videography, and bottom sediment samples in order to develop a depositional model and assess the late Quaternary geologic history. Several major depositional environments were identified within Portsmouth Harbor including coarse channel lags, sand wave fields, and extensive bedrock outcrops that strongly influence the channel configuration. The inner harbor shows mainly high intensity backscatter, with the sand wave fields identified by less intense backscatter than the surrounding channel lag deposits. At the mouth of the harbor, an apron of low intensity backscatter, a fine sand, extends offshore onto the inner shelf. The inner shelf shows mixed high and low intensity backscatter reflecting bedrock outcrops interspersed with fine to coarse sand and gravel fields. The seismic characteristics of the major depositional environments of Portsmouth Harbor and inner shelf were characterized based on reflector intensity, internal structure, and external shape. The subbottom seismics associated with the sand wave fields were highly reflective with no internal structure, and the sand waves clearly visible. The main river channel deposits were a mix of stratified glaciomarine sediments filling carved channels, mounded stratified units, and beds sloping towards the river mouth. Offshore, paleochannels apparently associated with the extension of the Piscataqua River during the sea-level lowstand, are filled by glaciomarine sediments, the largest containing several stratified units, both glaciomarine and recent sediments. Determination of the surficial geology based on the high resolution bathymetry, SSS and direct sampling, coupled with an assessment of the underlying seismic stratigraphy enhances the development of a 3D depositional model.

}, url = {http://community.geosociety.org/gsa2015/home}, author = {Nifong, K}, editor = {Larry G Ward} } @article {5942, title = {Diameter and Density Dependent Target Strength of Submerged Oil Droplets Measured by a Broadband, High-frequency Echo Sounder}, year = {2015}, month = {May 18-22}, pages = {Pittsburgh, PA}, abstract = {

Over two million tons of oil enters marine environments from anthropogenic sources annually with severe environmental consequences. The most effective method of cleaning spills is to biodegrade them by dispersing the oil as droplets. However, the ultimate fate of dispersed oil in the environment is largely unknown. Acoustic remote sensing may offer a means by which to assess the quantity, characteristics, and ultimate fate of submerged oil droplets. To provide a foundation for this work, we have made a series of laboratory measurements using a broadband, high-frequency, calibrated echo sounder. Measurements of oil droplet frequency-dependent target strength were made in a 6 m deep tank of fresh water. Target strength was measured and compared to droplet size and density. Droplet size ranged from 60 lm to 1 mm and was measured by high definition camera. Oils of different density were used including castor, gasoline, diesel, and crude oil. Sound speed of each oil was measured using a Digibar Pro sound velocimeter.

}, keywords = {acoustical engineering, density dependent target strength, submerged oil droplets}, url = {http://acousticalsociety.org/content/program-169th-meeting-acoustical-society-america}, author = {Loranger, Scott and Thomas C Weber} } @article {5934, title = {Discrete Versus Solid: Representing Quantity Using Linear, Area, and Volume Glyphs}, volume = {12, Issue 3}, year = {2015}, month = {July 28}, publisher = {Association for Computer Machinery}, address = {New York, NY}, abstract = {

It is common in infographics for quantities to be represented by stacks of discrete blocks. For example, a magazine illustration showing automobile production in different countries might use stacks of blocks with each block representing a thousand cars. This is unlike what is done to represent quantity in the charts used by statisticians, or for quantitative glyphs used in maps. In these cases, solid bars or solid area glyphs such as circles are commonly used to represent quantity. This raises the question of whether breaking bars, area, or volume glyphs into discrete blocks can improve the rapid estimation of quantity. We report on a study where participants compared quantities represented using bar, area, and volume glyphs in both solid and discrete variants. The discrete variants used up to 4, 4 \× 4, and 4 \× 4 \× 4 blocks or 10, 10 \× 10, and 10 \× 10 \× 10 blocks for bar, area, and volume, respectively. The results show that people are significantly more accurate in estimating quantities using the discrete versions, but they take somewhat longer. For both areas and volumes, the accuracy gains were considerable.

}, doi = {10.1145/2767129 }, url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=2798084.2767129}, author = {Mihtsentu, Mezgeb Tesfayesus and Colin Ware} } @article {5534, title = {Does settlement plate material matter? The influence of substrate type on fouling community development}, year = {2015}, month = {March 4-8}, address = {Quebec City, Quebec, Canada}, abstract = {

Benthic community composition and ascidian abundance can differ dramatically between adjacent man-made and natural substrates. Although multiple factors, including light exposure, surface orientation, predation exposure, and habitat type, are known to contribute to these patterns, few studies have directly tested the influence of substrate identity on community development. We compared fouling communities on settlement plates composed of commonly occurring natural (granite) and artificial (concrete, high density polyethylene, and PVC) marine materials deployed from late May to mid November 2014 from a floating dock in Newcastle, NH. We sought to determine if observed patterns resulted from differential recruitment onto substrate materials or post-settlement survival and growth. To do this, half of the plates were cleaned during bi-weekly examinations, and half were left un-cleaned. Preliminary analyses indicate that community composition differs between substrate types. These results will help us understand how substrate features contribute to non-native species establishment and habitat dominance, and may inform decisions regarding material usage in marine construction. These findings also underline the importance of settlement substrate choice in scientific studies, as plate material may influence experimental conclusions.

}, author = {A.L. Chase and Jennifer A. Dijkstra and Larry G. Harris} } @article {5681, title = {The Effect of Internal Wave-Related Features on Synthetic Aperture Sonar}, volume = {40, No. 3}, year = {2015}, month = {July}, pages = {621-631}, publisher = {IEEE}, abstract = {

In October 2012, the Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation (CMRE, La Spezia, Italy) conducted trials from the NATO research vessel (RV) Alliance, off Elba Island, Italy. During this trial, data were collected by the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI, Kjeller, Norway) using a HUGIN autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) with interferometric synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) in repeated passes. Large linear structures (tens of meters by several meters) observed in both the SAS images and SAS bathymetry during the initial pass were absent in data taken on a repeated pass the following day. We suggest that these phenomena were not true seafloor features, but were caused by features in the water column, known as boluses, which can form after breaking internal wave events. The changes observed in acoustical intensity and phase appear to be caused by the interaction of the acoustical field with the lower average sound-speed structure of the bolus, constructing features in both SAS imagery and SAS bathymetry that looked like seabed topography. In this paper, we present examples and give an interpretation of the results based on an acoustical ray model. We discuss different techniques for recognizing these phenomena: repeat pass imaging and interferometry, multilook and multiaperture processing, and moving target analysis.

}, keywords = {internal waves, refraction effects, synthetic aperture sonar}, author = {R.E. Hansen and Anthony P. Lyons and T.O. S{\ae}b{\o} and H.J. Callow and D.A. Cook} } @proceedings {5670, title = {Effectiveness of Structured Textures on Dynamically Changing Terrain-like Surfaces}, year = {2015}, month = {Oct. 25 - Oct 30}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Chicago, IL, USA}, abstract = {

Previous perceptual research and human factors studies have identified several effective methods for texturing 3D surfaces to ensure that their curvature is accurately perceived by viewers. However, most of these studies examined the application of these techniques to static surfaces. This paper explores the effectiveness of applying these techniques to dynamically changing surfaces. When these surfaces change shape, common texturing methods, such as grids and contours, induce a range of different motion cues, which can draw attention and provide information about the size, shape, and rate of change. A human factors study was conducted to evaluate the relative effectiveness of these methods when applied to dynamically changing pseudo-terrain surfaces. The results indicate that, while no technique is most effective for all cases, contour lines generally perform best, and that the pseudocontour lines induced by banded color scales convey the same benefits.

}, keywords = {Visualization}, author = {Butkiewicz, Thomas and Andrew H. Stevens} } @mastersthesis {5721, title = {Estimating Surficial Seafloor Sediment Properties Using an Empirical Orthogonal Decomposition on Acoustic Backscatter Waveform Properties}, volume = {Oceanography}, year = {2015}, month = {04/2015}, pages = {87}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Seafloor classification and environmental assessment in shallow marine waters are crucial to habitat mapping, coastal management policies and maintaining navigational waterways. There are existing methods for remotely estimating some bottom properties, but the large variety of desired measured sediment properties frequently leads to insufficient quantifiable data to support marine policy decisions. This problem is exacerbated by the highly variable bottom composition of typical coastal and estuarine environments. In this work, field observations from an Odom Echotrac vertical-incidence echosounder with a 200 khz transducer were used to estimate seafloor sediment characteristics in regions with variable bottom types. Observations were obtained in water depths ranging 0.5-24 m of the Little Bay, New Hampshire, during February and March, 2013. Backscatter waveforms (the acoustic return representing the first interaction with the bottom) were analyzed and their properties compared to sediment grain size distributions. These comparisons showed varied degrees of predictive capability and require subjective a priori selection. In an effort to better capture the collective effects of seafloor sediment\&$\#$39;s composition on acoustic returns, empirical orthogonal functions (EOF\&$\#$39;s) were computed from an ensemble of seven waveform properties and compared with observed surficial sediment size fractions, bulk density, and porosity. A simple logarithmic model relating first mode EOF spatial variability to observed mud fractions explained 43\% of the variability and well estimated the spatial pattern of mud across the bay (RMS errors in mud fraction of 10-15\%) from deep channels (with no mud) to high concentrations of mud on the shallower flats near the sides of the estuary. This method produced greater coverage and higher resolution predictions of mud fraction than could be obtained using traditional sediment measuring techniques. Deviations from the model are shown to be correlated with lower sediment porosity most likely due to river inflow from the Bellamy River draining into the Bay. Application of the model coefficients to new data obtained in the Great Bay in 2014 with the same sonar and acoustic settings, showed similar predicted mud fractions with RMS errors of 11.9 and 13.2\% along two surveyed lines. This empirical analysis provides a first order objective means to interpret acoustic backscatter, an important step towards a widespread quantitative assessment of shallow water seafloor sediments.

}, keywords = {orthogonal decomposition, surficial seafloor sediment, waveform}, author = {Humberston, Joshua} } @proceedings {5699, title = {Estimation of Seafloor Height Fields with Side-Looking Sonar Systems}, year = {2015}, month = {September 7-9}, address = {Bath, UK}, keywords = {seafloor height fields}, author = {Anthony P. Lyons and D. R. Olson and R.E. Hansen and T.O. S{\ae}b{\o}} } @mastersthesis {5720, title = {Euclidean Reconstruction of Natural Underwater Scenes Using Optic Imagery Sequence}, volume = {Ocean Engineering/Ocean Mapping}, year = {2015}, month = {05/2015}, pages = {74}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

The development of maritime applications require monitoring, studying and preserving of detailed and close observation on the underwater seafloor and objects. Stereo vision offers advanced technologies to build 3D models from 2D still overlapping images in a relatively inexpensive way. However, while image stereo matching is a necessary step in 3D reconstruction procedure, even the most robust dense matching techniques are not guaranteed to work for underwater images due to the challenging aquatic environment. In this thesis, in addition to a detailed introduction and research on the key components of building 3D models from optic images, a robust modified quasi-dense matching algorithm based on correspondence propagation and adaptive least square matching for underwater images is proposed and applied to some typical underwater image datasets. The experiments demonstrate the robustness and good performance of the proposed matching approach.

}, keywords = {3D reconstruction, Affine transformation, Dense Matching, euclidean reconstruction, Match propagation, optic imagery, Underwater image}, author = {Han Hu} } @article {5685, title = {E/V Nautilus - EM302 Multibeam Echosounder System Review - NA055 - March 30{\textendash}April 5, 2015}, year = {2015}, keywords = {em302, mbes, nautilus}, author = {Paul Johnson and Kevin Jerram} } @article {5278, title = {Evaluation of Field-Measured Vertical Obscuration and Full Waveform Lidar to Assess Salt Marsh Vegetation Biophysical Parameters}, volume = {156}, year = {2015}, pages = {264-275}, abstract = {

Local, high-resolution, accurate data sets are needed to support restoration and other management initiatives in coastal salt marshes, yet field collections of site-specific vegetation data is often impractical. In this study, a novel combination of full-waveform light detection and ranging (lidar) and field techniques for assessing the distribution of aboveground biomass throughout its height and its light blocking properties were investigated. Using new field methods, strong correlations were observed (r \> 0.9) between subsamples\&$\#$39; vertical biomass (VB), the distribution of vegetation biomass by height, and vertical obscuration (VO), the measure of the vertical distribution of the ratio of vegetation to airspace, for Spartina alterniflora. Also, it was found that simple metrics derived from the lidar waveforms, such as waveform width, can provide new information to estimate salt marsh vegetation parameters. The strong correlations between field-collected biophysical parameters and metrics derived from lidar data suggest that remote sensing methods can be used to estimate some vegetation biophysical parameters such as plant height and proportion of vegetation area (PVA) using smaller, more targeted field surveys. Future work will be needed to verify the extensibility of the methods to other sites and vegetation types.

}, keywords = {biomass, coastal vegetation, LIDAR, Remote Sensing, salt march, Spartina alterniflora}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.09.035}, author = {J Rogers and Christopher E Parrish and Larry G Ward and Burdick, David M} } @article {5706, title = {On the Existence of an East-Siberian-Chukchi Ice Sheet: New Insights from the SWERUS-C3 Expedition 2014}, year = {2015}, month = {December 14-18}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, abstract = {

The glacial history of the vast Siberian continental shelf of the Laptev and East Siberian Seas is poorly known. Most of this shelf area is shallower than 120 m implying that it was exposed land during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) as well as during older major Quaternary glaciations. The regional glacial and deglacial history of marine transgression has greatly influenced marine conditions of today\’s Arctic Ocean continental shelves. For example, the present extent of submarine permafrost on the shallow continental shelves is tightly linked to the glacial history, because the submarine permafrost was formed during cold conditions when sea level was low enough for the shelves to be subaerially exposed. Conversely, one explanation for lack of submarine permafrost on some shelf areas is the presence of past ice sheets. Ice sheets extending over parts of the Eastern Siberian continental shelf have been proposed in literature during LGM as well as during older Quaternary glacial periods. However, the sparsely available data from the outer continental shelf and adjacent slope of the Eastern Siberian Arctic Ocean has left the glacial history in this part largely unresolved. Here we present new geophysical mapping and sediment coring data from the shallow East Siberian shelf and adjacent slope collected during the 2014 SWERUS-C3 expedition (SWERUS-C3: Swedish \– Russian \– US Arctic Ocean Investigation of Climate-Cryosphere-Carbon Interactions) with Swedish icebreaker Oden. The mapping, using multibeam sonar, chirp sub-bottom profiler, and electro magnetics, in combination with new sediment cores provide information on past glacial activities, sea-level history and permafrost extent on the Eastern Siberian Arctic Ocean. Combining the new SWERUS-C3 data with previous results from this region raises the question whether an East Siberian-Chukchi ice sheet existed during LGM and/or during older glacial periods.\ 

}, keywords = {chukchi, ice sheet, swerus-c3}, url = {http://fallmeeting.agu.org/2015/}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and O{\textquoteright}Regan, M A and Kirchner, N. and Ananiev, R. and Bachman, Jan and Barrientos, Natalia and Chernykh, D. and Helen K. Coxall and Cronin, Tomas and Koshurnikov, Andrey and Lobkovsky, Leopold and Larry A Mayer and Noormets, R. and Muschitiello, Francesco and Johan Nilsson and Pearce, Christof and Semiltov, I. and Christian Stranne} } @article {5180, title = {Experimental and Numerical Studies of Sound Propagation over a Submarine Canyon Northeast of Taiwan}, volume = {40(1)}, year = {2015}, month = {19 February 2014}, pages = {237-249}, publisher = {IEEE}, abstract = {

A study of sound propagation over a submarine canyon northeast of Taiwan was made using mobile acoustic sources during a joint ocean acoutic and physical oceanographic experiment in 2009.\ The acoustic signal levels (equivalently, transmission losses) are reported here, and numerical models of three-dimensional sound propagation are employed to explain the underlying phsyics.\ The data show a significant decrease in sound intensity as the source crossed over the canyon, and the numerical model provides a physical insight into this effect.\ In addition, the model suggests that reflection from the canyon seabed causes three-dimensional sound focusing when the direction of propagation is along the canyon axis.\ Environmental uncertainties of water sound speed, bottom geoacoustic properties and bathymetry are addressed, and the implications for sound propagation prediction in a complex submarine canyon environment are also discussed.

}, keywords = {3D Sound Propagation, North Mien-Hua Canyon, submarine canyons}, author = {Ying-Tsong Lin and Duda, Timothy F. and Emerson, Chris and Gawarkiewicz, Glen G. and Newhall, Arthur E. and Brian R Calder and Lynch, James F. and Abbot, Philip and Yang, Yiing-Jang and Jan, Sen} } @article {5701, title = {Exploring Deep Sea Habitats for Baseline Characterization Using NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer}, year = {2015}, month = {December 14-18}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, abstract = {

In 2015, NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer, the only US federal ship dedicated to ocean exploration, systematically explored previously unknown deep sea ecosystems in the Caribbean and remote regions in the vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands. Initial characterization of these areas is essential in order to establish a baseline against which to assess potential future changes due to climate and anthropogenic change. In the Caribbean, over 37,500 sq km of previously unmapped seafloor were mapped with a high resolution multibeam revealing rugged canyons along shelf breaks, intricate incised channels, and complex tectonic features. 12 ROV dives, in the 300-6,000 m depth range, visually explored seamounts, escarpments, submarine canyons, and the water column revealing diverse ecosystems and habitats. Discoveries include large assemblages of deep sea corals, range extensions, and observations of several rare and potentially new organisms - including a seastar that had not been documented since its holotype specimen. In the Pacific, over 50,000 sq km of seafloor were mapped in high-resolution, revealing long linear ridge and tectonic fracture zone features, both peaked and flat-topped seamounts, and numerous features that appear to be volcanic in origin. To better understand ecosystem dynamics in depths greater than 2,000 m, the deepest ever ROV surveys and sampling were conducted in remote Pacific island marine sanctuaries and monuments. Novel observations include range extensions and exploration of dense deep sea coral and sponge habitat. Baseline habitat characterization was also conducted on seamounts within the Prime Crust Zone (PCZ), an area with the highest expected concentration of deep-sea minerals in the Pacific. The Hawaiian operations marked the first ever ROV sampling effort conducted onboard Okeanos, and several geological and biological samples are now available at museums and sample repositories in addition to all digital data available through the National Archives.

}, keywords = {deep sea habitats, okeanos explorer}, author = {Lindsay McKenna and Kasey Cantwell and Brian Kennedy and Kelley Elliott and Elizabeth Lobecker and Derek Sowers} } @article {6816, title = {Fate of Methane Gas Bubbles Emitted from the Seafloor Along the Western Atlantic Margin as Observed by Active Sonar}, volume = {137(4)}, year = {2015}, month = {April 27}, pages = {2361-2361}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, abstract = {

A method for characterizing and quantifying marine methane gas seeps along the Western Atlantic Margin (U.S. East Coast) was developed and applied to 70 free-gas seeps observed by the R/V Okeanos Explorer in 2012 and 2013, in water depths ranging from 300-2000 m. Acoustic backscatter from an 18 kHz split-beam echo sounder and a 30 kHz multi-beam echo sounder provided information on the height to which the gas seeps rose from the seabed. Profiles of the depth-dependent target strength and scattering strength per unit depth were generated from the acoustic data. These profiles were compared to models of the evolution of rising bubbles in order to help constrain the ultimate fate of the bubbles. Of particular interest are comparisons of profiles for seeps originating below, at, and above the gas hydrate stability zone.

}, doi = {10.1121/1.4920575}, author = {Liam Pillsbury and Thomas C Weber} } @article {5967, title = {Field and laboratory observations of bed stress and associated nutrient release in a tidal estuary}, volume = {161}, year = {2015}, month = {April 29}, pages = {11-24}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {

Nutrient release driven by sediment resuspension in a shallow coastal estuarine system is examined with field observations of bed stress and bed elevation, coupled with laboratory erosion experiments on sediment cores. Two field experiments were conducted over near-cohesive muddy-sand sediments in the Great Bay Estuary, New Hampshire. In the first deployment, boundary layer development during typical summer tidal forcing was observed, while the second deployment occurred under enhanced wind forcing of Tropical Storm Irene. In situ bed stress and erosion depths were estimated with a profiling acoustic Doppler velocimeter. Sediment cores were subjected to EROMES erosion chamber experiments to determine erosion depth and nutrient release as a function of applied shear stress. Results show erosion depths are consistent with in situ observations over shear stresses ranging from 0.10 N m2 (incipient motion) to 0.35 N m2 (resuspension events). Erosion chamber experiments showed that ammonium release (up to 2 mmol m2) increased with bed stress in both spring and summer. However, phosphate release was more variable, with no phosphate release during resuspension in spring and a variable phosphate flux (ranging 0.5e2 mmol m2) in summer. Increased hydrodynamic forcing during a storm event in the summer generated shear stresses (up to 0.58 N m2) during flood tides that exceeded the threshold for sediment motion, and resulted in erosion of the seabed. EROMES results predict there was concomitant release of nutrients into the water column from the muddy sediments of the Bay, and the release of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphate was up to 10\% and 65\%, respectively, of the summer monthly riverine input of these nutrients. Results indicate qualitatively that in shallow, tidally dominated estuaries, fine-grained sediment beds may be a source of nutrients that are particularly important during storms that enhance near bed shear stresses.

}, keywords = {benthic-palagic coupling, esturarine geochemistry, excess shear stress, sediment erosion, sediment nutrient release, sediment resuspension}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecss.2015.04.005}, author = {Meagan Wengrove and Diane Foster and Linda Kalnejais and Vincent Purcuoco and Thomas C Lippmann} } @article {5565, title = {First Bedrock Samples Dredged from Submarine Outcrops in the Chukchi Borderland, Arctic Ocean}, volume = {11, no. 1}, year = {2015}, month = {February}, pages = {76-92}, publisher = {The Geological Society of America}, abstract = {

The Chukchi Borderland, a prominent bathymetric feature within the Arctic Ocean, has been interpreted as a fragment of an undeformed continental platform sequence rifted from the passive margin of Arctic Canada. Dredges collected for the U.S. Extended Continental Shelf project aboard the icebreaker U.S. Coast Guard Cutter Healy (cruise number HLY0905) recovered hundreds of kilograms of broken crystalline basement lithologies consisting of mylonitically deformed biotite-bearing amphibolite, garnet-bearing feldspathic gneiss, and augen-bearing orthogneiss from the Chukchi Borderland. Metamorphic zircon within the amphibolite and associated leucogranitic seams within these rocks yielded U-Pb zircon ages between ca. 480 and 530 Ma. Garnet-bearing feldspathic gneisses contain variably discordant Mesoproterozoic zircon, ca. 600 Ma igneous zircon, and ca. 485\–505 Ma metamorphic overgrowths. While we interpret these gneisses as deformed and metamorphosed granitoids, they could, instead, have a very immature sedimentary protolith. The youngest rocks sampled were K-feldspar augen orthogneisses that yield ca. 430 Ma zircon crystallization ages. Whole-rock geochemistry and Sr-Nd isotopic data indicate that the orthogneisses are I-type calc-alkaline granitoids. All of the basement rocks including the orthogneisses are variably metamorphosed and mylonitized. Collectively, the U-Pb age, geochemistry, and fabric of the dredged Chukchi Borderland basement samples indicate that they represent Neoproterozoic\–Ordovician orogenic crust and Silurian arc batholithic rocks. This geologic origin is inconsistent with the Neoproterozoic to early Paleozoic passive margin history of western Arctic Canada to which the Chukchi Borderland has been previously correlated. We alternatively propose that the basement of the Chukchi Borderland is related to the peri-Laurentian composite terranes of Pearya and western Svalbard that have similar geologic histories.\ 

}, keywords = {Arctic Ocean, bedrock, chukchi, dredging}, url = {http://geosphere.gsapubs.org/content/11/1/76}, author = {Brumley, K and Miller, E L and Konstantinou, A. and Grove, M. and Meisling, K.E. and Larry A Mayer} } @article {5756, title = {First NOAA Chart Adequacy Workshop}, year = {2015}, month = {Sept. 29, 2015}, pages = {39}, publisher = {Hydro International}, address = {The Netherlands}, abstract = {

The key objective of the NOAA Chart Adequacy Workshop was to demonstrate techniques to evaluate the suitability of nautical chart products using chart quality information and publicly-available information. The three-day workshop was held in Silver Spring, Maryland, USA, from 14 to 16 July 2015. The attendees were cartographers, hydrographers and potential chart producers from hydrographic offices and government agencies around the world. The nations of the participants in the workshop included: Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Kenya, Malaysia, Philippines, South Korea, Sri Lanka, United Kingdom, United States and Venezuela.\ 

}, keywords = {ais, chart adequacy, sdb}, url = {http://www.hydro-international.com/content/article/first-noaa-chart-adequacy-workshop}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Klemm, Anthony and Rochelle Wigley} } @article {5696, title = {A Flexible, Low-Cost MOOS-IvP Based Platform for Marine Autonomy Research}, year = {2015}, month = {Jul 22-23}, address = {MIT}, abstract = {
As part of an effort to research collaborative autonomy behaviors between multiple unmanned surface and underwater vehicles, a hardware and software system has been developed for control of autonomous surface vessels (ASVs). This system is designed to be flexible in application to diverse platforms and ability to execute complex missions. In order to facilitate duplication across many deployments, the cost of the full system is minimized by leveraging mass produced, open source hardware and software.
MOOS-IvP is used as the central data assimilation and decision making software. Stock supplied and newly developed IvP behaviors are used to plan the trajectory for the ASV and can be customized to suit platform requirements. A graphical interface is available for setting missing configuration parameters to simplify deployment by those not fully versed in MOOS mission file creation. Sensor data is assimilated through either MOOS interface drivers or using ROS software and then passed to MOOS for use by the IvP helm and navigation controller. Incorporating ROS allows flexibility in sensor selection as many drivers already exist in the community and can be quickly adapted to this autonomy system.
The hardware for the system is designed to be housed in a single watertight box. Onboard processing has been deployed on the low cost BeagleBone Black and Raspberry Pi 2 platforms. Low level sensor input and control output as well as fail-safes and human remote control are handled by an independent Arduino microcontroller. Position and orientation input can be accepted from an existing source on the vessel or use a MEMS INS for simple deployments. The autonomy system has been implemented on multiple small vessels including those with both gas and electric engines.
}, keywords = {asv, autonomous vehicle, autonomy, electronics, MOOS-IvP}, url = {http://oceanai.mit.edu/moos-dawg15/pmwiki/pmwiki.php?n=Talk.01-Manda}, author = {Damian Manda and Andrew D{\textquoteright}Amore and May-Win Thein and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @article {5636, title = {Geophysical Mapping of Vercelli Seamount: Implications for Miocene Evolution of the Tyrrhenian Back Arc Basin}, year = {2015}, month = {6 August 2015}, publisher = {ScienceDirect}, abstract = {

Since the Tortonian, the geodynamic evolution of the Tyrrhenian Sea has been driven by an eastward roll-back of the entire Apennine subduction system, triggering distinct episodes of back-arc basin formation with spots of oceanic crust. Major structural differences are observed between northern and southern portions of the Tyrrhenian Sea, reflecting two distinct evolution stages of the Ionian slab retreat. In the central portion of the Tyrrhenian Sea, the seafloor morphology is characterized by a set of magmatic intrusions and structural highs associated to an E\–W magnetic lineament along the 41st geographical parallel. The Vercelli seamount represents one example of structural highs correlated to Miocene magmatic episodes along the 41st parallel zone. In this study, we discuss the results of new high resolution magnetic data and morphological mapping of the Vercelli seamount acquired during the VER2010 cruise. The seamount represents the relict part of a granitic intrusion emplaced during the Tortonian phase of Tyrrhenian rifting. Tectonic and deep-sea erosive processes have jointly modified the seamount structure that can be observed nowadays. Cumulative gradient analysis highlights an asymmetric morphology of the flanks as a result of erosive action of opposite water mass gyres which modelled the southern portion of the seamount. The joint interpretation of magnetic and bathymetric datasets identifies a high magnetized source laying close to the base of the seamount and located in correspondence to a small basin. This structure has been modelled as a post-Tortonian lava sequence emplaced between structural highs in correspondence of N\–S elongated flat sedimentary basin. Modelling of new geophysical data highlights the relationship between crustal setting and magnetic evidences of the central Tyrrhenian Sea, providing a new interpretation of the 41st magnetic lineament.

}, keywords = {Forward modelling, Magnetic anomaly, Multibeam swath bathymetry, Seamount, Tyrrhenian Sea}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2015.06.006}, author = {Cocchi, L. and Giuseppe Masetti and Muccini, F. and Carmisciano, C.} } @article {6918, title = {Global Geodetic Reference Frame (E/C.20/2015/3/Add.1)}, year = {2015}, month = {July}, publisher = {United Nations}, author = {Neil Weston} } @article {6187, title = {Graphical Methods of Maritime Outer Limits Delimitation}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, pages = {E3 - E22}, publisher = {Hellenic Naval Academy}, address = {Piraeus, Greece}, abstract = {
This paper is concerned with the delineation and delimitation methodologies proposed by cartographers and applied by States and juridical bodies and aims at contributing to an update to the relevant literature by providing detailed guidelines on how to construct the outer limits graphically.
}, keywords = {Graphical Methods of Delimitation, Maritime Limits and boundaries, Scientific Aspects of the Law of the Sea, Territorial Sea}, url = {http://nausivios.snd.edu.gr/docs/2014E1.pdf}, author = {Christos Kastrisios} } @article {5665, title = {Hatteras Transverse Canyon, Hatteras Outer Ridge and Environs of the U.S. Atlantic Margin: A View from Multibeam Bathymetry and Backscatter}, volume = {371}, year = {2015}, month = {November 3}, pages = {18-32}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {

Previously unknown features in Hatteras Transverse Canyon and environs were recently mapped during multibeam surveys of almost the entire eastern U.S. Atlantic continental margin. The newly identified features include (1) extensive landslide scarps on the walls of Hatteras Transverse and Hatteras Canyons, (2) an area of multiple landslide deposits that block lower Hatteras Transverse Canyon, (3) a large depositional feature down-canyon from the landslide deposits that rises 100 m above the uppermost Hatteras Fan and has buried the transition from the mouth of Hatteras Transverse Canyon to uppermost Hatteras Fan, (4) a zone of cyclic steps on upper Hatteras Fan that suggests supercritical turbidity currents performed a series of hydraulic jumps and formed large upstream-migrating bedforms, (5) several knickpoints in the channel thalwegs of both Hatteras Transverse Canyon and Hatteras Canyon, one 40 m high, that suggest both canyon channels are out of equilibrium and are in the process of readjusting, either to the channel blockage by the extensive landslide deposits or by a readjustments to increased sedimentation during the last eustatic lowstand, (6) a large area of outcrop on the lower margin between Pamlico and Hatteras Canyons that previously was interpreted as an area of slumps, blocky slide debris and mud waves, (7) headward erosion in the head region of Hatteras Transverse Canyonwhere it has intercepted the lowest reaches of Albemarle Canyon channel aswell as headward erosion in a small side channel that has eroded into Hatteras Outer Ridge and (8) sections of bedforms on Hatteras Outer Ridge that are partially buried by sediment fromWashington\–Norfolk Canyon channel as well as by sediment transported fromHatteras Abyssal Plain. The newly discovered features add a new level of detail to understand the recent processes that have profoundly affected Hatteras Transverse Canyon, Hatteras Canyon and, to a lesser degree, Hatteras Outer Ridge.

}, keywords = {cyclic steps, hatteras outer ridge, Hatteras Transverse Canyon, knickpoints, landslides, upper hatteras fan}, author = {James V. Gardner and Andrew A. Armstrong and Brian R Calder} } @article {5712, title = {High Resolution Mapping of Offshore and Onshore Glaciogenic Features in Metamorphic Bedrock Terrain, Melville Bay, Northwestern Greenland}, volume = {250}, year = {2015}, month = {December 1}, pages = {29-40}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {

Geomorphological studies of previously glaciated landscapes are important to understand how ice sheets and glaciers respond to rapidly changing climate. Melville Bay, in northwestern Greenland, contains some of the most sensitive but least studied ice sheet sectors in the northern hemisphere, where the bathymetric knowledge previously was restricted to a few sparsely distributed single beam echo soundings. We present here the results of high-resolution, geomorphological mapping of the offshore and onshore landscapes in Melville Bay using multibeam sonar and satellite data, at 5- and 10-m resolutions respectively. The results show a similar areally-scoured bedrock-dominated landscape with a glacially modified cnoc-and-lochan morphology on the inner shelf (150\–500 m depth) and on the nearby exposed coast. This is manifested by the presence of U-shaped troughs, mouton\ée-type elongated landforms, stoss-and-lee forms, and streamlined features. The submarine landscape shows features that are characteristic of bedrock in folded, faulted, and weathered metamorphic terrain, and, to a lesser extent, glacially molded bedforms; while coastal landforms exhibit higher relief, irregular-shaped basins, and more subdued fracture valleys. Although generally similar, the onshore and offshore landscapes contain examples of distinctly different landform patterns, which are interpreted to reflect a longer exposure to long-term deep weathering as well as to more recent periglacial weathering processes on land. The spatial variability in the distribution of landforms across the landscape in both study areas is mostly attributed to differences in lithological properties of the bedrock. The lack of sediment cover on the inner shelf is likely a result of a capacity for sediment erosion and removal by the West Greenland Current flowing northward over the area in combination with limited sediment supply from long sea ice-cover seasons. The distribution and orientation of the landforms in the offshore part indicate ice movement toward the NW, and suggests that this area acted as a tributary or onset region for the major paleo ice stream that formed the present day Melville Bay Trough.

}, keywords = {Combined onshore-offshore mapping, Glacial erosional landforms, High-resolution mapping, Melville Bay, northwest Greenland}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X15301240}, author = {Freire, Francis F and Gyllencreutz, R. and Greenwood, S. and Larry A Mayer and Egilsson, A. and Thorsteinsson, T. and Martin Jakobsson} } @mastersthesis {5617, title = {High-Frequency Broadband Seafloor Backscatter in a Sandy Estuarine Environment}, volume = {Mechanical Engineering}, year = {2015}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {111}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Seafloor backscatter collected with high-frequency (\> 100 kHz) hydrographic echosounders has become an important aspect of seafloor characterization for benthic ecologists and other scientists. The mechanisms that control acoustic scattering at these high frequencies are not completely understood, although surficial roughness and the presence of discrete particles (e.g., shell hash) are likely contributors. To further our understanding of the impact these mechanisms have on seafloor scattering, broadband (100-250 kHz) acoustic measurements were taken at a grazing angle of 45\° in a shallow-water, sandy environment with a known presence of shell hash. Stereo imagery was collected simultaneously to quantify the surficial roughness of the seafloor. Sediment samples were also collected at the site of the experiment to quantitatively analyze the content of shell hash. Backscatter observations between the frequencies of 170 kHz \– 250 kHz showed a minimal increase in amplitude with increasing frequency while observations at lower frequencies between 100 kHz \– 150 kHz showed an apparent increase in amplitude relative to increasing frequency. Data to model comparisons of the frequency dependence of seafloor backscatter were made to both roughness and discrete particle scattering models indicating neither model is a good descriptor of the seafloor backscatter response.

}, keywords = {backscatter, estuarine, high-frequency}, author = {Eric J. Bajor} } @article {5563, title = {Huddl: the Hydrographic Universal Data Description Language}, volume = {13}, year = {2015}, month = {May 2105}, pages = {17-32}, publisher = {International Hydrographic Bureau}, address = {Monaco, Monaco Cedex, Monaco}, abstract = {

Since many of the attempts to introduce a universal hydrographic data format have failed or have been only partially successful, a different approach is proposed. Our solution is the Hydrographic Universal Data Description Language (Huddl), a descriptive XML-based language that permits the creation of a standardized description of (past, present, and future) data formats, and allows for applications like Huddler, a compiler that automatically creates drivers for data access and manipulation. Huddl also represents a powerful solution for archiving data along with their structural description, as well as for cataloguing existing format specifica-tions and their version control. Huddl is intended to be an open, community-led initiative to simplify the issues involved in hydrographic data access.

}, keywords = {compiler, database, format, huddl, huddler}, url = {http://www.iho.int/mtg_docs/IHReview/IHR_Intro.htm}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti and Brian R Calder} } @proceedings {5467, title = {Huddler: a multi-language compiler for automatically generated format-specific data drivers}, year = {2015}, month = {March 16-19}, address = {Gaylord Hotel, National Harbor, Maryland, USA}, abstract = {

The Hydrographic Universal Data Description Language (Huddl) permits description of data organization in existing and future hydrographic data formats. Huddler represents an implementation of one of the many advantages of having such format descriptions: a compiler that automatically creates drivers for data access and manipulation.

The compiler is based on an XML parsing library that loads into memory the format description (frontend), and a code generator (backend) that creates code able to access the data in three different types of computer languages: procedural ANSI C, object-oriented C++, and multi-paradigm Python. The system is designed to admit other languages readily. The compiler is accessible via command line or a GUI application, named Hush (Huddl Schema Handler), which provides additional tools and information to the user. The compiler is here demonstrated with a variety of data formats from sonar manufacturers (e.g., Kongsberg EM Series) and acquisition software companies (e.g., HyPack) both legacy and in active development, both binary and ASCII.

Finally, a community-oriented website to access, catalogue, and disseminate hydrographic data formats resources and Huddl-specific information has been developed and is now publicly available.

}, keywords = {c, c++, data formats, huddl, huddler, python, xml}, url = {http://www.ushydro.org/2015}, author = {Brian R Calder and Giuseppe Masetti} } @mastersthesis {7291, title = {Hydrographic Data Processing on a Robust, Network-Coupled Parallel Cluster}, volume = {Computer Science}, year = {2015}, month = {December}, pages = {100}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

There have been tremendous advances in acoustic sensor technologies and widespread adoption of multibeam echo-sounders in the recent past, which have enabled the efficient collection of large quantities of bathymetric data in every survey. However, timely dissemination of this data to the scientific community has been constrained by the relatively slow progress in the development of new data processing architectures. The current solutions for powerful, efficient and near-real time data processing systems entail high capital investments and technical complexities. Therefore, the installation base for these systems has been very small. The work presented here proposes a new architecture for bathymetric data processing based on parallel computing paradigms. The solution works by distributing the processing workload across a cluster of network-attached compute nodes. The success of using parallel processing for bathymetric data depends on the accurate measurement of the processing workload and its effective distribution across the compute nodes, thereby maximizing speedup and efficiency. These compute resources can be existing installations and other COTS components, such as blade servers, thereby reducing installation and maintenance expenditure.

For workload determination, an estimation algorithm was developed that uses stochastic sampling of the raw bathymetric data file. This produces a low cost and high accuracy estimate of the processing requirements for each line to be processed. This workload information, coupled with file and system metadata, is used as input to different load balancing algorithms - First Come First Served (FCFS), Longest Job First (LJF) and Contention-Reduction (CR). The performance of FCFS and LJF algorithms is highly dependent on the characteristics of the input dataset while CR scheduling aims to characterize the input and adjust load distribution for the best combination of speedup and efficiency. The choice of these algorithms depends on the requirements of the installation, i.e. prioritization of speedup or efficiency. To ensure robustness, watchdog mechanisms monitor the state of all the components of the processing system and can react to system faults and failures, through a combination of automated and manual techniques. Although not part of the current implementation, there is potential for adding redundant critical components and to enable live-failover, thereby reducing or eliminating system downtime.

The methods for workload estimation and distribution are templates for extending this framework to include additional types of bathymetric data and develop flexible, self-learning algorithms to deal with diverse datasets. This research lays the groundwork for the design of a ship-based system that would enable near-real time data processing and result in a faster ping-to-chart solution.

}, url = {https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis/1060}, author = {Venugopal, Rohit} } @article {5660, title = {Initiatives in Using Crowdsourcing, Satellite Derived Bathymetry, and Other Non-Traditional Hydrographic/Bathymetric Measurements}, year = {2015}, month = {October 5}, address = {Kuala Lampur, Malaysia}, author = {Klemm, Anthony and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Nyberg, John} } @proceedings {5549, title = {Integrating Industrial Laser Scanners for Small Vessel Operations}, year = {2015}, month = {Mar 16 - Mar 19}, author = {Pradith, Vitad and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Maddock, David and Oroshnik, David and Riley, Jack and Murray, Bryan} } @article {5663, title = {Integrating Industrial Multichannel Laser Scanners for Small Vessel Operation}, year = {2015}, month = {June 16-18}, address = {Corvallis, OR, USA}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and John Kidd and Pradith, Vitad and Jablonski, Holly and Davidson, Michael} } @mastersthesis {5719, title = {Integration of Tide/Water Level Information into ECDIS for Guanabara Bay}, volume = {Ocean Engineering/Ocean Mapping}, year = {2015}, month = {08/2015}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

With the recent increase in international maritime vessel length and draft, depth determinations in 10cm increments are needed to maintain safe navigation in confined waterways and harbors. The objective of this study is to develop a tidal model that can be applied to a bathymetric electronic chart, and used for determining of a dynamic depths as a decision-support tool for under-keel clearance.

One method currently used by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is the Tidal Constituent and Residual Interpolation (TCARI) method. TCARI has the ability to estimate the water level at a specific position for any location and instant in time. It can also produce a time-varying water level surface of the entire survey area. The TCARI method was applied to Guanabara Bay, Brazil generating a new tidal model. The TCARI forecast water level time series has been compared to water level observations in the bay and the tidal forecasts from the Brazilian Hydrographic Service. The results achieved by the model were similar to levels predicted by existing methods, and at some places were closer to the observed water level.

A methodology was developed to convert a high-resolution multi-beam echo sounder data into a bathymetric electronic chart that\  can be used to display dynamic depth areas. Water level depths based on the tidal model were then generated for specific areas where under-keel clearance determinations at 10cm intervals are crucial for decision-support.

}, keywords = {ecdis, Guanabara Bay, tide/water level}, author = {Cesar Borba} } @article {5535, title = {Introduced species increase complexity and biodiversity of rocky subtidal seascapes}, year = {2015}, month = {March 4-8}, address = {Quebec City, Quebec, Canada}, author = {Jennifer A. Dijkstra and Kristen Mello and A S Litterer and Wells, C. and Larry G. Harris and Colin Ware} } @article {5713, title = {Inventory and Comparative evaluation of Seabed Mapping, Classification and Modeling Activities in the Northwest Atlantic, USA to Support Regional Ocean Planning}, volume = {100}, year = {2015}, month = {June}, pages = {133-149}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {

Efforts are in motion globally to address coastal and marine management needs through spatial planning and concomitant seabed habitat mapping. Contrasting strategies are often evident in these processes among local, regional, national and international scientific approaches and policy needs. In answer to such contrasts among its member states, the United States Northeast Regional Ocean Council formed a Habitat Working Group to conduct a regional inventory and comparative evaluation of seabed characterization, classification, and modeling activities in New England. The goals of this effort were to advance regional understanding of ocean habitats and identify opportunities for collaboration. Working closely with the Habitat Working Group, we organized and led the inventory and comparative analysis with a focus on providing processes and tools that can be used by scientists and managers, updated and adapted for future use, and applied in other ocean management regions throughout the world. Visual schematics were a critical component of the comparative analysis and aided discussion among scientists and managers. Regional consensus was reached on a common habitat classification scheme (U.S. Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard) for regional seabed maps. Results and schematics were presented at a region-wide workshop where further steps were taken to initiate collaboration among projects. The workshop culminated in an agreement on a set of future seabed mapping goals for the region. The work presented here may serve as an example to other ocean planning regions in the U.S., Europe or elsewhere seeking to integrate a variety of seabed characterization, classification and modeling activities.

}, keywords = {ecosystem-based management, habitat classification, marine spatial planning, seafloormapping}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385110114001725}, author = {Shumchenia, Emily J. and Guarinello, Marisa L. and Carey, Drew A. and Lipsky, Andrew and Jennifer K Greene and Larry A Mayer and Nixon, MatthewE. and Weber, John} } @article {6815, title = {Laboratory Observations of the Target Strength of Non-Spherical Gas Bubbles in Water}, volume = {137(4)}, year = {2015}, month = {April 27}, pages = {2361-2361}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, abstract = {

Naturally occurring methane bubbles in the ocean are often observed to have ellipsoidal or otherwise deformed shapes. Models of acoustic scattering from non-spherical gas bubbles suggest changes in resonance frequency and scattering strength relative to spherical gas bubbles with identical volumes. These changes potentially confound our ability to easily relate measurements of acoustic backscatter from gas bubbles to their size and quantity. To help quantify the magnitude of this effect, we have conducted a series of laboratory measurements of acoustic backscatter from non-spherical air bubbles rising from the bottom of a 6 m deep test tank. The acoustic measurements were made at frequencies between 10 kHz to 150 kHz, well above the frequency of bubble resonance (as is often the case for measurements of methane bubbles in shallow coastal environments). Laboratory measurements of bubbles with different sizes and deformations are compared with models for spherical bubbles with identical volumes.

}, doi = {10.1121/1.4920577}, author = {Thomas C Weber and Liam Pillsbury and Loranger, Scott} } @proceedings {5695, title = {A Low Cost System for Autonomous Surface Vehicle based Hydrographic Survey}, year = {2015}, month = {March 16 - 19}, abstract = {
Use of autonomous vehicles for hydrographic surveying has been primarily limited to underwater systems with autonomous surface vehicles only recently entering routine use. Operation on the ocean surface simplifies position measurement, relaxes power limitations and reduces hull sealing, which reduces design costs for vehicles. However, the existing systems for autonomous command and control are often proprietary, expensive and designed for a single platform.
The system developed at the Joint Hydrographic Center minimizes cost while maximizing functionality and flexibility by leveraging mass produced, open source hardware and software. Long range WiFi is utilized for monitoring the autonomous operation vessel and provides the ability to natively interface onboard sonar systems with acquisition software. A hobby radio control system is used for remote human override. Onboard processing uses an embedded Linux platform running the open source MOOS-IvP autonomy framework. Sensor input and control output as well as fail-safes are handled by an independent microcontroller. Position and orientation input can be accepted from an existing source on the vessel or use a MEMS INS for simple deployments. The total autonomy system cost is under $1000.
The system is being initially integrated and tested on the NOAA 65\” micro ASV EMILY for shallow water hydrography.
}, keywords = {asv, autonomous, hydrography}, author = {Damian Manda and May-Win Thein and Andrew D{\textquoteright}Amore and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @article {5675, title = {Mapping and Measuring Eelgrass Beds With an MB1 Sonar}, year = {2015}, month = {October 4-7}, address = {San Diego, CA}, abstract = {

Eelgrass plays many important roles in temperate coastal ecosystems, including as habitat for many species, and as a bio-indicator for water quality in many areas. The deepest edges of eelgrass beds are considered more vulnerable to water quality issues because of the pre-existing light limitation with increasing depth due to natural light attenuation. However, the deep edges of beds are also often the most difficult to delineate with satellite and aerial imagery often used for large-scale seagrass mapping programs. We are developing a methodology to characterize eelgrass beds using water column acoustic backscatter data from an MB1 multi-beam echo-sounder. An automated data processing workflow is being developed that will use a combination of digital signal and image-processing techniques, including techniques originally developed for medical ultrasound imagery. These data can provide georeferenced acoustic imagery and depth information needed to document the location, structure, and spatial heterogeneity of eelgrass beds, with more spatial coverage than existing acoustic tools that mostly utilize single-beam echosounders. Water column data were collected over beds at 3 locations in the estuary in the summer of 2014, and preliminary data analysis shows that eelgrass patches as small as 1m2 and as short as 20 cm are detectable. Data was also collected concurrently in the summer of 2015, and they include 1) ground-truth data from drop camera imagery and field surveys; 2) aerial surveys; and 3) acoustic backscatter data. The ability to process multi-beam water column data, including the raw transducer element data, for eelgrass characterization may provide a new data source and tool for ecologists and managers interested in eelgrass distribution and characterization, as well as bathymetric information used for charting depths.

}, author = {Ashley R Norton and Semme J Dijkstra} } @article {5677, title = {Mapping and Measuring Eelgrass with a Multi-beam Sonar in the Great Bay Estuary, New Hampshire}, year = {2015}, month = {March 25}, publisher = {EPA District 1}, address = {Boston, MA}, keywords = {eelgrass, Great Bay}, author = {Ashley R Norton and Semme J Dijkstra} } @proceedings {5710, title = {Mapping the Surficial Geology of the Arctic Ocean: A Layer for the IBCAO}, year = {2015}, month = {March 23 - 25}, publisher = {Society of Petroleum Engineers}, address = {Copenhagen, Denmark}, abstract = {

The purpose of this paper is to show early results of surficial geologic mapping of the Arctic Ocean. Analysis of subbottom profiler and multibeam bathymetric data in conjunction with the regional morphology rendered from the IBCAO data are used to map nine surficial geologic units in the Arctic Ocean. For a relatively small ocean basin, the Arctic Ocean reveals a plethora of margin and basin types reflecting both the complex tectonic origins of the basin and its diverse sedimentation history. Broad and narrow shelves were subjected to a complex ice-margin history in the Quaternary, and bear the sediment types and morphological features as a result. Some shelf areas are heavily influenced by rivers. Extensive deep water ridges and plateaus are isolated from coastal input and have a long history of hemipelagic deposition. The flanks of the basins demonstrate complex sedimentation patterns resulting from mass failures and ice-margin outflow. The deep basins of the Arctic Ocean are filled with turbidites resulting from these mass-flows and are interbedded with hemiplegic deposits.

}, author = {David C Mosher and Courtney, R.C. and Martin Jakobsson and Gebhardt, C. and Larry A Mayer} } @article {5666, title = {Marine Object Manager as Information Fusion Tool for Detected and Database-Stored Shipwrecks}, year = {2015}, month = {October 12-13}, address = {Gothenburg, Sweden}, abstract = {

The combination of information present in bathymetric and imagery-based products is a key requirement for any modern shipwreck-detection approach for areas whereas optic means cannot be adopted. \ If the data sources and the processing involved are correctly weighted in a fusion algorithm, the detection task can be extended beyond a simple binary (presence/absence) decision to provide a meaningful metric that evaluates confidence in the presence of new features. \ In combination with other existing information (e.g., Electronic Nautical Charts - ENCs), this metric can become a proxy for areas with high probability of change (for shipwrecks to be either added or removed) with respect to the baseline knowledge of the area. \ The dual, and partially contradictory, goals of such a system are to highlight areas with high probability of change, and to use the existing nautical documentation as a spatial filter to resource consumption on known features. \ Determining an appropriate balance between these is an interesting challenge.

Based on such considerations, we describe an approach for how to combine the results of different target detection algorithms, as well as in comparing such results with existing ENCs and geographic databases. \ The main goal is to help the analyst in focusing on specific areas (with higher likelihood of new features), prioritizing them on safety-of-navigation criteria and reducing the common pitfall of subjectivity in the processing workflow. \ Although mainly aimed at reducing the time required to take survey data and apply it to the chart, the approach is also well suited for different scenarios such as rapid response after hurricanes.

These concepts are tested and demonstrated by an application prototype that uses real data products, existing nautical documentation, and publicly available geospatial services to support analyst decisions.\  The application also supports a schema-based mechanism for consistent data exchange and content validation.

}, keywords = {database, pollution, risk assessment, Shipwrecks}, url = {http://www.lighthouse.nu/project/wrecks-world-iii-shipwreck-risk-assessment}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti and Brian R Calder} } @article {5643, title = {A Marine Object Manager for Detected and Database-stored Features}, year = {2015}, month = {14-18 September}, address = {Plymouth, UK}, abstract = {

The combination of information present in bathymetric and imagery-based products is a key requirement for any modern feature-detection approach that aims to be adopted in coastal areas whereas the seafloor is deep enough that optic means are not reliable. \ If the data sources and the processing involved are correctly weighted in a fusion algorithm, the detection task can be extended beyond a simple binary (presence/absence) decision to provide a meaningful metric that evaluates confidence in the presence of new features. \ In combination with other existing information (such as that present in ENCs), this metric can become a proxy for areas with high probability of change (for features to be either added or removed) with respect to the baseline knowledge of the area. \ The dual, and partially contradictory, goals of such a system are to highlight areas with high probability of change, and to use the existing nautical documentation as a spatial filter to resource consumption on known features. \ Determining an appropriate balance between these is an interesting challenge.

Based on such considerations, this work describes an approach for how to effectively assist data analysts in combining the results of different target detection algorithms, as well as in comparing such results with existing features present on ENCs and geographic databases (e.g., spatial DBMS). \ The main goal is to help the analyst in focusing on specific areas (with higher likelihood of new features), prioritizing them on safety-of-navigation criteria and reducing the common pitfall of subjectivity in the processing workflow. \ Although mainly aimed at reducing the \“ping-to-chart\” time, the approach is also well suited for different scenarios such as rapid response to the short-term increase in marine debris deposition related to major events like hurricanes and floods.

These concepts are tested and demonstrated by a Marine Object Manager application prototype that uses real acoustic data products, existing nautical documentation, and publicly available geospatial services to support analyst decisions.\  The application also supports a schema-based mechanism for consistent data exchange and content validation.

}, keywords = {hierarchical model, marine debris, spatial data analysis, target detection}, url = {http://www.shallowsurvey2015.org/?page=home}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti and Brian R Calder and Matthew J. Wilson} } @article {5680, title = {Mercury Concentrations in Rocky Shore Island and Mainland Populations}, year = {2015}, month = {October 15}, address = {Portsmouth, NH}, keywords = {mercury concentrations}, author = {Alexandra Hiley and Jennifer A. Dijkstra and Jennifer Seavey and C Y Chen} } @article {5548, title = {Modeling Uncertainty in Photogrammetry-Derived National Shoreline}, volume = {38(2)}, year = {2015}, month = {Dec 15, 2014}, pages = {128-145}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01490419.2014.957792$\#$.VSQbXE10wck}, author = {Yao, Fang and Christopher E Parrish and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Brian R Calder and Yuri Rzhanov} } @proceedings {5702, title = {Moment-Based Method to Statistically Categorize Rock Outcrops Based on their Topographical Features}, year = {2015}, month = {October 19-22}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Washington, DC}, author = {R. C. Gauss and J. M. Fialkowski and D. C. Calvo and D. R. Olson and Anthony P. Lyons} } @proceedings {5550, title = {Monitoring Near-Shore Bathymetry Using a Multi-Image Satellite-Derived Bathymetry Approach}, year = {2015}, month = {Mar 16 - Mar 19}, author = {Freire, Ricardo and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Madore, Brian and Yuri Rzhanov and Alexander, Lee and Christopher E Parrish and Thomas C Lippmann} } @article {5687, title = {The Multibeam Advisory Committee - Working Towards the Consistent Acquisition of High Quality Multibeam Echosounder Data Across the U.S. Academic Fleet}, year = {2015}, month = {March 16 - 19}, publisher = {The Hydrographic Society of America}, address = {National Harbor, MD}, keywords = {multibeam advisory committee, multibeam echosounder}, url = {http://www.hypack.com/ushydro/2015/}, author = {Paul Johnson and Beaudoin, Jonathan and Vicki L Ferrini} } @proceedings {5612, title = {Multibeam Mapping of Feature Rich Seafloor in the U.S. Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument and on Mendocino Ridge off the California Coast}, year = {2015}, month = {March 16-19}, publisher = {The Hydrographic Society of America}, address = {National Harbor, MD}, url = {http://www.hypack.com/ushydro/2015/}, author = {Andrew A. Armstrong and James V. Gardner and Brian R Calder and Giuseppe Masetti} } @article {6108, title = {Multibeam sonar backscatter data acquisition and processing: Guidelines and Recommendations from the GEOHAB Backscatter Working Group}, year = {2015}, month = {December 14-18}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, abstract = {

Backscatter data acquired with multibeam sonars are now commonly used for the remote geological interpretation of the seabed. \ The systems hardware, software, and processing methods and tools have grown in numbers and improved over the years, yet many issues linger: there are no standard procedures for acquisition, poor or absent calibration, limited understanding and documentation of processing methods, etc.

A workshop organized at the GeoHab (a community of geoscientists and biologists around the topic of marine habitat mapping) annual meeting in 2013 was dedicated to seafloor backscatter data from multibeam sonars and concluded that there was an overwhelming need for better coherence and agreement on the topics of acquisition, processing and interpretation of data. The GeoHab Backscatter Working Group (BSWG) was subsequently created with the purpose of documenting and synthetizing the state-of-the-art in sensors and techniques available today and proposing methods for best practice in the acquisition and processing of backscatter data.

Two years later, the resulting document \"Backscatter measurements by seafloor-mapping sonars: Guidelines and Recommendations\" was completed1. The document provides:

  1. An introduction to backscatter measurements by seafloor-mapping sonars;
  2. A background on the physical principles of sonar backscatter;
  3. A discussion on users\’ needs from a wide spectrum of community end-users;
  4. A review on backscatter measurement;
  5. An analysis of best practices in data acquisition;
  6. A review of data processing principles with details on present software implementation; and finally
  7. A synthesis and key recommendations.

This presentation reviews the BSWG mandate, structure, and development of this document. It details the various chapter contents, its recommendations to sonar manufacturers, operators, data processing software developers and end-users and its implication for the marine geology community.

1: Downloadable at https://www.niwa.co.nz/coasts-and-oceans/research-projects/backscatter-measurement-guidelines

}, keywords = {backscatter, BSWG, GEOHAB, guidelines, multibeam, sonar}, url = {https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm15/webprogram/Paper85768.html}, author = {Xavier Lurton and Geoffroy Lamarche and Craig Brown and Erin Heffron and Vanessa Lucieer and Glen A Rice and Alexandre C. G. Schimel and Thomas C Weber} } @article {5799, title = {A Multi-Frequency Look at Gas Seeps on the East Siberian Margin}, year = {2015}, month = {December 14-18 }, publisher = {American Geophysical Union }, address = {San Francisco, CA}, abstract = {

The Swedish-Russian-US Arctic Ocean Investigation of Climate-Cryosphere-Carbon Interactions (SWERUS-C3)is a multi-investigator, multi-disciplinary program aimed at increasing our understanding of the climate-cryosphere-carbon system of the Eastern Siberian Arctic Ocean.In 2014, SWERUS-C3 carried out a two-leg field program on the Swedish Icebreaker ODEN. A component of the SWERUS-C3 program focused on water column mapping of the spatial distribution and geologic context of gas seeps using the acoustic systems on board ODEN(12kHzEM122 multibeam echosounder, 2-8kHzSBP120 subbottom profiler, and an 18kHzEK60split-beamsonar). On Leg 2 of the 2014 expedition, a new wide-band transceiver (EK80) was added to the split-beam echosounder and calibrated, providing the ability to measure the acoustic response of the gas seeps over a much broader range of frequencies (15-30kHz). While the broader bandwidth unquestionably provides higher target resolution, a further objective of the broadband mapping was to determine whether information on bubble size distribution could be determined so as to help model the flux of gas coming from the seeps. On Leg2, 53seeps were identified in the vicinity of Herald Canyon.The wide-swath, high-resolution multibeam bathymetry (from the EM122) and high-resolution chirp subbottom profiling (from the SBP120 multibeam subbottom profiler), combined with water column imaging of seeps collected at both 12kHz (from the EM122) and 15-30kHz (from the EK80) offer an important opportunity to understand the spatial distribution of seeps and their relationship to local and regional processes as determined from seafloor and subsurface structure, as well as to explore the potential of extracting quantitative information about the magnitude of gas transportfrom the seeps.

}, keywords = {east siberian margin, gas seeps}, url = {http://ccom.unh.edu/publications/multi-frequency-look-gas-seeps-east-siberian-margin}, author = {Elizabeth Weidner and Larry A Mayer and Thomas C Weber and Martin Jakobsson and Chernykh, D. and Ananiev, R. and Mohammad, R. and Semiltov, I.} } @article {5705, title = {A Multi-Frequency Look at Gas Seeps on the East Siberian Margin}, year = {2015}, month = {December 14-18}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, abstract = {

The Swedish-Russian-US Arctic Ocean Investigation of Climate-Cryosphere-Carbon Interactions (SWERUS-C3) is a multi-investigator, multi-disciplinary program aimed at increasing our understanding of the climate-cryosphere-carbon system of the Eastern Siberian Arctic Ocean. In 2014 SWERUS-C3 carried out a two-leg field program on the Swedish Icebreaker ODEN. A component of the SWERUS-C3 program focused on water column mapping of the spatial distribution and geologic context of gas seeps using the acoustic systems on board ODEN (12 kHz EM122 multibeam echo sounder, 2-8 kHz SBP120 subbottom profiler, and an 18 kHz EK60 split-beam sonar). On Leg 2 of the 2014 expedition, a new wideband transceiver (EK80) was added to the split-beam echo sounder and calibrated, providing the ability to measure the acoustic response of the gas seeps over a much broader range of frequencies (15-30 kHz). While the broader bandwidth unquestionably provides higher target resolution a further objective of the broadband mapping was to determine whether information on bubble size distribution could be determined so as to help model the flux of gas coming from the seeps. On Leg 2 approximately 34 seeps were mapped, mostly in the vicinity of Herald Canyon. The wide-swath, high-resolution multibeam bathymetry (from the EM122) and high-resolution chirp sub-bottom profiling (from the SBP120 multibeam sub-bottom profiler) combined with water column imaging of seeps collected at both 12 kHz (from the EM122) and 15-30 kHz (from the EK80) offer an important opportunity to understand the spatial distribution of seeps and their relationship to local and regional processes as determined from seafloor and subsurface structure, as well as to explore the potential of extracting quantitative information about the magnitude of gas transport from the seeps.\ 

}, keywords = {east siberian margin, gas seeps}, url = {http://fallmeeting.agu.org/2015/}, author = {Larry A Mayer and Elizabeth Weidner and Kevin Jerram and Thomas C Weber and Martin Jakobsson and Chernykh, D. and Ananiev, R. and Mohammad, R. and Semiltov, I.} } @proceedings {5551, title = {Nautical Chart Adequacy Evaluation Using Publicly-Available Data}, year = {2015}, month = {Mar 16 - Mar 19}, author = {Klemm, Anthony and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Freire, Ricardo and Nyberg, John and Smith, Shep M} } @article {6461, title = {New Marine Evidence for a Late Wisconsinan Ice Stream in Amundsen Gulf, Arctic Canada}, journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews}, year = {2015}, abstract = {

Amundsen Gulf and adjoining Dolphin and Union Strait and Coronation Gulf form the southwestern end of the Northwest Passage adjacent to the Beaufort Sea. Extensive high resolution multibeam sonar imagery and sub-bottom profiles of the seabed have been acquired, primarily in Amundsen Gulf, by ArcticNet and the Ocean Mapping Group at the University of New Brunswick. These data reveal a variety of seabed landforms including mega-scale glacial ridge and groove lineations, drumlins, moraines, iceberg scours, bedrock outcrops, and discontinuous sediment deposits of variable thickness. The lineations are widespread, especially in southeastern Amundsen Gulf. They resemble modern and paleo bedforms reported from Antarctica, Svalbard, Greenland and other Canadian Arctic channels, where they have been ascribed to ice streams. The glacial sole marks on the seabed in Amundsen Gulf and regional data from the adjacent mainland and islands outline the configuration of a glacial ice stream from the Laurentide Ice Sheet that occupied Amundsen Gulf and adjoining waterways during the Late Wisconsinan. Part of the northwestward flowing ice stream was deflected around the Colville Mountains on Victoria Island and rejoined the main ice stream in Amundsen Gulf by way of Prince Albert Sound. The grounded Amundsen Gulf ice stream extended northwestward to the outer slope in the Beaufort Sea where it was buttressed by Arctic Shelf Ice. Maximum ice stream extent is inferred to have been coincident with the Late Glacial Maximum. Multi-sequence ice-contact sediments and stratigraphic relations with glaciomarine sediments indicate that several ice advances and retreats occurred in the northwestern part of the gulf. Final retreat from the maximum position began prior to 13,000 cal yr BP and terrestrial dates indicate that the retreating ice front had reached Dolphin and Union Strait by about 12.5 cal ka BP.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.02.003}, author = {MacLean, B. and Blasco, S. and Bennett, R. and Lakeman, T. and John E. Hughes Clarke and Kuus, P. and Patton, E.} } @article {6917, title = {NOAA Guidance Document for Determination of Vertical Land Motion at Water Level Stations Using GPS Technology}, year = {2015}, month = {August}, author = {Stephen Gill and Neil Weston and Dru Smith} } @article {5698, title = {NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer 2015: Exploring from the Atlantic to the Pacific}, year = {2015}, month = {December 4}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, abstract = {

In 2015, the NOAA Ship\ Okeanos Explorer\ crossed from the Atlantic to the Pacific, exploring the waters of Puerto Rico, two marine national monuments, and waters from Rhode Island to Hawaii along the way.The field season started in February with a transit to the Caribbean. During three legs\ Oc\éano Profundo 2015: Exploring Puerto Rico\’s Seamounts, Trenches, and Troughs, the\ Okeanos Explorer\ explored largely uncharted deep-sea ecosystems and seafloor in the vicinity of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands.\  Highlights of the expedition include, deploying free-vehicles to the bottom of the 8,000 m Puerto Rico Trench,\ identification of the very rare starfish,\ Laetmaster spectabilis,\ known previously from only one specimen collected in 1881, observations of at least two new species, and mapping\ 37,500 sq km of previously unmapped seafloor in high resolution revealing rugged canyons, intricate incised channels, and complex tectonic features. In May and June the ship transited through the\ Panama Canal to the Pacific Ocean. Along the way the sonars collected opportunistic mapping data.

In June, the ship began the three month\ Hohonu Moana: Exploring the Deep Waters off Hawai\’i expedition. The focus of the expedition was exploring\ unknown deep-sea ecosystems in the Hawaiian Archipelago and offshore Johnston Atoll\ in support o f\ priority marine national monument and national marine sanctuary science and management needs.\ Over 50,000 sq km of seafloor were mapped in high-resolution and\ 49 ROV dives were conducted over the course of the expedition.\ Hohonu Moana\ marked the first time\ Okeanos Explorer\ collected physical samples with ROV\ Deep Discoverer. Limited rock samples\ were collected to provide more information about geologic features in the region. Biological sampling was limited to potential new species or new animal records for the Hawai\’i region and so all were surprised by the number of samples collected \– 70 \– highlighting how much remains to be explored and discovered in our deep ocean.\ The presentation will focus on the importance of ocean exploration, highlights from the 2015 field season, and a discussion of what\&$\#$39;s to come in 2016, when six new sonars are added to the ship and the Office of Ocean Exploration and Research continues its ground breaking work in remote parts of the Pacific Ocean.

}, url = {http://ccom.unh.edu/seminars/noaa-ship-okeanos-explorer-2015-exploring-atlantic-pacific}, author = {Lindsay McKenna and Derek Sowers and Elizabeth Lobecker and Kelley Elliott} } @article {5714, title = {NOAA{\textquoteright}s Role in Defining the U.S.}, volume = {49, No. 2}, year = {2015}, month = {March 1, 2015}, pages = {204-210(7)}, publisher = {Marine Technology Society}, address = {Washington, D.C.}, abstract = {

The legal continental shelf is a maritime zone that typically goes out to 200 nautical miles from shore. It may, however, be extended beyond 200 nautical miles, based in part on the morphology of the continental margin. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea sets forth the requirements for how coastal countries can legally define such an extended continental shelf (ECS), within which they may manage the natural resources on and below the seabed. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), along with the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Department of State, is working to map, analyze, and define the seaward extent of the U.S. ECS. New advances in maritime technologies, such as improved multibeam echosounders, and associated visualization and analysis software aid in this effort by enabling project scientists to better understand seafloor geomorphology and interpret local and regional geologic processes. Marine geophysical data collected during this project are publicly available, benefiting the broader scientific community and public through timely data access and long-term preservation. To date, NOAA has led more than 30 high-resolution surveys and mapped more than 2 million square kilometers of sea floor in support of the U.S. ECS effort. New discoveries have been made during these surveys, and the data have contributed to better understanding of the morphology and geology of the U.S. continental margins.

}, keywords = {Law of the Sea; coastal baselines; data stewardship; maritime zones; seafloor mapping}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/MTSJ.49.2.17}, author = {Eakins, Barry and Andrew A. Armstrong and Westington, Meredith and Jennifer Jencks and Lim, Elliot and McLean, Susan J. and Warnken, Robin R. and Bohan, Margot L.} } @article {5692, title = {Observations of Backscatter from Sand and Gravel Seafloors Between 170 and 250 kHz}, volume = {138}, number = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {October 2015}, pages = {2169{\textendash}2180}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, abstract = {

Interpreting observations of frequency-dependence in backscatter from the seafloor offers many challenges, either because multiple frequencies are used for different observations that will later be merged or simply because seafloor scattering models are not well-understood above 100 kHz. Hindering the understanding of these observations is the paucity of reported, calibrated acoustic measurements above 100 kHz. This manuscript seeks to help elucidate the linkages between seafloor properties and frequency-dependent seafloor backscatter by describing observations of backscatter collected from sand, gravel, and bedrock seafloors at frequencies between 170 and 250 kHz and at a grazing angle of 45. Overall, the frequency dependence appeared weak for all seafloor types, with a slight increase in seafloor scattering strength with increasing frequency for an area with unimodal, very poorly to moderately well sorted, slightly granular to granular medium sand with significant amounts of shell debris and a slight decrease in all other locations.

}, keywords = {acoustic rough interface scattering, acoustical measurements, backscatter, Seafloor Characterization}, url = {http://scitation.aip.org/content/asa/journal/jasa/138/4/10.1121/1.4930185}, author = {Thomas C Weber and Larry G Ward} } @article {5509, title = {Probabilistic Reconstruction of Color for Species{\textquoteright} Classification Underwater}, year = {2015}, month = {May 18 - May 21}, pages = {Genova, Italy}, address = {Genova, Italy}, keywords = {color, species{\textquoteright} classification, underwater imagery}, url = {http://oceans15mtsieeegenova.org/}, author = {Yuri Rzhanov and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Aleksej Shashkov} } @proceedings {5606, title = {Probabilistic Reconstruction of Color for Species{\textquoteright} Classification Underwater}, year = {2015}, month = {May 18-21}, address = {Genova, Italy}, abstract = {

Color is probably the most informative cue for object recognition and classification in natural scenes. Difference in shades can indicate to the biologist the potential for diversity of species or stress on the habitats. However, severe color distortions may occur in underwater imagery due to wavelength-dependent attenuation of light. Affordable tri-chromatic sensors are used to record the ambient light condition and color correct the imagery, but results show that this approach works reliably only under highly controllable conditions. This paper proposes an approach that combines hyperspectral data collected for the object of interest, hardware properties of the imaging sensor, and exterior conditions (optical properties of water and illumination) with tri-chromatic underwater imagery. Due to ambiguity of color reconstruction underwater, demonstrated in the paper, a probabilistic approach is used for classification that allows the identification of the object of interest from other objects.\ 

}, keywords = {benthic features, color underwater, habitat classification, spectrometry}, author = {Yuri Rzhanov and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Aleksej Shashkov} } @proceedings {5552, title = {Reconnaissance Surveying of Bechevin Bay, AK Using Satellite-Derived Bathymetry}, year = {2015}, month = {Mar 16 - Mar 19}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Keown, Patrick and Snyder, Leland P and Gonsalves, Michael and Nyberg, John} } @article {5659, title = {Reconnaissance Surveying Using Satellite-derived Bathymetry}, volume = {19 (7)}, year = {2015}, month = {October}, pages = {21-23}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Keown, Patrick and Gonsalves, Michael} } @mastersthesis {5722, title = {The Relationship Between Oceanic Transform Fault Segmentation, Seismicity, and Thermal Structure}, volume = {Oceanography}, year = {2015}, month = {12/2015}, pages = {103}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Mid-ocean ridge transform faults (RTFs) are typically viewed as geometrically simple, with fault lengths readily constrained by the ridge-transform intersections. This relative simplicity, combined with well-constrained slip rates, make them an ideal environment for studying strike-slip earthquake behavior. As the resolution of available bathymetric data over oceanic transform faults continues to improve, however, it is being revealed that the geometry and structure of these faults can be complex, including such features as intra-transform pull-apart basins, intra-transform spreading centers, and cross-transform ridges. To better determine the resolution of structural complexity on RTFs, as well as the prevalence of RTF segmentation, fault structure is delineated on a global scale. Segmentation breaks the fault system up into a series of subparallel fault strands separated by an extensional basin, intra-transform spreading center, or fault step. RTF segmentation occurs across the full range of spreading rates, from faults on the ultraslow portion of the Southwest Indian Ridge to faults on the ultrafast portion of the East Pacific Rise (EPR). It is most prevalent along the EPR, which hosts the fastest spreading rates in the world and has undergone multiple changes in relative plate motion over the last couple of million years. Earthquakes on RTFs are known to be small, to scale with the area above the 600{\textopenbullet}C isotherm, and to exhibit some of the most predictable behaviors in seismology. In order to determine whether segmentation affects the global RTF scaling relations, the scalings are recomputed using an updated seismic catalog and fault database in which RTF systems are broken up according to their degree of segmentation (as delineated from available bathymetric datasets). No statistically significant differences between the new computed scaling relations and the current scaling relations were found, though a few faults were identified as outliers. Finite element analysis is used to model 3-D RTF fault geometry assuming a viscoplastic rheology in order to determine how segmentation affects the underlying thermal structure of the fault. In the models, fault segment length, length and location along fault of the intra-transform spreading center, and slip rate are varied. A new scaling relation is developed for the critical fault offset length (OC) that significantly reduces the thermal area of adjacent fault segments, such that adjacent segments are fully decoupled at \∼4OC . On moderate to fast slipping RTFs, offsets \≥ 5 km are sufficient to significantly reduce the thermal influence between two adjacent transform fault segments. The relationship between fault structure and seismic behavior was directly addressed on the Discovery transform fault, located at 4{\textopenbullet}S on the East Pacific Rise. One year of microseismicity recorded on an OBS array, and 24 years of Mw \≥ 5.4 earthquakes obtained from the Global Centroid Moment Tensor catalog, were correlated with surface fault structure delineated from high-resolution multibeam bathymetry. Each of the 15 Mw \≥ 5.4 earthquakes was relocated into one of five distinct repeating rupture patches, while microseismicity was found to be reduced within these patches. While the endpoints of these patches appeared to correlate with structural features on the western segment of Discovery, small step-overs in the primary fault trace were not observed at patch boundaries. This indicates that physical segmentation of the fault is not the primary control on the size and location of large earthquakes on Discovery, and that along-strike heterogeneity in fault zone properties must play an important role

}, keywords = {seismicity, thermal structure, transform fault, transform fault segmentation}, author = {Monica L Wolfson-Schwehr} } @article {6927, title = {Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly: A Global Geodetic Reference Frame for Sustainable Development (A/RES/69/266)}, year = {2015}, month = {March}, institution = {United Nations General Assembly, 69th Session, Agenda 9}, author = {Neil Weston} } @article {5586, title = {A Review of Wreck Least Depths}, year = {2015}, month = {Mar 16 - Mar 19}, address = {National Harbor, MD}, author = {Katrina Wyllie and Thomas C Weber and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @article {5276, title = {On Risk-Based Expression of Hydrographic Uncertainty}, volume = {38(2)}, year = {2015}, pages = {99-127}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, abstract = {
Current methods for representing uncertainty in hydrographic products typically describe the type or completeness of data that was collected, but not the risk of transit or certainty about the data presented. This paper proposes a model for risk based on the background information, own-ship information, and how much is unknown about the area. \ Based on a model of underkeel clearance, dangers to navigation and other factors, the method predicts a scalar risk for an area, projected track or total voyage. The paper describes the risk assessment methodology, and illustrates it in track planning, area-based risk assessment and real-time decision support. \ These use cases highlight the benefits and flexibility of the model, and the concomitant requirement for clibration of input data.
}, keywords = {Bathymetric Modeling, hydrography, Own-ship Risk, Real-time Underkeel Clearance, Risk Models}, author = {Brian R Calder} } @article {5686, title = {R/V Falkor Multibeam Echosounder System Review - September 25-30, 2015}, year = {2015}, institution = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center}, address = {Durham, NH}, keywords = {falkor, multibeam}, author = {Paul Johnson and Kevin Jerram} } @article {5683, title = {R/V Kilo Moana - EM122 and EM710 Multibeam Echosounder System Review - KM1505 - April 28 {\textendash} 30, 2015}, year = {2015}, month = {2 December}, pages = {33}, institution = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping / Joint Hydrographic Center}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

The R/V Kilo Moana undertook an engineering shakedown leg (KM1505) in order to perform geometric calibrations (\‘patch tests\’), swath coverage assessments, and data quality evaluations for the vessel\’s Kongsberg Maritime EM122 and EM710 multibeam echosounders. Data were collected southwest of Honolulu during April 28-29, 2015 (Figure 1). Paul Johnson and Kevin Jerram provided logistical and technical support for mission planning, data collection, and analysis. Most tasks planned for the EM710 were completed, whereas poor data quality for the EM122 precluded further testing and curtailed operations a day early. These issues are presently under review by Kongsberg Maritime, Gates Acoustic
Services, the Ocean Technology Group at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, and the Multibeam Advisory Committee. This report presents:

  1. a history of documented changes to system geometry for the EM710 and EM122, including modifications made during KM1505;
  2. an overview of the data collected and the processing methods applied;
  3. results of the geometric calibration (\‘patch test\’) for the EM710;
  4. swath coverage / extinction data for both the EM122 and EM710;
  5. vessel self noise as measured by the EM122 multibeam receiver at various speeds; and
  6. EM122 transducer impedance data to document transducer health.
}, keywords = {kilo moana, multibeam echosounder}, url = {http://mac.unols.org/sites/mac.unols.org/files/20150515_KiloMoana_EM122_EM710_KM1505_Final_Reduced.pdf}, author = {Paul Johnson and Kevin Jerram} } @article {5682, title = {R/V Kilo Moana - EM122 Multibeam Echosounder Review - KM1514 - August 9-13, 2015}, year = {2015}, institution = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping / Joint Hydrographic Center}, address = {Durham, NH}, keywords = {kilo moana, multibeam echosounder}, author = {Paul Johnson and Kevin Jerram and Vicki L Ferrini} } @article {5684, title = {RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer: EM122 Multibeam Echosounder Sea Acceptance Trial for TX/RX Arrays, NBP1505, June 10-15, 2015}, year = {2015}, month = {4 November}, pages = {56}, institution = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping / Joint Hydrographic Center}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

The research vessel icebreaker (RVIB) Nathaniel B. Palmer (NBP) undertook cruise NBP1505 in the vicinity of the continental shelf break between Talcahuano and Puerto Montt, Chile, from June 10-15, 2015 (Fig. 1) in order to assess performance of the vessel\’s 12-kHz multibeam echosounder (MBES). The MBES consists of a Kongsberg Maritime (KM) EM122 transceiver installed in June 2014 and transmit (TX) and receive (RX) arrays installed in June 2015, prior to NBP1505.

A Sea Acceptance Trial (SAT) for the EM122 transceiver performed in June 2014 (NBP1405) revealed extensive degradation of the original EM120 TX array and motivated the upgrade of both EM120 TX and RX arrays to the latest-generation EM122 models (see NBP1405 MAC SAT report for more detail). A primary expected advantage of the EM122 array upgrade is wider swath coverage through frequency-modulated (FM) transmission compared to traditional continuous waveform (CW) operation. FM capabilities were available with the EM122 transceiver but not fully supported by the original EM120 arrays.

Additionally, the damaged polycarbonate ice window on the EM120 TX array was replaced completely prior to NBP1505; the titanium ice window on the EM120 RX array was observed to be in good condition and reinstalled for the EM122 RX array. A survey of the installed arrays, GPS antennas, and the two MRUs (Seapath 330 and Seapath 200) was conducted while the NBP was in dry dock in Talcahuano. The survey results were provided in preliminary form to KM and MAC personnel for implementation during NBP1505.

}, keywords = {multibeam echosounder, nathaniel palmer, tx/rx arrays}, url = {http://mac.unols.org/sites/mac.unols.org/files/NBP1505_20150715_Final_V1pt0_Reduced.pdf}, author = {Paul Johnson and Kevin Jerram} } @proceedings {5611, title = {S-100 Overlays: A Brave New World?}, year = {2015}, month = {March 16-19}, publisher = {The Hydrographic Society of America}, address = {National Harbor, MD}, url = {http://www.hypack.com/ushydro/2015/}, author = {Alexander, Lee and McLeay, C} } @proceedings {5703, title = {Scale-Model Scattering Experiments Using 3D-Printed Representations of Ocean Bottom Features}, year = {2015}, month = {October 19-22}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Washington DC}, author = {D. C. Calvo and M. Nicholas and J. M. Fialkowski and R. C. Gauss and D. R. Olson and Anthony P. Lyons} } @article {5667, title = {Seamounts, Submarine Channels, and New Discoveries}, volume = {10, No. 3}, year = {2015}, month = {November}, pages = {1-14}, publisher = {Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial University of Newfoundland}, address = {St. John{\textquoteright}s, Newfoundland, Canada}, keywords = {continental shelf, seamounts, submarine channels}, author = {Andrew A. Armstrong and Larry A Mayer and James V. Gardner} } @article {6850, title = {The Sedimentary Response to a Rapid Change in Lake Level in Lake Tanganyika}, volume = {440}, year = {2015}, month = {Decembe 15}, pages = {647-658}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {

We present records of sedimentary organic carbon, nitrogen, and carbonate, and stable isotope records of organic material and carbonate from a series of sediment cores that straddle the permanent chemocline in Lake Tanganyika. Sedimentation rates for these cores are consistent among the sites (~ 0.05\–0.1 cm y\− 1), and all records show an increase in sedimentary carbonate (aragonite) content centered at ~ 1879. The mid-19th century coincides with a major (~ 10 m) lake level transgression. Throughout the period of lake level transgression and subsequent regression, the organic matter \δ13C and \δ15N records develop a prominent and coincident negative excursion followed by a return to values similar to those prior to the lake level transgression. This negative excursion in \δ15N and \δ13C is also coincident with an increase in carbonate-corrected organic carbon. We interpret the \δ13C results as a decline in primary production during the transgression with the \δ15N results signaling a concomitant increase in the reliance on nitrogen fixation as the nitrogen source. The coincident peak in organic carbon is interpreted as being a result of enhanced preservation driven by the precipitation and burial of aragonite.

}, keywords = {Carbon Isotopes, Geochemistry, Lake Tanganyika, Little Ice Age, Nitrogen Isotopes, Transgression}, doi = {10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.09.035}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018215005453?via\%3Dihub}, author = {McManus, J. and Severmann, S. and Cohen, A.S. and McKay, J.L and Montanye, B.R. and Hartwell, A.M. and Brucker, R.L.P. and Wheatcroft, R.A.} } @article {5513, title = {Split-beam Echosounder Observations of Natural Methane Seep Variability in the Northern Gulf of Mexico}, year = {2015}, author = {Kevin Jerram and Thomas C Weber and Beaudoin, Jonathan} } @proceedings {5671, title = {Streamlining the Evaluation of Potential Marine Debris Targets for Disaster Response}, year = {2015}, month = {Oct. 19 - Oct 22}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Washington, DC, USA}, abstract = {

Hurricanes generate massive amounts of marine\ debris in coastal waterways, causing environmental problems\ and hazards to safe navigation. Before debris can be removed,\ they must be located and identified, a tedious and timeconsuming process. Automatic target recognition algorithms\ speed up this process by searching vast swaths of survey data to\ locate anomalies that could be debris. However, these targets\ must still be manually evaluated by analysts. We present a tool\ that increases analysts\’ efficiency by automating most of the\ interaction steps involved in marine debris evaluation. It\ automatically generates and displays multiple optimal views,\ which can remove the need for analysts to manually reposition\ their viewpoint. We also applied these optimal views to a webbased crowdsourcing application, which tested whether the\ general public could assist in marine debris evaluation. Our\ results showed that, even though the participants were\ untrained, their collective decisions were generally in agreement\ and reliable enough to greatly reduce the number of marine\ debris targets that must be evaluated by the limited pool of\ trained analysts. This has the potential to increase analytical\ capacity in time-critical disaster response situations.

}, keywords = {Visualization}, author = {Butkiewicz, Thomas and Andrew H. Stevens} } @article {5968, title = {Surface Seiches in Flathead Lake}, volume = {19}, year = {2015}, month = {June 3}, pages = {2605-2615}, publisher = {Copernicus Publications}, abstract = {

Standing surface waves or seiches are inherent hydrodynamic features of enclosed water bodies. Their twodimensional structure is important for estimating flood risk, coastal erosion, and bottom sediment transport, and for understanding shoreline habitats and lake ecology in general. In this work, we present analysis of two-dimensional seiche characteristics in Flathead Lake, Montana, USA, a large intermountain lake known to have high seiche amplitudes. To examine spatial characteristics of different seiche modes, we used the original procedure of determining the seiche frequencies from the primitive equation model output with subsequent derivation of the spatial seiche structure at fixed frequencies akin to the tidal harmonic analysis. The proposed procedure revealed specific seiche oscillation features in Flathead Lake, including maximum surface level amplitudes of the first fundamental mode in straights around the largest island; several higher modes appearing locally in the vicinity of the river inflow; the \“Helmholtz\” open harbor mode, with the period approximately twice that of the longest seiche mode, generated by a large shallow bay connected to the main lake basin; and several rotating seiche modes potentially affecting the lake-wide circulation. We discuss lake management problems related to the spatial seiche distribution, such as shoreline erosion, floods, and transport of sediments and invasive species in Flathead Lake.

}, doi = {10.5194/hess-19-2605-2015}, author = {Georgiy Kirillin and Mark Lorang and Thomas C Lippmann and Chris Gottschalk and S. Schimmelpfennig} } @article {5562, title = {Uncertainty Modeling for AUV Acquired Bathymetry}, year = {2015}, month = {April 16-19}, address = {Gaylord Hotel, National Harbor, Maryland U.S.A.}, abstract = {

Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) are used across a wide range of mission scenarios and from an increasingly diverse set of operators. Use of AUVs for shallow water (less than 200 meters) mapping applications is of increasing interest. However, an update of the total propagated uncertainty TPU model is required to properly attribute bathymetry data acquired from an AUV platform compared with surface platform acquired data. An overview of the parameters that should be considered for data acquired from an AUV platform is discussed. Data acquired in August 2014 using NOAA\’s Remote Environmental Measuring UnitS (REMUS) 600 AUV in the vicinity of Portsmouth, NH were processed and analyzed through Leidos\’ Survey Analysis and Area Based EditoR (SABER) software. Variability in depth and position of seafloor features observed multiple times from repeat passes of the AUV, and junctioning of the AUV acquired bathymetry with bathymetry acquired from a surface platform are used to evaluate the TPU model and to characterize the AUV acquired data.\ 

}, keywords = {AUV, TPU, uncertainty}, author = {Byrne, John S. and Val Schmidt} } @article {5742, title = {Underwater-Detector Array for Laser Beam Diagnostics}, year = {2015}, month = {June 16 - 18}, address = {Corvallis, OR}, keywords = {beam diagnostics, detector array}, url = {http://shoals.sam.usace.army.mil/Workshop_Files/2015/Day_01_pdf/1630_Birkebak.pdf}, author = {Matthew Birkebak and Eren, Firat and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Yuri Rzhanov} } @article {5759, title = {Update on NOAA{\textquoteright}s IOCM Sandy Project for Charting and Habitat Mapping Using Topobathymetric Lidar Surveys}, year = {2015}, month = {Jun 16 - 18}, address = {Corvallis, OR}, abstract = {

NOAA\’s IOCM Sandy project managed in the Office of Coast Survey, includes complementary grant-funded research and development and contract-funded test, evaluation, and production work addressing the tremendous amount of topo-bathymetric lidar collected in the aftermath of Super Storm Sandy. These data are being used to update charts and create new habitat maps of the impacted region.\  The Sandy IOCM project at the NOAA/University of New Hampshire Joint Hydrographic Center features collaboration among UNH researchers, NOAA employees and contract affiliates, and also relies on the expertise of other groups within NOAA and other federal and state agencies, including NOAA\’s Remote Sensing Division (RSD) and the USGS EAARL-B group to process the lidar data and develop efficient processing workflows.\  Quick highlights of NOAA\’s Sandy IOCM projects to date include the detailed cataloging of the area of post-Sandy lidar coverage (NOAA\’s RSD, USACE, and USGS), processing USGS EAARLB waveforms for Barnegat Bay for habitat identification, development of workflows for processing topo-bathymetric lidar through the Office of Coast Survey\’s hydrographic branches, and a charting adequacy project to expedite integration of tremendous amount of Sandy data (especially the forthcoming RSD-contracted Riegl surveys) to the chart.

}, keywords = {habitat mapping, super storm sandy, topobathymetric lidar}, author = {Juliet Kinney and Sarah Wolfskehl and Bruce, Samm and Michael Bogonko and Cassandra Bongiovanni and Andrew A. Armstrong and Erin Nagel and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Christopher E Parrish} } @article {5678, title = {U.S. Law of the Sea Cruise to Map the Foot of the Slope of the Northeast U.S. Atlantic Continental Margin: Leg 8}, year = {2015}, month = {September 1}, pages = {84}, institution = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {Atlantic Margin, Law of the Sea, Marcus Langseth}, author = {Brian R Calder} } @article {5738, title = {U.S. Law of the Sea Cruise to Map the Western Flank of the Kingman Reef-Palmyra Atoll Section of the Line Islands, Equatorial Pacific Ocean}, year = {2015}, month = {December 20}, pages = {62}, institution = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping / Joint Hydrographic Center}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

KM15-20 was Leg 2 of the continuing long-term bathymetric mapping of the area around Kingman Reef and Palmyra Atoll, in the equatorial Pacific. The objective of the cruise was to collect all of the bathymetric, acoustic backscatter, and sub-bottom data that might be useful to support a potential submission by the U.S. under the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea, Article 76 [1]. The responsibility for conducting the mapping was given to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) by the U.S. Congress, and has been implemented since 2003 through a cooperative agreement with the Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping and NOAA-UNH Joint Hydrographic Center at the University of New Hampshire. This cruise supplements data from a prior cruise [2] to identify the morphology of the Foot of the Slope (FoS) around the northern end of the Line Islands chain.\ 

The cruise consisted of primary bathymetric mapping in water depths of approximately 5000m using the R/V Kilo Moana (Figure 1.2), operated by the University of Hawai\‘i. The primary mapping sonar was a Kongsberg EM122 multibeam echosounder (bathymetry and acoustic backscatter), with a Knudsen Engineering 3260 chirp sub-bottom profiler, and a Bell Aerospace bgm-3 marine gravimeter. Motion measurement was provided by an ApplAnix pos/mv 320 gps-aided inertial motion unit, while sound speed profile measurements were conducted using Sippican expendable bathythermograph (xbt) and expendable conductivity, temperature and depth (XCTD) probes.

}, keywords = {kingman reef, Law of the Sea, line islands, palmyra atoll}, author = {Brian R Calder and Giuseppe Masetti} } @article {5566, title = {Use of high resolution bathymetry and backscatter for mapping depositional environments on the New Hampshire continental shelf}, year = {2015}, month = {Mar. 23-25, 2015}, address = {Bretton Woods, NH}, keywords = {backscatter, bathymetry, continental shelf, mapping depositional environments}, author = {Larry G Ward and Zachary S. McAvoy and Paul Johnson and Greenaway, Samuel F} } @article {5669, title = {Visualizing 3D Flow Through Cutting Planes}, year = {2015}, month = {Oct. 25 - Oct 30}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Chicago, IL, USA}, abstract = {

Cutting planes have long been an effective tool for\ visualizing discrete slices of 3D vector fields. The\ following research-in-progress focusses on evaluating a\ variety of cutting plane rendering techniques at various\ seeding densities to find those conditions which provide superior perceptual cues for accurately estimating the\ direction of flow through a point on a cutting plane.

}, keywords = {Flow Visualization, Visualization}, author = {Andrew H. Stevens and Colin Ware} } @article {5487, title = {Acoustic estimates of methane gas flux from the seabed in a 6000 km2 region of the Northern Gulf of Mexico}, volume = {15, no. 5}, year = {2014}, month = {May 29, 2014}, pages = {1911-1925}, publisher = {AGU}, abstract = {

Seeps of free methane gas escaping the seabed can be found throughout the ocean basins. To understand the role of methane gas seeps in the global carbon cycle\—including both gas added to the atmosphere and that which is dissolved and potentially oxidized in the ocean volume\—it is important to quantify the amount of methane escaping the seabed. Few large-scale mapping projects of natural methane seeps have been undertaken, however, and even among these, quantitative estimates of flux are rare. Here we use acoustic mapping techniques to survey 357 natural methane seeps in a large region (6000 km2) of the northern Gulf of Mexico and outline a general approach for methane seep mapping using a combination of multibeam and split-beam echo sounders. Using additional measurements collected with a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) together with the acoustic mapping results, we estimate the total gas flux within the 6000 km2 region to be between 0.0013 and 0.16 Tg/yr, or between 0.003 and 0.3\% of the current estimates for global seabed methane seepage rates.

}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2014GC005271/full}, author = {Thomas C Weber and Larry A Mayer and Kevin Jerram and Beaudoin, Jonathan and Yuri Rzhanov and D. Lovalvo} } @article {5491, title = {Alumni of the First Ten Years of Nippon Foundation/GEBCO Postgraduate Certificate in Ocean Bathymetry Training Program}, year = {2014}, month = {Oct 6 - 10}, address = {Monaco}, author = {Rochelle Wigley} } @proceedings {5957, title = {Applying the Dynamic Soundscape to Estimates of Signal Detection}, year = {2014}, month = {June 22-27}, address = {Rhodes, Greece}, keywords = {dynamic soundscape, signal detection}, author = {Jennifer Miksis-Olds and J.A. Vernon and Kevin Heaney} } @article {5389, title = {Arctic Ocean Glacial History}, volume = {92}, year = {2014}, pages = {42-67}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Andreassen, K. and Bjarndottir, L.R. and Dove, D. and Dowdeswell, J and England, J.H. and Funder, S. and Hogan, K. and Ingolfsson, O. and Jennings, A. and Larson, N.K. and Kirchner, N. and Landvik, J.Y. and Larry A Mayer and Mikkelsen, N. and Moller, P and Niessen, F. and Johan Nilsson and O{\textquoteright}Regan, M A and Polyak, Leonid and Norgaard-Pedersen, N. and Stein, R.} } @article {5280, title = {Assessing hurricane Sandy impacts on benthic habitats in Barnegut Bay with new topographic-bathymetric LIDAR technology}, year = {2014}, month = {23-28 February}, address = {Honolulu, HI}, author = {Lindsay McKenna and Jennifer A. Dijkstra and Christopher E Parrish} } @article {5975, title = {Assessing Marine Ecosystem Acoustic Diversity Across Ocean Basins}, volume = {21}, year = {2014}, pages = {81-88}, publisher = {European Association for Aquatic Mammals}, keywords = {Marine Ecosystem Acoustic Diversity, Ocean Basins}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoinf.2013.11.003}, author = {S. Parks and Jennifer Miksis-Olds and S.L. Denes} } @article {5972, title = {Assessing the Cross Platform Performance of Marine Mammal Indicators Between Two Collocated Acoustic Recorders}, volume = {21}, year = {2014}, pages = {74-80}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {

Equipment and deployment strategies for remote passive acoustic sensing of marine environments must balance memory capacity, power requirements, sampling rate, duty-cycle, deployment duration, instrument size, and environmental concerns. The impact of different parameters on the data and applicability of the data to the specific questions being asked should be considered before deployment. Here we explore the effect of recording and detection parameters on marine mammal acoustic data across two platforms. Daily classifications of marine mammal vocalizations from two passive acoustic monitors with different subsampling parameters, an AURAL and a Passive Aquatic Listener (PAL), collocated in the Bering Sea were compared. The AURAL subsampled on a pre-set schedule, whereas the PAL sampled via an adaptive protocol. Detected signals of interest were manually classified in each dataset independently. The daily classification rates of vocalizations were similar. Detections from the higher duty-cycle but lower sample rate AURAL were limited to species and vocalizations with energy below 4 kHz precluding detection of echolocation signals. Temporal coverage from the PAL audio files was limited by the adaptive sub-sampling protocol. A method for classifying ribbon (Histriophoca fasciata) and bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) vocalizations from the sparse spectral time histories of the PAL was developed. Although application of the acoustic entropy as a rapid assessment of biodiversity was not reflective of the number of species detected, acoustic entropy was robust to changes in sample rate and window length.

}, keywords = {Collocated Acoustic Recorders, Cross Platform Performance, Marine Mammal Indicators}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoinf.2013.10.005}, url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1957/49789}, author = {S.L. Denes and Jennifer Miksis-Olds and D.K. Mellinger and J.A. Nystuen} } @article {5179, title = {Assessment of Waveform Shape Features for Lidar Uncertainty Modeling in a Coastal Salt Marsh Environment}, volume = {Vol. 11, No. 2}, year = {2014}, pages = {569 - 573}, publisher = {IEEE}, abstract = {

There is currently great interest in lidar surveys of salt marshes to support coastal management and decision making. However, vertical uncertainty of lidar elevations is generally higher in salt marshes than in upland areas, and it can be difficult to empirically quantify due to the challenges of obtaining ground control in marshes. Assuming that most of the component uncertainties in the lidar geolocation equation will remain essentially constant over a relatively small location, it is posited that vertical uncertainty in a marsh will vary mostly as a function of surface and cover characteristics. These, in turn, should affect lidar waveforms recorded during the survey, and therefore, analysis of the waveform shapes may allow for prediction of vertical uncertainty variation. Waveforms at three test sites were used to compute 16 computationally efficient features that describe the shapes; and simple, multilinear, and principal component regressions were used to evaluate their ability to predict elevation differences between lidar and Global Positioning System ground control. The results show that a simple estimate of waveform width can explain over 50\% of the total variability in elevation differences but that multilinear regression does not significantly improve the performance. Somewhat surprisingly, skewness of the waveform does not appear to be a good predictor of elevation differences in these cases.

}, keywords = {Geospatial Analysis, Lasers, LIDAR, Ranging, Sea coast}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=6600874}, author = {Christopher E Parrish and J Rogers and Brian R Calder} } @article {5434, title = {Benthic Habitat Mapping in Barnegat Bay with Topographic-Bathymetric Lidar Waveform Features}, year = {2014}, month = {8-10 December}, address = {Amsterdam, North Holland, The Netherlands}, abstract = {

Barnegat Bay, a large, shallow estuary located along the New Jersey coast, was heavily impacted by Hurricane Sandy in 2012. Scientists and coastal managers are interested in assessing the impacts of the storm on benthic habitats, including eelgrass (Zostera marina) habitat, which is often used as an indicator of the overall health of the estuary. In this study, we evaluate the ability to map benthic habitats and conduct Sandy-related change analysis using data from two new topographic-bathymetric lidar systems, with fundamentally different design characteristics than conventional bathymetric lidar systems. After straightforward preprocessing, features related to return waveform shape are used in an object-based image analysis (OBIA) software environment to extract five classes: 1) deeper water (relative to the laser extinction depth), 2) sand, 3) dense eelgrass, 4) sparse eelgrass, and 5) mixed macroalgae and sand. The accuracies of the resulting habitat maps are then assessed using reference data acquired by a field survey team. Results obtained to date are very promising and indicate the potential of new topographic-bathymetric lidar waveform data for a range of coastal science and management applications.

}, author = {Christopher E Parrish and Jennifer A. Dijkstra} } @article {5489, title = {Bottom-Roll Feeding by Humpback Whales (Megaptera Novaeangliae) in the Southern Gulf of Maine}, volume = {30, Issue 2}, year = {2014}, month = {April 2014}, pages = {495-511}, abstract = {

Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) are known for the variety and complexity of their feeding behaviors. Here we report on the use of synchronous motion and acoustic recording tags (DTAGs) to provide the first detailed kinematic descriptions of humpback whales using bottom side-rolls (BSRs) to feed along the seafloor. We recorded 3,505 events from 19 animals (individual range 8\–722). By animal, mean BSR duration ranged from 14.1 s to 36.2 s.; mean body roll angle from 80\º to 121\º, and mean pitch from 7\º to 38\º. The median interval between sequential BSRs, by animal, ranged from 24.0 s to 63.6 s and animals tended to maintain a consistent BSR heading during long BSR series encompassing multiple dives. BSRs were most frequent between 2200 and 0400. We identify three classes of behavior: simple side-roll, side-roll inversion, and repetitive scooping. Results indicate that BSR feeding is a common technique in the study area and there is both coordination and noncoordination between animals. We argue that this behavior is not lunge feeding as normally characterized, because animals are moving slowly through the event. The behavior also leads to vulnerability to entanglement in bottom-set fishing gear, a major mortality factor for the species.

}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mms.12053/full}, author = {Colin Ware and David N Wiley and Friedlaender, A S and Weinrich, M T and Abernathy, K and Hazen, E. and Bocconcelli, A and Stimpert, A K and Thompson, Michael A} } @article {5374, title = {Casual observations, random musings and wild extrapolations based on some actual data on the impact of invasive tunicates to eelgrass}, year = {2014}, month = {May 1-3}, address = {Salem, MA}, author = {Colarusso, PD and Carman, MR and EP Nelson and MM Chintala and Grunden, DW and Wong, MC and McKenzie, C and Matheson, K and Davidson, J and Chris Heinig and Fox, S and Neckles, H and Schott, S and Pickerell, C and Jennifer A. Dijkstra} } @article {5359, title = {Characterization of the Nigerian Shoreline using Publicly-Available Satellite Imagery}, volume = {18(1)}, year = {2014}, pages = {22-25}, author = {Fadahunsi, Olumide and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @article {5409, title = {ChUM: Chart Update Mashup}, year = {2014}, month = {June 11, 2014}, pages = {12}, institution = {NOAA Office of Coast Survey}, address = {Silver Spring, MD}, author = {Briana M Sullivan} } @article {5439, title = {Complexity matters: The effect of non-native algal species on habitat architecture, biodiversity and predator-prey interactions}, year = {2014}, month = {30 September}, address = {Boston, MA, USA}, author = {Kristen Mello and A S Litterer and Wells, C.D. and Jennifer A. Dijkstra} } @article {5258, title = {Dense reconstruction of underwater scenes from monocular sequences of images}, year = {2014}, keywords = {monocular, sequences}, author = {Yuri Rzhanov and Han Hu and Boyen, Thierry} } @article {5504, title = {Depositional Environments of Jeffreys Ledge, Western Gulf of Maine: Impacts of Glaciation, Sea-level Fluctuations and Marine Processes Assessed Using High Resolution Multibeam Bathymetry, Subbottom Seismics, Videography, and Direct Sampling}, year = {2014}, month = {December 15 - 19}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, author = {Larry G Ward}, editor = {Paul Johnson} } @proceedings {5992, title = {Description of an intermediate scale tidal energy test site in Great Bay Estuary, NH, with examples of technology deployments}, year = {2014}, month = {September 14-19}, pages = {1-7}, publisher = {Marine Technology Society}, address = {St. Johns, Newfoundland, CA}, abstract = {

The Center for Ocean Renewable Energy (CORE) at the University of New Hampshire (UNH) operates a sheltered, intermediate scale (\“nursery\”) tidal energy test site suited for Marine Hydrokinetic (MHK) turbines up to 4 m (13 ft) in diameter at General Sullivan Bridge in Great Bay Estuary, NH. The UNH-CORE Tidal Energy Test Site is located in a constricted area, and has the fastest tidal current velocities in the estuary with maximum currents at over 5 knots (2.6 m/s), and typically greater than 4 knots (2.1 m/s). The test site has a nominal depth of 10 m, a flat bottom, easy access from two local UNH marine facilities and nearby marinas, and hence it is a cost-effective site for the testing of tidal energy conversion devices. An 11 m x 3 m test platform has been used for MHK turbines up to 1.5 m diameter since 2008, and a larger 20 m x 10 m test platform with a modular turbine deployment system was designed to accommodate larger turbines up to 4 m in diameter. A 4 m diameter axial turbine corresponds approximately to a 1:5 scale model of a utility-scale MHK turbine rated at 1 MWel (based on a full-scale diameter of 20 m, a tidal energy resource of 2.5 m/s and a water-to-wire conversion efficiency of 0.4). A number of MHK turbines have been deployed and evaluated at this test site, including cross-flow turbines with helical blades (Gorlov Helical Turbines), and more recently, an axial Mixer-Ejector Hydrokinetic Turbine designed by FloDesign Inc. under a US Department of Energy (DoE) SBIR phase 2 project. The UNH-CORE Tidal Energy Test Site is well suited to support open-water MHK testing through DoE Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) 5-6 and 7 (not including grid connection).

}, keywords = {field deployment, marine hydrokinetic turbines, scale model testing, test site, tidal energy}, author = {Martin Wosnick and Matt Rowell and Toby Dewhurst and Vincent Lyon and Thomas C Lippmann and Dr. Ken C Baldwin and Rob Swift} } @proceedings {6521, title = {Development of Acoustic Colour Technique Using Multi-Frequency Swath Acoustic Backscatter}, year = {2014}, month = {June 22-27}, address = {Rhodes, Greece}, abstract = {

Swath acoustic data collected by multibeam sonar systems is a recognised tool to efficiently map the bathymetry and texture of large areas of seabed so aiding the definition of benthic habitats. Backscatter data may be spatially classified based on either standard measurements of characteristic acoustic angular response curves (ARCs) or backscatter model parameters (inverted from the ARCs) that depend on seabed physical properties. However, the inverted model parameter of \“roughness\” is intrinsically linked to the acoustic wavelength; only the roughness spectrum with wavelength less than half of the acoustic wavelength affects the surficial acoustic backscatter. Therefore, inferred surficial texture is intrinsically acoustic frequency-dependent. This research tests the feasibility of using multifrequency acoustic backscatter to create acoustic classes based on a broadband acoustic response to natural roughness spectra. The goal is to generate more accurate spatial delineation of facies. EM2040D (300 kHz (continuous wave (CW) pulse)), EM710 (100 kHz (CW)) and EM302 (30 kHz (CW)) benthic acoustic data were collected simultaneously using Kongsberg Maritime\’s test vessel, Simrad Echo, within the Orm\ø\–F\ærder Marine Protected Area in Oslofjorden, Norway. 47 line-km of multi-frequency data were collected resulting in a survey extending 2.9 km by 3.2 km. In addition to the latter overlapping survey lines, 5 non-overlapping, 2.9 km-long cross-lines were acquired to investigate anisotropic backscatter effects; the crosslines were run perpendicular to bathymetric contours to minimise variation of possible depthdependent benthic texture within a swath. This paper discusses the results of delineations and compares maps for datasets separately and jointly classified with different frequencies.

}, keywords = {acoustic classification, multi-frequency, multibeam}, url = {http://www.uaconferences.org/docs/Past_Proceedings/UACE2014_Proceedings.pdf}, author = {Garret Duffy and Yuri Rzhanov and Eli Rinde and Berit Horvei and Colin Brown} } @article {5266, title = {Development of an adaptive fusion algorithm for marine debris recognition within the post-Sandy restoration framework}, year = {2014}, month = {15-17 April 2014}, address = {St. John{\textquoteright}s, NL, Canada}, abstract = {

Recognition of marine debris represent a difficult task due to the extreme variability of the marine environment, the possible targets, and the variable skill levels of human operators. The range of potential targets is much wider than similar fields of research such as mine hunting, localization of unexploded ordnance or pipeline detection. In order to address this additional complexity, an adaptive algorithm is being developing that appropriately responds to changes in the environment, and context.

The preliminary step is to properly geometrically and radiometrically correct the collected data. Then, the core engine manages the fusion of a set of statistically- and physically-based algorithms, working at different levels (swath, beam, snippet, and pixel) and using both predictive modeling (that is, a high-frequency acoustic backscatter model) and phenomenological (e.g., digital image processing techniques) approaches. The expected outcome is the reduction of inter-algorithmic cross-correlation and, thus, the probability of false alarm. At this early stage, we provide a proof of concept showing outcomes from algorithms that dynamically adapt themselves to the depth and average backscatter level met in the surveyed environment, targeting marine debris (modeled as objects of about 1-m size).

The project relies on a modular software library, called Matador (Marine Target Detection and Object Recognition).

}, keywords = {emergency response, fusion adaptive algorithm, marine debris, target classification, target detection}, url = {http://www.chc2014.ca/}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti and Brian R Calder} } @article {5506, title = {Direct Assessment of Juvenile Atlantic Bluefin Tuna: Integrating Sonar and Aerial Results in Support of Fishery-Incident Surveys}, year = {2014}, month = {1-5 September}, address = {Olh{\~a}o, Portugal}, abstract = {There is a clear need for direct assessment approaches for Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus, ABFT), including formulation of experimental designs and pilot surveys for abundance estimation. In the western Atlantic, aerial surveys are highly feasible for juvenile ABFT because of their surface availability in summer and autumn on the mid-Atlantic shelf. Our goals are to design, implement, and analyze a fisheries-independent survey of juvenile ABFT and to assess the feasibility of biomass estimation in the Gulf of Maine (USA). From initial field trials using sonar and aerial mapping we demonstrated feasibility of determining size, area, and total biomass of schools as well as sizes of individuals within schools. We used aerial imagery to determine the school{\textquoteright}s surface shape and to enumerate bluefin tuna visible in the upper few meters of the water column. The sonar data provided information on school height and number of individuals not captured in aerial photographs. By integrating sonar and aerial data we can estimate school biomass, number and sizes of individuals in schools, and aggregation behavior. In 2015 we plan to use a marine hexacopter to obtain more highly resolved aerial images of schools, with improved geo-rectification required for automated target recognition and objective counts of individuals. Current bluefin surveys rely primarily on observer and spotter pilot estimates of school metrics. Although not without challenges, the analytical techniques we{\textquoteright}re developing will provide more objective, multi-dimensional information on ABFT schools and less biased estimates of biomass. Direct assessment also offers a means of tracking shifts in coastal distribution of highly mobile ABFT, especially as traditional indices of abundance may no longer be appropriate.}, author = {Angelia S.M. Vanderlaan and Michael Jech and Thomas C Weber and Yuri Rzhanov and Molly E Lutcavage} } @article {5332, title = {Distribution and diversity of invasive tunicates on eelgrass in eastern North America: A latitudinal study between N 40{\textdegree} and N 50{\textdegree}, New Jersey to Newfoundland}, year = {2014}, month = {March 18}, address = {Boston, MA, USA}, author = {Carman, MR and Colarusso, PD and Grunden, DW and Wong, MC and McKenzie, C and Matheson, K and Davidson, J and Chris Heinig and Fox, S and Neckles, H and Schott, S and Pickerell, C and Jennifer A. Dijkstra} } @proceedings {5399, title = {e-Navigation 101: What is it, Why important, and How should it Work?}, year = {2014}, month = {Apr 2 - Apr 4 }, publisher = {Califorina Maritime Academy}, address = {Vallejo, CA}, keywords = {e-Navigation}, url = {http://www.e-navigation.net/index.php?page=e-nav-underway-2014}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @proceedings {5400, title = {e-Navigation: Some Core Technologies and Solutions}, year = {2014}, month = {23 April}, address = {Seoul, South Korea}, keywords = {e-Navigation}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @article {5383, title = {Enhanced coastal mapping using lidar waveform features}, year = {2014}, month = {10-12 June 2014}, address = {Mobile, AL}, author = {Christopher E Parrish and J Rogers and Larry G Ward and Jennifer A. Dijkstra} } @article {5255, title = {Euclidean reconstruction of natural underwater scenes}, year = {2014}, month = {March 23-27}, address = {Louisville, KY}, author = {Han Hu and Yuri Rzhanov and Boyen, Thierry} } @article {5498, title = {E/V Nautilus EM302 Multibeam Echosounder System Review}, year = {2014}, month = {05/2014}, pages = {18}, chapter = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center}, author = {Paul Johnson and Kevin Jerram} } @mastersthesis {7296, title = {Evaluation of Arctic Multibeam Sonar Data Quality Using Nadir Crossover Analysis and Compilation of a Full-Resolution Data Product}, volume = {Ocean Engineering/Ocean Mapping}, year = {2014}, month = {September}, pages = {48}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Documented and evaluated here is a new high-resolution multibeam bathymetry compilation for the Canada Basin and Chukchi Borderland in the Arctic Ocean\– United States Arctic Multibeam Compilation (USAMBC Version 1.0). The compilation preserves the highest native resolution of the bathymetric data, allowing for more detailed interpretation of seafloor morphology than has been previously possible in existing compilations. The compilation was created from multibeam bathymetry data available through openly accessible government and academic repositories. Much of the new data was collected during dedicated mapping cruises in support of the United States effort to map potential extended continental shelf regions beyond the 200 nautical miles (nmi) Exclusive Economic Zone. Data quality was evaluated using nadir-beam crossover-error statistics, making it possible to estimate the minimum uncertainty of multibeam depth soundings collected from a wide range of vessels and sonar systems. Data were compiled into a single high- resolution grid through a vertical stacking method, preserving the highest quality data source in any specific grid cell. The crossover-error analysis and method of data compilation can be applied to other multi-source multibeam datasets, and is particularly useful for government agencies targeting extended continental shelf regions but with limited hydrographic capabilities. Both the gridded compilation and an easily-distributed geospatial PDF map are freely available through the University of New Hampshire\&$\#$39;s Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping. The geospatial PDF is a full resolution, small file-size product that supports interpretation of Arctic seafloor morphology without the need for specialized griddinglvisualization software.

}, keywords = {Earth sciences; Artic Multibeam Sonar Data}, author = {Flinders, Ashton F} } @article {5181, title = {Evaluation of Arctic Multibeam Sonar Data Using Nadir Crossover Analysis and Compilation of a Full-Resolution Data Product}, volume = {66}, year = {2014}, month = {May 2014}, pages = {228-236}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {

A new high-resolution multibeam bathymetry compilation of the Arctic Ocean-United States Arctic Multibeam Compilation (USAMBC)-was created from data available through public repositories. Much of the new data was collected through dedicated mapping cruises in support of the United States effort to map regions beyond the 200nm Exclusive Economic Zone. Data quality was evaluated using nadir beam crossover error statistics, and compiled into a high-resolution product through a weighted vertical stacking algorithm.

}, keywords = {Arctic Ocean, Cross-over Analysis, Data Compilation, Extended Continental Shelf}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0098300414000284}, author = {Flinders, Ashton F and Larry A Mayer and Brian R Calder and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @article {5254, title = {Evaluation of Detector Array Designs for Optical Communication Between Unmanned Underwater Vehicle}, year = {2014}, author = {Eren, Firat and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and May-Win Thein and Yuri Rzhanov and Celikkol, Barbaros and Swift, Robinson} } @article {5479, title = {Evolutionary response of colonial invertebrates to temperature in the Gulf of Maine}, year = {2014}, month = {29-31 October}, address = {Woods Hole, MA}, author = {Jennifer A. Dijkstra and Marianne Litvaitis} } @mastersthesis {5370, title = {A Field Method for Backscatter Calibration Applied to NOAA{\textquoteright}s Reson 7125}, year = {2014}, month = {05/2014}, pages = {120}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Acoustic seafloor backscatter measurements made by multiple Reson multibeamecho-sounders (MBES) used for hydrographic survey are observed to be inconsistent, affecting the quality of data products and impeding large-scale processing efforts. A method to conduct a relative inter and intra sonar calibration in the field using dual frequency Reson 7125 MBES has been developed, tested, and evaluated to improve the consistency of backscatter measurements made from multiple MBES systems. The approach is unique in that it determines a set of corrections for power, gain, pulse length, and an angle dependent calibration term relative to a single Reson 7125 MBES calibrated in an acoustic test tank. These corrections for each MBES can then be applied during processing for any acquisition setting combination. This approach seeks to reduce the need for subjective and inefficient manual data or data product manipulation during post processing, providing a foundation for improved automated seafloor characterization using data from more than one MBES system.

}, author = {Welton, Briana} } @article {5516, title = {First scientific dives of the Nereid Under Ice hybrid ROV in the Arctic Ocean}, year = {2014}, month = {Dec 15 - 19}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, abstract = {

The first scientific dives of the new Nereid Under Ice (NUI) hybrid ROV were conducted in the Arctic Ocean in July 2014 on RV Polarstern cruise PS86, a German-US collaboration. NUI is the latest in a family of vehicles derived from the Nereus prototype, using a single optical fiber to provide real-time telemetry to and from a battery-powered vehicle allowing much greater lateral maneuverability relative to its support ship than a conventional ROV. During PS86, dives conducted in the Arctic Ocean (typical water depths ~4000m) were completed in \>80\% ice cover beneath multi-year ice that was typically 2-4m thick (increasing to depths of up to 20m beneath ridges). Dives extended up to 800m away from the ship and, over dive durations of approximately 5 hours each, covered survey tracklines of up to 3.7km at depths varying from \“landing\” on the underside of the sea-ice to maximum depths of 45m to conduct upward looking multibeam sonar mapping. Ultimately, the vehicle will be capable of both AUV and ROV mode operations at ranges of 10-20km away from the support ship and at up to 2000m water depth (including seafloor as well as under ice operations). During the current cruise, the following major science suites were utilized to prove a range of scientific capabilities of the vehicle in ice-covered oceans: multibeam mapping of rugged topography beneath multi-year sea-ice; video- and digital still photography of the under side of the ice, biota associated with the ice-water interface (algal material) and abundant fauna in the immediately underlying water column (ctenophores, larvaceans, copepods were all notable for their abundance in our study site over the Gakkel Ridge near 83N, 6W). Other scientific activities included: vertical profiles combining CTD data with a suite of biosensors to investigate the structure of primary productivity and biogeochemical cycling in minimally distrubed areas of the sunlit under-ice water column, revealing high stratification associated with meltwater formation; lateral surveys of radiance and irradiance (together with co-registered measurements on top of the same ice-floe on our last dive) to investigate light availability and variability as a function of ice-cover. We will present examples of each of these data sets, together with an outline of suggested future activities that NUI could pursue.

}, author = {Christopher R. German and Boetius, A. and Whitcomb, Louis L and Jakuba, Michael and Bailey, J. and Judge, C. and McFarland, C. and Suman, S. and Elliott, S. and Katlein, C. and Arndt, S. and Bowen, Andrew and Dana Yoerger and Kinsey, J and Larry A Mayer and Nicolaus, M. and Laney, S. and Singh, H. and Maksym, T.L. and PS 86 Scientific Research Team} } @mastersthesis {5433, title = {Gradual Generalization of Nautical Chart Contours with a B-Spline Snake Method}, volume = {Ocean Engineering}, year = {2014}, month = {September}, pages = {135}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

B-spline snake methods have been used in cartographic generalization in the past decade, particularly in the generalization of nautical charts where these methods yield good results with respect to the shoal-bias rules for the generalization of chart contours. However, previous studies only show generalization results at particular generalization (or scale) levels, and show only two states of the algorithm: before and after generalization, but nothing in between. This thesis presents an improved method of using B-spline snakes and other auxiliary functions and workflows for generalization in the context of nautical charts which can generalize multiple nautical chart features from large scale to small scale without creating any invalid intermediate features that require special processing to resolve. This process allows users to generate charts at any intermediate scale without cartographic irregularities, and is capable of extension to include more specialized generalization operators.

}, author = {Miao, Dandan} } @article {5517, title = {High-resolution Mapping of Offshore and Onshore Glaciogenic Features in Melville Bay, Northwestern Greenland}, year = {2014}, month = {Dec 15 - 19}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, abstract = {

This study presents results from high resolution mapping in the northwestern part of Greenland\’s continental shelf, offshore from the Greenland Ice Sheet. The study area is located at about 74o30\’N and 58 o40\’W where high-resolution seafloor imagery were collected from ~200-500 m water depth. These data were analyzed and compared to existing high-resolution satellite imagery of exposed glacial landforms from the nearby coastal areas. Offshore geophysical mapping equipment consisted of a Kongsberg EM2040 multibeam that was bow-mounted on the sailing vessel Explorer of Sweden together with a Seatex MRU5+ motion sensor and GPS antennas. In addition, a GAVIA autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) from University of Iceland with installed Geoswath interfometric sonar and Marine Sonic side-scan was used. The data from these systems permitted the production of both 5-m (for the EM2040) and 2-m (for the Geoswath) resolution bathymetric grids for landform analyzes. Sediment characterization analysis was also undertaken using the co-registered backscatter data. The exposed onshore landforms were studied using data from the high-res QuickBird satellite images with a 2-m pixel resolution. Geomorphic analysis of the data shows that past tectonic and glacial scouring processes have shaped the present-day landscape in both the offshore and onshore study areas. The terrain consists of glacially eroded bedrock covered with very thin surficial sediments resembling a \‘cnoc-and-lochan\’ terrain, although the degree of erosion varies spatially, probably as a result of local variations in the rock properties. Different glacially influenced features are identified and described in the study. These features have been used to understand and infer past ice-sheet processes, particularly ice-flow direction and the extent of ice-cover on the continental shelves from previous extreme glaciation events. The backscatter information from the high-resolution interferometric sonar show fine-scale sedimentation patterns which are used to infer bottom water circulation. The study highlights that the use of the high-resolution seafloor mapping systems significantly enhance the quality of geomorphologic landform assessment.\ 

}, author = {Freire, Francis F and Gyllencreutz, R. and Greenwood, S. and Larry A Mayer and Martin Jakobsson} } @article {5267, title = {Huddl for description and archive of hydrographic binary data}, year = {2014}, month = {15-17 April 2014}, address = {St. John{\textquoteright}s, NL, Canada}, abstract = {

Many of the attempts to introduce a universal hydrographic binary data format have failed or have been only partially successful. In essence, this is because such formats either have to simplify the data to such an extent that they only support the lowest common subset of all the formats covered, or they attempt to be a superset of all formats and quickly become cumbersome. Neither choice works well in practice. This paper presents a different approach: a standardized description of (past, present and future) data formats using the Extensible Markup Language (XML). That is, XML is used to provide a structural and physical description of a data format, rather than the content of a particular file.

Done correctly, this opens the possibility of automatically generating both multi-language data parsers and documentation for format specification based on their XML descriptions, as well as providing easy version control of them. This solution provides also a powerful approach for archiving data together with their structural description, so that binary data will be easy to access in the future. Intending to provide a relatively low-effort solution to catalogue the wide range of existing formats, we suggest the creation of a catalogue of format descriptions, each of them capturing the logical and physical specifications for a given data format (with its subsequent upgrades).

A C/C++ parser code generator is used as an example prototype of one of the possible advantages of the adoption of such a hydrographic data format catalogue.

}, keywords = {binary data formats, code generator, XML catalog, XML schemas}, url = {http://hydrography.ca/chc-2014-conference.html}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti and Brian R Calder} } @article {5257, title = {An image processing approach for determining of relative pose of unmanned underwater vehicles}, year = {2014}, month = {April 7-10}, address = {Taipei, Taiwan}, author = {Yuri Rzhanov and Eren, Firat and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and May-Win Thein} } @article {5488, title = {Improving the Display of Wind Patterns and Ocean Currents}, volume = {95}, year = {2014}, pages = {1-9}, publisher = {American Meteorological Society}, address = {Boston, MA}, abstract = {

Considerable effort has gone into building numerical weather and ocean prediction models during the past 50 years. Less effort has gone into the visual representation of output from those forecast models and many of the techniques used are known to be ineffective. The effectiveness of a data display depends on how well critical patterns can be perceived and this paper outlines a set of perceptual principles for what makes a good representation of a 2D vector field and shows how these principles can be used for the portrayal of currents, winds and waves. Examples are given from a series of evaluation studies into the optimal representation of these variables. The results suggest that for static graphic presentations, equally spaced streamlines may be optimal. If wind barbs are curved to follow streamlines perception of local wind speed and direction as well as the overall pattern is improved. For animated portrayals of model output, animated streamlets can perceptually separate layers of information so that atmospheric pressure and surface temperature can clearly be shown simultaneously with surface winds.

}, author = {Colin Ware and John G Kelley and Pilar, David H.F.} } @article {5480, title = {The influence of substrate identity on ascidian larval settlement preference and fouling community development}, year = {2014}, month = {29-31 October}, address = {Woods Hole, MA}, author = {A.L. Chase and Jennifer A. Dijkstra and Larry G. Harris} } @article {5404, title = {Long-term Seafloor Monitoring at an Open Ocean Aquaculture Site in the Western Gulf of Maine, USA: Development of an Adaptive Protocol}, volume = {88}, year = {2014}, month = {Nov. 15, 2014}, pages = {129-137}, abstract = {

The seafloor at an open ocean finfish aquaculture facility in the western Gulf of Maine, USA was monitored from 1999 to 2008 by sampling sites inside a predicted impact area modeled by oceanographic conditions and fecal and food settling characteristics, and nearby reference sites. Univariate and multivariate analyses of benthic community measures from box core samples indicated minimal or no significant differences between impact and reference areas. These findings resulted in development of an adaptive monitoring protocol involving initial low-cost methods that required more intensive and costly efforts only when negative impacts were initially indicated. The continued growth of marine aquaculture is dependent on further development of farming methods that minimize negative environmental impacts, as well as effective monitoring protocols. Adaptive monitoring protocols, such as the one described herein, coupled with mathematical modeling approaches, have the potential to provide effective protection of the environment while minimize monitoring effort and costs.

}, keywords = {adaptive monitoring, benthos, environmental impacts, Finfish cages}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X14006067}, author = {Raymond E Grizzle and Larry G Ward and David W Fredriksson and Irish, James D and Richard Langan and Chris Heinig and Jennifer K Greene and Abeels, Holly A and Chris R. Peter and Alyson L Eberhardt} } @proceedings {5510, title = {Low-Cost Coastal Mapping Using Kinect v2 Time-of-Flight Cameras}, year = {2014}, month = {Sept 14-19, 2014}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {St. John{\textquoteright}s, Newfoundland, Canada}, abstract = {
High-resolution elevation and bathymetry data for coastal zones is extremely valuable to many researchers, however the cost of acquiring such data is prohibitively expensive for most research budgets, as it relies on specialized hardware. Mass produced off-the-shelf consumer cameras and sensors are becoming increasingly powerful, and can be affordable alternatives for collecting data. Microsoft\’s original Kinect sensor was repurposed to collect data for Earth sciences research, but its low depth resolution hindered its usefulness for creating accurate maps. In this paper, we evaluate Microsoft\’s next generation Kinect for Windows v2 sensor, which employs time-of-flight technology. Based on our results, the new sensor has great potential for use in coastal mapping and other Earth science applications where budget constraints preclude the use of traditional remote sensing data acquisition technologies.
}, author = {Butkiewicz, Thomas} } @article {5518, title = {Mapping the Surficial Geology of the Arctic Ocean}, year = {2014}, month = {Dec 15 - 19}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, abstract = {

Surficial geologic mapping of the Arctic Ocean was undertaken to provide a basis for understanding different geologic environments in this polar setting. Mapping was based on data acquired from numerous icebreaker and submarine missions to the polar region. The intent was to create a geologic layer overlying the International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean. Analysis of subbottom profiler and multibeam bathymetric data in conjunction with sediment cores and the regional morphology rendered from the IBCAO data were used to map different surficial geologic units. For a relatively small ocean basin, the Arctic Ocean reveals a plethora of margin and basin types reflecting both the complex tectonic origins of the basin and its diverse sedimentation history. Broad and narrow shelves were subjected to a complex ice-margin history in the Quaternary, and bear the sediment types and morphological features as a result. Some shelfal areas are heavily influenced by rivers. Extensive deep water ridges and plateaus are isolated from coastal input and have a long history of hemipelagic deposition. An active spreading ridge and regions of recent volcanism have volcani-clastic and heavily altered sediments. Some regions of the Arctic Ocean are proposed to have been influenced by bolide impact. The flanks of the basins demonstrate complex sedimentation patterns resulting from mass failures and ice-margin outflow. The deep basins of the Arctic Ocean are filled with turbidites resulting from these mass-flows and are interbedded with hemiplegic deposits.\ 

}, author = {David C Mosher and Martin Jakobsson and Gebhardt, C. and Larry A Mayer} } @article {5511, title = {Measuring Waves and Erosion in Underwater Oil Blobs and Monitoring Other Arbitrary Surfaces with a Kinect v2 Time-of-Flight Camera}, year = {2014}, month = {Dec 15 - Dec 19}, publisher = {AGU}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, abstract = {

We developed free software that enables researchers to utilize Microsoft\’s new Kinect for Windows v2 sensor for a range of coastal and ocean mapping applications, as well as monitoring and measuring experimental scenes.\  While the original Kinect device used structured light and had very poor resolution, many geophysical researchers found uses for it in their experiments.\  The new next generation of this sensor uses time-of-flight technology, and can produce higher resolution depth measurements with an order of magnitude more accuracy. \ It also is capable of measurement through and under water.

An analysis tool in our application lets users quickly select any arbitrary surface in the sensor\’s view.\  The tools automatically scans the surface, then calibrates and aligns a measurement volume to it.\  Depth readings from the sensor are converted into 3D point clouds, and points falling within this volume are projected into surface coordinates.\  Raster images can be output which consist of height fields aligned to the surface, generated from these projected measurements and interpolations between them.\  Images have a simple 1 pixel = 1 mm resolution and intensity values representing mm in height from the base-plane, which enables easy measurement and calculations to be conducted on the images in other analysis packages.\  Single snapshots can be taken manually on demand, or the software can monitor the surface automatically, capturing frames at preset intervals.\  This produces time lapse animations of dynamically changing surfaces.

We apply this analysis tool to an experiment studying the behavior of underwater oil in response to flowing water of different speeds and temperatures.\  Blobs of viscous oils are placed in a flume apparatus, which circulates water past them.\  Over the course of a couple hours, the oil blobs spread out, waves slowly ripple across their surfaces, and erosions occur as smaller blobs break off from the main blob.\  All of this can be captured in 3D, with mm accuracy, through the water using the Kinect for Windows v2 sensor and our K2MapKit software.

}, author = {Butkiewicz, Thomas} } @article {5505, title = {Morphologic Changes of a Heavily Developed and Modified Back-Barrier System: Hampton-Seabrook Harbor, New Hampshire}, year = {2014}, month = {October 12 -15}, address = {Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada}, author = {Larry G Ward and Irish, James D} } @article {5501, title = {Multibeam Advisory Committee (MAC) {\textendash} Three Years of Working Towards the Consistent Acquisition of High Quality Multibeam Echosounder Data Across the US Academic Fleet}, year = {2014}, month = {12/15 - 12/19}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, abstract = {

In 2010 the National Science Foundation (NSF) held a meeting to address the variability in quality of multibeam echosounder (MBES) data for ships of the US Academic Fleet.\ \  The participants of this meeting identified that there was a strong need to coordinate operational efforts for multibeam data acquisition across all vessels of the fleet.\ \  To address this need, the University of New Hampshire\’s Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping joined with Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory in submitting a proposal to NSF to form the Multibeam Advisory Committee (MAC), which was funded in the fall of 2011.

The MAC through the last three years has assembled a team of experts who have been called upon to respond to questions about MBES data acquisition and data quality, conduct shipboard assessments of MBES systems, create documentation supporting best practices for multibeam acquisition and data workflow, and to develop tools to support both data acquisition and quality assessment. Tools and techniques developed through the MAC include:\ 

\•\  SVP Editor \– a graphical display and editing program for SVP, CTD, XBT, and XSV data.\  This program integrates directly with multibeam acquisition software to both receive navigation and depth information, used during the processing of the sound velocity data, and also the ability to send edited and processed cast directly to the sounder.

\•\  MBES Accuracy and Swath Performance Tools\  - tools which can assess both the accuracy of MBES bathymetric data as compared to a reference surface grid and to examine swath width performance of MBES systems as a function of depth.

\•\  Remote Patch Test Support - the MAC provides patch test site selection, detailed execution plans, and tools to support the transmittal of a downsized raw MBES data files from ships over satellite in order to determine the angular offset values (pitch, heading, and roll) for MBES systems with no MAC personnel on board.\ \ 

\•\  Built In Self Test (BIST) Evaluation Tools \– tools which can plot and evaluate BIST data including TX and RX array impedance and noise assessment.

While these tools and techniques were developed specifically to address the needs of collecting high quality MBES data for ships of the US Academic fleet, they can and have been used for other MBES systems outside of the fleet.

}, author = {Paul Johnson and Beaudoin, Jonathan and Vicki L Ferrini} } @article {5490, title = {New and Improved Ways to Estimate Propulsive Body Acceleration of Marine Mammals}, year = {2014}, month = {September 22-26}, address = {Strasbourg, France}, keywords = {marine mammals, propulsive body acceleration}, url = {http://bls5.sciencesconf.org/}, author = {Colin Ware and Trites, A and Rosen, D} } @article {5397, title = {New geological, geophysical and biological insights on the hydrothermal system of the Panarea {\textendash} Basiluzzo Volcanic complex (Aeolian Islands, Tyrrhenian Sea)}, year = {2014}, month = {10-12 Sept 2014}, address = {Milan, Italy}, abstract = {

Since the exhalative crisis of 2002 cruises were carried out to investigate morphology, magnetic and gravity fields, fluid escape, plume anomalies, biological and microbiological activity, benthic fluxes, early diagenesis, mineralogy and geochemistry of water and sediments of the hydrothermal system of Panarea. The volcanic complex was mapped by multibeam, including backscatter analysis, and magnetometric surveys were done to detect low magnetization in areas with hydrothermal activity, i.e., vents, sulphide deposits, chimney fields. CTD by ship and on ROV detected acidic plumes at bottom (minimum pH value 6.5) and mid depths. An Automatic Benthic Chamber was deployed on a terrace (40m) and in depressions with gas-charged and hydrothermally altered sediments (80m). At the 40m site, strong releases of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) and Fe, Mn, Zn (75.7, 2.0, 2.9, 3.4 \µmol m -2\  day -1 ) were found. Average decrease of pH in the chamber was ~4 units day -1 with a H + benthic flux of 0.32 \µmol m -2 day -1 ). DIC values of seawater had average 2.3, increasing to 3.1 on degassing vents, while 7.5 \µmol was measured on top of a bubbling core.

ROV dives explored and sampled several sites; active chimneys (black, red crusts and yellowish-orange precipitates at top) were recovered on the SE flanks of Basiluzzo; pH value of 5 was measured aboard on sediments. XRD and XRF data on the external crust showed Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides, including goethite and opal, with Co, Ce, Sr, Zn and Cu enrichments, whereas the inner part are depleted of Fe, Mn and other metals, mostly under detection limits. SEM imagery shows porous filamentous minerals, that are probably bacterial in origin. Dives to SW discovered fields of partially or totally relict chimneys at the same depth (~200m). Chimneys are present on the edges of slope failures and settled on areas of relative lower positive magnetic anomaly, indicating possible shallow depth level of hydrothermal alteration. Reddish crusts and sediments, and acid, gas boiling water (pH 5.5) were cored at 90 m depth upslope of the \&$\#$39;active\&$\#$39; chimneys; upslope from the \&$\#$39;relict\&$\#$39; chimney\&$\#$39;s fields, oxized-normal sediments were found. Biological investigations on the sediments revealed a community strongly dominated by the amphipod Ampelisca ledoyeri (43.8 \% of the total abundance), probably dwelling in the tube-patches. Rare species were detected on the chimney\&$\#$39;s samples. The phylogenetic diversity of microbial communities in the precipitates collected on chimneys and on Bottaro vent was analyzed by bacterial and archaeal 16S rDNA clone libraries, showing a dominance of sulfur-oxidazing epsilon and gamma proteobacteria. Very interesting groups of archaea were revealed including methanotrophic Thermoplasmatales and members of SM1 candidate division. Overall prokaryotic diversity was found similar to that of deep sea hydrothermal vents and other sulfidic habitats. White microbial mats were found in an area S of Panarea, on a N-S oriented fracture.

}, url = {http://www.geoscienze2014.it/index.php/sessioni/elenco-abtsracts}, author = {Bortoluzzi, G. and Spagnoli, F. and Aliani, S. and Romeo, T. and Canese, S. and Esposito, V. and Grassi, M. and Giuseppe Masetti and Dialti, L. and Cocchi, L. and Muccini, F. and Lacono, V. and Yakimov, M. and La Spada, G. and Ligi, M. and Giordano, P. and Franchi, F. and Ferrante, V. and Borgognoni, L. and Tudino, T. and Guideri, M. and Ivaldi, R. and Pratellesi, M. and Marziani, F. and Niccolini, F. and Barbieri, E. and Capaccioni, B. and Andaloro, F.} } @proceedings {5395, title = {A New Method for Generation of Soundings from Phase-Difference Measurements}, year = {2014}, month = {Apr 14 - Apr 17}, address = {St. John{\textquoteright}s, NF, Canada}, keywords = {bathymetry, phase-differencing, PMBS, sonar}, author = {Val Schmidt}, editor = {Thomas C Weber and Xavier Lurton} } @article {5408, title = {New Topographic-Bathymetric Lidar Technology for Post-Sandy Mapping}, year = {2014}, month = {14-17 April}, address = {St. John{\textquoteright}s, Newfoundland, Canada}, abstract = {

Hurricane Sandy, one of the costliest storms in U.S. history, made landfall near Brigantine, New Jersey, on October 29, 2012. With storm damage extending over a significant portion of the U.S. East Coast and on both sides of the land-water interface, innovative remote sensing tools and techniques are needed to effectively assess the impacts. Along with private sector and government partners, NOAA\’s National Geodetic Survey (NGS) has been investigating new topographic-bathymetric (\“topo-bathy\”) lidar technology, which offers enhanced capabilities for high-resolution, seamless data acquisition across the backshore, intertidal and shallow nearshore zones. In June and September, 2013, NOAA acquired data with a new Riegl VQ-820-G topo-bathy lidar system in Barnegat Bay, a shallow, lagoonal estuary located along the New Jersey coast, and other areas that experienced extensive damage from Sandy. Lessons learned from these projects were then used in creating a Scope of Work for contracted lidar acquisition in support of the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act of 2013. In this paper, we provide a technical overview of new topo-bathy lidar systems and present recent results from the post-Sandy mapping efforts.

}, author = {Aslaksen, Michael and Christopher E Parrish} } @article {5494, title = {Nippon Foundation / GEBCO Indian Ocean Bathymetric Compilation Project}, year = {2014}, month = {Dec 15 - 19}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, abstract = {

The Indian Ocean Bathymetric Compilation (IOBC) project, undertaken by Nippon Foundation / GEBCO Scholars, is focused on building a regional bathymetric data compilation, of all publically-available bathymetric data within the Indian Ocean region from 30\°N to 60\° S and 10\° to 147\° E. One of the objectives of this project is the creation of a network of Nippon Foundation / GEBCO Scholars working together, derived from the thirty Scholars from fourteen nations bordering on the Indian Ocean who have graduated from this Postgraduate Certificate in Ocean Bathymetry (PCOB) training program training program at the University of New Hampshire. The IOBC project has provided students a working example during their course work and has been used as basis for student projects during their visits to another Laboratory at the end of their academic year. This multi-national, multi-disciplinary project team will continue to build on the skills gained during the PCOB program through additional training. The IOBC is being built using the methodology developed for the International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean (IBCSO) compilation (Arndt et al., 2013). This skill was transferred, through training workshops, to further support the ongoing development within the scholar\’s network. This capacity-building project is envisioned to connect other personnel from within all of the participating nations and organizations, resulting in additional capacity-building in this field of multi-resolution bathymetric grid generation in their home communities.

An updated regional bathymetric map and grids of the Indian Ocean will be an invaluable tool for all fields of marine scientific research and resource management. In addition, it has implications for increased public safety by offering the best and most up-to-date depth data for modeling regional-scale oceanographic processes such as tsunami-wave propagation behavior amongst others.

}, author = {Rochelle Wigley}, editor = {Hassan, Norhizam and Chowdhury, Mohammad and Ranaweera, Roshan and Sy, Xinh Le and Runghen, Hemanaden and Jan Erik Arndt} } @article {5493, title = {Nippon Foundation/GEBCO Postgraduate Certificate Alumni perspectives (Poster 1-2)}, year = {2014}, month = {Oct 6 - 10}, address = {Monaco}, author = {Rochelle Wigley} } @article {5492, title = {Nippon Foundation/GEBCO Postgraduate Certificate in Ocean Bathymetry}, year = {2014}, month = {Oct 6 - 10}, address = {Monaco}, author = {Rochelle Wigley} } @article {5589, title = {Observations of Fission/Fusion Processes in Fish Aggregations Using a Multibeam Echosounder}, year = {2014}, month = {May 5 - 9}, address = {Providence, RI}, author = {Thomas C Weber and Grunbaum, D. and Stanton, T K} } @article {7350, title = {Observations of the Space-time Structure of Flow and Stress over Orbital-scale Ripples}, volume = {119(3)}, year = {2014}, month = {March 3}, pages = {1876-1898}, abstract = {

The spatial and temporal structure of flow, turbulence, and stress over equilibrium orbital-scale sand ripples are investigated at turbulence-resolving scales with a wide-band coherent Doppler profiler (MFDop) and an oscillating tray apparatus. The oscillation period and horizontal excursion were 10 s and 0.5 m. A single trial was also executed at 0.6 m excursion. Ripple wavelength and amplitude were 25 and 2.2 cm. Ensemble-averaged velocity profiles were acquired with 3 mm vertical resolution at 42 Hz. The spatial pattern of flow as a function of oscillation phase was determined by combining the phase-averaged velocity measurements from trials with the MFDop at different positions relative to a particular ripple crest. The MFDop measurements are used to investigate the coevolution of the lee vortex, turbulent kinetic energy, Reynolds stress, and turbulence production as a function of phase. Shear stress is determined from the vertically integrated vorticity equation and the double-averaged momentum equations. Friction factors obtained from the two methods are comparable and range from 0.1 to 0.2.

}, doi = {10.1002/2013JC009370}, author = {Jenna Hare and A. E. Hay and L. Zedel and R. Cheel} } @article {5486, title = {Ocean Mapping}, volume = {9. No. 2}, year = {2014}, month = {Oct. 2014}, pages = {13-18}, publisher = {Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial University of Newfoundland}, address = {St. John{\textquoteright}s, Newfoundland, Canada}, author = {Larry A Mayer} } @article {5460, title = {Phenotypic and reproductive trade-offs of colonial invertebrates to salinity}, year = {2014}, month = {29-31 October}, address = {Woods Hole, MA}, author = {Jennifer A. Dijkstra and Christina Simkanin} } @article {5256, title = {Pose Detection and control of multiple unmanned underwater vehicles using optical feedback}, year = {2014}, month = {April 7-10, 2014}, address = {Taipei, Tawian}, keywords = {detector array, optical communication, uuv}, author = {Eren, Firat and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Yuri Rzhanov and May-Win Thein and Celikkol, Barbaros} } @article {5515, title = {Preliminary Polar Sea Trials of Nereid-UI: A Remotely Operated Underwater Vehicle for Oceanographic Access Under Ice}, year = {2014}, month = {Dec 15 - 19}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, abstract = {

We report the development and deployment of a remotely-controlled underwater robotic vehicle capable of being teleoperated under ice under real-time human supervision. The Nereid Under-Ice (Nereid-UI or NUI) vehicle enables exploration and detailed examination of biological and physical environments including the ice-ocean interface in marginal ice zones, in the water column of ice-covered seas, at glacial ice-tongues, and ice-shelf margins, delivering realtime high definition video in addition to survey data from on board acoustic, optical, chemical, and biological sensors. The vehicle employs a novel lightweight fiber-optic tether that will enable it to be deployed from a ship to attain standoff distances of up to 20 km from an ice-edge boundary. We conducted NUI\’s first under-ice deployments during the July 2014 F/V Polarstern PS86 expedition at 86\° N 6 W\° in the Arctic Ocean - near the Aurora hydrothermal vent site on the Gakkel Ridge approximately 200 km NE of Greenland. We conducted 4 dives to evaluate and develop NUI\’s overall functioning and its individual engineered subsystems. On each dive, dead-reckoning (Ice-locked Doppler sonar and north-seeking gyrocompass) complemented by acoustic ranging provided navigation, supporting closed-loop control of heading, depth, and XY position relative to the ice. Science operations included multibeam transects of under-ice topography, precision vertical profiles for the bio-sensor suite and IR/radiance sensor suite, IR/radiance/multibeam transects at constant depth interlaced with vertical profiles and upward-looking digital still-camera surveys of the ice, including areas rich with algal material. The fiber-optic tether remained intact throughout most of all 4 dives. Consistent with the NUI concept of operations, in 3 of 4 dives the fiber-optic tether eventually failed, and the vehicle was then commanded acoustically in a series of short-duration maneuvers to return to Polarstern for recovery. These preliminary dives ranging up to 800 m from Polarstern at a max. depth of 45 m, and traveling up to 3.7 km under moving sea ice. SUPPORT: NSF OPP (ANT-1126311), NOAA OER (NA14OAR4320158), WHOI, James Family Foundation, George Frederick Jewett Foundation East, PS86 Chief Scientist Antje Boetius, and the Captain and Crew of F/V Polarstern PS86.

}, author = {Whitcomb, Louis L and Jakuba, Michael and Christopher R. German and Bowen, Andrew and Dana Yoerger and Kinsey, J and Larry A Mayer and McFarland, C. and Suman, S. and Bailey, J. and Judge, C. and Elliott, S. and Gomez-Ibanez, D. and Taylor, Christopher and Machado, Casey and Howland, J and C.L. Kaiser and Heintz, Matthew and Pontbriand, C. and O{\textquoteright}hara, L. and McDonald, G. and Boetius, A.} } @article {5265, title = {Rapporto sulle attivita{\textquoteright} oceanografiche, geochimiche, geologiche, geofisiche e di campionamento durante la crociera PANA13 con ITS Magnaghi : Panarea, I.Eolie, Tirreno S.Orientale, 2013-06-02- 2013-06-08.}, year = {2014}, pages = {22}, institution = {RAPPORTI ISMAR}, chapter = {Istituto di Scienze Marine}, address = {Roma, Italy}, url = {http://www.ismar.cnr.it/products/reports-campagne?set_language=en\&cl=en}, author = {Grassi, M. and Giuseppe Masetti and Dialti, L. and Bortoluzzi, G. and Filippone, M. and Ricci, E. and Pratellesi, M. and Spagnoli, F. and Borgognoni, L. and Tudino, T. and Aliani, S. and Battaglia, P.} } @article {5512, title = {The Relationship Between Seismicity and Fault Structure on the Discovery Transform Fault, East Pacific Rise}, volume = {15}, year = {2014}, month = {9/29/2014}, pages = {3698{\textendash}3712}, abstract = {

There is a global seismic moment deficit on mid-ocean ridge transform faults, and the largest earthquakes on these faults do not rupture the full fault area. We explore the influence of physical fault structure, including step-overs in the fault trace, on the seismic behavior of the Discovery transform fault, 4S on the East Pacific Rise. One year of microseismicity recorded during a 2008 ocean bottom seismograph deployment (24,377 0 \≤ ML \≤ 4.6 earthquakes) and 24 years of Mw \≥ 5.4 earthquakes obtained from the Global Centroid Moment Tensor catalog, are correlated with surface fault structure delineated from high-resolution multibeam bathymetry. Each of the 15 5.4 \≤ Mw \≤ 6.0 earthquakes that occurred on Discovery between 1 January 1990 and 1 April 2014 was relocated into one of five distinct rupture patches using a teleseismic surface wave cross-correlation technique. Microseismicity was relocated using the HypoDD relocation algorithm. The western fault segment of Discovery (DW) is composed of three zones of varying structure and seismic behavior: a zone with no large events and abundant microseismicity, a fully coupled zone with large earthquakes, and a complex zone with multiple fault strands and abundant seismicity. In general, microseismicity is reduced within the patches defined by the large, repeating earthquakes. While the extent of the large rupture patches on DW correlates with physical features in the bathymetry, step-overs in the primary fault trace are not observed at patch boundaries, suggesting along-strike heterogeneity in fault zone properties controls the size and location of the large events.

}, keywords = {and geophysics, earthquakes, East Pacific Rise, fault structure, geology, Oceanic transform and fracture zone processes, Seafloor morphology, Seismicity and tectonics, transform fault}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014GC005445}, author = {Monica L Wolfson-Schwehr and Margaret S Boettcher and Jeffrey J McGuire and Collins, John A.} } @article {5411, title = {Report on the 2013 Rapid Assessment Survey (RAS) of Marine Species at New England Bays and Harbors}, year = {2014}, institution = {Massachussetts Office of Coastal Management (CZM) }, address = {Boston, MA, United States}, author = {Wells, C.D. and Pappal, AL and Y. Cao and Carlton, JT and Z. Currimjee and Jennifer A. Dijkstra and Edquist, S.K. and Gittenberger, A} } @article {5587, title = {A Review of Oceanographic Applications of Water Column Data from Multibeam Echosounders}, volume = {145}, year = {2014}, pages = {41-56}, author = {Colbo, K. and Ross, T. and Craig Brown and Thomas C Weber} } @article {5262, title = {A Risk Index Methodology for Potentially Polluting Marine Sites (PPMS)}, volume = {34(3)}, year = {2014}, month = {2014/05/25}, pages = {391-405}, publisher = {Springer}, abstract = {

Attempting to assess the risk of a release from a Potentially Polluting Marine Site (PPMS) can be a very subjective process. The Marine Site Risk Index (MaSiRI) is designed to provide a more objective approach to this process by adopting a table-based evaluation scheme, while still allowing for the inevitable unknown conditions by including a subjective \“expert correction\” in a suitably controlled manner.

Building on a Geographic Database (GeoDB) of PPMS records, the MaSiRI algorithm applies data filters to remove PPMS records for which it is not applicable, and then estimates a basic risk index based on core data that almost all sites would contain. It can then refine the results for those sites that have auxiliary data, varying the assessed risk as appropriate, according to standard rule-sets.

A Risk Level of Confidence (RLC) is computed and adjusted to express dynamic confidence in the risk value (e.g., due to reliance on estimates rather than measured values), and where appropriate an upper and lower bound of risk can be used to assess the range of values associated with an estimated parameter. This information can be visualized by a composite quality symbol proposed here. MaSiRI is demonstrated on three illustrative shipwrecks, and then compared against the DEEPP project database from the Pelagos Sanctuary in the western Mediterranean.

The aggregate results of the comparison are broadly similar to DEEPP, within the limits of the comparison, but provide a more detailed analysis in the case of estimated pollutant volume, and ubiquitous assessment of levels of confidence.

}, keywords = {level of confidence, PPMS, Quality Symbol, risk assessment, Risk Index}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10669-014-9504-7$\#$}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti and Brian R Calder} } @article {5496, title = {R/V Falkor Multibeam Echosounder System Calibration}, year = {2014}, month = {10/2014}, pages = {36}, chapter = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center}, author = {Paul Johnson} } @article {5495, title = {R/V Falkor Multibeam Echosounder System Review}, year = {2014}, month = {02/14/2014}, pages = {82}, chapter = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center}, author = {Beaudoin, Jonathan and Paul Johnson and Flinders, Ashton F} } @article {5500, title = {R/V Sikuliaq EM302 \& EM710 Multibeam Echosounder System Shipboard Acceptance Tests - SKQ201400L3}, year = {2014}, month = {August 2014}, pages = {172}, chapter = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center}, author = {Paul Johnson and Flinders, Ashton F and Greenaway, Samuel F} } @article {5499, title = {RVIB Nathaniel B Palmer EM122 Multibeam Sea Acceptance Trials - NBP1405}, year = {2014}, month = {July /2014}, pages = {23}, chapter = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center}, author = {Paul Johnson and Kevin Jerram} } @article {5107, title = {Satellite Remote Sensing as a Reconnaissance Tool for Assessing Nautical Chart Adequacy and Completeness}, volume = {37(3)}, year = {2014}, pages = {293-314}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Christopher E Parrish and Azuike, Chukwuma and Alexander, Lee and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @proceedings {5363, title = {Satellite-Derived Bathymetry Using Multiple Images: The Alaska North Slope Case Study}, year = {2014}, month = {Apr 14-17}, address = {St. John{\textquoteright}s, NF, Canada}, url = {http://www.chc2014.ca/}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Smith, Shep M and Snyder, Leland P and Madore, Brian} } @article {5450, title = {Seafloor characterization and monitoring of the inner shelf in northern Israel using remote sensing}, year = {2014}, month = {Oct. 26-31, 2014}, address = {Portland, ME}, abstract = {

Coastal marine systems are experiencing rapid transformations as a result of multiple human-induced stressors. Many of these transformations occur at the level of a landscape and as such it is increasingly important to detect changes at these appropriate spatial scales. Remote sensing can be a powerful tool to investigate landscape level changes, but it still requires calibration and ground-truth via field observations. In this research, classification schemes using multispectral and hyperspectral imagery were developed in order to map and monitor temporal changes in the benthos over a fifteen-year period (1999-2014) along the Levant Mediterranean rocky reefs that are made of sandstone (known as Kurkar) and are found along the northern coast of Israel. The Levant Mediterranean rocky reef has been experiencing major temporal shifts in marine biodiversity. These shifts include, but are not limited to, the creation of reefs by large oysters that invaded from the Red Sea, the addition of non-native seaweed species, and over-grazing of seaweed beds by non-native herbivorous fish. Such changes can likely be observed at the landscape level.\  The bathymetry of the reef is characterized by sandstone ridges that are parallel to the shoreline with emerging islands at their top and a long-shallow channel between the ridge and the shore. Using bathymetric models, a correction for the water attenuation was applied to the spectral dataset and an optical extinction depth was calculated. A recent field campaign (May, 2014) in the study area using acoustic (side scan sonar) and underwater optical measurements provided a ground truth dataset for the study. Decision trees used for the classification were developed based on in situ spectral measurements and underwater video imagery.\  A time series of seafloor characterization maps was derived from imagery acquired using Itres CASI, Landsat 7 and Landsat 8.

}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Tibor, Gideon and Madore, Brian and Illin, Vicky and Ben-Avraham, Z and Rilov, Gil and Tomer Ketter and Jennifer A. Dijkstra} } @article {5014, title = {So, how deep is the Mariana Trench?}, volume = {37, No. 1}, year = {2014}, pages = {1-13}, publisher = {Geological Society of America}, address = {Boulder, CO}, author = {James V. Gardner and Andrew A. Armstrong and Brian R Calder and Beaudoin, Jonathan} } @article {5401, title = {Software Quality Assurance in e-Navigation: Developing Standards to Harmonize Ship and Shore e-Navigation}, volume = {Volume 55, No. 1}, year = {2014}, month = {January 2014}, pages = {46-48}, keywords = {e-Navigation, software quality assurance}, url = {http://www.sea-technology.com/features/2014/0114/22.php}, author = {Seojeong Lee and Alexander, Lee} } @mastersthesis {7297, title = {Split-Beam Echosounder Observations of Natural Methane Seep Variability in the Northern Gulf of Mexico}, volume = {Ocean Engineering}, year = {2014}, month = {May 2014}, pages = {49}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

A method for positioning and characterizing marine gas seeps using an 18-kHz scientific split-beam echosounder (SBES) was developed and applied to SBES data collected in the northern Gulf of Mexico. A total of 161 plumes of presumed methane gas bubbles originating at approximately 1400 m depth were observed over 27 repeat surveys and grouped by proximity into 35 clusters. Profiles of mean target strength per vertical meter were calculated with compensation for SBES beam pattern and geometry of plume axis ensonification. These profiles were used as indicators of the fluxes and fates of gas bubbles acoustically observable at 18 kHz and showed significant variability between repeat observations at time intervals of 1 hour to 7.5 months. The minimum depths of acoustic plume observations averaged 875 m and frequently coincided with increased reverberation in layers of biological scatterers. Minimum depth estimates were limited by the SBES beam pattern in five instances.

}, keywords = {Pure sciences; Applied sciences; Earth sciences; Echosounder; Gulf of Mexico; Marine Gas Seep; Methane; Methane Hydrate; Sonar}, author = {Kevin Jerram} } @mastersthesis {5413, title = {Uncertainity Analysis on Photogrammetry-Derived National Shoreline}, year = {2014}, month = {May 2014}, pages = {107}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Photogrammetric shoreline mapping remains the primary method for mapping the national shoreline used by the National Geodetic Survey (NGS) in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). To date, NGS has not conducted a statistical analysis on the photogrammetry-derived shoreline uncertainty. The aim of this thesis is to develop and test a rigorous total propagated uncertainty (TPU) model for shoreline compiled from both tide-coordinated and non-tide-coordinated aerial imagery using photogrammetric methods. Survey imagery collected over a study site in northeast Maine was used to test the TPU model. The TPU model developed in this thesis can easily be extended to other areas and may facilitate estimation of uncertainty in inundation models and marsh migration models.

}, author = {Yao, Fang} } @article {5360, title = {Updating the Landsat satellite-derived bathymetry procedure}, volume = {18(2)}, year = {2014}, pages = {18-21}, author = {Tetteh, Eunice and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Marks, Karen} } @article {5443, title = {U.S. Extended Continental Shelf Cruise to Map Gaps in Kela and Karin Ridges, Johnston Atoll, Equatorial Pacific Ocean}, year = {2014}, month = {9/1/2014}, pages = {67}, institution = {CCOM/JHC}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

The objectives for cruise KM14-17 are to map the bathymetry of two gaps in two submarine ridges in the vicinity of Johnston Atoll. One ridge gap occurs along the informally named Keli Ridge (Hein et al., 2005) south of Johnston Atoll and the other ridge gap occurs north of Johnston Atoll that separates Sculpin Ridge (also informally called Karin Ridge) and Horizon Ridge, all in the central equatorial Pacific (Fig. 1). The cruise took advantage of a scheduled dead-head transit from Papeete, Tahiti to Honolulu, Hawai\’i that could be extended for 5 days to include the planned mapping. The mapping is in support of the U.S. (Extended Continental Shelf (ECS) Task Force. These areas were identified by the ECS Central Pacific Integrated Regional Team as having the potential for an ECS.

}, keywords = {Law of the Sea}, author = {James V. Gardner and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @article {5761, title = {U.S. Extended Continental Shelf Cruise to Map Sections of the Mendocino Ridge}, year = {2014}, month = {Oct. 12}, pages = {83}, institution = {University of New Hampshire}, chapter = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center}, address = {Durham, NH}, keywords = {Extended Continental Shelf, Law of the Sea, mendocino ridge, r/v atlantis}, author = {Andrew A. Armstrong and Giuseppe Masetti} } @proceedings {5398, title = {Use of seafloor stereo-images to validate automatic classification of benthic habitats}, year = {2014}, month = {May 5 - May 9}, address = {Lorne, Victoria, Australia}, abstract = {

Here we present a technique for automatic classification of seafloor data collected during the 2012 HABCAM-V4 cruises, a federally funded long term project part of the annual NOAA sea-scallop\’s survey.

This project will analyse a unique data set that includes simultaneously collected data such as:
- Hi-resolution multi-beam (digital bathymetry and backscatter intensity)
- Seafloor stereo image data (e.g. species and substrate)
- Environmental parameters (e.g. temperature, salinity, water turbidity)

The analysis will be based on an unsupervised spatial clustering (K-means) of a combination of several predictors like morphological features (curvature, rugosity, fractal index, surface area) and backscatter intensity. The final results will be validated by analysing the identified classes with a randomly selected subset of underwater photographs for each class.

The seafloor classification map produced is then used as a preliminary \"habitat classification\" for further classification. It can be reused to define selection criteria for the underwater images used by automatic classifier or by manual image annotator tools.

Results from this project will also help to define new survey track-lines prior to and during HABCAM surveys.

}, url = {http://geohab.org/conferences/2014-lorne-australia/}, author = {Massimo Di Stefano and Giuseppe Masetti and Larry A Mayer} } @mastersthesis {7292, title = {Using Interactive Visualization to Enhance Understanding of a Fisheries Model}, volume = {Computer Science}, year = {2014}, month = {September}, pages = {92}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Fishery management is the science of setting rules for governing fishing so that it is done\ in a sustainable manner. An ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) approach has\ been advocated to recognize ecosystems as the complex systems that they are. If E B FM\ is to be put into effect, fishery managers require ecological models that take many factors\ into account to help them make management decisions. MS-PROD is one such model;\ it is a multi-species production model that forecasts the biomass of ten species of fish in\ the Gulf of Maine over 30 years. In the model, the biomass of each fish species depends\ on effects from harvesting and interactions with the other fish species. An interactive\ visualization of the model was designed and implemented to allow users to investigate the\ impact of changes in fishing effort in real time. By combining time series with a network\ representation, this visualization shows the predicted biomasses of the fish, the changes in\ biomass that can result from changes in fishing effort, the causal relationships that help\ to explain the effects of changes in fishing effort, and the uncertainty of the model. An\ evaluation was conducted to compare four different methods for depicting the two types\ of causal relationships in the model\—predation and competition. The evaluation found\ that representing those relationships with arc diagrams enhanced the understanding of the\ model. This visualization is a novel combination of time series, a network diagram, user\ interaction, and a model. The visualization may be a powerful tool that could assist fishery\ managers in making informed decisions.

}, author = {Carmen St Jean} } @mastersthesis {5426, title = {Utilizing an Extended Target for High Frequency Multi-beam Sonar Intensity Calibration}, year = {2014}, month = {09/2014}, pages = {75}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {There exists an interest in expediting intensity calibration procedures for Multi-Beam Echo-Sounders (MBES) to be used for acoustic backscatter measurements. Current calibration methods are time-consuming and complicated, utilizing a target that is different from the seafloor. A target of irregularly oriented chain links arranged in a {\textquoteright}curtain{\textquoteright} was constructed to simulate an extended surface, like the seafloor. Tests with a 200-kHz SIMRAD EK60 Split-Beam Echo-Sounder (SBES) to investigate the targets scattering strength were performed. These tests suggest that the scattering strength depends on the number of scattering elements. A 200 kHz Reson SeaBat T20-P MBES was calibrated with the same target. This MBES was rotated so that all beams were incident on the target. The final output is a beam-dependent calibration coefficient determined from the sonar equation. The T20-P was then used to collect backscatter in the field along a local survey line, where data were compared to the EK60.}, keywords = {acoustics, calibration}, author = {John L Heaton} } @article {5588, title = {Utilizing an Extended Target for High Frequency Multi-beam Sonar Intensity Calibration}, year = {2014}, month = {May 5 - 9}, address = {Providence, RI}, author = {John L Heaton and Thomas C Weber and Glen A Rice and Xavier Lurton} } @article {5976, title = {Variation in Low-Frequency Estimates of Sound Levels Based on Different Units of Analysis}, volume = {135}, year = {2014}, pages = {705-711}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, abstract = {

The measurement and analysis of underwater sound is a complicated process because of the variable durations of contributing sources and constantly changing water column dynamics. Because the ambient sound distribution does not always follow a Gaussian structure and may be nonstationary in time, analysis over an extended period is required to accurately characterize the data. Utilizing recordings from the Indian Ocean, the temporal variation in ambient sound including transient signals was examined using multiple processing window lengths and subsampling intervals. Results illustrate the degree of uncertainty in sound levels based on different units of analysis. The average difference between sound level estimates in the 10-30\ Hz band due to subsampling was 2\ dB and as high as 4\ dB. The difference in the full band (5-110\ Hz) was as high as 6\ dB. Longer averaging windows (200 vs 60\ s) resulted in larger variations over different subsampling intervals. This work demonstrates how sampling protocols within a single dataset can influence results and acknowledges that comparative studies at the same location but with different sampling protocols can be substantial if signal processing parameters are not statistically accounted for to confirm interpretation of results and observed trends.\ 

}, keywords = {Analysis, Low-Frequency, Sound Levels, Variation}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4861252}, author = {R.S. Hawkins and Jennifer Miksis-Olds and C.M. Smith} } @article {5514, title = {What a Difference a Swath Makes!}, year = {2014}, month = {Dec 15 - 19}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, abstract = {

Since the introduction to the academic community of multibeam sonar swath mapping techniques in the late 1970s, the ability to collect high-resolution bathymetry and seafloor imagery has steadily increased. Early systems provided a limited number (e.g., 16) of relatively broad (2-4 degree) beams and swath widths of approximately one times the water depth, whereas current systems offer hundreds of narrower (0.5 to 1 degree) beams over swath widths of five to seven times water depth. Innovations like chirped pulses and high-density beam forming (multiple depth solutions per beam footprint) have also pushed the resolution of modern systems. Despite these improvements, the resolution achievable is fundamentally limited by trade-offs between beam width, bandwidth, transducer size and propagation, resulting in the need for short ranges to the seafloor to achieve the highest levels of resolution. In the deep sea this means delivery of high-frequency, high-resolution mapping systems close to the bottom by means of towed or autonomous vehicles, the trade-off here being limited areal coverage due to narrow swaths and slow mapping speeds. Despite these constraints, we cannot forget that only a small fraction of the deep ocean has been mapped by any sort of swath mapping system (10-20\%) and that even a single well-calibrated and properly operated multibeam swath collected at high-speed during a long transit can offer a remarkable amount of insight into seafloor processes. We will illustrate this through the exploration of a single transit by the R/V KILO MOANA (using a Kongsberg EM120 MBES) from Hawaii to Kodiak Alaska. When compared to the best available global bathymetric compilations using both satellite derived bathymetry and existing bathymetric data (e.g., Global Topography of Smith and Sandwell, GMRT, or ETOPO-1), the single swath offers detailed views of deep-sea channels, seamount and guyots, tectonic structure and volcanic processes that are totally absent in the compilations. Given the difference that a single swath can make in interpreting deep-sea processes, imagine what we would learn from complete coverage \– even at 100 m pixel resolution - of the deep ocean seafloor.\ 

}, author = {Larry A Mayer and James V. Gardner} } @proceedings {5160, title = {Acoustic and optical observations of methane gas seeps in the Gulf of Mexico}, volume = {19}, year = {2013}, month = {2 - 7 June}, author = {Thomas C Weber and Kevin Jerram and Yuri Rzhanov and Larry A Mayer and D. Lovalvo} } @article {5142, title = {Acoustic Surface Backscatter vs Incidence Angle from Glacial Ice}, year = {2013}, month = {Jun 16 - Jun 19}, address = {Boston, MA, USA}, abstract = {

Surface acoustic backscatter angular response is commonly used for seafloor sediment characterization, however composite models of this type do not yet exist for the backscatter angular response of sea ice. For seafloor measurements, the response near normal incidence is often dominated by a specular return and influence from returns from the volume beneath the water-sediment interface, which is highly dependent on substrate grain size, acoustic impedance, and porosity. At oblique angles beyond the water-sediment critical angle, seafloor roughness due to grain size and bedforms dominate the response. The combined angular response can therefore be highly suggestive of the composition of the seafloor. For sea ice, at angles beyond the critical angle, roughness models similar to those used for the seafloor are applicable; however, near normal incidence angles, models remain largely undeveloped. With the development of appropriate models, acoustic measurements may allow discrimination of ice characteristics such as ice air content, interstitial fresh-water content, sea-ice age and ice origins (i.e., terrestrial vs. marine). Similar to seafloor measurements, the combined angular response of sea ice may provide a remote sensing method for widespread mapping and characterization of ice from surface and submersible vessels. In 2011, as part of an effort to gather information on the precise shape of large tabular icebergs to calibrate the Canadian Ice Service ice hazard drift and deterioration model, portions of the periphery of several pieces of the Petermann Ice Island, were surveyed with a Kongsberg EM3002 multibeam sonar. In addition to the geometric data, the collected measurements provide a means to measure the surface acoustic backscatter response of the ice surface as a function of angle of incidence, providing a preliminary characterization data set of tabular ice islands. While it is difficult to draw conclusions at this early stage, models for the seafloor provide some insight to the data. For example, acoustic models at oblique angles compare with those whose bedforms and grain size correspond to coarse sand. This prediction may result because bedforms supportable by sand may be comparable in size and shape to the scalloped surface of the ice observed visually near the surface. Acoustic remote sensing adopted to sea ice in this way, may provide a method for wide spread mapping of the processes with which ice forms, melts and evolves in the ocean.\ 

}, author = {Val Schmidt}, editor = {A.K. Hamilton and D. Mueller and Brucker, S. and Hamilton, T and Forrest, A.L. and B E Laval} } @article {5358, title = {ALB Evaluation for NOAA charting requirements}, volume = {17(8)}, year = {2013}, pages = {24-27}, author = {Imahori, Gretchen and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Christopher E Parrish} } @article {5042, title = {Application of landscape mosaics for the biological quality assessment of subtidal macroalgae communities using the CFR index}, year = {2013}, keywords = {CFR index, Landscape mosaics, Sample size, Subtidal macroalgae, WaterFrameworkDirective}, url = {http://www.journals.elsevier.com/deep-sea-research-part-i-oceanographic-research-papers/}, author = {Guinda Salsamendi, Xabier and Gracia, A. and Puente, A. and Juanes, J.A. and Yuri Rzhanov and Larry A Mayer} } @proceedings {5168, title = {Arctic Ocean Bathymetry: A required geospatial framework}, year = {2013}, month = {Apr 30 - May 2}, abstract = {

Most ocean science relies largely on a geospatial infrastructure that is built primarily from bathymetry data collected underway from ships, archived, and converted into maps and digital grids. Bathymetry, the shape and composition of the seafloor, besides having vital importance to geology and navigation, is a fundamental element of studies of ocean modeling, deep water circulation, tides, tsunami forecasting, upwelling, fishing resources, wave action, sediment transport, environmental baselines, slope stability and risk, paleoceanography, site selection for platforms cables and pipelines, waste disposal, mineral extraction and sampling for environmental research. Recent developments in multibeam sonar mapping have so dramatically increased the resolution with which the seafloor can be portrayed, understood, used by other sciences and interacted with, that previous maps must be considered obsolete and scientific conclusions based on them re-examined and refined. The downside is that only about 10\% of the Arctic Ocean has been mapped with multibeam; the rest of its seafloor area is portrayed through mathematical interpolation using a very sparse depth sounding database. In order for all Arctic marine actives to benefit fully from the order of magnitude improvement that multibeam provides, the entire Arctic Ocean must be ensonified with multibeam data, a task that only can be accomplished through broad international coordination and collaboration, including both the scientific community and industry.

}, author = {Martin Jakobsson}, editor = {Larry A Mayer} } @inbook {5301, title = {Assessing impact from wind farms at subtidal, exposed marine areas}, booktitle = {Marine Renewable Energy and Environmental Interactions}, year = {2013}, month = {2013}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, author = {Dahlgren, T and Marie-Lise Schl{\"a}ppy and Shashkov, A and Andersson, M and Yuri Rzhanov and Fer, I and Hegg{\o}y, E} } @article {5271, title = {Bathymetric terrain model of the Atlantic margin for marine geological investigations.}, year = {2013}, pages = {11}, chapter = {U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report}, author = {B.D. Andrews} } @article {5284, title = {The Caledonian suture in the high Arctic? New Data from the Chukchi Borderland, Amerasia Basin}, year = {2013}, month = {9-13 December}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, keywords = {amerasia basin, caledonian suture, chukchi}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Brien, T.M. and Brumley, K and Miller, E L and Larry A Mayer} } @proceedings {5263, title = {Caratterizzazione dell{\textquoteright}ambiente marino dei Campi Flegrei. Risultati preliminari della campagna oceanografica RICAMAR 2013}, year = {2013}, month = {November 5 - 7}, publisher = {Atti 17a Conferenza Nazionale ASITA}, address = {Riva del Garda, Italy}, abstract = {

The caldera of the Phlegraean Fields (also known as Campi Flegrei) is one of the most dangerous and populated volcanic area in the world, covering an area that comprises the western part of Naples and the Gulf of Pozzuoli. The main peculiarity of current volcanic activity is the gradual and periodic lift (positive or negative) of part of the Earth\&$\#$39;s surface (bradyseism) combined, only during the positive phase, with a strong sismicity and surficial hydrotermal activity. Deformative models, calibrated using land-based measurements, highlighted the Gulf of Pozzuoli as the area with the largest deformation.

Although the network of monitoring sensors on land is well developed and structured, there is a lack of sensing systems for the marine deformation. The activities of \"RIlievi per la Caratterizzazione dell\’Ambiente MARino nel Golfo di Pozzuoli 2013 (RICAMAR2013)\" project - sinergically conducted by the Italian Navy\&$\#$39;s Survey Vessel \"Ammiraglio Magnaghi\", the Italian Hydrographic Office (IIM) and the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)- were targeted to fulfill this gap. In fact, the creation of marine observatories about the caldera\&$\#$39;s phenomena will be based on the data collected during these bathymetric, magnetometric, stratigrafic and hydrologic surveys.

}, keywords = {bradyseism, caldera, marine deformation}, url = {http://atti.asita.it/ASITA2013/titoli.html}, author = {Grassi, M. and Carmisciano, C. and Cocchi, L. and Dialti, L. and Filippone, M. and Guideri, M. and Ivaldi, R. and Giuseppe Masetti and Muccini, F. and Pratellesi, M. and Ricci, E. and Stefanelli, P.} } @article {5247, title = {CCOM-JHC Summer Hydro 2012: A High-Res Survey Under 12 Flags}, year = {2013}, month = {October 08, 2013}, address = {Venice, Italy}, abstract = {

The University of New Hampshire Summer Hydrographic Field Course conducted a hydrographic survey off the coast of Southern Maine (USA) during the summer of 2012. The MBES data were acquired using a Kongsberg EM 2040 operated both at 300 kHz and 400 kHz in normal mode (multisector) and short CW (70 \µs), positioned with an Applanix POS/MV (Ver. 4) and using Real-Time Kinematic corrections broadcast from a GNSS base station.

The survey team was composed of faculty, staff and students (5 GEBCO scholars) from 12 nations spanning the globe. The survey provided a unique learning opportunity and a interactive learning environment for sharing experiences and comparing a wide number of national hydrographic Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) in the main framework of the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration - Office of Coast Survey (NOAA-OCS) standards.

The resulting high resolution bathymetry and backscatter products lead to the discovery of several interesting geological features that are currently under investigation. The survey area covers four square nautical miles (196 linear nautical miles of data acquisition) over a highly dynamic seafloor ranging in depth from zero to 35 meters, with 200\% approximate average coverage. Additionally, 17 grab samples and 21 underwater videos have been conducted for geological and biological seafloor characterization as a direct result of this survey. All soundings from this survey are adequate to supersede prior surveys in their common areas, and are recommended for use in chart update.

The proposed poster will highlight the bathymetry, backscatter, and geological features, including a V-shaped morphologic structure.

}, keywords = {backscatter, multibeam bathymetry}, url = {http://www.gebco.net/about_us/gebco_science_day/documents/ccom_poster_gebco_2013.pdf}, author = {Berry, Anna and Cezairle, Yunus and Chowdhury, Mohammad and Englert, Chris and Gunasinghage , Prasadh and Guo, Xiao and Hassan, Norhizam and Giuseppe Masetti and Minami, Hiroki and Nguyen, Thanh and Thein, Saw and Welton, Briana and Matthew J. Wilson and Andrew A. Armstrong and Semme J Dijkstra and Smith, Ben and Terry, Emily} } @proceedings {5296, title = {Challenges of defining uncertainty in multibeam sonar derived seafloor backscatter}, year = {2013}, month = {June 24-June 28}, address = {Corfu, Greece}, author = {Mashkoor A Malik and Larry A Mayer and Thomas C Weber and Brian R Calder and Huff, Lloyd C} } @proceedings {5137, title = {Characterization of optical communication in a leader-follower unmanned underwater vehicle formation}, volume = {8724}, year = {2013}, month = {April 29 - May 3}, publisher = {SPIE}, address = {Baltimore, MD, USA}, abstract = {

As part of theresearchto development an optical communication design of a leader-follower formation between unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs), this paper presents light field characterization and design configuration of the hardware required to allow the use of distance detection between UUVs. The studyspecifically is targeting communication between remotely operated vehicles (ROVs). As an initial step in this study, the light field produced from a light source mounted on the leader UUV was empirically characterized and modeled. Based on the light field measurements, a photo-detector array for the follower UUV was designed. Evaluation of the communication algorithms to monitor the UUV\’s motion was conducted through underwater experiments in the Ocean Engineering Laboratory at the University of New Hampshire. The optimal spectral range was determined based on the calculation of the diffuse attenuation coefficients by using two different light sources and a spectrometer. The range between the leader and the follower vehicles for a specific water type was determined. In addition, the array design and the communication algorithms were modified according to the results from the light field.

}, keywords = {light attenuation, optical communication, simulation, Unmanned underwater vehicle, water clarity}, author = {Eren, Firat and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and May-Win Thein} } @article {5259, title = {Comparing manual and computer-assisted benthic cover estimations from underwater imagery for offshore wind farms impact assessment}, year = {2013}, month = {Nov. 26-28, 2013}, address = {Brussels, Belgium}, url = {http://www2.mumm.ac.be/winmonbe2013/}, author = {Shashkov, A and Dahlgren, T and Marie-Lise Schl{\"a}ppy and Yuri Rzhanov} } @article {5977, title = {Decadal Trends in Indian Ocean Ambient Sound}, volume = {134}, year = {2013}, month = {November}, pages = {3464-3475}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, abstract = {

The increase of ocean noise documented in the North Pacific has sparked concern on whether the observed increases are a global or regional phenomenon. This work provides evidence of low frequency sound increases in the Indian Ocean. A decade (2002-2012) of recordings made off the island of Diego Garcia, UK in the Indian Ocean was parsed into time series according to frequency band and sound level. Quarterly sound level comparisons between the first and last years were also performed. The combination of time series and temporal comparison analyses over multiple measurement parameters produced results beyond those obtainable from a single parameter analysis. The ocean sound floor has increased over the past decade in the Indian Ocean. Increases were most prominent in recordings made south of Diego Garcia in the 85-105\ Hz band. The highest sound level trends differed between the two sides of the island; the highest sound levels decreased in the north and increased in the south. Rate, direction, and magnitude of changes among the multiple parameters supported interpretation of source functions driving the trends. The observed sound floor increases are consistent with concurrent increases in shipping, wind speed, wave height, and blue whale abundance in the Indian Ocean.\ 

}, keywords = {Ambient Sound, Decadal Trends, Indian Ocean}, doi = {10.1121/1.4821537}, author = {Jennifer Miksis-Olds and Bradley, David L and X.M. Niu} } @article {5285, title = {Design and Fabrication of Nereid-UI: A Remotely Operated Underwater Vehicle for Oceanographic Access Under Ice}, year = {2013}, month = {9-13 December}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, keywords = {nereid-ui, under ice}, author = {Whitcomb, Louis L and Bowen, Andrew and Dana Yoerger and Christopher R. German and Kinsey, J and Larry A Mayer and Jakuba, Michael and Gomez-Ibanez, D. and Taylor, Christopher and Machado, Casey and Howland, J and C.L. Kaiser and Heintz, Matthew and Pontbriand, C. and Suman, S. and O{\textquoteright}hara, L.} } @article {5178, title = {Design of a standardized geo-database for risk monitoring of potentially polluting marine sites}, volume = {34(1)}, year = {2013}, month = {4 December 2013}, pages = {138-149}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, abstract = {

An increasing availability of geospatial marine data provides an opportunity for hydrographic agencies to contribute to the identification of potentially polluting marine sites (PPMS).

This new acronym has been created not only to refer to shipwrecks of modern vessels, but also for other types of marine sites such as dumping areas, pipelines, etc. Independent of the specific type, a PPMS represents a potential source of pollution for the marine environment. Although several type-specific databases are available worldwide (from local to global scale), there is an evident lack of uniformity (e.g., different aims of data collection). A common approach description of these sites at local single-site level may permit aggregation for multiscale decisions, e.g., for remediation and incident response.
To adequately manage these sites, a standardized PPMS geospatial database (GeoDB) application has been designed to collect relevant information suitable for site inventory and geo-spatial analysis. In particular, benefits in structuring the data in conformance with the Universal Hydrographic Data Model (IHO S-100) and encoding using the Geographic Markup Language (GML) are presented.

A possible practical storage solution is proposed using a GML-enabled spatial relational database management system. Finally, a Web GIS deployment is illustrated, being the simplest way to communicate to the public the collected information, with the related possibility of using the data as a Web Map Service in almost any GIS, allowing for better development and integration with other available datasets. The adoption of the PPMS GeoDB product
specification as part of the IHO S-100 series would represent an innovative and important contribution from the hydrographic community to reduce, or at least better manage, environmental and economic risks related to PPMSs.

}, keywords = {marine environment, PPMS, Risk Monitoring, shipwreck, Spatial Standard}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10669-013-9486-x?sa_campaign=email/event/articleAuthor/onlineFirst}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti and Brian R Calder} } @article {5049, title = {Designing a better weather display}, volume = {12}, year = {2013}, pages = {221-239}, author = {Colin Ware}, editor = {Plumlee, Matt D} } @proceedings {5288, title = {Designing Improved Sediment Transport Visualizations}, year = {2013}, month = {Sept 23-26}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {San Diego, CA, USA}, author = {Englert, Chris and Butkiewicz, Thomas and Larry A Mayer and Arthur Trembanis and Beaudoin, Jonathan and Val Schmidt and Duval, C.} } @article {5273, title = {A detailed seabed signature from Hurricane Sandy revealed in bedforms and scour}, volume = {14}, year = {2013}, month = {23 Aug 2013}, pages = {4334{\textendash}4340}, publisher = {AGU}, abstract = {

On 30 October 2012, Hurricane Sandy made landfall near Brigantine New Jersey bringing widespread erosion and damage to the coastline. We have obtained a unique set of high-resolution before and after storm measurements of seabed morphology and in situ hydrodynamic conditions (waves and currents) capturing the impact of the storm at an inner continental shelf field site known as the \“Redbird reef\”. Understanding the signature of this storm event is important for identifying the impacts of such events and for understanding the role that such events have in the transport of sediment and marine debris on the inner continental shelf. As part of an ONR-sponsored program designed to understand and characterize the ripple dynamics and scour processes in an energetic, heterogeneous inner-shelf setting, a series of high-resolution geoacoustic surveys were conducted before and after Hurricane Sandy. Our overall goal is to improve our understanding of bedform dynamics and spatio-temporal length scales and defect densities through the application of a recently developed fingerprint algorithm technique. Utilizing high-resolution swath sonar collected by an AUV and from surface vessel sonars, our study focuses both on bedforms in the vicinity of manmade seabed objects and dynamic natural ripples on the inner shelf in energetic coastal settings with application to critical military operations such as mine countermeasures.

}, keywords = {AUV, Littoral processes, Submergence instruments: ROV, submersibles}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ggge.20260/full}, author = {Arthur Trembanis and Duval, C. and Beaudoin, Jonathan and Val Schmidt and Miller, D. and Larry A Mayer} } @article {5252, title = {A detailed seabed signature from Hurricane Sandy revealed in bedforms and scour}, volume = {14}, year = {2013}, month = {10/3/2013}, publisher = {AGU and the Geochemical Society}, abstract = {

On 30 October 2012, Hurricane Sandy made landfall near Brigantine New Jersey bringing widespread erosion and damage to the coastline. We have obtained a unique set of high-resolution before and after storm measurements of seabed morphology and in situ hydrodynamic conditions (waves and currents) capturing the impact of the storm at an inner continental shelf field site known as the \‘\‘Redbird reef\’\’. Understanding the signature of this storm event is important for identifying the impacts of such events and for understanding the role that such events have in the transport of sediment and marine debris on the inner continental shelf. As part of an ONR-sponsored program designed to understand and characterize the ripple dynamics and scour processes in an energetic, heterogeneous inner-shelf setting, a series of high-resolution geoacoustic surveys were conducted before and after Hurricane Sandy. Our overall goal is to improve our understanding of bedform dynamics and spatio-temporal length scales and defect densities through the application of a recently developed fingerprint algorithm technique. Utilizing high-resolution swath sonar collected by an AUV and from surface vessel sonars, our study focuses both on bedforms in the vicinity of manmade seabed objects and dynamic natural ripples on the inner shelf in energetic coastal settings with application to critical military operations such as mine countermeasures.\ 

}, keywords = {bedforms, multibeam, Sandy, scour}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ggge.20260/full}, author = {Arthur Trembanis and Duval, C. and Beaudoin, Jonathan and Val Schmidt and Miller, D. and Larry A Mayer} } @proceedings {5104, title = {Developing an acceptance test for non-hydrographic airborne bathymetric lidar data application to NOAA charts in shallow waters}, year = {2013}, month = {Mar 25 - Mar 28}, publisher = {THSOA}, address = {New Orleans, LA, USA}, author = {Imahori, Gretchen and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Christopher E Parrish and Wozumi, Toshi and White, Stephen A and Jeong, Inseong and Macon, C.L.} } @article {5167, title = {Development of a Method for a Relative Backscatter Field Calibration using Reson 7125 Multibeam Sonar Systems}, year = {2013}, month = {March 25 - 28}, address = {New Orleans, LA, USA}, abstract = {

Acoustic backscatter measurements made by NOAA hydrographic multibeam systems are increasingly requested for use in seafloor characterization for other scientific applications.\ However, variability in backscatter measurements made by each of NOAA\’s Reson 7125 multibeam sonar systems over the same area of seafloor is routinely observed and largely due to the fact that the systems are not calibrated.\ Such variability in junction areas of backscatter measurements made by separate systems results in poor mosaic quality and, in general, detracts from confidence in seafloor characterization efforts.\ A Reson 7125 SV1 multibeam sonar calibrated in the acoustic test tank at the University of New Hampshire in the spring of 2012 is currently in operation by NOAA Ship Fairweather. The data from this calibrated system is being used in an attempt to develop an indirect method of determining backscatter measurement corrections for seven other un-calibrated systems currently in use by NOAA Ships Fairweather and Rainier. Acoustic backscatter measurements of a well known area of seafloor in Shilshole Bay, Puget Sound, WA, made over the last three years using eight Reson 7125s, including the calibrated system, are being used.\ Preliminary results of this research will be presented.

}, keywords = {multibeam backscatter calibration}, author = {Welton, Briana and Beaudoin, Jonathan and Thomas C Weber and Lanzoni, Carlo and Glen A Rice} } @proceedings {5174, title = {Distribution-free, Variable Resolution Depth Estimation with Composite Uncertainty}, year = {2013}, month = {March 25-27}, publisher = {The Hydrographic Society of America}, address = {New Orleans, LA, USA}, abstract = {
Recent algorithms for processing hydrographic data have treated the problem of achievable resolution by constructing grids of fixed resolution, a composite grid of variable resolution, recursive sub-division in a quad-tree, or by relying on a comprehensive TIN of the original points. These algorithms all impose some artificial structure on the data to allow for efficient computation, however, which this paper attempts to address.
A scheme is outlined which provides a robust estimate of depth and associated uncertainty that makes as few assumptions as possible. Using a non-uniform spectral analysis, it estimates the spatial scales at which the data are consistent so it can estimate within the Nyquist limit for the underlying surface. Kernel density techniques estimate the most likely depth, and density partitioning estimates the observational and modeling uncertainty. After correcting for potential biases the uncertainty is augmented using a modified Hare-Godin-Mayer system integration uncertainty and a sound speed profile variability due to Beaudoin et al.\ The result is a robust, distribution-free, continuously variable-resolution estimate of depth with an associated uncertainty.
This algorithm is illustrated by estimating the depth (and uncertainty) of Challenger Deep, and the paper then provides some perspectives on efficiency, extensibility and adaptability of this algorithm in the hydrographic context.
}, keywords = {Bathymetric Estimation, Bias Estimation, Data Density Estimation, Data-driven Estimation, Distributed-free Depth Estimation, Lomb-Scargle Periodogram, Variable Resolution}, author = {Brian R Calder} } @article {5281, title = {Dredged Bedrock Samples from the Amerasia Basin, Arctic Ocean}, year = {2013}, month = {9-13 December}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, keywords = {amerasian basin, Arctic Ocean, bedrock, dredging}, author = {Brumley, K and Mukasa, S B and O{\textquoteright}Brien, T.M. and Larry A Mayer and Dale N Chayes} } @article {5173, title = {Effect of morphological transformation on habitat structure and associated species}, year = {2013}, month = {March 20-24}, address = {Savnnah, GA}, author = {Jennifer A. Dijkstra and Clancy Brown} } @article {5361, title = {Evaluating the USACE{\textquoteright}s NCMP for NOAA charting operations}, year = {2013}, month = {August 6{\textendash}8}, address = {Mobile, AL}, author = {Imahori, Gretchen and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Christopher E Parrish} } @article {5111, title = {Evidence for extensive methane venting on the southeastern U.S. Atlantic margin}, volume = {41}, year = {2013}, pages = {807-810}, author = {Laura Brothers and C.L. VanDover and Christopher R. German and C.L. Kaiser and Dana Yoerger and Carolyn Ruppel and Elizabeth Lobecker and Skarke, Adam and J.K.S. Wagner} } @article {5154, title = {Experimental and natural warming elevates mercury concentrations in estuarine fish}, volume = {8}, year = {2013}, month = {March}, pages = {e58401}, keywords = {climate warming, estuaries, food webs, Fundulus, mercury, toxins}, author = {Jennifer A. Dijkstra and K.L. Buckman and Ward, D. and D.W. Evans and M. Dionne and C Y Chen} } @article {5299, title = {Exploration of Eratosthenes Seamount {\textendash} A continental fragment being forced down an oceanic trench}, volume = {26}, year = {2013}, month = {March 2013}, pages = {36-41}, publisher = {Oceanography Society}, url = {http://www.tos.org/oceanography/archive/26-1_nautilus.pdf}, author = {Mitchell, Garrett and Larry A Mayer and Bell, K L and Nicole A Raineault and Chris Roman and Robert Ballard and Cornwell, K. and Hine, A. and Shinn, E. and Dimitriadis, I. and Bogdan, O.} } @article {5279, title = {Facilitation of native and non-native species by intermediate foundation species}, year = {2013}, month = {3-7 November}, keywords = {estuaries, Foundation species, non-native species}, author = {Jennifer A. Dijkstra}, editor = {Michele Dionne} } @article {5270, title = {Field calibration and validation of remote sensing surveys}, volume = {34}, year = {2013}, pages = {6423-6436}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and McLeod, M and P Lavoie and Ackerman, S and James V. Gardner and Christopher E Parrish} } @proceedings {5106, title = {Future directions in hydrography using satellite-derived bathymetry}, year = {2013}, month = {Mar 25 - Mar 28}, publisher = {THSOA}, address = {New Orleans, LA, USA}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Christopher E Parrish and Alexander, Lee and Azuike, Chukwuma and Andrew A. Armstrong and Sault, Maryellen} } @article {5245, title = {Geomorphometry and processes that built Necker Ridge, central North Pacific Ocean}, volume = {346}, year = {2013}, month = {15 October 2013}, pages = {310-325}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {

Necker Ridge is an enigmatic 650-kmlong, narrow, linear aseismic bathymetric feature that rises 2500 to 3000m above the abyssal seafloor south of the Hawaiian Ridge. The ridge is the largest of a series of aseismic ridges that emanate fromthe eastern side of the Mid-PacificMountains outward towards the northeast. The trend of Necker Ridge is at an angle to fracture zones and spreading centers in the region, so its origin is controversial, yet it is a major feature on this part of the Cretaceous Pacific Plate. The entire feature, from Necker Island on the Hawaiian Ridge to the eastern Mid-Pacific Mountains, including the adjacent abyssal seafloor, was mapped in 2009 and 2011 with the latest generation of multibeam echosounders. The detailed bathymetry shows the ridge to be constructed of a series of stacked, thick (200\–400m) volcanic flows that can be traced along the trend of Necker Ridge for 100s of km. This continuity suggests that the volcanismerupted simultaneously along almost the entire length of the feature and not as spatially episodic areas of extrusion. Three relatively flat platforms occur on the summit region, presumably constructed of shallow-water carbonates when these portions of the ridge were at sea level. A conspicuous lack of thick pelagic sediment on the non-platform ridge summit and flanks is seen throughout the ridge. The lack of landslides along the length of the ridge is equally puzzling. The southern end of the ridge is connected by a saddle to the Mid-PacificMountainswhereas the northern end of the ridge is buried by an archipelagic apron of the southern flank of the Hawaiian Ridge.

}, keywords = {archipelagic apron, mid-pacific mountains, multibeam bathymetry, necker ridge, summit platform, volcanic flows, volcanic pinnacles}, author = {James V. Gardner and Brian R Calder and Mashkoor A Malik} } @proceedings {5277, title = {Gradual Generalization of Nautical Chart Contours with a Cube B-Spline Snake Model}, year = {2013}, month = {Sep 23 - Sep 26}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {San Diego, CA, USA}, abstract = {

B-spline snake methods have been used in cartographic generalization in the past decade, particularly in the generalization of navigational charts where this method yields good results with respect to the shoal-bias rules for generalization of chart contours. However, previous studies only show generalization results at particular generalization (or scale) levels, and the user can only see two conditions: before the generalization and after generalization, but nothin in between.\ This paper presents an improved method of using B-spline snakes for generalization in the context of nautical charts, where the generalization process is done gradually, and the user can see the complete process of the generalization.

}, author = {Miao, Dandan and Brian R Calder} } @article {5286, title = {Hurricane Sandy{\textquoteright}s Fingerprint: Ripple Bedforms at an Inner Continental Shelf Sorted Bedform Field Site}, year = {2013}, month = {9-13 December}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, author = {Duval, C. and Arthur Trembanis and Beaudoin, Jonathan and Val Schmidt and Larry A Mayer} } @article {5289, title = {Interactive 4D Visualization of Sediment Transport Models}, year = {2013}, month = {Dec 9-13}, publisher = {American Geophysical Union }, address = {San Francisco, CA}, author = {Butkiewicz, Thomas and Englert, Chris} } @article {5293, title = {Internal structure of the shallow Japan Trench d{\'e}collement: insights into the long-term evolution of the margin and coseismic slip processes}, year = {2013}, month = {Dec 9-13}, author = {Kirkpatrick, James D. and Ujiie, Kohtaro and Mishima, Toshiaki and Chester, Frederick M and Rowe, Christie D. and Regalla, Christine and Remitti, Francesca and Moore, J C and Toy, Virginia and Kameda, Jun and Bose, Santanu and Monica L Wolfson-Schwehr} } @article {5155, title = {Introduced species provide a novel temporal resource that facilitates native predator population growth}, volume = {15}, year = {2013}, month = {March}, pages = {911-919}, author = {Jennifer A. Dijkstra and W.J. Lambert and Larry G. Harris} } @inbook {5108, title = {LANDSAT 7 Satellite-Derived Bathymetry}, booktitle = {The IHO-IOC GEBCO Cook Book}, volume = {IHO Publication B-11 and IOC Manuals and Guides, 63}, year = {2013}, month = {02/2013}, publisher = {International Hydrographic Office (IHO)/ International Ocean Commision (IOC)}, organization = {International Hydrographic Office (IHO)/ International Ocean Commision (IOC)}, edition = {2.25.13}, chapter = {11.0}, address = {Monaco, Monaco Cedex, Monaco}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Madore, Brian and Alexander, Lee and Christopher E Parrish and Andrew A. Armstrong and Azuike, Chukwuma} } @article {5133, title = {Lessons learned during exploration mapping of US East Coast 2011 {\textendash} 2012 onboard NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer using water column backscatter data}, year = {2013}, month = {April 15-19}, author = {Mashkoor A Malik and Elizabeth Lobecker and Skarke, Adam} } @article {5123, title = {Lidar Waveform: A Practical Perspective}, year = {2013}, month = {March 24 - 28}, abstract = {

Full waveform (FW) methods have been used in bathymetric LIDAR since the 1970s and in some small-footprint topographic LIDAR systems since ~2004.\ In the relatively short history of commercial, topographic FW LIDAR, processing and analysis of waveforms have so far remained primarily within the domain of researchers and system manufacturers.\ However, we are now witnessing increasing support for FW LIDAR in third-party software\—both open source and commercial\—along with a corresponding increase in operational use of FW tools and techniques. This presentation provides an overview of the basic principles, history, applications, and methods of FW LIDAR.\ A particular focus is the transition into widespread, operational use, including recent trends and market analysis. We conclude with a look ahead and some recommendations for the broad LIDAR community in moving forward with FW LIDAR implementation.

}, author = {Christopher E Parrish} } @article {5292, title = {Low Coseismic Friction on the Tohoku-Oki Fault Determined from Temperature Measurements}, journal = {Science}, volume = {342}, number = {6163}, year = {2013}, pages = {1214{\textendash}1217}, author = {Fulton, P M and Brodsky, Emily E and Kano, Y and James J Mori and Chester, Frederick M and Ishikawa, T and Harris, R N and Lin, W and Eguchi, Nobuhisa and Toczko, S and Expedition 343 \& KR13-08 Scientists} } @article {5291, title = {Low Coseismic Shear Stress on the Tohoku-Oki Megathrust Determined from Laboratory Experiments}, volume = {342}, year = {2013}, month = {December 2013}, author = {Ujiie, Kohtaro and Tanaka, Hanae and Saito, Tsubasa and Tsutsumi, Akito and James J Mori and Kameda, Jun and Brodsky, Emily E and Chester, Frederick M and Eguchi, Nobuhisa and Toczko, Sean and Expedition 343 and 343T Scientists} } @article {5287, title = {Morphodynamic Impacts of Hurricane Sandy on the Inner-shelf}, year = {2013}, month = {9-13 December}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, author = {Arthur Trembanis and Beaudoin, Jonathan and Duval, C. and Val Schmidt and Larry A Mayer} } @article {5165, title = {Multibeam Advisory Committee -- Improving Data Quality Across the US Academic Fleet}, year = {2013}, month = {April 16-18}, address = {Boston, MA, United States}, abstract = {

Data quality from multibeam echosounders can vary dramatically across the US academic fleet for a number of reasons including undetected hardware failures, suboptimal configurations or even misguided acquisition practices.\ The net result for the primary users of these systems, the scientific community, is a high level of uncertainty when undertaking mapping expeditions with the worst case scenario being the discovery that a system is non-functional on the first day of the cruise.

A 2010 NSF meeting was held to address these problems with one major outcome of the meeting being the recommendation to form a group of system experts to aid in assessment and improvement of multibeam systems across the fleet. The University of New Hampshire\&$\#$39;s Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping teamed with the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and submitted a successfully funded joint NSF proposal to form such a team in 2011.

In this talk, we will discuss some of the strategies we\&$\#$39;ve taken thus far including ship system assessment procedures, documentation and dissemination of best practices and deployment of software tools to aid in these regards.

}, keywords = {multibeam advisory committee}, author = {Beaudoin, Jonathan}, editor = {Paul Johnson and Vicki L Ferrini} } @article {5166, title = {Multibeam Echosounder System Optimization for Water Column Mapping of Undersea Gas Seeps}, year = {2013}, month = {April 16-18}, address = {Boston, MA, United States}, abstract = {

The ability to image water column scatterers has broadened the utility of multibeam echosounders and these systems, which were initially designed for hydrographic purposes, are now being used more often for physical, chemical and biological oceanographic studies of water column phenomena. It must be remembered, however, that multibeam echosounders were designed for bathymetric measurements and many features of modern systems reflect this: (1) frequency encoded, multi-sector systems are able to stabilize imaging geometry to ensure near constant sounding spacing and density on the seafloor, (2) dual swath systems allow for increased sounding density and faster survey speeds, (3) FM pulses allow for improved range performance and (4) transmit focusing improves angular resolution in the nearfield.\ These improvements to multibeam systems augment their abilities from the hydrographic point of view, however, their impact on those who wish to quantitatively study water column scatterers is poorly understood.

In this work, we discuss field trials in which a Kongsberg Maritime EM302 multibeam echosounder was optimized for water column mapping of natural seabed gas seeps through repeat observations of a known set of seeps in the Gulf of Mexico. A systematic mapping campaign immediately followed the trials with hundreds of seeps detected in area measuring ~85 km x 130 km. Of particular interest to the hydrographic community are the efforts undertaken to accurately ray trace and georeference water column scatterers as the algorithms employed can be applied to water column imaging in support of least-depth detection over wrecks and other hazards to navigation.

}, keywords = {multibeam water column gas seeps}, author = {Beaudoin, Jonathan and Thomas C Weber and Kevin Jerram and Glen A Rice and Mashkoor A Malik and Larry A Mayer} } @article {5156, title = {Near resonance acoustic scattering from organized schools of juvenile Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus)}, volume = {133}, year = {2013}, pages = {3802-3812}, author = {Thomas C Weber and Molly E Lutcavage and Schroth-Miller, Madeline L} } @mastersthesis {5369, title = {Observations of Pockmark Flow Structure in Belfast Bay, Maine}, volume = {Earth Sciences/Ocean Mapping}, year = {2013}, month = {05/2013}, pages = {103}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Vertical current and CTD profiles were acquired over a small, spherical pockmark and a larger, more elongated pockmark in Belfast Bay, Maine in July 2011. These observations showed evidence for mixing within the pockmarks, a rotational pattern that resembles open cavity flow, and incipient motion along the rims. Over the center of each pockmark, observations of uniform temperature properties below 12 m are indicative of mixing within the pockmark. The observed complex rotational structure over each pockmark shows significant rotation with depth and a greater degree of rotation during ebbing tide. These observations are qualitatively consistent with circulation patterns predicted by cavity flow models. Critical Shields parameters for cohesive sediment were estimated at the rim and center of each pockmark and were only exceeded along the rim. During the infrequently observed upwelling events, and in the absence of flocculation, suspended sediment would be unable to settle through the water column.\ 

}, keywords = {belfast bay, pockmark flow structure}, author = {Christina Fandel} } @article {5184, title = {Observations of the Vertical Structure of Tidal Currents in Two Inlets}, volume = {65, Special Issue}, year = {2013}, month = {March 6}, pages = {2029-2034}, abstract = {

Observations of the vertical structure of broad band tidal currents were obtained at two energetic inlets. Each experiment took place over a 4 week period, the first at Hampton Inlet in southeastern New Hampshire, USA, in the Fall of 2011, and the second at New River Inlet in southern North Carolina, USA, in the spring of 2012. The temporal variation and vertical structure of the currents were observed at each site with 600 kHz and 1200 kHz RDI Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCP) deployed on low-profile bottom tripods in 7.5 and 12.5 m water depths near the entrance to Hampton Inlet, and in 8 and 9 m water depth within and outside New River Inlet, respectively. In addition, a Nortek Aquapro ADCP was mounted on a jetted pipe in about 2.5 m water depth on the flank of the each inlet channel. Flows within the Hampton/Seabrook Inlet were dominated by semi-diurnal tides ranging 2.5 - 4 m in elevation, with velocities exceeding 2.5 m/s. Flows within New River inlet were also semi-diurnal with tides ranging about 1 \– 1.5 m in elevation and with velocities exceeding 1.5 m/s. Vertical variation in the flow structure at the dominant tidal frequency are examined as a function of location within and near the inlet. Outside the inlet, velocities vary strongly over the vertical, with a nearly linear decay from the surface to near the bottom. The coherence between the upper most velocity bin and the successively vertically separated bins drops off quickly with depth, with as much as 50\% coherence decay over the water column. The phase relative to the uppermost velocity bin shifts over depth, with as much as 40 deg phase lag over the vertical, with bottom velocities leading the surface. Offshore, rotary coefficients indicate a stable ellipse orientation with rotational directions consistent over the vertical. At Hampton, the shallower ADCP, but still outside the inlet, shows a rotational structure that changes sign in the vertical indicating a sense of rotation at the bottom that is opposite to that at the surface. Within the inlet, the flow is more aligned with the channel, the decay in amplitude over the vertical is diminished, the coherence and phase structure is nearly uniform, and the rotary coefficients indicate no sense of rotation in the flow. The observations are qualitatively consistent with behavior described by Prandle (1982) for shallow water tidal flows.

}, keywords = {inlets, tidal currents, vertical structure}, doi = {10.2112/SI65-343.1}, url = {http://www.jcronline.org/doi/pdf/10.2112/SI65-343.1}, author = {Thomas C Lippmann and Irish, James D and Hunt, Jonathan} } @proceedings {5159, title = {Observing natural methane seep variability in the northern Gulf of Mexico with an 18-kilohertz split-beam scientific echosounder}, volume = {19}, year = {2013}, month = {2 - 7 June}, author = {Kevin Jerram and Thomas C Weber and Beaudoin, Jonathan} } @proceedings {5163, title = {Oceanographic Weather Maps: Using Oceanographic Models to Improve Seabed Mapping Planning and Acquisition}, year = {2013}, month = {March 25 - 28}, publisher = {THSOA}, address = {New Orleans, LA, USA}, abstract = {

In a world of high precision sensors, one of the few remaining challenges in multibeam echosounding is that of refraction based uncertainty. A poor understanding of oceanographic variability can lead to inadequate sampling of the water mass and the uncertainties that result from this can dominate the uncertainty budget of even state-of-the-art echosounding systems. Though dramatic improvements have been made in sensor accuracies over the past few decades, survey accuracy and efficiency is still potentially limited by a poor understanding of the \“underwater weather.\”

Advances in the sophistication of numerical oceanographic forecast modeling, combined with ever increasing computing power, allow for the timely operation and dissemination of oceanographic nowcast and forecast model systems on regional and global scales. These sources of information, when examined using sound speed uncertainty analysis techniques, have the potential to change the way hydrographers work by increasing our understanding of what to expect from the ocean and when to expect it. Sound speed analyses derived from ocean modeling system\’s three-dimensional predictions could provide guidance for hydrographers during survey planning, acquisition and post-processing of hydrographic data. In this work, we examine techniques for processing and visualizing of predictions from global and regional operational oceanographic forecast models and climatological analyses from an ocean atlas to better understand how these data could best be put to use to in the field of hydrography.

}, author = {Beaudoin, Jonathan}, editor = {John G Kelley and Greenlaw, Jason and Beduhn, Tami and Greenaway, Samuel F} } @proceedings {5141, title = {Optimizing Resolution and Uncertainty in Bathymetric Sonar Systems}, year = {2013}, month = {June 23-29}, address = {Corfu, Greece}, abstract = {

Bathymetric sonar systems (whether multibeam or phase-differencing sidescan) contain an inherent trade-off between resolution and uncertainty. Systems are traditionally designed with a fixed spatial resolution, and the parameter settings are optimized to minimize the uncertainty in the soundings within that constraint. By fixing the spatial resolution of the system, current generation sonars operate sub-optimally when the SNR is high, producing soundings with lower resolution than is supportable by the data, and inefficiently when the SNR is low, producing high-uncertainty soundings of little value. Here we propose fixing the sounding measurement uncertainty instead, and optimizing the resolution of the system within that uncertainty constraint. Fixing the sounding measurement uncertainty produces a swath with a variable number of bathymetric estimates per ping, in which each estimate\’s spatial resolution is optimized by combining measurements only until the desired depth uncertainty is achieved. When the signal to noise ratio is sufficiently high such that the desired depth uncertainty is achieved with individual measurements, bathymetric estimates are produced at the sonar\’s full resolution capability. Correspondingly, a sonar\’s resolution is no-longer only considered as a property of the sonar (based on, for example, beamwidth and bandwidth,) but now incorporates geometrical aspects of the measurements and environmental factors (e.g., seafloor scattering strength). Examples are shown from both multibeam and phase- differencing sonar systems.\ 

}, keywords = {interoferometric, multibeam, phase-differencing, resolution, sidescan, uncertainty}, author = {Val Schmidt and Thomas C Weber and Xavier Lurton} } @proceedings {5175, title = {Parallel and Distributed Performance of a Depth Estimation Algorithm}, year = {2013}, month = {March 25-27}, publisher = {The Hydrographic Society of America}, address = {New Orleans, LA, USA}, abstract = {
Expansion of dataset sizes and increasing complexity of processing algorithms have led to consideration of parallel and distributed implementations. The rationale for distributing the computational load may be to thin-provision computational resources, to accelerate data processing rate, or to efficiently reuse already available but otherwise idle computational resources.\ Whatever the rationale, an efficient solution of this type brings with it questions of data distribution, job partitioning, reliability, and robustness.
This paper addresses the first two of these questions in the context of a local cluster-computing environment.\ Using the CHRT depth estimator, it considers active and passive data distribution and their effect on data throughput, focusing mainly on the compromises required to maintain minimal communications requirements between nodes.\ As metric, the algorithm considers the overall computation time for a given dataset (i.e., the time lag that a user would experience), and shows that although there are significant speedups to be had by relatively simple modifications to the algorithm, there are limitations to the parallelism that can be achieved efficiently, and a balance between inter-node parallelism (i.e., multiple nodes running in parallel) and intra-node parallelism (i.e., multiple threads within one node) for most efficient utilization of available resources.
}, keywords = {Bathmetric Estimation, CHRT, Data Scheduling, Distributed Processing, Parallel Processing, Spatially-aware Data Distribution}, author = {Brian R Calder} } @mastersthesis {5371, title = {Patterns of Bedform Migration and Mean Tidal Currents in Hampton Harbor Inlet, New Hampshire, USA}, volume = {Earth Sciences/Ocean Mapping}, year = {2013}, month = {05/2013}, pages = {117}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

High-resolution seafloor topography and coincident mean currents were obtained in Hampton Harbor Inlet over a fortnightly tidal cycle. Nine multibeam echosounder surveys were conducted in the inlet navigation channel, and mean currents were measured throughout the inlet using an acoustic current profiler mounted on a movable personal watercraft. Maximum mean currents of 1.5 m/s were observed and coherent bedforms, ranging in size from sand dunes to mega-ripples, were present throughout the inlet navigation channel. Spatial variation in bottom roughness showed that mega-ripples evolved spatially and temporally over the study. A series of 8 sand dunes migrated steadily onshore, up to 8 m, during neap tides and steadily offshore, up to 15 m, during spring tides. The net movement of sand dunes over the study was offshore, indicating higher flows during spring tides that dominated net sediment transport. Higher shear stress estimates during spring tide validate observations of bedform migration.

}, keywords = {bedform migration, hampton harbor inlet, mean tidal currents}, author = {Lindsay McKenna} } @article {5260, title = {Photogrammetry-Derived National Shoreline: Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analyses}, year = {2013}, month = {Dec 9-13, 2013}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, abstract = {

Tidally-referenced shoreline data serve a multitude of purposes, ranging from nautical charting, to coastal change analysis, wetland migration studies, coastal planning, resource management and emergency management. To assess the suitability of the shoreline for a particular application, end users need not only the best available shoreline, but also reliable estimates of the uncertainty in the shoreline position. NOAA\’s National Geodetic Survey (NGS) is responsible for mapping the national shoreline depicted on NOAA nautical charts. Previous studies have focused on modeling the uncertainty in NGS shoreline derived from airborne lidar data, but, to date, these methods have not been extended to aerial imagery and photogrammetric shoreline extraction methods, which remain the primary shoreline mapping methods used by NGS. The aim of this study is to develop a rigorous total propagated uncertainty (TPU) model for shoreline compiled from both tide-coordinated and non-tide-coordinated aerial imagery and compiled using photogrammetric methods. The project site encompasses the strait linking Dennys Bay, Whiting Bay and Cobscook Bay in the \“Downeast\” Maine coastal region. This area is of interest, due to the ecosystem services it provides, as well as its complex geomorphology. The region is characterized by a large tide range, strong tidal currents, numerous embayments, and coarse-sediment pocket beaches. Statistical methods were used to assess the uncertainty of shoreline in this site mapped using NGS\’s photogrammetric workflow, as well as to analyze the sensitivity of the mapped shoreline position to a variety of parameters, including elevation gradient in the intertidal zone. The TPU model developed in this work can easily be extended to other areas and may be facilitate estimation of uncertainty in inundation models and marsh migration models.

}, keywords = {photogrammetry}, author = {Yao, Fang and Christopher E Parrish and Brian R Calder and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Yuri Rzhanov} } @article {5138, title = {A procedure for developing an acceptance test for airborne bathymetric lidar data application to NOAA charts in shallow waters}, year = {2013}, month = {June 2013}, pages = {53}, institution = {National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Ocean Survey (NOS)}, chapter = {NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS CS 32}, address = {Silver Spring, MD}, abstract = {

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) hydrographic data is typically acquired using sonar systems, with a small percent acquired via airborne lidar bathymetry for near-shore areas. This study investigated an integrated approach for meeting NOAA\’s hydrographic survey requirements for near-shore areas of NOAA charts, using the existing topographic-bathymetric lidar data from USACE\’s National Coastal Mapping Program (NCMP). Because these existing NCMP bathymetric lidar datasets were not collected to NOAA hydrographic surveying standards, it is unclear if, and under what circumstances, they might aid in meeting certain hydrographic surveying requirements. The NCMP\’s bathymetric lidar data are evaluated through a comparison to NOAA\’s Office of Coast Survey hydrographic data derived from acoustic surveys. As a result, it is possible to assess if NCMP\’s bathymetry can be used to fill in the data gap shoreward of the navigable area limit line (0 to 4 meters) and if there is potential for applying NCMP\’s bathymetry lidar data to near-shore areas deeper than 10 meters. Based on the study results, recommendations will be provided to NOAA for the site conditions where this data will provide the most benefit. Additionally, this analysis may allow the development of future operating procedures and workflows using other topographic-bathymetric lidar datasets to help update near-shore areas of the NOAA charts.

}, keywords = {airborne bathymetric lidar, hydrography, Integrated Ocean and Coastal Mapping, near-shore bathymetry, topographic-bathymetric lidar}, author = {Imahori, Gretchen and Ferguson, Jeff and Wozumi, Toshi and Scharff, Dave and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Christopher E Parrish and White, Stephen A and Jeong, Inseong and Sellars, Jon and Aslaksen, Michael} } @article {5101, title = {Radiometric and Photometeric Determinations of Simulated Shallow-Water Environment}, volume = {34(18)}, year = {2013}, pages = {6437-6450}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Shwaery, Glenn.} } @article {5294, title = {The Relationship Between Seismicity and Fault Structure on the Discovery Transform Fault, East Pacific Rise}, year = {2013}, month = {Dec 9-13}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, author = {Monica L Wolfson-Schwehr and Margaret S Boettcher and Jeffrey J McGuire and Collins, John A.} } @article {5331, title = {Report on the 2010 rapid assessment survey of marine species at New England floating docks and rocky shores.}, year = {2013}, month = {2013}, pages = {35}, institution = {Office of Coastal Zone Management}, address = {Boston, Massachusetts}, author = {McIntyre, CM and Pappal, AL and Bryant, J and Carlton, JT and Cute, K and Jennifer A. Dijkstra and Erickson, R and Garner, Y and Gittenberger, A and Grady, SP and Haram, L and Larry G. Harris and Hobbs, NV and Lambert, CC and G. Lambert and W.J. Lambert and Marques, AC and Mathieson, AC and McCuller, M and Mickiewicz, M and Pederson, J and Rock-Blake, R and Smith, JP and Sorte, C and Stefaniak, L and Wagstaff, M} } @article {5048, title = {Representing Flow Patterns by Using Streamlines with Glyphs}, volume = {19}, year = {2013}, pages = {1331-1341}, author = {Pilar, David H.F.}, editor = {Colin Ware} } @article {5264, title = {RICAMAR2013: Rilievi per la caratterizzazione dell{\textquoteright}ambiente marino nel Golfo di Pozzuoli. Rapporto sull{\textquoteright}attivit{\`a}. 13 - 31 maggio 2013}, year = {2013}, pages = {56, vol. 262(2013)}, institution = {Rapporti Tecnici INGV (ISSN 2039-7941)}, chapter = {Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia}, url = {http://www.ingv.it/editoria/rapporti/rapporto262/}, author = {Carmisciano, C. and Grassi, M. and Cocchi, L. and Giuseppe Masetti and Filippone, M. and Ricci, E. and Pratellesi, M. and Ivaldi, R. and Iannaccone, G. and Berrino, G. and De Natale, G. and Chiodini, G. and Caliro, S. and Dialti, L. and Guideri, M. and Muccini, F. and Stefanelli, P. and Orsi, G. and Iafolla, V. and Italiano, F. and Buongiorno, F. and Stramondo, S. and Bignami, C. and Polcari, M. and Silvestri, M.} } @article {5362, title = {Satellite-derived bathymetry: A reconnaissance tool for hydrography}, year = {2013}, month = {August 6{\textendash}8}, address = {Mobile, AL}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Christopher E Parrish and Alexander, Lee and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @article {5357, title = {Satellite-Derived Bathymetry as a Reconnaissance Tool for Hydrography}, volume = {17(7)}, year = {2013}, pages = {16-19}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri}, editor = {Azuike, Chukwuma} } @article {5183, title = {Satellite-derived bathymetry of the Achziv coastal area, northern Israel}, year = {2013}, month = {Mar 13 - Mar 14}, abstract = {

Satellite-derived bathymetry provides a useful reconnaissance tool for hydrographic surveying offices in planning and implementing a prioritized survey program. Specific uses of the satellite-derived bathymetry include characterization of coastal areas and monitoring seafloor changes that have occurred since the last hydrographic survey. To be useful for hydrographic surveying offices in developing nations, the procedures must be based on readily-available data and software. In keeping with standard hydrographic surveying practice, the derived bathymetry must also be accompanied by uncertainty estimates. Recently a procedure was developed for the use of publicly-available, multispectral satellite imagery to map and portray shallow-water bathymetry in a GIS environment. Landsat imagery and published algorithms were used to derive estimates of the bathymetry in shallow waters. The most appropriate algorithm to derive bathymetry was determined in the study based on performance using different band combinations and spatial filters. This procedure was also applied over the coastal area of Achziv. The bathymetry will provide the first layer for the development of a coastal characterization procedure of the local benthic habitat. This study presents preliminary results of the satellite-derived bathymetry and a comparison with acoustic (multibeam echosounder) dataset.

}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Tibor, Gideon and Madore, Brian and Tomer Ketter} } @article {5283, title = {Scientific Discoveries in the Central Arctic Ocean Based on Seafloor Mapping Carried Out to Support Article 76 Extended Continental Shelf Claims}, year = {2013}, month = {9-13 December}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, keywords = {article 76, Extended Continental Shelf}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Larry A Mayer and Marcussen, C} } @article {5157, title = {Seabed classification for trawlability determined with a multibeam echo sounder on Snakehead Bank in the Gulf of Alaska}, volume = {111}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, pages = {68{\textendash}77}, author = {Thomas C Weber and Rooper, Chris and Butler, John and Jones, Darin and Christopher D Wilson} } @proceedings {5177, title = {A Single Vessel Approach to Inter--Vessel Normalization of Seafloor Backscatter Data}, year = {2013}, month = {March 25 - March}, url = {http://www.hypack.com/ushydro/2013/default.aspx}, author = {Greenaway, Samuel F}, editor = {Glen A Rice} } @proceedings {5105, title = {Spectral characterization of the Nigerian shoreline using Landsat imagery}, year = {2013}, month = {Mar 25 - Mar 28}, publisher = {THSOA}, address = {New Orleans, LA, USA}, author = {Fadahunsi, Olumide and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Christopher E Parrish and Andrew A. Armstrong and Alexander, Lee} } @mastersthesis {7293, title = {A Statistical Analysis for Estimating Fish Number Density with the Use of a Multibeam Echosounder}, volume = {Applied Mathematics}, year = {2013}, month = {September}, pages = {90}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Fish number density can be estimated from the normalized second moment of acoustic backscatter intensity [Denbigh et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 90, 457-469 (1991)]. This method assumes that the distribution of fish scattering amplitudes is known and that the fish are randomly distributed following a Poisson volume distribution within regions of constant density. It is most useful at low fish densities, relative to the resolution of the acoustic device being used, since the estimators quickly become noisy as the number of fish per resolution cell increases. New models that include noise contributions are considered. The methods were applied to an acoustic assessment of juvenile Atlantic Bluefin Tuna, Thunnus thynnus. The data were collected using a 400 kHz multibeam echo sounder during the summer months of 2009 in Cape Cod, MA. Due to the high resolution of the multibeam system used, the large size (approx. 1.5 m) of the tuna, and the spacing of the fish in the school, we expect there to be low fish densities relative to the resolution of the multibeam system. Results of the fish number density based on the normalized second moment of acoustic intensity are compared to fish packing density estimated using aerial imagery that was collected simultaneously.

}, url = {https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis/801}, author = {Schroth-Miller, Madeline L} } @article {5172, title = {Stress State in the Largest Displacement Area of the 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake}, volume = {339}, number = {6120}, year = {2013}, month = {2013}, pages = {687{\textendash}690}, abstract = {

The 2011 moment magnitude 9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake produced a maximum coseismic slip of more than 50 meters near the Japan trench, which could result in a completely reduced stress state in the region. We tested this hypothesis by determining the in situ stress state of the frontal prism from boreholes drilled by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program approximately 1 year after the earthquake and by inferring the pre-earthquake stress state. On the basis of the horizontal stress orientations and magnitudes estimated from borehole breakouts and the increase in coseismic displacement during propagation of the rupture to the trench axis, in situ horizontal stress decreased during the earthquake. The stress change suggests an active slip of the frontal plate interface, which is consistent with coseismic fault weakening and a nearly total stress drop.

}, author = {Lin, Weiren and Conin, Marianne and Moore, J Casey and Chester, Frederick M and Nakamura, Yasuyuki and James J Mori and Anderson, Louise and Brodsky, Emily E and Eguchi, Nobuhisa and Cook, Becky and Jeppson, Tamara and Monica L Wolfson-Schwehr and others} } @article {5290, title = {Structure and Composition of the Plate-Boundary Slip Zone for the 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake}, volume = {342}, number = {6163}, year = {2013}, month = {December 6}, pages = {1208{\textendash}1211}, abstract = {

The mechanics of great subduction earthquakes are influenced by the frictional properties, structure, and composition of the plate-boundary fault. We present observations of the structure and composition of the shallow source fault of the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake and tsunami from boreholes drilled by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 343 and 343T. Logging-while-drilling and core-sample observations show a single major plate-boundary fault accommodated the large slip of the Tohoku-Oki earthquake rupture, as well as nearly all the cumulative interplate motion at the drill site. The localization of deformation onto a limited thickness (less than 5 meters) of pelagic clay is the defining characteristic of the shallow earthquake fault, suggesting that the pelagic clay may be a regionally important control on tsunamigenic earthquakes.

}, doi = {DOI: 10.1126/science.1243719}, author = {Chester, Frederick M and Rowe, C and Ujiie, K and Kirkpatrick, J and Regalla, C and Remitti, F and Moore, J C and Toy, V and Monica L Wolfson-Schwehr and Bose, Santanu and Kameda, J and James J Mori and Brodsky, Emily E and Eguchi, Nobuhisa and Toczko, S} } @proceedings {5185, title = {Subtidal Flow Structure in Tidally Modulated Inlets}, volume = {1}, year = {2013}, month = {June 24 - June 2}, publisher = {ASCE}, address = {Plymouth, England, United Kingdom}, abstract = {

Observations of the vertical structure of subtidal currents were obtained on the inner shelf within Hampton and New River inlets located on the eastern U.S. seaboard. Currents on the inner shelf have complex vertical variation with speeds that attenuate over the water column and rotate with increasing depth up to 180 deg, and are strongly influenced by local winds. Within the primary inlet channels, subtidal currents are directed seaward and have reduced vertical structure, do not depend on local wind forcing, and are closely aligned with bathymetric contours. However, at New
River, surface currents aligned with a secondary channel 300 m to the north are directed landward, and have stronger vertical structure with near-bottom flows often heading in the opposite direction. The observed subtidal circulation provides a means to grossly estimate fresh water discharge, and has implications to morphologic evolution in the inlet.

}, keywords = {Boundary Layer Flow, Inlet Dynamics, Subtidal Currents, vertical structure}, author = {Thomas C Lippmann}, editor = {Irish, James D} } @proceedings {5161, title = {Testing of an extended target for use in high frequency sonar calibration}, volume = {19}, year = {2013}, month = {2 - 7 June}, author = {John L Heaton and Thomas C Weber and Glen A Rice and Xavier Lurton} } @article {5298, title = {To Explore or to Research: Trends in modern age ocean studies}, year = {2013}, month = {Dec 9-13}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, author = {Mashkoor A Malik and Valette-Silver, Nathalie and Elizabeth Lobecker and Skarke, Adam and Kelley Elliott and McDonough, John} } @article {5140, title = {Underwater radiated noise levels of a research icebreaker in the central Arctic Ocean}, journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, volume = {133}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, pages = {1971{\textendash}1980}, abstract = {

U.S. Coast Guard Cutter Healy\&$\#$39;s underwater radiated noise signature was characterized in the central Arctic Ocean during different types of ice-breaking operations. Propulsion modes included transit in variable ice cover, breaking heavy ice with backing-and-ramming maneuvers, and dynamic positioning with the bow thruster in operation. Compared to open-water transit, Healy\&$\#$39;s noise signature increased approximately 10dB between 20Hz and 2Hz when breaking ice. The highest noise levels resulted while the ship was engaged in backing-and-ramming maneuvers, owing to cavitation when operating the propellers astern or in opposing directions. In frequency bands centered near 10, 50, and 100Hz, source levels reached 190-200dB re: 1 \μPa at 1 m (full octave band) during ice-breaking operations.

}, keywords = {acoustic noise, sea ice, ships, underwater sound}, url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?JAS/133/1971/1}, author = {Roth, Ethan H. and Val Schmidt and Hildebrand, John A. and Wiggins, Sean M.} } @article {5019, title = {On the use of omnidirectional sonars and downwards-looking echosounders to assess pelagic fish distributions during and after midwater trawling}, volume = {70(1)}, year = {2013}, pages = {196-203}, author = {Stockwell, J.D. and Thomas C Weber and Baukus, A.J. and Jech, J M} } @article {5282, title = {Utilizing New Multibeam Sonar Datasets to Map Potential Locations of Sensitive Benthic Habitats in the U.S. Atlantic Extended Continental Shelf}, year = {2013}, month = {9-13 December}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, keywords = {benthic habitat, continental shelf, multibeam sonar}, author = {Derek Sowers and Larry A Mayer and James V. Gardner} } @proceedings {5176, title = {Variable Resolution Bathymetric-Gridding Technology for Nautical Charting: Case Study CHRT Data}, year = {2013}, month = {March 25-27}, publisher = {The Hydrographic Society of America}, address = {New Orleans, LA, USA}, abstract = {

This paper describes some of the tools and challenges associated with processing gridded variable-resolution bathymetry for use in nautical charting.\ Gridded data specifications for the navigation surface are ultimately dictated by the requirements for seafloor coverage and feature detection.\ It is vital to ensure that the piecewise-variable resolution of desired bathymetric content is accurately portrayed throughout the processes of visualization and product generation.\ Test data from NOAA hydrographic surveys that incorporate a variety of echo-sounder types (acoustic frequencies, beam widths) and bracket a wide range of bathymetry (depth and slope ranges, isolated features) are examined.\ Variable resolution grids are assembled from the CUBE with Hierarchical Resolution Techniques (CHRT) algorithm.\ The impact of variable resolution on bathymetric data exchange and standards thereof (BAG, S-102) is also discussed.

}, keywords = {CHRT, Hydrographic Data Processing, Nautical Charting, Variable Resolution}, author = {Lamey, B and Riley, Jack and Froelich, Grant and Miller, James and Brian R Calder} } @proceedings {5164, title = {Water-Column Variability Assessment for Underway Profilers to Improve Efficiency and Accuracy of Multibeam Surveys}, year = {2013}, month = {March 25-28}, publisher = {THSOA}, address = {New Orleans, LA, USA}, abstract = {

With the advent of underway profilers, sampling the water-column to obtain sound speed corrections is no longer a detriment to hydrographic survey efficiency. Instead, the challenge has become deciding how many casts are necessary to maintain a desired level of multibeam sounding accuracy, while not needlessly overworking the profiler.

Ray tracing uncertainty analysis can determine in hindsight whether a particular sampling interval is adequate or not. Based on this methodology, an algorithm was developed to generate recommended sampling intervals based on successively acquired sound speed profiles, allowing the MVP to run in a \“cruise-control\” mode where the sampling interval is altered in response to changing oceanographic conditions.

In collaboration with Rolls Royce, the algorithm was implemented in Python and loosely couples with the MVP controller software such that the recommended sampling interval can be adjusted without operator intervention. Integration of the software with the MVP controller was successfully tested aboard the NOAA Ship Ferdinand R. Hassler in September of 2012. Initial results from field trials and from analysis of existing data sets are presented.

}, keywords = {sound speed uncertainty}, author = {Matthew J. Wilson and Beaudoin, Jonathan and Stephen Smyth} } @article {6278, title = {Acoustic Backscatter Processing for the Navy of Ecuador}, year = {2012}, month = {02/01/2012}, abstract = {

En la cartograf\ía n\áutica actual, la informaci\ón concerniente al tipo del sedimento subsuperficial del lecho marino en la \áreas de fondeaderos es muy escasa, por lo que los comandantes de la embarcaciones, mayormente seleccionan el lugar para fondeo en funci\ón de la experiencia de quienes previamente han utilizado dicha \área o simplemente en funci\ón de la prueba y error conforme el desempe\ño de su ancla. El tipo de sedimentos subsuperficiales del lecho marino juega un rol preponderante en el desempe\ño del ancla, pero la distribuci\ón espacial a lo largo del margen costero nacional depende tanto de los aportes tierra dentro, as\í como de la din\ámica de transporte de sedimentos imperantes en la zona. El empleo de la energ\ía ac\ústica para la determinaci\ón de las profundidades empez\ó luego de la primera guerra mundial; sin embargo con los avances tecnol\ógicos, investigadores han podido descifrar que se puede extraer informaci\ón valiosa de la energ\ía de retorno. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo incorporar el conocimiento actual de la comunidad cient\ífica en lo que respecta al uso de la retrodispersi\ón ac\ústica para la alimentaci\ón de \áreas que podr\ían ser utilizadas para el fondeo de embarcaciones disminuyendo las afectaciones al medio ambiente.

}, keywords = {HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY;SEAFLOOR SAMPLES;ACOUSTIC CONCEPTS;SEDIMENT GRAIN}, author = {Alvarado, Jorge A.} } @article {5033, title = {Acoustic observations of oil and gas in the northern Gulf of Mexico during and after the Deepwater Horizon spill}, year = {2012}, month = {28 March}, author = {Thomas C Weber and Larry A Mayer and De Robertis, Alex and Greenaway, Samuel F and Glen A Rice and Beaudoin, Jonathan and Shedd, B.} } @proceedings {5030, title = {Acoustic sensing of gas seeps in the deep ocean with split-beam echosounders}, year = {2012}, month = {July 2 - July 6}, keywords = {gas seeps}, author = {Thomas C Weber and Kevin Jerram and Larry A Mayer} } @article {5057, title = {AIS Application-Specific Messages: Expectation and Reality}, volume = {53, No. 3}, year = {2012}, month = {March 2012}, pages = {69}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @article {5041, title = {Application of color based semi-automatic computer analysis for underwater videomosaics: North Atlantic hard bottom case}, year = {2012}, month = {October 17-18}, address = {Trondheim, Norway}, url = {http://www.mareano.no/english/news/international_mareano-workshop}, author = {Alex {\v S}a{\v s}kov and Dahlgren, T and Marie-Lise Schl{\"a}ppy and Yuri Rzhanov} } @proceedings {4891, title = {Application of Landscape Mosaics for the Ecological Status Assesment of Subtidal Macroalgae Communities Using the CFR Index}, year = {2012}, month = {Apr 4 - Apr 11}, address = {Santander, Spain}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization - Optical Imagery}, url = {www.ieo-santander.net/isobay13/}, author = {Gracia, A. and Guinda Salsamendi, Xabier and Juanes, J.A. and Yuri Rzhanov and Larry A Mayer} } @inbook {4921, title = {Applications}, booktitle = {Airborne Topographic Lidar Manual}, year = {2012}, pages = {283-423}, publisher = {American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS)}, organization = {American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS)}, chapter = {10}, address = {Bethesda, Maryland}, keywords = {applications, coastal, LIDAR}, author = {Heidemann, H.K. and Stoker, J. and Brown, D. and Olsen, M.J. and Singh, R. and Williams, K and Chin, A. and Karlin, A. and McClung, G. and Janke, J. and Shan, J. and Kim, K.H. and Sampath, A. and Ural, S. and Christopher E Parrish and Waters, K. and Wozencraft, J. and Macon, C.L. and Brock, J. and Wright, C.W. and Hopkinson, C. and Pietroniro, A. and Madin, I. and Conner, J.} } @inbook {5070, title = {Arctic Marine Research: A U.S. Practitioner{\textquoteright}s Perspective}, booktitle = {Arctic Science, International Law and Climate Change}, number = {235}, year = {2012}, pages = {83-95}, publisher = {Springer Heidleberg}, organization = {Springer Heidleberg}, address = {Berlin, Germany}, author = {Larry A Mayer} } @proceedings {5023, title = {Automated Optimal Processing of Phase Differencing Side-scan Sonar Data using the Most Probable Angle Algorithm}, year = {2012}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Hampton Roads, VA}, author = {Val Schmidt and Thomas C Weber and Arthur Trembanis} } @proceedings {4863, title = {Beyond the Chart: The use of Satellite Remote Sensing for Assessing the Adequacy and Completeness Information}, year = {2012}, month = {May 15 - May 17}, address = {Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada}, keywords = {Chart of the Future}, url = {www.chc2012.ca}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Azuike, Chukwuma and Alexander, Lee and Christopher E Parrish and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @proceedings {5031, title = {Calibration of multibeam echo sounders: a comparison between two methodologies}, year = {2012}, month = {July 2 - July 6}, author = {Lanzoni, Carlo and Thomas C Weber} } @proceedings {5032, title = {Calibration of two orthogonal dual-frequency identifications onars (DIDSONS)}, year = {2012}, month = {July 2 - July 6}, author = {Jech, J M and K. Boswell and T. Barao and J. Condiotty and Melvin, G and J. Taylor and W. Wakefield and Thomas C Weber} } @article {5059, title = {Characteristics of Oceanic Strike-Slip Earthquakes Differ Between Plate Boundary and Intraplate Settings}, year = {2012}, month = {Dec 3 - 7, 2012}, author = {Margaret S Boettcher and Monica L Wolfson-Schwehr and Michele Forestall and Thomas Jordan} } @proceedings {4993, title = {ChUM: Chart Update Mashup}, year = {2012}, month = {Oct 15 - Oct 19}, publisher = {IEEE/MTS}, address = {Hampton Roads, VA}, abstract = {

Critical nautical chart corrections are disseminated weekly via the U.S. Coast Guard in the form of a PDF document called the \“Local Notice to Mariners.\” Users of both paper and electronic nautical charts need to regularly apply these corrections to update their charts for safe navigation. This paper gives a detailed description of a tool, called ChUM (the Chart Update Mashup), that simplifies the process of combining nautical charts with the critical chart corrections and the U.S. Coast Pilot (an aid to navigation) using Google Maps. This georeferenced interface simplifies finding chart corrections for a specific chart and allows for filtering and sorting the data.

}, keywords = {Coast Pilot., Geo-referenced data, Google Maps, Local Notice to Mariners, mashup, nautical charts}, url = {http://www.oceans12mtsieeehamptonroads.org/}, author = {Briana M Sullivan} } @article {5043, title = {Combining angular and spatial information from multibeam backscatter data for improved unsupervised acoustic seabed segmentation}, year = {2012}, month = {February 21-24}, address = {Wellington, New Zealand}, url = {http://www.conference.co.nz/shallowsurvey}, author = {Alexandre C. G. Schimel and Yuri Rzhanov and Fonseca, Luciano and Larry A Mayer and Immenga, Dirk} } @mastersthesis {4942, title = {Comparison and Evaluation of Global Publicly Available Bathymetry Grids in the Arctic}, volume = {Earth Sciences}, year = {2012}, month = {05/2012}, pages = {149}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

In this study we evaluate the differences between six publicly available bathymetry grids in different regions of the Arctic. The independent, high-resolution and accuracy multibeam sonar derived grids are used as a ground truth against which the analyzed grids are compared. The specific bathymetry grids assessed, IBCAO, GEBCO 1 minute, GEBCO_08, ETOPO1, SRTM30_Plus, and Smith and Sandwell, are separated into two major Types: Type A, grids based solely on sounding data sources, and Type B, grids based on sounding data combined with gravity data. The differences were evaluated in terms of source data accuracy, depth accuracy, internal consistency, presence of artifacts, interpolation accuracy, registration issues and resolution of the coastline. These parameters were chosen as quality metrics important for the choice of the grid for any given purpose. We find that Type A bathymetry grids (in particular GEBCO_08) perform better than Type B grids in terms of internal consistency, and have higher accuracy in the different morphological provinces, especially the continental shelf, mainly due to the better source data coverage. Type B grids, on the other hand, have pronounced artifacts and have low accuracy on the shelf due to the scarcity of source data in the region and, in general, the poor performance of gravity prediction in shallow areas and high latitudes. Finally, we propose qualitative metrics that are important when choosing a bathymetry grid and support these metrics with a quality model to guide the choice of the most appropriate grid.\ 

}, keywords = {Bathymetry grids; Arctic; Earth Sciences}, author = {Abramova, Anastasia} } @inbook {4266, title = {The Continental Shelf and Changing Sea Level}, booktitle = { Maritime Boundary Diplomacy, Center for Oceans Law and Policy Series}, number = {16}, year = {2012}, month = {09/2012}, pages = {197-212}, publisher = {Martinus Nijhoff Publishers}, organization = {Martinus Nijhoff Publishers}, abstract = {

This chapter discusses the changes seen in the Arctic and the impact that these changes are having on maritime boundary issues. It looks at how the forces that are driving the changes we are seeing in the Arctic are also having a global impact on maritime boundary issues, raising in particular, issues related to the continental shelf. Global sea level rise has an immediate impact on maritime boundaries through the definition of the baselines from which the maritime zones are measured. Given the potential for a significant rise in sea level and with that, the potential for migrating and potentially disappearing baselines, the chapter discusses the ramification when the continental shelf outer limit is \“fixed and binding\” and \“permanent. The chapter discusses a simple hypothetical case of the small Japanese island, Minamitorishima, in the northwest Pacific located approximately 1150 miles southeast of Tokyo.\ 

}, keywords = {continental shelf; maritime boundaries; Minamitorishima; sea level}, doi = {10.1163/9789004230941_015}, author = {Larry A Mayer}, editor = {Nordquist, M. and Moore, J. Norton} } @article {2881, title = {Data Visualization Optimization via a Computational Modeling of Perception}, volume = {18}, year = {2012}, pages = {309-320}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Pineo, Daniel and Colin Ware} } @inbook {5071, title = {Deepwater Horizon and the Arctic: Is there a Need for International Regulation?}, booktitle = {The Law of the Sea Convention: U.S. Accession and Globalization}, year = {2012}, pages = {512 - 528}, publisher = {Martinus Nijhoff Publishers}, organization = {Martinus Nijhoff Publishers}, edition = {Center for Oceans Law and Policy Series}, address = {Leiden, South Holland, The Netherlands}, author = {Larry A Mayer and Roach, J A and Baker, B} } @article {5080, title = {Descriptive Report to Accompany NOAA Ship Oscar Dyson 2011}, year = {2012}, chapter = {NOAA Office of Coast Survey}, author = {Glen A Rice and Thomas C Weber and Jodi L Pirtle} } @article {4981, title = {Designing a Better Weather Display}, volume = {8294 No. 9}, year = {2012}, pages = {1 - 13}, publisher = {SPIE Visualization and Data Analysis}, author = {Colin Ware and Plumlee, Matt D} } @proceedings {4858, title = {Developing a GIS-Database and Risk Index for Potentially Polluting Marine Sites}, year = {2012}, month = {May 15 - May 17}, address = {Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada}, abstract = {

The increasing availability of geospatial marine data provides an opportunity for hydrographic offices to contribute to the identification of \“Potentially Polluting Marine Sites\” (PPMS). These include shipwrecks, oil rigs, pipelines, and dumping areas. To adequately assess the environmental risk of these sites, relevant information must be collected and converted into a multi-scale geodatabase suitable for site inventory and geo-spatial analysis. In addition, a Risk Index \– representing an assessment of the magnitude of risk associated with any site \– can be derived to determine the potential impacts of these PPMS. However, the successful collection and integration of PPMS information requires some effort to \‘normalize\’ and standardize the data based on recognized international standards. In particular, there is benefit in structuring the data in conformance with the Universal Hydrographic Data Model (IHO S-100) recently adopted by the International Hydrographic Organization. In this paper, an S-100 compliant product specification for a PPMS geo-spatial database and associated Marine Site Risk Index is proposed which can be used by national hydrographic offices and marine protection agencies.

}, keywords = {GIS Database; Risk Index for Potentially Polluting Marine Sites; GML; PPMS; MaSiRI; shipwreck; IHO S-100}, url = {www.chc2012.ca}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti and Brian R Calder and Alexander, Lee} } @proceedings {4890, title = {Developing a Methodology for the Mapping and Characterization of the Nigerian Coastline Using Remote Sensing}, year = {2012}, month = {May 14 - May 17}, address = {Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada}, keywords = {Data Processing}, url = {chc2012.ca}, author = {Fadahunsi, Olumide and Andrew A. Armstrong and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Alexander, Lee and Christopher E Parrish} } @proceedings {4861, title = {Development of a Geo-spatial Analysis Methodology for Assessing the Adequacy of Hydrographic Surveying and Nautical Charts}, year = {2012}, month = {May 15 - May 17}, address = {Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada}, keywords = {Chart of the Future}, url = {www.chc2012.ca}, author = {Azuike, Chukwuma and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Alexander, Lee and Christopher E Parrish and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @mastersthesis {7294, title = {Development of a Geo-spatial Analysis Methodology for Assessing the Adequacy of Hydrographic Surveys and Nautical Charts}, volume = {Ocean Engineering/Ocean Mapping}, year = {2012}, month = {December}, pages = {163}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

IHO Publication C-55 contains information about the progress of hydrographic surveying and nautical charting for littoral states. Listed primarily as percent coverage, it is difficult to use this information to determine: 1) if the current level of surveying or charting is adequate or in need of action, or 2) can be used to compare different locations. An analysis methodology has been developed to assess the adequacy of hydrographic surveying and nautical charting coverage. Indications of chart adequacy as depicted on charts or sailing directions are spatially correlated with significant maritime areas associated with navigational/national interest. However, an analysis based solely on these datasets is limited without access to the current depth information. Publically-available, multi-spectral satellite imagery can be used to derive estimates of bathymetry and provide information in previously unsurveyed areas. Preliminary results show that multi-spectral satellite remote sensing is potentially beneficial as a reconnaissance tool prior to a hydrographic survey.

}, url = {https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis/746}, author = {Azuike, Chukwuma} } @article {5076, title = {Development of Nereid-UI: A Remotely Operated Underwater Vehicle for Oceanographic Access Under Ice}, year = {2012}, month = {Dec 3 - Dec 7}, address = {San Francisco, CA, United States}, abstract = {

Abs. $\#$ C13E-0654

}, author = {Whitcomb, Louis L and Bowen, Andrew and Dana Yoerger and Christopher R. German and Kinsey, J and Larry A Mayer and Jakuba, Michael and Gomez-Ibanez, D. and Taylor, Christopher and Machado, Casey and Howland, J and Kaiser, Karl and Heintz, Matthew} } @article {5044, title = {Development of the geoCamera, a system for mapping ice from a ship}, year = {2012}, month = {Dec 3 - Dec 7}, address = {San Francisco, CA, United States}, abstract = {

The geoCamera produces maps of the ice surrounding an ice-capable ship by combining images from one or more digital cameras with the ship\&$\#$39;s position and attitude data. Maps are produced along the ship\&$\#$39;s path with the achievable width and resolution depending on camera mounting height as well as camera resolution and lens parameters. Our system has produced maps up to 2000m wide at 1m resolution. Once installed and calibrated, the system is designed to operate automatically producing maps in near real-time and making them available to on-board users via existing information systems. The resulting small-scale maps complement existing satellite based products as well as on-board observations. Development versions have temporarily been deployed in Antarctica on the RV Nathaniel B. Palmer in 2010 and in the Arctic on the USCGC Healy in 2011. A permanent system has been deployed during the summer of 2012 on the USCGC Healy. To make the system attractive to other ships of opportunity, design goals include using existing ship systems when practical, using low costs commercial-off-the-shelf components if additional hardware is necessary, automating the process to virtually eliminate adding to the workload of ships technicians and making the software components modular and flexible enough to allow more seamless integration with a ship\&$\#$39;s particular IT system.\ 

}, author = {Roland Arsenault and Clemente-Colon, Pablo} } @article {4962, title = {Develping a Methodology for the Mapping and Characterization of the Nigerian Coastline Using Remote Sensing}, year = {2012}, month = {May 15 - May 17}, address = {Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada}, keywords = {Remote Sensing, Shoreline Delineation}, url = {www.chc2012.ca}, author = {Fadahunsi, Olumide and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Alexander, Lee and Christopher E Parrish} } @proceedings {5018, title = {Digital terrain mapping of Petermann Ice Island fragments in the Canadian High Arctic}, year = {2012}, month = {June 2011}, address = {Dalian, China}, author = {Forrest, A.L. and A.K. Hamilton and Val Schmidt and B E Laval and D. Mueller and Crawford, A. J. and Brucker, S. and Hamilton, T} } @proceedings {5102, title = {Distance Detection of Unmanned Underwater Vehicles by Utilizing Optical Sensor Feedback in Leader-Follower Formation}, year = {2012}, month = {Oct 14 - Oct 19}, publisher = {IEEE/MTS}, address = {Hampton Falls, VA}, author = {Eren, Firat and May-Win Thein and Celikkol, Barbaros and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Decew, Jud} } @article {4783, title = {A dual-spectrometer approach to reflectance measurements under sub-optimal sky conditions}, volume = {20}, year = {2012}, month = {In press}, publisher = {The Optical Society (OSA)}, abstract = {

Abstract: This paper presents a practical method for the development of spectral reflectance libraries under sub-optimal sky conditions.\  Although there are commercially available spectrometers which simultaneously measure both downwelling and upwelling radiance to mitigate the impact of sub-optimal sky conditions, these spectrometers only record in the visible and near infra-red.\  There are presently no commercially available spectrometers with this capability that can record the visible through short-wave infra-red.\  This paper presents a practical method of recording and processing data using coordinated measurements from two full-range spectrometers and discusses potential pitfalls and solutions required to achieve accurate reflectance spectra.\  Results demonstrate that high-quality spectral reflectance libraries can be developed with this approach.

}, keywords = {Spectrometers and spectroscopic instrumentation, Spectroscopy}, url = {http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/home.cfm}, author = {Bachmann, Charles M and Montes, Marcos J and Christopher E Parrish and Fusina, Robert A and C. Reid Nichols and Rong-Rong Li and Eric Hallenborg and Christopher A. Jones and Krista Lee and Sellars, Jon and White, Stephen A and John C. Fry} } @proceedings {4859, title = {e-Navigation on the St. Lawrence River in Canada: Past, Present and Future}, year = {2012}, month = {Jan 18 - Jan 20}, address = {Copenhagen, Denmark}, keywords = {e-Navigation}, url = {www.e-navigation.net}, author = {Ringuette, G and Pelletier, S. and Dagenais, D.A. and Alexander, Lee} } @article {5051, title = {Essential Fish Habitat Project Status Report: Low-cost multibeam mapping to support habitat based groundfish assessment and deepwater coral research in the Gulf of Alaska}, year = {2012}, month = {October 31}, pages = {1-12}, institution = {NOAA Alaska Fisheries Science Center}, address = {Seattle, WA, USA}, keywords = {Essential Fish Habitat; Seafloor Characterization; Groundfish; Gulf of Alaska; Simrad ME70}, author = {Jodi L Pirtle and Thomas C Weber and Christopher D Wilson and Rooper, Chris and Heifetz, Jon} } @proceedings {4865, title = {Establishing a Multibeam Sonar Evaluation Test Bed near Sidney, British Columbia}, year = {2012}, month = {May 15 - May 17}, address = {Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada}, keywords = {Sonar Capabilities}, author = {Hare, R and John E. Hughes Clarke and Whittaker, C. and Broadus, M. and Martinolich, R. and Beaudoin, Jonathan} } @article {5027, title = {Evaluation of rockfish abundance in untrawlable habitat: combining acoustic and complementary sampling tools}, volume = {110}, year = {2012}, pages = {332{\textendash}343}, author = {Jones, D.T. and Christopher D Wilson and De Robertis, Alex and Rooper, Chris and Thomas C Weber and Butler, J.L.} } @article {4884, title = {Evaluation of Servicio Hidrogr{\'a}fico y Oceanogr{\'a}fico de la Armada de Chile (SHOA ) Capability in Non-navigational Ocean Mapping}, year = {2012}, month = {Mar 6}, pages = {1-5}, institution = {GEBCO}, address = {Valparaiso, CHL}, keywords = {Non- navigational bathymetry}, author = {Monahan, Dave} } @article {5063, title = {Evidence of Extensive Gas Venting at the Blake Ridge and Cape Fear Diapirs}, year = {2012}, month = {Dec 3 - Dec 7 }, address = {San Francisco, CA, United States}, author = {Laura Brothers and Van Dover, Cindy and Christopher R. German and Dana Yoerger and Kaiser, Karl and Elizabeth Lobecker and Skarke, Adam and Carolyn Ruppel} } @article {5078, title = {Exploration of the Black, Aegean, and Mediterranean Seas Aboard E/V Nautilus}, year = {2012}, month = {Dec 3 - Dec 7}, address = {San Francisco, CA, United States}, abstract = {

Abs. $\#$ OS51D-1911

}, author = {Bell, K L and Robert Ballard and Brennan, M. L. and Nicole A Raineault and Shank, T M and Larry A Mayer and Chris Roman and Mitchell, Garrett and Coleman, D. F.} } @article {5040, title = {Exploring Eratosthenes Seamount with Deep Submergence Vehicles, Telepresence, and the E/V Nautilus}, year = {2012}, month = {October, 14-19}, address = {Hampton Roads, VA, USA}, url = {http://www.oceansconference.org/}, author = {Mitchell, Garrett and Larry A Mayer and Yuri Rzhanov} } @article {4873, title = {Exploring Ocean Flow Models with a Multitouch 3D Interface}, year = {2012}, month = {May }, pages = {44-46}, keywords = {Data Visualization - Flow Visualization}, url = {http://www.sea-technology.com/features/2012/0512/3d_interface.php}, author = {Butkiewicz, Thomas} } @article {5034, title = {Exploring the capabilities of an 18-kHz split-beam scientific echosounder for water column mapping and seafloor positioning of methane seeps in the northern Gulf of Mexico.}, year = {2012}, author = {Kevin Jerram and Thomas C Weber and Beaudoin, Jonathan} } @article {4782, title = {Extracting More Data from LiDAR in Forested Areas by Analyzing Waveform Shape}, volume = {4}, year = {2012}, month = {12 March 2012}, pages = {682-702}, publisher = {MDPI Publishing}, address = {Basel, Switzerland}, abstract = {

Abstract: Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) in forested areas is used for constructing Digital Terrain Models (DTMs), estimating biomass carbon and timber volume and estimating foliage distribution as an indicator of tree growth and health. All of these purposes are hindered by the inability to distinguish the source of returns as foliage, stems, understorey and the ground except by their relative positions. The ability to separate these returns would improve all analyses significantly. Furthermore, waveform metrics providing information on foliage density could improve forest health and growth estimates. In this study, the potential to use waveform LiDAR was investigated. Aerial waveform LiDAR data were acquired for a New Zealand radiata pine plantation forest, and Leaf Area Density (LAD) was measured in the field. Waveform peaks with a good signal-to-noise ratio were analyzed and each described with a Gaussian peak height, half-height width, and an exponential decay constant. All parameters varied substantially across all surface types, ruling out the potential to determine source characteristics for individual returns, particularly those with a lower signal-to-noise ratio. However, pulses on the ground on
average had a greater intensity, decay constant and a narrower peak than returns from coniferous foliage. When spatially averaged, canopy foliage density (measured as LAD) varied significantly, and was found to be most highly correlated with the volume-average exponential decay rate. A simple model based on the Beer-Lambert law is proposed to
explain this relationship, and proposes waveform decay rates as a new metric that is less affected by shadowing than intensity-based metrics. This correlation began to fail when peaks with poorer curve fits were included.

}, keywords = {Beer-Lambert law, deconvolution, forests, Gaussian fitting, LAD, leaf area density, waveform LiDAR, Weiner deconvolution}, url = {http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/4/3/682/}, author = {Adams, Thomas and Beets, Peter and Christopher E Parrish} } @article {4982, title = {Fault Thermal Structure and Seismic Hazard on Segmented Oceanic Transform Faults}, year = {2012}, month = {Jan 4 - Jan 6}, address = {Houston, TX, United States}, author = {Monica L Wolfson-Schwehr and Margaret S Boettcher and Jeffrey J McGuire and Collins, J.A.} } @mastersthesis {5029, title = {A Geo-database for Potentially Polluting Marine Sites and Associated Risk Index}, volume = {Ocean Engineering/Ocean Mapping}, year = {2012}, month = {12/2012}, pages = {284}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

The increasing availability of geospatial marine data provides an opportunity for hydrographic offices to contribute to the identification of \“Potentially Polluting Marine Sites\” (PPMS).

To adequately manage these sites, a PPMS Geospatial Database (GeoDB) application was developed to collect and store relevant information suitable for site inventory and geo-spatial analysis. The benefits of structuring the data to conform to the Universal Hydrographic Data Model (IHO S-100) and to use the Geographic Mark-Up Language (GML) for encoding are presented. A storage solution is proposed using a GML-enabled spatial relational database management system (RDBMS). In addition, an example of a risk index methodology is provided based on the defined data structure. The implementation of this example was performed using scripts containing SQL statements.

These procedures were implemented using a cross-platform C++ application based on open-source libraries and called PPMS GeoDB Manager.

Manuscript

}, keywords = {GML Application, IHO S-100 Data Model, PPMS, Quality Symbol, Risk Index, Shipwrecks}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti} } @article {4958, title = {Geological interpretation of a low-backscatter anomaly found on the New Jersey continental margin}, volume = {326-328}, year = {2012}, month = {24-08-2012}, pages = {46-54}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {

An enigmatic low-backscatter, acoustic anomaly occurs on the New Jersey continental margin between Hudson and Wilmington Canyon channels. The presence of the low-backscatter anomaly, as seen with 6.5- and 12-kHz data, indicates a change in the physical properties of the seafloor or near sub-surface. Analyses of seafloor and sub-surface acoustic data with previously collected sediment cores suggest the low-backscatter feature corresponds to an outcrop of older strata uncovered by erosion and non-deposition by the Western Boundary Undercurrent (WBUC). The decrease in backscatter strength is enhanced by the presence of gas in the sub-surface sediments found in the buried Chesapeake Drift.\ 

}, keywords = {Chesapeake Drift, continental slope, multibeam backscatter, submarine canyons, U.S. mid-Atlantic continental margin, Western Boundary Undercurrent}, author = {Sweeney, Ed and James V. Gardner and Johnson, Joel and Larry A Mayer} } @article {4889, title = {Habitat structure influences the survival and predator-prey interactions of early juvenile red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus}, volume = {465}, year = {2012}, month = {September 28}, pages = {169-184}, abstract = {

Highly structured nursery habitats promote the survival of juvenile stages of many
species by providing foraging opportunities and refuge from predators. Through integrated
laboratory and field experiments, we demonstrate that nursery habitat structure affects survival
and predator-prey interactions of red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus. Crabs (\<1 yr old
[Age 0]; 8 to 10 mm carapace length [CL]) preferred complex biogenic habitats formed by structural
invertebrates and macroalgae over structural mimics and sand in the absence of predators in
laboratory experiments, yet they associated with any available structural habitat when fish predators
were present. Survival was higher in the presence of complex habitat for Age 0 crabs (5 to
7.5 mm CL) with Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus predators in the laboratory and for Age 0
(4 to 8 mm CL) and Age 1 (16 to 28 mm CL) crabs with fish and invertebrate predators in the field.
Crab activity and refuge response behavior varied with crab stage and habitat. Age 0 crabs were
cryptic, avoiding predators by associating with habitat structure or remaining motionless in the
absence of structure, and were less likely to respond to an attack. In contrast, Age 1 crabs were
more likely to respond to an attacking predator and were less likely to remain motionless in the
absence of structural refuge, suggesting an ontogenetic shift in behavior. Complex habitats, cryptic
behavior, and direct defense improve juvenile red king crab survival against certain predators,
including demersal fishes.

}, keywords = {Red king crab {\textperiodcentered} Paralithodes camtschaticus {\textperiodcentered} Nursery habitat dynamics {\textperiodcentered} Predator{\textendash}prey interaction {\textperiodcentered} Habitat complexity {\textperiodcentered} Refuge {\textperiodcentered} Gadus macrocephalus}, url = {http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/}, author = {Jodi L Pirtle and Eckert, G.L. and Stoner, A.W.} } @article {4978, title = {High-resolution Videomosaic of an Underwater Loss Incident}, year = {2012}, author = {Claesson, S and Yuri Rzhanov} } @article {4966, title = {Hydrographic Data Processing on a Robust, Network-Coupled Parallel Cluster}, year = {2012}, month = {Feb 21 - Feb 26}, address = {Wellington, New Zealand}, keywords = {Data Processing - CUBE}, url = {http://www.conference.co.nz/shallowsurvey}, author = {Brian R Calder and Venugopal, Rohit} } @article {5036, title = {Hydrographic Data Processing on a Robust, Network-Coupled Parallel Cluster}, year = {2012}, month = {Feb 21 - Feb 26}, address = {Wellington, New Zealand}, abstract = {

Increasing data volumes and adoption of computer-assisted hydrographic data processing algorithms necessitate higher data processing rates if gains in efficiency achieved in the last decade are to be maintained and enhanced.\  Recent advances in desktop computer architectures have made multi-core and multi-processor systems readily available, and some advances have been made in implementing multi-threaded versions of common hydrographic data processing algorithms.\  In many cases, however, although the algorithms might be ideal for parallel implementation (so called \‘embarrassingly parallel\’ tasks), limitations in memory, disc and network bandwidth within a single system can have significant limitations on the scalability of these solutions.

Offloading the computational requirements to a separate, clustered system of multiple computers is therefore appealing, since it has the potential for much higher net bandwidth, and robustness, without the collateral constraints of a desktop system.\  We consider, therefore, the advantages, potential efficiency gains, and difficulties, of processing hydrographic data in a robust, network-coupled, parallel cluster of computers.\  In particular, we address the problems of efficient and robust data distribution, compute load and network balancing, and of ensuring task- and system-level robustness in such a distributed system.

To illustrate the problem, we have considered two common processing tasks: pre-processing of raw Multibeam Echosounder (MBES) data to the stage of uncertainty-attributed resolved soundings in the local level, and computation of most-probable depths with a CUBE-like algorithm.\  These tasks illustrate a time- and spatially-indexed processing problem, respectively, which can engender differences in optimal data distribution and have different data- and network-use patterns.\  We demonstrate the gains and limitations of a clustered compute solution in these two cases, using the metrics of computational time as a function of processor resources committed, and robustness of processing in the face of intermittent random failures, as applied to (portions of) the Shallow Survey 2012 Common Data Set.

}, keywords = {CHRT, Data Processing, Parallel Processing}, author = {Brian R Calder and Venugopal, Rohit} } @proceedings {4886, title = {The Impact of Sea State Condition on Airborne Lidar Bathymetry Measurements}, year = {2012}, month = {Apr 23 - Apr 26}, address = {Baltimore, MD}, keywords = {Sensor technology}, url = {spie.org}, author = {Karlsson, Torbjorn and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Axelsson, Andreas} } @proceedings {4892, title = {On Importance of Acoustic Backscatter Corrections for Texture-based Seafloor Characterization}, year = {2012}, month = {Jul 2 - Jul 6}, address = {Edinburgh, UK}, keywords = {Data Processing; GeoCoder}, url = {www.ecua2012.com}, author = {Fakiris, E. and Yuri Rzhanov and Zoura, D.} } @article {5039, title = {Improving Multibeam Data Quality Across the U.S. Academic Research Fleet}, year = {2012}, month = {Dec. 3-7.2012}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, abstract = {

The Multibeam Advisory Committee (MAC) is an NSF funded project with the goal of improving the quality of multibeam across the U.S. academic research fleet. There are many facets to the Committee\’s plan to reach this goal, one of which is to have a team of multibeam specialists visiting vessels in the fleet. During their ship visits, the MAC\’s Quality Assurance Team (QAT) deploys software tools, disseminates \“best practice\” documentation, assesses the state of the system as a whole and does everything they can to help ship operators better understand and operate their multibeam systems. A big part of these ship visits is simply outreach: we want to let the operators know that they have access to help if they need it.
In addition to developing working relationships with the operating institutions, the MAC seeks to reach out to the end user: the scientific community that uses these facilities to further their research. By presenting the MAC and QAT concepts to the community, we hope to raise awareness of our efforts, introduce the software tools and best-practice documentation that we are deploying and also solicit feedback on what future directions the MAC should focus.
}, author = {Paul Johnson and Beaudoin, Jonathan and Vicki L Ferrini} } @article {5046, title = {In synch? Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) mother and calf foraging behavior: insights from multi-sensor suction cup tags}, volume = {457}, year = {2012}, month = {2012}, pages = {209-220}, author = {Tyson, R.B.,}, editor = {Friedlaender, A S and Colin Ware and Stimpert, A K and Nowacek, D P} } @book {4980, title = {Information Visualization: Perception for Design. Edition III}, year = {2012}, pages = {512}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufman}, organization = {Morgan Kaufman}, edition = {3rd}, address = {Boston, MA, United States}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware} } @article {5062, title = {Interactive Visual Analysis within Dynamic Ocean Models}, year = {2012}, month = {12/2012}, author = {Butkiewicz, Thomas} } @article {4959, title = {The International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO) version 3.0}, volume = {39}, year = {2012}, abstract = {

The International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO) released its first gridded\ bathymetric compilation in 1999. The IBCAO bathymetric portrayals has since supported a wide\ range of Arctic science activities, for example, by providing constraint for ocean circulation models and the means to define and formulate hypotheses about the geologic origin of the Arctic Ocean undersea features. IBCAO Version 3.0 comprises the largest improvement since 1999 taking advantage of new data sets collected by the circum-Arctic nations, opportunistic data collected from fishing vessels, data acquired from US Navy submarines and from research ships of various nations. Built using an improved gridding algorithm, this new grid is on a 500 meter spacing, revealing much greater details of the Arctic seafloor than IBCAO 1.0 (2.5 km) and 2.0 (2.0 km). The area covered by multibeam surveys has increased from ~6 \% in Version 2.0 to ~11\% in Version 3.0.

}, keywords = {Arctic Ocean, bathymetric chart, Bathymetry grids; Arctic; Earth Sciences, ibcoa}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Larry A Mayer and Coakley, Bernie and Dowdeswell, J and Forbes, S. and Fridman, B. and Hodnesdal, H. and Noormets, R. and James V. Gardner and Andrew A. Armstrong and Pedersen, R. and M. Rebesco and Schenke, H-W. and Zarayskaya, Yulia and Accettella, D. and Anderson, Robert M and Bienhoff, P. and Camerlenghi, A. and Church, I and Edwards, Margo and John K Hall and Hell, B and Hestvik, O. and Kristoffersen, Yngue and Marcussen, C and Mohammad, R. and David C Mosher and Nghiem, S.V. and Pedrosa, M.T. and Travaglini, P.G. and Pauline Weatherall} } @proceedings {4893, title = {Landscape Mosaicing Techniques Versus Traditional Sampling Procedures for the Assessment of Subtidal Macroalgae Communities}, year = {2012}, month = {Jun 3 - Jun 7}, address = {Venice, Italy}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization - Optical Imagery}, url = {www.estuarinecoastalconference.com}, author = {Guinda Salsamendi, Xabier and Gracia, A. and Puente, A. and Juanes, J.A. and Yuri Rzhanov and Larry A Mayer} } @proceedings {4885, title = {Light Field and Water Clarity Simulation of Natural Environments in Laboratory Conditions}, year = {2012}, month = {Apr 23 - Apr 26}, address = {Baltimore, MD}, keywords = {Sensor technology}, url = {spie.org}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Shwaery, Glenn.} } @proceedings {5124, title = {Linking goniometer measurements to hyperspectral and multi-sensor imagery for retrieval of beach properties and coastal characterization}, volume = {Vol. 8390}, year = {2012}, month = {April 23 - 27}, publisher = {SPIE}, address = {Baltimore, MD}, abstract = {

In June 2011, a multi-sensor airborne remote sensing campaign was flown at the Virginia Coast Reserve Long Term Ecological Research site with coordinated ground and water calibration and validation (cal/val) measurements. Remote sensing imagery acquired during the ten day exercise included hyperspectral imagery (CASI-1500), topographic LiDAR, and thermal infra-red imagery, all simultaneously from the same aircraft. Airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data acquisition for a smaller subset of sites occurred in September 2011 (VCR\’11). Focus areas for VCR\’11 were properties of beaches and tidal flats and barrier island vegetation and, in the water column, shallow water bathymetry. On land, cal/val emphasized tidal flat and beach grain size distributions, density, moisture content, and other geotechnical properties such as shear and bearing strength (dynamic deflection modulus), which were related to hyperspectral BRDF measurements taken with the new NRL Goniometer for Outdoor Portable Hyperspectral Earth Reflectance (GOPHER). This builds on our earlier work at this site in 2007 related to beach properties and shallow water bathymetry. A priority for VCR\’11 was to collect and model relationships between hyperspectral imagery, acquired from the aircraft at a variety of different phase angles, and geotechnical properties of beaches and tidal flats. One aspect of this effort was a demonstration that sand density differences are observable and consistent in reflectance spectra from GOPHER data, in CASI hyperspectral imagery, as well as in hyperspectral goniometer measurements conducted in our laboratory after VCR\’11.

}, url = {http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/proceeding.aspx?articleid=1354567}, author = {Bachmann, Charles M and Gray, Deric and Abelev, Andrei and Philpot, William D and Montes, Marcos J and Fusina, Robert A and Musser, Joseph and Rong-Rong Li and Vermillion, Michael and Gabriel M Smith and Korwan, D and Snow, Charlotte and Miller, W. David and Gardner, Joan and Sletten, Mark and Georgiev, Georgi and Truitt, B and Kilmon, Marcus and Sellars, Jon and Woolard, J and Christopher E Parrish and Schwarzschild, A} } @article {5158, title = {Mapping Gas Seeps with the Deepwater Multibeam Echosounder on Okeanos Explorer}, volume = {25}, year = {2012}, author = {Thomas C Weber and Larry A Mayer and Beaudoin, Jonathan and Kevin Jerram and Mashkoor A Malik and Shedd, B. and Glen A Rice} } @proceedings {5025, title = {Measurement of Micro-bathymetry with a GOPRO Underwater Stereo Camera Pair}, year = {2012}, month = {Oct 14 - Oct 19}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Hampton Roads, VA}, author = {Val Schmidt and Yuri Rzhanov} } @article {4895, title = {Methodology of Processing of Stereoimagery of Fish Underwater: Software and Algorithms}, year = {2012}, institution = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping / Joint Hydrographic Center}, address = {Durham, NH}, keywords = {NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center}, author = {Yuri Rzhanov} } @proceedings {5079, title = {Methods for Collecting and Using Backscatter Field Calibration Information for the Reson 7000 Series Multibeam}, year = {2012}, month = {May 15 - May 17}, address = {Niagara Falls, Canada}, keywords = {backscatter, Reson}, author = {Glen A Rice and Greenaway, Samuel F and Thomas C Weber and Beaudoin, Jonathan} } @article {5054, title = {Microstratigraphy of a Miocene layered phosphatic pebble from the western margin of South Africa}, volume = {59}, year = {2012}, month = {22 October 2012}, pages = {(early view online version only)}, abstract = {

Detailed microstratigraphy and geochemistry of a single-layered phosphatic pebble from the Southern Rocky Plateau at the Head of the Cape Canyon on the western margin of South Africa are utilized to reveal a complex interplay between deposition, erosion and authigenesis in the Miocene. The phosphatic pebble has three micrite and carbonate fluorapatite cemented layers separated by Fe-rich hardground surfaces. The layers contain a diverse grain assemblage of reworked glauconite, phosphorite, detrital quartz and biogenic carbonate. Overlapping Sr-isotope derived ages of point-drilled samples from the three layers range from 19\·1 to 17\·6\ Ma, although a single point near the outer edge of the uppermost layer has a Sr age of 12\·8 to 10\·4\ Ma, and a reworked bivalve shell fragment from the middle layer has a Sr age of 26\·3 to 24\·6\ Ma. The microstratigraphy of the phosphatic pebble provides evidence of multiple Baturin cycles, where periods of deposition and carbonate fluorapatite authigenesis are followed by reworking, erosion and precipitation of iron oxide hardground surfaces. The condensed microstratigraphy of the pebble is consistent with the regional depositional history of the area and indicates significant fluctuations in the depositional environment related to changes in sea-level, sediment supply and upwelling along the western margin of southern Africa during the early to middle Miocene.

}, keywords = {Continental shelf; hardground; Miocene; phosphorite; sea-level; Sr isotopes}, author = {Rochelle Wigley and Compton, John} } @proceedings {5024, title = {Modular Autonomous Biosampler (MAB)- A prototype system for distinct biological size-class sampling and preservation}, year = {2012}, month = {Oct 14 - Oct 19}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Hampton Roads, VA}, author = {Arthur Trembanis and Cary, C. and Val Schmidt and Clarke, D. and Crees, T. and Jackson, E.} } @proceedings {4334, title = {A More Flexible Approach to Utilizing Depth Cameras for Hand \& Touch Interaction}, volume = {to appear in The International Journal of Virtual Reality}, year = {2012}, month = {March 4}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Orange County, CA, USA}, author = {Butkiewicz, Thomas} } @article {5013, title = {Morphologic characteristics and tsunamogenic potential of southeastern Australia{\textquoteright}s upper continental slope submarine landslides.}, year = {2012}, month = {2012}, address = {Kiel, Germany}, author = {Clarke, S. and Hubble, T and Airey, D and Yu, P and Boyd, R and Keene, J and Exon, N and James V. Gardner} } @article {4965, title = {Multibeam Echosounder System Optimization for Water Column Mapping of Undersea Gas Seeps}, year = {2012}, month = {May 15-17}, address = {Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada}, keywords = {Mid-Water Mapping}, author = {Beaudoin, Jonathan and Thomas C Weber and Kevin Jerram and Glen A Rice and Mashkoor A Malik and Larry A Mayer} } @article {5050, title = {Nearshore subtidal community structure compared between inner coast and outer coast sites in Southeast Alaska}, volume = {35}, year = {2012}, month = {September 23}, pages = {1889-1910}, abstract = {

Processes that structure subarctic marine communities, particularly in glaciated regions, are not well understood. This understanding is needed as a baseline and to manage these communities in the face of future climate-driven changes. This study investigates two coastal regions of Southeast Alaska with the goals to (a) identify and compare patterns of subtidal community structure for macroalgal, fish, macroinvertebrate (\>5 cm), and small epibenthic invertebrate (\<5 cm) communities between inner coast and outer coast sites and (b) link patterns of community structure to habitat and environmental parameters. Species assemblage and benthic habitat data were used to compare species diversity and community composition at 6 m and 12 m depths at nine inner coast and nine outer coast sites. Multivariate analysis was applied to reduce environmental variables to major gradients, to resolve community structure, and to relate community structure to habitat and environmental variables. Increased salinity and decreased temperature at outer coast sites compared with inner coast sites were associated with community structure, with greater species diversity at outer coast sites at 6 m depth. Invertebrate community composition was associated with benthic habitat, including crust and coralline algae for macroinvertebrates, and algal cover and substrate for small epibenthic invertebrates. This research suggests that marine communities in glaciated regions are strongly influenced by freshwater input and that future climate-driven changes in freshwater input will likely result in marine community composition changes.

}, keywords = {Community Structure; Benthic Habitat; Environmental Variability; North Pacific; Subarctic}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00300-012-1231-2}, author = {Jodi L Pirtle and Ibarra, S.N. and Eckert, G.L.} } @proceedings {4964, title = {New Developments in Backscatter}, year = {2012}, month = {January 24-26}, pages = {Newport, OR}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization - Multibeam Sonars}, author = {Beaudoin, Jonathan} } @article {5061, title = {NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer 2012 Field Season in the Northern Gulf of Mexico and U.S. Continental Margin}, year = {2012}, month = {Dec 3 - Dec 7 }, address = {San Francisco, CA, United States}, author = {Skarke, Adam and Elizabeth Lobecker and Mashkoor A Malik and VerPlanck, Nicola} } @article {4879, title = {Observation of Flow Structure Around Pockmarks in Belfast Bay, Maine}, year = {2012}, month = {Feb 20 - Feb 24}, address = {Salt Lake City, UT}, keywords = {Studies of Pockmark Origin and Maintenance}, url = {http://www.sgmeet.com/osm2012/}, author = {Christina Fandel and Thomas C Lippmann and Irish, James D} } @article {5026, title = {Observations beneath the grounded Petermann Ice Island{\textendash}B (PII{\textendash}B) in the Canadian Arctic}, year = {2012}, month = {Dec 10 - Dec 14}, address = {Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada}, author = {Forrest, A.L. and A.K. Hamilton and Val Schmidt and B E Laval and D. Mueller and Crawford, A. J. and Brucker, S. and Gagnon, J.} } @article {4880, title = {Observations of Bedform Evolution in an Inlet}, year = {2012}, month = {Feb 20 - Feb 24 }, address = {Salt Lake City, UT}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization - Multibeam Sonars}, url = {http://www.sgmeet.com/osm2012/}, author = {Lindsay McKenna and Thomas C Lippmann and Gallagher, E.L.} } @article {4971, title = {Observations of Bedform Evolution in an Inlet}, year = {2012}, month = {Feb 20 - Feb 24}, address = {Salt Lake City, UT, United States}, keywords = {Shallow Water Bedform Mapping}, author = {Lindsay McKenna and Thomas C Lippmann and Gallagher, E.L.} } @article {4878, title = {Observations of Currents in a Tidally Modulated Inlet}, year = {2012}, month = {Feb 20 - Feb 24}, address = {Salt Lake City, UT}, keywords = {Mid-Water Mapping of Inlet Currents}, url = {http://www.sgmeet.com/osm2012/}, author = {Thomas C Lippmann and Irish, James D and Lindsay McKenna and Diane Foster} } @proceedings {4875, title = {Observations of Pockmark Flow Structure in Belfast Bay, Maine}, year = {2012}, month = {Feb 20 - Feb 24}, address = {Salt Lake City, UT}, author = {Christina Fandel and Thomas C Lippmann and Irish, James D and Diane Foster} } @article {5069, title = {OS51D-1907. The Evolution of Information Management in Oceanographic Exploration}, year = {2012}, month = {Dec 3 - 7}, author = {Reser, B.}, editor = {Mesick, S. and Elizabeth Lobecker} } @article {5068, title = {OS51D-1912. Exploration and Discovery of Hydrocarbon Seeps, Coral Ecosystems, and Shipwrecks in the Deep Gulf of Mexico}, year = {2012}, month = {Dec 3 - 7}, author = {Shank, T M}, editor = {Hsing, Pen-Yuan and Carney, R S and Herrera, S. and Elizabeth Lobecker} } @article {5067, title = {OS51E-1925. Integration of NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer Seafloor Mapping, Little Hercules ROV, and Sentry AUV Data into Ocean Exploration Operations and Public Data Holdings}, year = {2012}, month = {Dec 3 - 7}, author = {Elizabeth Lobecker}, editor = {Skarke, Adam and Mashkoor A Malik and VerPlanck, Nicola} } @inbook {4920, title = {An Overview of ALS Technology}, booktitle = {Airborne Topographic Lidar Manual}, year = {2012}, pages = {pp. 7-97}, publisher = {American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS)}, organization = {American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS)}, chapter = {2}, address = {Bethesda, Maryland}, keywords = {airborne, laser, LIDAR, scanning, waveform}, author = {Pack, R.T. and Brooks, V. and Young, J. and Vila{\c c}a, N. and Vatslid, S. and Rindle, P. and Kurz, S. and Christopher E Parrish and Craig, R. and Smith, P.W.} } @article {5524, title = {Physical processes and morphologic changes in Hampton-Seabrook Harbor, New Hampshire: Natural and anthropogenic alterations}, year = {2012}, address = {Bretton Woods, NH}, author = {Larry G Ward and Irish, James D and Knuuti, K.} } @article {4876, title = {Physical Properties and Age of Continental Slope Sediments Dredged from the East Australian Continental Margin - Implications for Timing of Slope Failure}, year = {2012}, month = {Jun 3 - Jun 8}, address = {Banff, Alberta, Canada}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Hubble, T and Yu, P and Airey, D and Clarke, S. and Boyd, R and Keene, J and Exon, N and James V. Gardner} } @article {4862, title = {Portable Piloting Unit (PPU) Replacement Study: Phase 2}, year = {2012}, month = {May 5}, pages = {14}, institution = {Laurentian Pilotage Authority}, address = {Montreal, Quebec, Canada}, keywords = {Electronic Charting}, author = {Alexander, Lee and Casey, M J} } @proceedings {4860, title = {Portraying e-Navigation Information: Challenges and Opportunities}, year = {2012}, month = {Jan 18 - Jan 20}, address = {Copenhagen, Denmark}, keywords = {e-Navigation}, url = {www.e-navigation.net}, author = {Alexander, Lee and Fukuto, J.} } @article {4987, title = {Potentially Polluting Marine Sites GeoDB: An S-100 Geospatial Database as an Effective Contribution to the Protection of the Marine Environment}, volume = {8}, year = {2012}, month = {November 2012}, pages = {27-40}, publisher = {International Hydrographic Bureau}, address = {Monaco, Monaco Cedex, Monaco}, abstract = {

Potentially Polluting Marine Sites (PPMS) are objects on, or areas of, the seabed that may release pollution in the future. A rationale for, and design of, a geospatial database to inventory and manipu-late PPMS is presented. Built as an S-100 Product Specification, it is specified through human-readable UML diagrams and implemented through machine-readable GML files, and includes auxiliary information such as pollution-control resources and potentially vulnerable sites in order to support analyses of the core data. The design and some aspects of implementation are presented, along with metadata requirements and structure, and a perspective on potential uses of the database.

}, keywords = {GML, IHO S-100, marine environment, PPMS, shipwreck, spatial SQL}, url = {http://www.iho.int/mtg_docs/IHReview/2012/IHR_November2012.pdf}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti and Brian R Calder and Alexander, Lee} } @article {4301, title = {Pushbroom-frame Imagery Co-registration: USACE{\textquoteright}s CHARTS}, volume = {35}, year = {2012}, pages = {141-157}, url = {http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/tf/01490419.html}, author = {Yuri Rzhanov and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri} } @article {5077, title = {Quality Assessment of GEBCO 08, Smith and Sandwell and SRTM30 Plus Grids in the Arctic}, year = {2012}, month = {Dec 3 - Dec 7}, address = {San Francisco, CA, United States}, abstract = {

Abs. $\#$ OS51D-1905

}, author = {Abramova, Anastasia and Monahan, Dave and Larry A Mayer and Thomas C Lippmann and Brian R Calder} } @proceedings {5994, title = {Quantifying Nearshore Morphological Recovery Time Scales Using ARGUS Video Imaging: Palm Beach, Sydney and Duck, NC}, volume = {24}, year = {2012}, month = {July 1-6}, pages = {1-7}, publisher = {ASCE}, address = {Santander, Spain}, abstract = {

Time scales of post-storm nearshore morphological recovery and physical processes governing these time scales are poorly understood at present. The ability to predict nearshore morphological recovery time scales based on pre-, during- or post-resetting storm conditions is an essential requirement for building and validating scale aggregated models that operate at macro- and higher spatio-temporal scales. In this study, quality controlled ARGUS video derived beach states at Palm Beach, Sydney (4 years) and Duck, NC (2 years) and concurrent wave data are analysed to quantify the nearshore morphological recovery time scales (Tmr) and to determine the physical processes that may govern Tmr. The results show that Tmr is of the order of 5-10 days at these two beaches. Tmr is moderately positively correlated with the averaged longshore current over the 3 days immediately after the resetting storm, indicating that it might be possible to develop a predictor for Tmr based on wave conditions immediately after the resetting storm. Weak correlations are present between Tmr and several pre-storm, during-storm and post-storm parameters at the two sites. However, these correlations are inconsistent between the two sites. A thorough analysis employing

}, keywords = {ARGUS, Morphological resets, recovery time scales, Storm impact}, author = {Rosh Ranasinghe and Rob Holman and Matthieu de Schipper and Thomas C Lippmann and J. Wehof and T. Minh Duong and Dano Roelvink and Marcel Stive} } @article {4307, title = {Quantitative assessment of invasive species in lacustrine environments through benthic imagery analysis}, year = {2012}, author = {Forrest, A.L. and Wittmann, M.E. and Val Schmidt and Nicole A Raineault and A.K. Hamilton and Pike, W. and Schladow, S.G. and Reuter, J. E. and B E Laval and Arthur Trembanis} } @article {5072, title = {Recent Advantages in Ocean Mapping}, volume = {7, no. 2}, year = {2012}, pages = {1 - 12}, author = {Larry A Mayer} } @article {5075, title = {Re-evaluating Amerasian Basin tectonics and sedimentation with new geophysical data}, year = {2012}, month = {Aug 5 - Aug 10}, address = {Brisbane, Australia}, author = {David C Mosher and Shimeld, J and Hutchinson, D R and Jackson, R and Chian, D and Lebedeva-Ivanova, N. and Oakey, G. and Evangaletos, J. and Li, Q. and Funct, T. and Larry A Mayer and Verhoef, J and Forbes, S.} } @article {4290, title = {Remote identification of a shipwreck site from MBES backscatter}, volume = {111}, year = {2012}, month = {30 November 2012}, pages = {44-52}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {http://ees.elsevier.com/jema/}, abstract = {

The method described attempts to remotely identify the shape of an anthropogenic object, such as a wreck of a modern vessel, using reflectivity data from Multi-Beam Echosounder (MBES) systems. In the beam domain, the backscatter strength values \– geometrically and radiometrically corrected \– are used to extract a large number of Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) features with different input parameters. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is applied in order to achieve dimensionality reduction whilst a K-means algorithm clusters as \“shipwreck site\” a large number of beams for each line. After the geo-referencing process, a K-nearest-neighbors (K-NN) technique is applied as a filter for possible misclassifications. Finally, the shape of the shipwreck site is defined from the georeferenced beams using the \α-shape method, constructing an output compatible with Geographic Information Systems (GIS).

}, keywords = {Multibeam Sonars, Seafloor Characterization}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479712003520}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti and Brian R Calder} } @article {4894, title = {Review of Methods and Software for Processing of Underwater Imagery and Construction of Mosaics}, year = {2012}, month = {Apr 18}, institution = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping / Joint Hydrographic Center}, address = {Durham, NH}, keywords = {Joint Prisoners of War;Missing in Action Accounting Command}, author = {Yuri Rzhanov} } @article {4870, title = {R/V Kilo Moana Multibeam Echosounder System Review}, year = {2012}, month = {Mar 29}, pages = {1-48}, institution = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping / Joint Hydrographic Center}, address = {Durham, NH, USA}, keywords = {Sonar Capabilities}, author = {Beaudoin, Jonathan and Paul Johnson} } @article {4872, title = {SAT and Trial Cruise of the Acoustical Sensors Onboard R/V Falkor}, year = {2012}, month = {May 20}, pages = {1-18}, institution = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping / Joint Hydrographic Center \& Ifremer}, keywords = {Sonar Capabilities}, author = {Beaudoin, Jonathan and Floc{\textquoteright}h, Henri and Xavier Lurton} } @article {5028, title = {Scientific basis for safely shutting in the Macondo Well after the April 20, 2010 Deepwater Horizon blowout}, year = {2012}, abstract = {

As part of the government response to the Deepwater Horizon blowout, a Well Integrity Team evaluated the geologic hazards of shutting in the Macondo Well at the seafloor and determined the conditions under which it could safely be undertaken. Of particular concern was the possibility that, under the anticipated high shut-in pressures, oil could leak out of the well casing below the seafloor. Such a leak could lead to new geologic pathways for hydrocarbon release to the Gulf of Mexico. Evaluating this hazard required analyses of 2D and 3D seismic surveys, seafloor bathymetry, sediment properties, geophysical well logs, and drilling data to assess the geological, hydrological, and geomechanical conditions around the Macondo Well. After the well was successfully capped and shut in on July 15, 2010, a variety of monitoring activities were used to assess subsurface well integrity. These activities included acquisition of wellhead pressure data, marine multichannel seismic profiles, seafloor and water-column sonar surveys, and wellhead visual/acoustic monitoring. These data showed that the Macondo Well was not leaking after shut in, and therefore, it could remain safely shut until reservoir pressures were suppressed (killed) with heavy drilling mud and the well was sealed with cement.

}, url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2012/11/28/1115847109.abstract}, author = {Hickman, Stephen H. and Hsieh, Paul A. and Mooney, Walter D. and Enomoto, Catherine B. and Nelson, Philip H. and Larry A Mayer and Thomas C Weber and Moran, Kathryn and Flemings, Peter B. and McNutt, Marcia K.} } @article {5103, title = {The Sea State Condition as an Environmental Factor in Airborne Lidar Bathymetry (ALB)}, year = {2012}, month = {Jun 18 - Jun 21}, publisher = {USACE JALBTCX}, address = {Chicago, IL, USA}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Karlsson, Torbjorn and Axelsson, Andreas and Yuri Rzhanov and Riley, Jack} } @article {4973, title = {Seafloor Characterization for Trawlability and Fish Habitat Using the Simrad ME70 Multibeam Echosounder in the Gulf of Alaska}, year = {2012}, month = {Feb 21 - Feb 24}, address = {Salt Lake City, UT, United States}, abstract = {

SEAFLOOR CHARACTERIZATION FOR TRAWLABILITY AND FISH HABITAT USING THE SIMRAD ME70 MULTIBEAM ECHOSOUNDER IN THE GULF OF ALASKA

Jodi L. Pirtle*1, Thomas C. Weber1, Christopher D. Wilson2, Christopher N. Rooper2

1University of New Hampshire, Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping, NOAA/UNH Joint Hydrographic Center, Jere A. Chase Engineering Laboratory, 24 Colovos Road, Durham NH 03824.

2Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle WA 98115.

Rockfish (Sebastes spp.) stocks that associate with rugged seafloor types are difficult to assess due to limitations of traditional bottom-trawl sampling gear. Alternative methods that include acoustic remote sensing and video imagery may improve stock assessment in untrawlable locations. Acoustics can also be applied to identify locations where alternative assessment methods are required. We use the Simrad ME70 multibeam echosounder (ME70) and trawl survey performance data to develop a seafloor trawlability classification scheme for locations in the Gulf of Alaska (GOA).

We surveyed areas of the GOA (20-500 m depth) using the ME70 aboard the NOAA ship Oscar Dyson during summer 2011. Seafloor parameters derived from the ME70 data were used to classify seafloor trawlability including, the average backscatter measured as a function of incidence angle, scintillation index from the backscatter, and seafloor rugosity from the depth soundings. We present a preliminary seafloor trawlability classification for areas of the GOA. The next phase of this work will characterize seafloor habitats for harvested species in our survey area using ME70 data, video imagery, and species occurrence data from the trawl survey.

}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization; Fish Habitat; Groundfish; Bottom-trawling; Gulf of Alaska; Simrad ME70}, url = {http://www.sgmeet.com/osm2012/}, author = {Jodi L Pirtle and Thomas C Weber and Christopher D Wilson and Rooper, Chris} } @proceedings {5053, title = {Seafloor Characterization for Trawlability and Fish Habitat Using the Simrad ME70 Multibeam Echosounder in the Gulf of Alaska}, year = {2012}, month = {September 5-7}, publisher = {NOAA Fisheries Office of Science and Technology}, address = {Seattle, WA, USA}, abstract = {

Groundfish that associate with rugged seafloor types are difficult to assess with bottom-trawl sampling gear. Simrad ME70 multibeam echosounder (ME70) data and video imagery were collected to characterize trawlable and untrawlable areas and to ultimately improve efforts to determine habitat-specific groundfish biomass. We surveyed areas of the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) (20-500 m depth) aboard the NOAA ship Oscar Dyson during 2011, from the Islands of Four Mountains in the Aleutians to eastern Kodiak Island. Additional ME70 data were collected opportunistically during the winter 2012 acoustic trawl surveys. ME70 data were collected continuously along the ship trackline (1-20 nmi spacing) and at fine-scale survey locations in 2011 with 100\% seafloor coverage (n = 21). Video data were collected at fine-scale survey sites using a drop camera (n = 47 stations). ME70 data were matched to the spatial location of previously conducted AFSC bottom-trawl survey hauls (n = 582) and 2011 camera stations to discriminate between trawlable and untrawlable seafloor types in the region of overlap between the haul or camera path and the ME70 data. Angle-dependent backscatter strength, backscatter mosaics, and other multibeam metrics were extracted from the ME70 data at these locations. Haul locations show separation in backscatter strength based on performance, previously classified as successful or unsuccessful due to gear damage from contact with the seafloor. Successful haul locations have values that correspond to finer grainsize, or the lack of untrawlable features such as boulders and rock. A similar pattern was observed for the camera stations characterized as trawlable or untrawlable from video. The best descriptors for seafloor trawlability will be identified among multibeam metrics to map the predicted trawlability of the ME70 survey footprint. Continued opportunistic collection of ME70 data during Oscar Dyson operations will help refine existing classifications of untrawlable and trawlable areas in the GOA.

}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization; Fish Habitat; Groundfish; Bottom-trawling; Gulf of Alaska; Simrad ME70}, url = {In Progress}, author = {Jodi L Pirtle and Thomas C Weber and Christopher D Wilson and Rooper, Chris} } @proceedings {5052, title = {Seafloor Characterization for Trawlability Using the Simrad ME70 Multibeam Echosounder in the Gulf of Alaska}, year = {2012}, month = {May 1 - May 4}, address = {Orcas Island, WA, United States}, abstract = {

Rockfish (Sebastes spp.) stocks that associate with rugged seafloor types are difficult to assess with bottom-trawl sampling gear. Alternative methods including acoustic remote sensing and video imagery may improve rockfish assessment in untrawlable locations. Acoustic remote sensing can also be applied to quantify regions of trawlable or untrawlable seafloor and thus identify locations where alternative assessment methods may be required. We are using the Simrad ME70 multibeam echosounder (ME70), Alaska Fisheries Science Center (AFSC) trawl survey data, and video imagery to assess seafloor trawlability for locations in the Gulf of Alaska (GOA).
We surveyed areas of the GOA (20-500 m depth) using the ME70 aboard the NOAA Ship Oscar Dyson during summer 2011, from the Islands of Four Mountains, in the Aleutian Islands (169\°59\&$\#$39;0\"W 52\°43\&$\#$39;11\"N) to eastern Kodiak Island (151\°5\&$\#$39;25\"W 57\°20\&$\#$39;46\"N). Multibeam acoustic data was collected continuously along the ship trackline (1-20 nmi trackline spacing) and at fine-scale survey locations with 100\% bottom coverage (n = 21). Video data was collected at fine-scale survey sites using a drop camera to groundtruth the acoustic seafloor characterization and to identify associated fish and invertebrate species (n = 47 camera dives). At locations where historical bottom trawl hauls and 2011 camera drops were conducted, the acoustic-derived seafloor parameters that were most discriminatory in characterizing trawlable and untrawlable seafloor types were identified using a stochastic modeling approach. The extension of this approach to fish habitat characteristics will also be discussed.

}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization; Fish Habitat; Groundfish; Bottom-trawling; Gulf of Alaska; Simrad ME70}, url = {http://geohab.org/orcasisland.html}, author = {Jodi L Pirtle and Thomas C Weber and Christopher D Wilson and Rooper, Chris and Brian R Calder} } @article {4888, title = {Seafloor Characterization of the Merrimack River Ebb Tidal Delta}, year = {2012}, month = {Mar 18 - Mar 20}, address = {Hartford, CT}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, url = {https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2012NE/finalprogram/abstract_200699.htm}, author = {Morris, Abby and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Clyde, W C and Ackerman, S} } @article {5055, title = {Sediment Mixing in the Tropical Pacific and Radiolarian Stratigraphy}, year = {2012}, author = {Moore, T.C. and Larry A Mayer and Lyle, Mitchell} } @inbook {4784, title = {Shoreline Mapping}, booktitle = {Advances in Mapping from Remote Sensor Imagery: Techniques and Applications}, year = {2012}, month = {In press}, publisher = {CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group}, organization = {CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group}, address = {Boca Raton, Florida}, author = {Christopher E Parrish} } @proceedings {4963, title = {Sound Speed Corrections for Trackline Surveys}, year = {2012}, month = {January 24-26}, pages = {Newport, OR}, keywords = {Data Processing}, author = {Beaudoin, Jonathan} } @article {5074, title = {Status of U.S. Mapping Activities in the Arctic}, year = {2012}, month = {Nov 6}, address = {Portsmouth, NH, USA}, author = {Larry A Mayer and Andrew A. Armstrong and Hutchinson, D R and Van Pay, B. and Moore, B.} } @article {4877, title = {Submarine Landslides on the Upper Southeast Australian Passive Continental Margin {\textendash} Preliminary Findings}, year = {2012}, month = {Jun 3 - Jun 8}, address = {Banff, Alberta, Canada}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, url = {http://www.isrm.net/conferencias/detalhes2.php?id=2741\&show=conf}, author = {Clarke, S. and Hubble, T and Airey, D and Yu, P and Boyd, R and Keene, J and Exon, N and James V. Gardner} } @article {5012, title = {Submarine landslides on the upper southeast Australian passive continental margin {\textendash} preliminary findings}, year = {2012}, month = {2012}, address = {Kiel, Germany}, author = {Clarke, S. and Hubble, T and Airey, D and Yu, P and Boyd, R and Keene, J and Exon, N and James V. Gardner} } @mastersthesis {4938, title = {Submerged aquatic vegetation and bedforms in eastern Cape Cod Bay: Spatial distributions, attributes and associations}, year = {2012}, pages = {186}, school = {University of Delaware}, address = {Newark, DE}, author = {Ashley R Norton} } @article {5047, title = {Target Finding with a Spatially Aware Hand-Held Chart Display}, volume = {On-line pre publication}, year = {2012}, author = {Colin Ware}, editor = {Roland Arsenault} } @article {4898, title = {Technology: NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer}, volume = {25}, year = {2012}, pages = {12-15}, keywords = {Ocean exploration}, url = {http://tos.org/oceanography/archive/25-1_supplement.pdf}, author = {Russel, Craig and Pinner, W. and D. Lovalvo and Skarke, Adam and Elizabeth Lobecker and Mashkoor A Malik and Nadeau, LT M.} } @article {5058, title = {Thermal Constraints on the Rheology of Segmented Oceanic Transform Fault Systems}, year = {2012}, month = {Dec 3 - 7, 2012}, address = {San Francisco, CA, United States}, abstract = {

Midocean ridge transform fault (RTF) systems may be comprised of two or more fault segments that are physically offset by an extensional basin or intra-transform spreading center. These intra-transform offsets affect the thermal structure underlying the transform fault and may act as barriers to rupture propagation. The seismogenic zone of RTFs is thermally controlled and limited by the 600\°C isotherm, as evidenced by earthquake hypocentral depths and laboratory friction experiments. Observations from a recent ocean bottom seismic study found that RTF earthquakes rarely occur above ~2 km depth. These findings suggest that the seismogenic zone on RTFs likely extends from ~2 km to the 600\°C isotherm. Here we utilize finite element analysis to model the thermal structure of a RTF system comprised of two transform fault segments separated by an extensional offset. The mantle is assumed to have a viscoplastic rheology to simulate brittle failure at temperatures \<600\°C. We vary offset length, spreading rate, and degree of hydrothermal circulation to examine how these parameters control the underlying thermal structure of segmented RTFs. Longer offsets and faster spreading rates result in warmer thermal structures. Enhanced hydrothermal circulation efficiently cools shallow regions, resulting in an increased area of brittle deformation, and may have a complex effect on the seismogenic zone due to the possible creation of weak, velocity-strengthening alteration phases such as serpentine and talc, and/or changes in fault zone porosity. Incorporating these processes into our model, we are able to assess the potential for an intra-transform offset to act as a barrier to rupture propagation.

As a case study, we focus on the Discovery transform fault, located at 4\°S on the East Pacific Rise. Discovery consists of two subparallel fault segments with lengths of 36 km and 27 km, separated by a 6 km
intra-transform spreading center. On a number of intermediate and fast-slipping RTFs, including Discovery, the largest earthquakes are known to rerupture the same fault patch in relatively regular seismic cycles. The
rupture patches are bounded by areas of increased microseismicity, which act as barriers to large rupture propagation. Previously, we used welllocated earthquakes recorded on a NOAA hydrophone array together
with a relative relocation technique to determine the absolute positions for the five rupture patches on Discovery, which host 5.4 \≤ Mw \≤ 6.0 earthquakes. In this study, we combine absolute locations of the largest earthquakes, our detailed analysis of the fault trace of Discovery, and our thermal modeling results to assess how intra-transform offsets on Discovery affect the subsurface thermal structure. Along the 6 km intra-transform spreading center we find the 600\°C isotherm is shallower than 2 km, suggesting that the thermal structure of this offset creates a rupture barrier between the adjoining fault segments. By contrast, intra-transform offsets \<2 km identified along the surface trace of each segment only minimally affect the depth of the 600\°C isotherm, resulting in a continuous seismogenic zone between the fault segments. This suggests that the thermal effect of small intra-transform offsets is not sufficient to explain the locations of rupture patches and rupture barriers on the Discovery transform fault.

}, author = {Monica L Wolfson-Schwehr and Margaret S Boettcher and Mark D. Behn} } @mastersthesis {4931, title = {A Tidal Study of Great Bay, New Hampshire}, volume = {Ocean Engineering/Ocean Mapping}, year = {2012}, month = {05/2012}, pages = {282}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Since 1913, a number of short-term studies have failed to provide comprehensive tidal observations within the Great Bay (Bay). The purpose of this study was to make widespread observations of the tides in and to implement a tidal prediction model of the Bay. With the use of four different tide gauges, calibration against a control gauge was necessary to determine systematic bias. After comparative analysis, each experiment gauge was found to be statistically equivalent to the control gauge. Water level observations were taken at four strategic tide stations in the Bay. The tidal constituents and datums at each station were then derived. Using the NOAA TCARI prediction method, a tide prediction model of the Great Bay was implemented. Verification of the model was made using water level measurements from three spatially and temporally strategic tide stations. The model was found to be statistically significant for tidal predictions within the Bay.

}, keywords = {Great Bay, Tides}, author = {Denney, Sean} } @article {5065, title = {Topographic-Bathymetric LIDAR Evaluation for Integrated Ocean and Coastal Mapping}, year = {2012}, month = {4-5 December}, address = {Salzburg, Austria}, abstract = {

An emerging class of lidar system bridges the gap between conventional topographic and bathymetric lidar, using narrow-divergence, 532 nm laser beams, low pulse energy, small fields of view (FOVs), and very high sampling rates to acquire seamless, high-resolution data on both sides of the land-water interface.\  These systems offer the potential to simultaneously serve a variety of nautical charting, coastal science, and coastal zone management data needs, a key concept of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Integrated Ocean and Coastal Mapping (IOCM) initiative.\  By providing seamless, high-resolution data across the backshore, intertidal, and nearshore subtidal zones to depths of ~5-20 m (depending on water clarity and other variables), these systems are uniquely suited for mapping tide-datum based shoreline, as well studies of coastal processes, inundation modeling, coastal habitats, and ecosystem-based management.\  Here we present the results of an evaluation project conducted with a new, commercial topo-bathy system, the Riegl VQ-820-G.\  In the first test of the system in U.S. coastal waters, data were acquired for five small sites on the Florida Atlantic coast and in the Florida Keys.\  Reference data sets, including shallow GPS transects, acoustic data, and other lidar data, were used to evaluate the lidar data with respect to extinction depth, density of seafloor points, and vertical uncertainty of seafloor elevations obtained with the system.

}, url = {http://www.lidarmap.org/ELMF/}, author = {Christopher E Parrish and White, Stephen A and Aslaksen, Michael and Pfennigbauer, M and Rieger, P} } @article {5084, title = {U.S. Law of the Sea Cruise to Map and Sample the US Arctic Ocean Margin}, year = {2012}, pages = {159}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {arctic, ECS, Healy, Law of the Sea, unclos}, author = {Larry A Mayer and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @article {5913, title = {U.S. Law of the Sea Cruise to Map the Foot of the Slope of the Northeast U.S. Atlantic Continental Margin: Leg 7}, year = {2012}, month = {July 17}, pages = {58}, institution = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping / Joint Hydrographic Center}, chapter = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

This report details the 2012 Atlantic Extended Continental Shelf (ECS) bathymetry mapping cruise for the U.S. Extended Continental Shelf Project. This cruise is the seventh ECS cruise to map the U.S. Atlantic continental margin. The 2012 cruise was planned after analyses of the 2004, 2005 and 2008 bathymetry demonstrated that gravity-driven down-slope transport of terrigenous sediments in some regions of the Atlantic margin extends much farther to the east than was previously documented. Consequently, the 2012 cruise focused on mapping the extent of the down-slope sediment transport at the base of the lower continental margin.

The Office of Ocean Exploration and Research, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) made available a 30-day window in the schedule of the NOAA Ship Ronald H. Brown\ for the 2012 mapping cruise. The Ronald H. Brown is an 84.5 m (274 ft) 3250 ton multipurpose oceanographic research vessel with a hull-mounted Kongsberg EM122 multibeam echo sounder (MBES).\ JHC/CCOM leased a Knudsen 3260 3.5- kHz chirp sub-bottom profiler for the cruise because the ship does not have an adequate deepwater subbottom profiler. A deep-water subbottom profiler was required to image the top 50\± m of the sediment layer to aid in the identification of deposits of sediment that have been transported by gravity (down-slope) processes.

NOAA personnel aboard the ship were responsible for system maintenance and real time data management. UNH CCOM/JHC personnel were responsible for cruise planning, a patch test of the EM122 MBES, data (MBES, subbottom and water column sound speed) collection and quality control and data processing of the MBES bathymetry and acoustic backscatter and subbottom data. The cruise collected and mapped a total area of 69,287 km2.

}, keywords = {Atlantic Margin, Law of the Sea, Ron Brown}, author = {Andrew A. Armstrong and Brian R Calder and Smith, Shep M and James V. Gardner} } @inbook {4267, title = {A U.S. Practitioner{\textquoteright}s Perspective}, booktitle = {Contributions on Comparative Public Law and International Law, Max Plank Institute}, year = {2012}, author = {Larry A Mayer} } @book {4961, title = {USACE Inland ENC Manual}, year = {2012}, pages = {52}, publisher = {U.S. Army Corps of Engineers - Army Geo-spatial Center}, organization = {U.S. Army Corps of Engineers - Army Geo-spatial Center}, edition = {1st}, address = {Fort Belvior, Alexandria, VA}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @article {4977, title = {Usage of Videomosaic for Computer Aided Analysis of North Sea Hard Bottom Underwater Video for Baseline Study of Offshore Windmill Park}, year = {2012}, month = {May 8 - May 10}, address = {Klaipeda, Lithuania}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization - Optical Imagery}, url = {corpi.ku.lt/ocean2012/}, author = {Alex {\v S}a{\v s}kov and Dahlgren, T and Marie-Lise Schl{\"a}ppy and Yuri Rzhanov} } @article {5037, title = {Use (and Potential Abuse) of Uncertainty in Hydrography}, year = {2012}, month = {Feb 21 - Feb 26}, address = {Wellington, New Zealand}, abstract = {

The evaluation and use of uncertainty as a component of hydrographic data processing systems has grown considerably in the last decade.\  Uncertainty models for sounding data are now common, and progress has been made in developing models, methods and implementations for preserving this uncertainty in intermediate hydrographic data products.\  Less progress has been made in dealing with expressing the uncertainty in hydrographic data products to the user, however, which we contend should be our ultimate aim.

We draw here a distinction between the uncertainty assessed for observed sounding (and auxiliary) data and uncertainty as expressed to the user, and observe that the former is at best only a component part of the latter. \ \ That is, the uncertainty of soundings describes what we observe, where the uncertainty that we might typically express to the user may be more about what we did not observe: completeness instead of accuracy.

We consider the progress in development of uncertainty models for data, and highlight a number of outstanding questions in their implementation.\  We then discuss the problem of estimating uncertainty of older data, and motivate from it an alternative model of uncertainty for user-specific hydrographic products, outlining the questions that remain to be answered for this model to be effective.\  Finally, we consider the limits of uncertainty estimation, and their implications for our ability to communicate adequate descriptions of the limits of our knowledge for users.

}, keywords = {Data Processing, Hydrographic Uncertainty, Uncertainty Estimation, Uncertainty Management}, author = {Brian R Calder} } @proceedings {4992, title = {Using a Cruise Report to Generate XML Metadata}, year = {2012}, month = {Oct 15 - Oct 19}, publisher = {IEEE/MTS}, address = {Hampton Roads, VA}, abstract = {

Since 2005 metadata generation at the Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center has slowly evolved from a painful and tedious process of copying and pasting, to generate hundreds of files, to using an automated system that generates 90\% of the needed metadata from the data collected on cruises. However there remained one piece missing to the automated system- the wordy part of the metadata that deals with \ information such as the attribute accuracy report, abstract and the process description. This information cannot be mined from the raw survey data. This paper illustrates how to generate a template from a Microsoft Word based cruise report that can be used in conjunction with another template (generated from the raw data collected on a cruise) to create XML metadata ready for submission to the NOAA/National Geophysical Data Center.
}, keywords = {Informatics, metadata}, url = {http://www.oceans12mtsieeehamptonroads.org/}, author = {Briana M Sullivan} } @article {4871, title = {USNS Mary Sears EM122 Multibeam Echosounder Sea Acceptance Trials}, year = {2012}, month = {Apr 11}, pages = {1-35}, institution = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping / Joint Hydrographic Center}, address = {Durham, NH, USA}, keywords = {Sonar Capabilities}, author = {Beaudoin, Jonathan} } @mastersthesis {4932, title = {Visualizing Magnitude and Direction in Flow Fields}, volume = {Computer Science}, year = {2012}, month = {05/2012}, pages = {56}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

In weather visualizations, it is common to see vector data represented by glyphs placed on grids. The glyphs either do not encode magnitude in readable steps, or have designs that interfere with the data. The grids form strong but irrelevant patterns. Directional, quantitative glyphs bent along streamlines are more effective for visualizing flow patterns.

With the goal of improving the perception of flow patterns in weather forecasts, we designed and evaluated two variations on a glyph commonly used to encode wind speed and direction in weather visualizations. We tested the ability of subjects to determine wind direction and speed: the results show the new designs are superior to the traditional. In a second study we designed and evaluated new methods for representing modeled wave data using similar streamline-based designs. We asked subjects to rate the marine weather visualizations: the results revealed a preference for some of the new designs.

}, keywords = {magnitude, Viisualization; Flow fields}, author = {Pilar, David H.F.} } @proceedings {5171, title = {Where are the bathymetric hot spots?}, year = {2012}, month = {2 Oct}, publisher = {GEBCO }, address = {Monaco}, abstract = {

Acoustic measurements of depth are distributed unevenly across the floor of the World Ocean. Concentration is greatest in areas important to navigation, to fishing and resource recovery, to extended continental shelves and to smaller areas of special interest. Beyond those zones, data consist largely of random tracks of widely varying spacing and arrangement, with no planned redundancy, collected by different equipment over many years. As a result, there is a wide range of uncertainty, vertical resolution and horizontal resolution within each individual ocean-wide map. Trying to correct this undesirable situation has been one major preoccupation of some GEBCO members.

Efforts have included trying to establish a program to systematically survey the entire ocean, encouraging other marine science organizations and funders to support the collection of depth data on all cruises, seeking data from industry, using other platforms to carry echo sounders, and seeking access to the bathymetry measured and used for submissions to the CLCS under Article 76.

There have been some successes, and general agreement that bathymetry is important, few have given bathymetry a high priority and disappointingly little data has surfaced. One reason seems to be that few outside the field appreciate that bathymetry has some valuable scientific and societal contributions to make.

This presentation suggests one action that may change this incorrect perception. Participants will be asked to nominate an area where improved bathymetry could help solve a scientific problem or illuminate a line of enquiry, or contribute to one of the societal issues within the ocean. The resulting suggestions will be compiled into a paper for submission to one of the widely-distributed general science journals, under the authorship of the suggestors, bringing attention to the value of bathymetry to non-bathymetrists and hopefully stimulating increased collection and archiving of acoustic depth data.

}, url = {http://www.gebco.net/about_us/gebco_science_day/$\#$posters_7th_science_day}, author = {Monahan, Dave} } @article {, title = {Parameterization of bedform morphology and defect density with fingerprint analysis techniques}, volume = {31}, year = {2011}, pages = {1688-1700}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Data Processing}, author = {Skarke, Adam and Arthur Trembanis} } @article {, title = {Shoreline mapping resolved from airborne LIDAR bathymetry (ALB) waveforms.}, volume = {62}, year = {2011}, pages = {75-85}, publisher = {Coastal Education \& Research Foundation, Inc. [CERF]}, address = {West Palm Beach, FL, USA}, keywords = {LIDAR}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Morgan, Lynnette V and Philpot, William D and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @article {, title = {Lidar-Derived National Shoreline: Empirical and Stochastic Uncertainty Analyses}, volume = {62}, year = {2011}, pages = {62-74}, publisher = {Coastal Education \& Research Foundation, Inc. [CERF]}, address = {West Palm Beach, FL, USA}, keywords = {Data Processing}, author = {White, Stephen A and Christopher E Parrish and Brian R Calder and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Yuri Rzhanov} } @proceedings {, title = {Another dimension from LiDAR \– Obtaining foliage density from full waveform data \ }, year = {2011}, month = {Oct 16 - Oct 20}, address = {Hobart, Tasmania, Australia}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Adams, Thomas and Beets, Peter and Christopher E Parrish} } @article {, title = {Lidar Wavelength Considerations and Radiometric Performance Analysis for Coastal Applications (Invited)}, year = {2011}, month = {Dec 5 - Dec 9}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Christopher E Parrish and Rachot Osiri} } @article {, title = {Empirical Comparison of Full-Waveform Lidar Algorithms: Range Extraction and Discrimination Performance}, volume = {77}, year = {2011}, pages = {825-838}, publisher = {ASPRS: The Imaging and Geospatial Information Society}, address = {Bethesda, MD, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Christopher E Parrish and Jeong, Inseong and Nowak, Robert D and Smith, R B} } @article {, title = {Airborne Laser Survey Specifications and Quality Management Protocols for Airport Obstruction Surveys}, volume = {2214}, year = {2011}, pages = {117-125}, publisher = {International Hydrographic Bureau}, address = {Monaco, Monaco Cedex, Monaco}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Uddin, W and Gutelius, B and Christopher E Parrish} } @article {3425, title = {2010 Western Pacific bathymetry mapping for U.S. Law of the Sea}, year = {2011}, month = {Apr 25 - Apr 28}, address = {Tampa, FL, USA}, keywords = {Law of the Sea}, author = {James V. Gardner and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @article {4779, title = {Acoustic Backscatter Processing for the Navy of Ecuador}, year = {2011}, month = {12/16/2011}, keywords = {Acoustic Backscatter; M.S. in Earth Science, Ocean Mapping Option}, author = {Alvarado, Jorge A.} } @article {4322, title = {Acoustic observations of the deep scattering layer during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill}, year = {2011}, month = {23-27 May}, address = {Seattle, WA, USA}, author = {De Robertis, Alex and Thomas C Weber and Larry A Mayer and Christopher D Wilson} } @article {4294, title = {Africa Partnership Station}, year = {2011}, month = {30 September}, pages = {p. 1-7}, institution = {Office of Naval Reasearch (ONR) }, address = {Durham, NH, USA}, author = {Thomas C Lippmann} } @article {4302, title = {Airborne hyperspectral co-registration independent from attitude and positioning sensors}, year = {2011}, month = {21-24 March 2011}, address = {Myrtle Beach, SC, USA}, keywords = {Fusion of geospatial data}, url = {http://geotools.csc.noaa.gov/}, author = {Yuri Rzhanov and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and James V. Gardner} } @article {4323, title = {Assessing juvenile Atlantic bluefin tuna schools in the Northwest Atlantic using sonar data and aerial imagery}, year = {2011}, month = {23-27 May}, address = {Seattle, WA, USA}, author = {Schroth-Miller, Madeline L and Thomas C Weber} } @article {4321, title = {Assessing rockfish abundance in complex habitats using acoustics and cameras}, year = {2011}, month = {23-27 May}, address = {Seattle, WA, USA}, author = {Jones, D.T. and Thomas C Weber and Rooper, Chris and Butler, J.L. and Christopher D Wilson and De Robertis, Alex} } @article {2886, title = {Assimilation of airborne imagery with a wave model for bathymetric estimation.}, volume = {62}, year = {2011}, month = {2011}, pages = {40-49}, publisher = {Coastal Education \& Research Foundation, Inc. [CERF]}, address = {West Palm Beach, FL, USA}, keywords = {LIDAR}, doi = {DOI:10.2112/SI_62_5}, author = {Monfort, Chad and Thomas C Lippmann} } @article {4270, title = {Buck Island, St. Croix - Seafloor characterization using optic remote sensing}, year = {2011}, month = {June, 21, 2011 - June 22, 2011}, address = {Baltimore, MD, USA}, url = {http://shoals.sam.usace.army.mil/Tech_Workshops.aspx}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Guilford, James and Lundgren, Ian and Battista, Timothy} } @article {6277, title = {A Case Study of Robust Bottom Detection and Eelgrass Mapping in Great Bay, New Hampshire}, year = {2011}, month = {12/16/2011}, author = {Beduhn, Tami} } @article {4295, title = {Comparison and evaluation of publicly available grids in the Arctic}, year = {2011}, month = {6th Bathymetric Science Day, GEBCO}, keywords = {Deep ocean bathymetry}, url = {http://www.gebco.net/about_us/gebco_science_day/documents/gsd_2011_poster_abramova.pdf}, author = {Abramova, Anastasia and Thomas C Lippmann and Brian R Calder and Larry A Mayer and Monahan, Dave} } @article {4325, title = {Consistency in statistical moments as a test for bubble cloud clustering}, volume = {130}, year = {2011}, pages = {p. 3,396 - 3,405}, author = {Thomas C Weber and Anthony P. Lyons and Bradley, David L} } @article {4306, title = {Construction of seafloor thematic maps from multibeam acoustic backscatter angular response data}, year = {2011}, month = {09/2011}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Cambridge, MA, USA}, keywords = {Data Processing, GeoCoder, Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Yuri Rzhanov and Fonseca, Luciano and Larry A Mayer} } @proceedings {4289, title = {Correzioni geometriche e radiometriche applicabili a valori di backscatter raccolti con sistemi MBES Kongsberg EM 3002}, year = {2011}, month = {15-18 November}, address = {Reggia di Colorno, ITA}, abstract = {

This paper describes possible geometric and radiometric corrections for backscatter values collected by MBES Kongsberg EM 3002. The corrections permit to obtain values related mainly to the physical characteristic of the insonified seafloor. These corrections, preliminary to the application of any following technique of analysis, directly influence the quality of products extracted from the seafloor reflectivity.

}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti and A. Trucco and Sacile, R.} } @article {4318, title = {Data visualization optimization via a computational model of human perception}, volume = {17}, year = {2011}, pages = {p. 292 - 300}, author = {Colin Ware and Pineo, Daniel} } @article {4263, title = {Dead Sea Multi-beam Echo Sounder Survey}, volume = {15}, year = {2011}, month = {12/2011}, pages = {21-23}, author = {Beaudoin, Jonathan and Sade, A. and Schulze, B. and John K Hall} } @article {4298, title = {Descriptive Report for Project BY1001}, year = {2011}, month = {07/2011}, institution = {NOAA Integrated Ocean and Coastal Mapping Center}, address = {Durham, NH, USA}, keywords = {Sonar Capabilities}, author = {Glen A Rice and Thomas C Weber and Beaudoin, Jonathan and Jodi L Pirtle} } @proceedings {4332, title = {Design and Implementation of an Extensible Variable Resolution Bathymetric Estimator}, year = {2011}, month = {25-28 April}, address = {Tampa, FL, USA}, author = {Brian R Calder and Glen A Rice} } @article {4324, title = {Detecting and mapping gas seeps with a deepwater multibeam echosounder}, year = {2011}, month = {8-9 November}, address = {Houston, TX, USA}, author = {Thomas C Weber and Beaudoin, Jonathan and Shedd, B. and Mashkoor A Malik and Kevin Jerram and Glen A Rice and Larry A Mayer} } @article {4304, title = {Detection, measurement and recognition of fish species underwater}, year = {2011}, month = {20-22 June 2011}, address = {Faro, Algarve, POR}, keywords = {Species detection and recognition}, url = {http://www.meshatlantic.eu/assets/files/video_survey_worksho_0432011p.pdf}, author = {Yuri Rzhanov and Randy G Cutter Jr. and Matal, Yanarbek and Kastner, Ryan} } @article {2882, title = {Detection of Deep Water Benthic Macroalgae Using Image-based Classification Techniques on Multibeam Backscatter at Cashes Ledge, Gulf of Maine, USA}, volume = {91}, year = {2011}, month = {1 January 2011}, pages = {87-101}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {backscatter, classification, image-based, kelps, macroalgae, multibeam sonar, Water Column Mapping}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272771410003586}, author = {McGonigle, C and Grabowski, J and Craig Brown and Thomas C Weber and Quin, R} } @article {4288, title = {Digital Airborne Vide System for Unbiased Image Matching with Shallow Water Applicationsv}, year = {2011}, address = {Baltimore, MD, USA}, author = {Thomas C Lippmann and Yuri Rzhanov and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri} } @book {4269, title = {The Electronic Chart. Fundamentals, Functions and other Essentials: A Textbook for ECDIS Use and Training}, year = {2011}, pages = {378}, publisher = {Geomares Publishing}, organization = {Geomares Publishing}, edition = {Third}, address = {Lemmer, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Electronic Charting}, author = {Hecht, H and Berking, B and Jonas, M and Alexander, Lee} } @article {4309, title = {Empirical Uncertainty Estimation for the Klein 5000v2 Sonar}, year = {2011}, month = {1 November}, institution = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping / Joint Hydrographic Center}, address = {Durham, NH, USA}, author = {Val Schmidt} } @proceedings {4276, title = {e-Navigation and Pilotage: Challenges and Opportunities}, year = {2011}, month = {5-8 July}, address = {Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada}, keywords = {e-Navigation}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @article {4300, title = {Essential Fish Habitat project status report}, year = {2011}, month = {10/2011}, pages = {1-6}, institution = {NOAA Alaska Fisheries Science Center}, address = {Seattle, WA, USA}, keywords = {Essential Fish Habitat}, author = {Jodi L Pirtle and Christopher D Wilson and Rooper, Chris and Thomas C Weber and Heifetz, Jon} } @article {4315, title = {Estimating Atlantic Bluefin Tuna number density using the second moment of intensity}, year = {2011}, address = {San Diego, CA, USA}, url = {http://acousticalsociety.org/}, author = {Schroth-Miller, Madeline L and Thomas C Weber} } @article {4264, title = {Estimating oil concentration and flow rate with calibrated vessel-mounted acoustic echo sounders}, volume = {108}, year = {2011}, month = {12/2011}, abstract = {

As part of a larger program aimed at evaluating acoustic techniques for mapping the distribution of subsurface oil and gas associated with the Deepwater Horizon-Macondo oil spill, observations were made on June 24 and 25, 2010 using vessel-mounted calibrated single-beam echo sounders on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ship Thomas Jefferson. Coincident with visual observations of oil at the sea surface, the 200-kHz echo sounder showed anomalously high-volume scattering strength in the upper 200\ m on the western side of the wellhead, more than 100 times higher than the surrounding waters at 1,800-m distance from the wellhead, and weakening with increasing distance out to 5,000\ m. Similar high-volume scattering anomalies were not observed at 12 or 38\ kHz, although observations of anomalously low-volume scattering strength were made in the deep scattering layer at these frequencies at approximately the same locations. Together with observations of ocean currents, the acoustic observations are consistent with a rising plume of small (\<\ 1-mm radius) oil droplets. Using simplistic but reasonable assumptions about the properties of the oil droplets, an estimate of the flow rate was made that is remarkably consistent with those made at the wellhead by other means. The uncertainty in this acoustically derived estimate is high due to lack of knowledge of the size distribution and rise speed of the oil droplets. If properly constrained, these types of acoustic measurements can be used to rapidly estimate the flow rate of oil reaching the surface over large temporal and spatial scales.

}, keywords = {Acoustic Echo Sounders, Deepwater Horizon, Oil Concentration, Vessel-Mounted Acoustic Echo Sounders}, url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/12/07/1108771108.full.pdf+html}, author = {Thomas C Weber and De Robertis, Alex and Greenaway, Samuel F and Smith, Shep M and Larry A Mayer and Glen A Rice} } @article {4297, title = {Evaluation of Servicio Hidrogr{\'a}fico y Oceanogr{\'a}fico de la Armada de Chile (SHOA ) Capability in Non-navigational Ocean Mapping }, year = {2011}, month = {03/2011}, pages = {1-5}, institution = {GEBCO}, address = {Valparaiso, CHL}, keywords = {Non- navigational bathymetry}, author = {Monahan, Dave} } @mastersthesis {4857, title = {Field Calibration Methodology for a Multibeam Echo Sounder Using a Split Beam Sonar System and a Standard Target}, volume = {Ocean Engineering}, year = {2011}, month = {12/2011}, pages = {156}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

A method to determine the combined transmit/receive beam pattern for a ship-mounted multibeam system was developed and tested at distances of up to 8 m using a RESON 7125 MBES inside the fresh water calibration tank of the University of New Hampshire. The calibration method employed a tungsten carbide sphere of 38.1 mm diameter as the target and a SIMRAD EK60 split-beam sonar system to provide athwartship and alongship angular information of the target sphere position.

The multibeam sonar system was configured for 256 beams in equi-angle mode with an operating frequency of 200 kHz; the split-beam system was set to work passively at the same frequency. A combined transmit/receive beam pattern was computed for athwartship angular ranges between \−6\°and +6\° and alongship angular ranges between \−1 \° and +3\°. The target sphere, with target strength of \−39 dB at 200 kHz, was suspended in the water column by a monofilament line and manually moved along the range of athwartship and alongship angles. The limited angular range of the measurements is due to the \−3 dB beamwidth of 7.0\° in the alongship and athwartship direction of the split-beam sonar system coupled with the alongship offset of 1.6\° between the maximum response axes (MRA) of the two systems. Possible acoustic interference caused by the monofilament line was found in the measurements for alongship angles smaller than \−1\°.

Beam pattern measurements for the combined transmit/receive beam pattern at a distance of 8 m show a \−3 dB beamwidth of 1.1\° in the athwartship direction and a \−3 dB beamwidth of 2.0\° in the alongship direction for the most inner beams. The dynamic range for the measurements was approximately \−40 dB, limiting the ability to resolve side-lobes.

Tests of the accuracy of the target angle estimates from the split-beam system were also conducted. Errors for athwartship angles were smaller than 0.1\° for the most inner angular positions (athwartship and alongship angles closer to the split-beam MRA), increasing to 0.3\° for athwartship and alongship angles close to + 4\° and \−4\°. Alongship errors were found to be smaller than 0.1\° for the most inner positions increasing to around 0.5\° for athwartship angles close to + 4\°and \−4\° and alongship angles close to +4\°. Alongship errors for alongship angles less than \−1\° were much larger (on the order of 5\°), which compromised the beam pattern measurements for that angular region. Further tests suggested that interference from the monofilament line used to suspend the sphere may have compromised the angle estimates for alongship angles less than \−1\°. The acoustic interference from the monofilament line suggested by the tests may be due to the particular configuration of the transducers used here, where the MRAs of both sonar systems were pointed parallel to the water level (horizontally) and approximately perpendicular the monofilament line. Different results may be observed for ship-mounted transducers where the measurement geometry would be different than the one used in the tests described here.

}, keywords = {Thesis; Field Calibration; Multibeam echo sounder; Split beam sonar system}, author = {Lanzoni, Carlo} } @article {4284, title = {Fine-scale sediment distribution at the mouth of the Merrimack River}, year = {2011}, month = {21-24 March}, address = {Myrtle Beach, SC, USA}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, url = {http://geotools.csc.noaa.gov/program/default.aspx}, author = {Ackerman, S and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Bernhardt, W. and Andrews, B. and James V. Gardner} } @article {4256, title = {From Seafloor Mapping to Geological Processes: New Insights in Marine Geomorphic Features Using High-Resolution Acoustic Imaging Techniques}, year = {2011}, month = {Dec. 5-9}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, abstract = {

The entire Mariana Trench, from its northern end at Dutton Ridge to the southwestern terminus at the Yap Trench, was mapped in 2010 using a Kongsberg EM122 12-kHz multibeam echosounder.\  The region ranges in depths from the shoreline at Guam to almost 11,000 m at the Challenger Deep.\  The northern part of the trench is receiving seamounts and guyots of the Magellan Seamount chain, whereas the southern section is receiving seafloor that carries the Caroline Ridge to the trench. \ The area immediately seaward of the trench where the Pacific Plate has bent downward toward the subduction zone has been broken by a series of subparallel horst and graben structures generated by extension on the bending upper surface of the Pacific Plate.\  Four bathymetric \“bridges\” span across the trench axis and extend from the Pacific Plate to the inner wall of the trench. The bridges stand as much as 2500 m above the trench axis and are composed of Latest Jurassic to Early Cretaceous accreted seamounts and guyots of the Magellan Seamount chain that are in the process of breaking up and being subducted beneath the Philippine Plate.\  Only two seamounts of the Caroline Ridge are in the vicinity of the trench and they both presently reside on the outer trench wall.\  The faults of the horsts and grabens have fractured the seamounts and guyots within the trench depression seaward from the axis outward for about 80 km, but within ~5 km of the trench axis the faults have reactivated to compressional thrust faults.\  The faults tend to parallel the axis of the trench until the immediate vicinity of an accreting seamount or guyot where the faults bend inward toward the trench axis, as has been observed in many other trenches.

Most of the accreted seamounts and guyots are not associated with embayments or reentrants on the inner trench wall, as has been documented in the Middle America and Japan Trenches, perhaps because there is not a large accretionary prism that extends seaward of the forearc. \ The one exception is a large seamount of the Caroline Ridge that has been fractured into several sections, some of which appear to be mostly subducted, that are associated with a 30 km embayment landward from the trench axis. \ However, there are reentrants along the inner trench wall but without bathymetric expression of an associated subducting seamount or guyot.\  These reentrants may mark zones where seamounts and guyots have been completely consumed into the trench. \ There is no evidence from the acoustic backscatter of sediment filling by debris flows and other failure deposits along the entire trench axis, although the inner trench wall has numerous scarps from wall failures.

The forearc area has numerous features that resemble diapirs with what appears from the acoustic backscatter to be ponded sediment in bathymetric lows that are surrounded by diapirs.

An analysis of the individual soundings within Challenger Deep shows the deepest depth of the Mariana Trench is 10,994 m (2s \±40 m), based on numerous soundings and sound-speed profiles collected during the cruise in the immediate area.\  The location of the deepest depth does not coincide exactly with published claims of the deepest depth, although many of the claims are within a few kilometers of the 10,944 m depth.

}, keywords = {Law of the Sea, Mariana Trench}, author = {James V. Gardner and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @article {4283, title = {Ground truth operation for seafloor characterization}, year = {2011}, month = {21-24 March}, address = {Myrtle Beach, SC, USA}, keywords = {Ground-Truth Studies, Seafloor Characterization}, url = {http://geotools.csc.noaa.gov/program/default.aspx}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Ackerman, S and Guilford, James and James V. Gardner and Morris, Abby} } @proceedings {3247, title = {On the Horizon: Better Bottom Detection for Areas of Sub-Aquatic Vegetation}, year = {2011}, month = {Apr 25 - Apr 28}, address = {Tampa, FL, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Beduhn, Tami and Semme J Dijkstra} } @article {2892, title = {I relitti delle navi da guerra: status e tutela giuridica}, volume = {5}, year = {2011}, pages = {24-31}, publisher = {Ministero Della Difesa}, address = {Rome, Italy}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti and Orsini, F.} } @proceedings {4277, title = {IALA{\textquoteright}s Vision of e-Navigation}, year = {2011}, month = {5-8 July}, address = {Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada}, keywords = {e-Navigation}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @article {4278, title = {The IHO{\textquoteright}s Involvement in e-Navigation}, volume = {2011, No. 1}, year = {2011}, pages = {26-27}, keywords = {e-Navigation}, author = {Ward, Robert and Alexander, Lee} } @article {4281, title = {IHO/FIG/ICA Category A Course Program Submission}, year = {2011}, month = {4 April}, pages = {p. 1 - 354.}, institution = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/ Joint Hydrographic Center}, address = {Durham, NH, USA}, author = {Semme J Dijkstra and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @proceedings {3246, title = {Improved Raster Navigation Products From High Resolution Source Data}, year = {2011}, month = {Apr 25 - Apr 28}, address = {Tampa, FL, USA}, keywords = {Chart of the Future}, author = {Matthew J. Wilson and Miller, James J. and Self Miller, Vanessa and Mortimer, Kolleen and Katrina Wyllie} } @article {4296, title = {The Indian Ocean Bathymetric Mapping Project}, year = {2011}, month = {6th Bathymetric Science Day, GEBCO}, keywords = {Deep ocean bathymetry}, url = {http://www.gebco.net/about_us/meetings_and_minutes/gebco_science_day_2011/documents/indian_ocean_compilation_gebco_20011.pdf}, author = {Rochelle Wigley and Monahan, Dave} } @article {4293, title = {Large Scale Observation of Fine-scale Seabed Morphology and Flow Structure in Tidally Modulate Inlets}, year = {2011}, month = {30 September }, pages = {p. 1-7}, institution = {Office of Naval Reasearch (ONR) }, address = {Durham, NH, USA}, author = {Thomas C Lippmann} } @article {4299, title = {Lidar Technology Applied in Coastal Studies and Management}, volume = {S162}, year = {2011}, pages = {p. 1-5}, url = {http://www.jcronline.org/toc/coas//62}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Long, Bernard} } @article {4937, title = {Mapping and quantifying morphological parameters of eelgrass (Zostera marina) beds in eastern Cape Cod Bay, MA using an interferometric sonar system}, year = {2011}, month = {November 6-10}, keywords = {cape cod bay, eelgrass, interferometric sonar}, author = {Ashley R Norton and Brown, M and Arthur Trembanis and Borrelli, M.} } @article {4970, title = {The Mariana Trench: A New View Based on Multibeam Echosounding}, year = {2011}, month = {Dec 3 - Dec 7}, address = {San Francisco, CA, United States}, keywords = {Law of the Sea}, author = {James V. Gardner and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @proceedings {4331, title = {Measuring the Water Level Datum Relative to the Ellipsoid During Hydrographic Survey}, year = {2011}, month = {25-28 April}, address = {Tampa, FL, USA}, abstract = {

http://www.hypack.com/ushydro/2011/

}, author = {Glen A Rice and Riley, Jack} } @proceedings {4287, title = {A Method for Field Calibration of a Multibeam Echo Sounder}, year = {2011}, month = {19-22 September}, address = {Kona, HI, USA}, author = {Lanzoni, Carlo and Thomas C Weber} } @article {4320, title = {Mid-frequency backscatter from spatially organized fish schools}, year = {2011}, month = {31 October - 4 November}, address = {San Diego, CA, USA}, author = {Thomas C Weber and Schroth-Miller, Madeline L and Molly E Lutcavage and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Yuri Rzhanov} } @proceedings {4271, title = {Multi-touch 3D Exploratory Analysis of Ocean Flow Models}, year = {2011}, month = {September 19-22}, publisher = {IEEEE}, address = {Kona, HI, USA}, keywords = {3D models, Visualization}, author = {Butkiewicz, Thomas}, editor = {Colin Ware} } @article {4328, title = {New Frontiers in Ocean Exploration: The 2011 E/V NAUTILUS Field Season}, year = {2011}, month = {5-9 December 2011}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, abstract = {

2011 Fall Meeting, AGU Identifier: Abstract OS21A-1570

}, keywords = {EV Nautilus, Ocean exploration}, author = {Bell, K L and Robert Ballard and Coleman, D. F. and Chris Roman and Brennan, M. L. and Turanli, T and Duman, M. and Carey, S. and Nomikou, P and Marani, M. and Rosi, M. and Austin, J. A. and Canals, M. and Karson, J and Larry A Mayer and Makovsky, Y.} } @article {4326, title = {A persistent oxygen anomaly reveals the fate of spilled methane in the deep Gulf of Mexico}, volume = {331}, year = {2011}, pages = {p. 312 - 315}, author = {John D Kessler and David L Valentine and Redmond, M. and Du, M. and Chan, E. and Mendes, S. and Quiroz, E. and Villanueva, C. and Shusta, S. and Werra, L. and Yvon-Lewis, S. and Thomas C Weber} } @article {4327, title = {Petrography and U-Pb zircon geochronology of Caledonian age orthogneisses dredged from the Chukchi Borderland, Arctic Ocean}, year = {2011}, month = {5-9 December 2011}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, abstract = {

2011 Fall Meeting AGU Identifier Number: Abstract T51K-07

}, keywords = {Arctic Ocean, Chukchi Borderland, geochronology, Petrography}, author = {Brumley, K and Miller, E L and Larry A Mayer and Wooden, J L and Dumitru, T A} } @article {4308, title = {Photo-mosaicking of images of pipe inner surface}, year = {2011}, month = {11/2011}, pages = {1-7}, publisher = {Springer Science+Business Media B.V.}, address = {London, UK}, keywords = {Engineering, Surface reconstruction}, url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/ekgj697503p74702/}, author = {Yuri Rzhanov} } @article {4319, title = {Population-Level Lateralized Feeding Behaviour in North Atlantic Humpback Whales (Megaptera novaeangliae), }, volume = {82}, year = {2011}, pages = {p. 901 - 909}, author = {Canning, C. and Crain, D. and Eaton, T.S. Jr. and Nuesslya, K. and Friedlaender, A S and Hurst, T and Parks, S and Colin Ware and David N Wiley and Weinrich, M T} } @proceedings {4275, title = {Providing Meteorological and Hydrographic Information via AIS Application-Specific Messages: Challenges and Opportunities}, year = {2011}, month = {25-28 April}, address = {Tampa, FL, USA}, keywords = {AIS Application-Specific Messages}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @mastersthesis {4335, title = {Quantitative Morphological Analysis of Submarine Canyon-channel Systems on the U.S. Atlantic Continental Margin}, volume = {Earth Sciences/Ocean Mapping}, year = {2011}, month = {09/2011}, pages = {473}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Mulitbeam data of the Atlantic continental margin was used to quantify morphologic parameters of 15 canyon channels between Cape Hatteras and Georges Bank. Detailed morphologic comparison of channel parameters identified two different morphologies; Type I, U- and V-shaped with well-defined channels walls, and Type II, an incised channel bordered by terraces. Eight canyon channels are Type I whereas 7 are mixed Type I and II. Channel wall relief is the foremost differentiating parameter between Type I channels and either decreases with increased distance down-channel or increases to a maximum between the 3250 and 4000 m isobaths. Entrenchment co-occurs with steeper local seafloor slope and may reflect channel equilibrium status. The magnitude of entrenchment may be affected by riverine discharge and confinement. A north-south variation in the magnitude of channel wall relief indicates differences in margin processes. Longitudinal profiles of the channels also show a north-south relationship that reflects regional slopes.\ 

}, keywords = {Atlantic continental margin, Canyon channels, quantitative morphological analysis}, author = {Kuenzel, Nikki A} } @article {4774, title = {Radiometric Calibration and Evaluation of Lidar Data for Coastal Science Applications}, year = {2011}, month = {08/10/2011}, keywords = {LIDAR; Radiometric calibration; Coastal science applications}, author = {Rachot Osiri} } @article {4780, title = {Radiometric Calibration and Evaluation of Lidar Data for Coastal Science Applications}, year = {2011}, month = {08/10/2011}, keywords = {Lidar; Coastal Science; MS in Earth Science, Ocean Mapping Option}, author = {Rachot Osiri} } @article {2893, title = {Remote characterization of seafloor adjacent to shipwrecks using mosaicking and analysis of backscatter response}, volume = {43}, year = {2011}, pages = {77-92}, publisher = {Italian Society of Remote Sensing}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti and Sacile, R. and A. Trucco} } @proceedings {4280, title = {Rethinking the Patch Test for Phase Measuring Bathymetric Sonars}, year = {2011}, address = {Tampa Bay, FL, USA}, keywords = {Sonar caliberation, Sonar capabilties}, author = {Eisenberg, J. and Brodet, S. and Beaudoin, Jonathan} } @article {2885, title = {The Seafloor: A Key Factor in Lidar Bottom Detection}, volume = {49}, year = {2011}, pages = {1150-1157}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {LIDAR}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and James V. Gardner and Larry G Ward and Morrison, John R} } @article {4282, title = {Seafloor characterization using airborne hyperspectral co-registration procedures independent from attitude and positioning sensors}, year = {2011}, month = {21-24 March}, address = {Myrtle Beach, SC, USA}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization - Optical Imagery}, url = {http://geotools.csc.noaa.gov/program/default.aspx}, author = {Yuri Rzhanov and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Guilford, James and James V. Gardner} } @proceedings {3244, title = {Streamlining Sound Speed Profile Pre-Processing: Case Studies and Field Trials}, year = {2011}, month = {Apr 25 - Apr 28}, address = {Tampa, FL, USA}, keywords = {Data Processing}, author = {Beaudoin, Jonathan and Stephen Smyth and Furlong, A. and Floc{\textquoteright}h, Henri and Xavier Lurton} } @proceedings {4274, title = {Testing of AIS Application-Specific Messages to Improve US Coast Guard VTS Operations}, year = {2011}, month = {31 Jan - 2 Feb}, address = {Copenhagen, Denmark}, keywords = {AIS Application-Specific Messages}, author = {Burns, W. and Johnson, G and Gonin, I and Alexander, Lee} } @article {4317, title = {Underwater Components of Humpback Whale Bubble-net Feeding}, volume = {148}, year = {2011}, pages = {p. 575 - 602}, author = {David N Wiley and Colin Ware and Bocconcelli and Cholewaik, D. and Friedlaender, A S and Thompson, Michael A and Weinrich, M T} } @article {4330, title = {U.S. Extended Continental Shelf Cruise to Map Sections of the Mariana Trench and the Eastern and Southern Insular Margins of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands}, year = {2011}, month = {12/2011}, pages = {45}, institution = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping / Joint Hydrographic Center}, keywords = {guam, Law of the Sea, Mariana Trench, northern mariana islands}, author = {Andrew A. Armstrong} } @article {3911, title = {U.S. Law of the Sea Cruise to Complete the Mapping of Necker Ridge, Central Pacific Ocean}, year = {2011}, pages = {1-59}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {Law of the Sea}, author = {James V. Gardner and Brian R Calder} } @article {3912, title = {U.S. Law of the Sea Cruise to Map the Foot of the Slope and 2500-m Isobath of the U.S. Arctic Ocean Margin}, year = {2011}, pages = {1-235}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {Law of the Sea}, author = {Larry A Mayer and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @article {4316, title = {Using multi-sensor suction cup tags to quantify the kinematics of lunge feeding in humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the water around the West Antarctic Peninsula. }, year = {2011}, address = {Hobart, Tasmania, Australia}, author = {Colin Ware and Friedlaender, A S and Tyson, RB and Nowacek, D P} } @article {4303, title = {Video mozaikos metodo panaudojimas povandeniniams tyrimams}, year = {2011}, month = {12-15 May 2011}, address = {Palanga, LTU}, keywords = {Underwater image processing}, url = {http://www.bpatpi.ku.lt/krantai2011/}, author = {Alex {\v S}a{\v s}kov and Yuri Rzhanov} } @article {4285, title = {Western Pacific bathymetry mapping for U.S. Law of the Sea}, year = {2011}, month = {25-28 April 2011}, address = {Tampa, FL, USA}, keywords = {Law of the Sea}, url = {http://www.hypack.com/ushydro/2011/program.aspx}, author = {James V. Gardner and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @article {, title = {Image Matching for Stabilizing Airborne Imagery with Shallow Water Applications}, volume = {8}, year = {2010}, month = {Feb 22 - Feb 26}, chapter = {2010}, address = {Portland, OR, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Thomas C Lippmann and Yuri Rzhanov} } @article {, title = {A New Look at Northwind Ridge: Implications for the History of the Canada Basin}, year = {2010}, month = {Dec 13 - Dec 17}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Hutchinson, D R and David C Mosher and Shimeld, J and Jackson, R and Chian, D and Edwards, D B and Hart, P E and Larry A Mayer} } @article {, title = {Assimilation of Airborne Imagery with a Wave Model for Bathymetric Estimation}, year = {2010}, pages = {1-28}, publisher = {Coastal Education \& Research Foundation, Inc. [CERF]}, address = {West Palm Beach, FL, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Monfort, Chad and Thomas C Lippmann} } @book {, title = {La Missione Atalanta e la politica estera dell\’Unione Europea}, year = {2010}, publisher = {Aracne Editrice}, organization = {Aracne Editrice}, address = {Rome, Rome, Italy}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti and Orsini, F.} } @proceedings {, title = {CO2 Gas Exchange and Ocean Acidification Studies in the Coastal Gulf of Maine}, year = {2010}, month = {Sep 20 - Sep 23}, chapter = {2010}, address = {Seattle, WA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Irish, James D and Vandemark, Douglas and Shellito, Shawn and Salisbury, Joseph and Plagge, Amanda and Hanley, Kevin and Emond, Marc} } @article {, title = {Progress in Coastal Processes Research in Ghana}, year = {2010}, month = {Feb 22 - Feb 26}, pages = {1-1}, chapter = {2010}, address = {Portland, OR, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Wiafe, G and Ababio, S and Addo, A and Agyekum, K and Ashton, A and Hapke, C and Thomas C Lippmann and Roelvink, D and Vogel, A} } @article {, title = {Video Observations by Telepresence Reveal Two Types of Hydrothermal Venting on Kawio Barat Seamount}, year = {2010}, month = {Dec 13 - Dec 17}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Butterfield, D.A. and Holden, J.F. and Shank, T M and Tunnicliffe, V. and Sherrin, J. and Herrera, S. and Baker, E.T. and D. Lovalvo and Makarim, S and Mashkoor A Malik and Wirasantosa, S and Hammond, S} } @article {, title = {Neural Modeling of Flow Rendering Effectiveness}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {1-15}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Pineo, Daniel and Colin Ware} } @proceedings {, title = {Geodatabase Development to Support Hyperspectral Imagery Exploitation}, year = {2010}, month = {Jul 25 - Oct 30}, address = {Honolulu, HI, USA}, keywords = {Optical Imagery}, author = {Fusina, Robert A and John C. Fry and Nichols, C R and Bachmann, Charles M and Rongxing Li and Sellars, Jon and Christopher E Parrish and Montes, Marcos J and Gross, C and White, Stephen A and Lee, K and Christopher A. Jones} } @article {, title = {Sediment Characteristics of Submarine Landslides on the Upper East Australian Continental Margin--Preliminary findings}, year = {2010}, month = {Dec 13 - Dec 17}, pages = {1-1}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Clarke, S. and Boyd, R and Hubble, T and Airey, D and Keene, J and Exon, N and James V. Gardner} } @article {, title = {Adding Ecological Context to Essestial Fish Habitat Models using Groundtruthing Technologies}, year = {2010}, institution = {National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminiatration (NOAA)}, address = {Tech Memo, NMFS-F/SPO-112}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Intelmann, S and Smith, K and McConnaughey, Robert and Yuri Rzhanov} } @article {, title = {An Arctic Ice Shelf During MIS 6 Constrained by New Geophysical and Geological Data}, volume = {29}, number = {25}, year = {2010}, pages = {3505-3517}, publisher = {Wiley}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Johan Nilsson and O{\textquoteright}Regan, M A and Backman, Jan and Lowemark, L and Dowdewell, J and Larry A Mayer and Polyak, Leonid and Colleoni, F and Anderson, L and Bjork, G and Darby, D and Eriksson, J and Hanslik, D and Hell, B and Marcussen, C and Sellen, E and Wallin, A} } @proceedings {, title = {Establishing an IALA AIS Binary Message Register: Recommended Process}, year = {2010}, month = {Mar 22 - Mar 27}, pages = {108-115}, chapter = {7th}, address = {Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa}, keywords = {Chart of the Future}, author = {Alexander, Lee and Schwehr, Kurt} } @article {, title = {Stochastic Uncertainty Analysis for Lidar-Derived Shoreline and Comparison with New Experimental Results}, year = {2010}, month = {Feb 22 - Feb 26}, chapter = {2010}, address = {Portland, OR, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Christopher E Parrish and White, Stephen A and Brian R Calder and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri} } @article {, title = {Africa Partnership Station: Developing Coastal Processes Research in Ghana}, year = {2010}, pages = {1-6}, institution = {Office of Naval Reasearch (ONR) }, keywords = {Other}, author = {Thomas C Lippmann and Wiafe, G} } @proceedings {, title = {Application of JPEG 2000 Wavelet Compression to Multibeam Echosounder Mid-water Acoustic Refectivity Measurements}, year = {2010}, month = {Jun 21 - Jun 23}, address = {Quebec City, Quebec, Canada}, keywords = {Water Column Mapping}, author = {Beaudoin, Jonathan} } @proceedings {, title = {GEBCO Cookbook, Errors and Uncertainty in the Gridded Bathymetry}, year = {2010}, month = {Dec 2 - Dec 2}, chapter = {Cookbook Teleconference Meeting}, address = {Durham, NH, USA}, keywords = {GEBCO}, author = {Marks, Karen and Smith, Walter H and Pauline Weatherall and Eakins, Barry and Paul A. Elmore and Masry, Mark and Amante, Chris and Abramova, Anastasia} } @article {, title = {Hydrographic Survey Bottom Sampling Specifications: A Remote Sensing Perspective}, year = {2010}, month = {Jun 21 - Jun 23}, address = {Quebec City, Quebec, Canada}, keywords = {LIDAR}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and James V. Gardner and Andrew A. Armstrong and Yoos, Charles J and Peter Holmberg and Greenaway, Megan} } @article {, title = {Working from Top to Bottom with the ME70 Multibeam Echosounder}, year = {2010}, month = {Apr 26 - Apr 30}, pages = {4-4}, chapter = {2010}, address = {San Diego, CA, USA}, keywords = {Sonar Capabilities}, author = {Thomas C Weber and Demer, D and Randy G Cutter Jr. and Christopher D Wilson} } @inbook {, title = {Seafloor Mapping and Exploration in a Changing Arctic Sea Ice Environment}, booktitle = {Changes in the Arctic Environment and the Law of the Sea}, volume = {33}, year = {2010}, pages = {83-106}, publisher = {Martinus Nijhoff legacy_publishers}, organization = {Martinus Nijhoff legacy_publishers}, address = {Leiden, South Holland, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Larry A Mayer} } @proceedings {, title = {Production and Use of Nautical Charts}, year = {2010}, month = {May 10 - May 12}, address = {Ahus, Skane, Sweden}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee and Ward, Robert} } @proceedings {, title = {Full-Waveform Lidar: Applications and Post-Processing Strategies}, year = {2010}, month = {Sep 27 - Sep 28}, chapter = {GeoTech 2010}, address = {Fairfax, VA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Christopher E Parrish and Jeong, Inseong} } @article {, title = {Remote Acoustic Characterization of Seafloor Properties from an AUV}, year = {2010}, month = {Feb 22 - Feb 26}, chapter = {2010}, address = {Portland, OR, USA}, keywords = {AUV \& Harbor Tracking}, author = {Arthur Trembanis and Larry A Mayer and Nicole A Raineault and Val Schmidt and Yuri Rzhanov and Brian R Calder} } @article {, title = {Petrography and U-pb, Detrital Zircon Geochronology of Metasedimentary Strata Dredged from the Chukchi Borderland, Amerasia Basin, Arctic Ocean}, year = {2010}, month = {Dec 13 - Dec 17}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Brumley, K and Miller, E L and Larry A Mayer and Andronikov, A and Wooden, J L and Dumitru, T A and Elliott, B and Gehrels, G E and Mukasa, S B} } @proceedings {, title = {Sea Ice Coverage as an IHO S-57 Marine Information Overlay (MIO)}, year = {2010}, month = {Mar 22 - Mar 25}, address = {Miami, FL, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Fequet, D and Gauthier, M F and Ramsay, B and McLeay, C and Alexander, Lee} } @proceedings {, title = {High Resolution Calibration of a Multibeam Echo Sounder}, year = {2010}, month = {Sep 20 - Sep 23}, chapter = {2010}, address = {Seattle, WA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Lanzoni, Carlo and Thomas C Weber} } @article {, title = {Comparison and Evaluation of Publicly Available Global Bathymetric Grids}, year = {2010}, month = {Sep 10 - Sep 18}, chapter = {2010}, address = {Lima, Peru, Peru}, keywords = {GEBCO}, author = {Abramova, Anastasia} } @article {, title = {Results from Canadian User Needs Survey}, year = {2010}, pages = {1-17}, institution = {Canadian Coast Guard and Ministry of Transport}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @article {, title = {New Frontiers in Ocean Exploration:\  The 2010 E/V Nautilus Field Season}, year = {2010}, month = {Dec 13 - Dec 17}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Bell, K L and Robert Ballard and Coleman, D. F. and Chris Roman and Brennan, M. L. and Turanli, T and Carery, S and Nomikou, P and Vougioukalakis, G and Larry A Mayer and Nicolaides, S and Konnaris, K and Shank, T M and Austin, J. A. and Ben-Avraham, Z and Phillips, B} } @article {, title = {New Standards for Providing Meteorological and Hydrographic Information via AIS Application-specific Messages}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {37-44}, publisher = {Geomatics Information \& Trading Center - GITC}, address = {Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee and Schwehr, Kurt} } @proceedings {, title = {ECDIS and Its Role in e-Navigation: The Promise and Reality}, year = {2010}, month = {Nov 16 - Nov 17}, chapter = {2010}, address = {Seattle, WA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @article {, title = {Physical Properties and Age of Mid-slope Sediments Dredged from the Eastern Australian Continental Margin--Implication for Continental Margin Erosional Processes}, year = {2010}, month = {Dec 13 - Dec 17}, pages = {1-1}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Hubble, T and Yu, P and Airey, D and Clarke, S. and Boyd, R and Keene, J and Exon, N and James V. Gardner} } @article {, title = {Modeling uncertainty in the lidar-derived NOAA shoreline}, year = {2010}, month = {May 25 - May 27}, chapter = {11th}, address = {Mobil, AL, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Christopher E Parrish and White, Stephen A and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Brian R Calder and Yuri Rzhanov} } @article {, title = {Marine Benthic Habitat Mapping of Muir Inlet, Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, Alaska, with an Evaluation of the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard III}, year = {2010}, institution = {U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}, address = {Scientific Investigations Map 3122}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Trusel, L D and Cochrane, G R and Etherington, L and Powell, Ross D and Larry A Mayer} } @article {, title = {Gorda Ridge Revisited: the R/V Okeanos Explorer Conducts its First Hydrothermal Plume Survey}, year = {2010}, month = {Feb 22 - Feb 26}, chapter = {2010}, address = {Portland, OR, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Walker, S L and Baker, E.T. and Mashkoor A Malik and Greene, R and Buck, N and Embley, R W and Merle, S G and Lupton, J E and Resing, J} } @article {, title = {Real-time Monitoring of Uncertainty due to Refraction in Multibeam Echo Sounding}, number = {134}, year = {2010}, pages = {3-13}, publisher = {Hydro International}, address = {Clevedon, Somerset, UK}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Beaudoin, Jonathan} } @proceedings {, title = {Maritime Information Systems as a Component of e-Navigation .}, year = {2010}, month = {May 17 - May 21}, address = {San Diego, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @proceedings {, title = {Correction of Bathymetric Survey Artifacts Resulting from Apparent Wave-Induced Vertical Position of an AUV}, year = {2010}, month = {Jun 21 - Jun 23}, address = {Quebec City, Quebec, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Val Schmidt and Nicole A Raineault and Skarke, Adam and Arthur Trembanis and Larry A Mayer} } @article {, title = {Simulating an Airborne Lidar Bathymetry}, year = {2010}, month = {May 25 - May 27}, chapter = {11th}, address = {Mobil, AL, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Kumar, Amaresh M and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Brian R Calder} } @article {, title = {Observations Near the Well Head using Vessel Mounted Scientific Echo Sounders}, year = {2010}, month = {Nov 15 - Nov 19}, chapter = {160th Meeting}, address = {Cancun, Quintana Roo, Mexico}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Thomas C Weber and Larry A Mayer and Greenaway, Samuel F and De Robertis, Alex and Christopher D Wilson and Smith, Shep M and Glen A Rice} } @article {, title = {Bathymetry Retrieval from Hyperspectral Imagery in the Very Shallow Water Limit: a Case Study from the 2007 Virginia Coast Reserve (VCR\’07) Multi-Sensor Campaign}, volume = {33}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, pages = {53-75}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, keywords = {Optical Imagery}, author = {Bachmann, Charles M and Montes, Marcos J and Fusina, Robert A and Christopher E Parrish and Sellars, Jon and Weidemann, A and Goode, W and Nichols, C R and Woodward, P and McIlhany, K and Hill, V and Zimmerman, R and Korwan, D and Truitt, B and Schwarzschild, A} } @proceedings {, title = {Maritime Information Systems as a Component of e-Navigation}, year = {2010}, month = {Mar 22 - Mar 27}, chapter = {7th}, address = {Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee and Bergmann, M} } @proceedings {, title = {A Marine GIS for the Oceania Region (MARGO); An Exploratory Project}, year = {2010}, month = {Sep 15 - Sep 15}, chapter = {2010}, address = {Lima, Peru, Peru}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Daniell, James and Ujihara, Naoto and Mahabier, Bernice G and Herwindya, Athur Y and Freire, Francis F and Zarayskaya, Yulia and Schwehr, Kurt and Monahan, Dave and Sharma, Shereen} } @article {, title = {A Global Characterization of Physical Segmentation along Oceanic Transform Faults}, year = {2010}, month = {Sep 11 - Sep 15}, pages = {293-293}, chapter = {Annual Meeting}, address = {Palm Springs, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Monica L Wolfson-Schwehr and Margaret S Boettcher} } @article {, title = {Canadian e-Navigation User Needs Survey: Report on Comprehensive Results}, year = {2010}, pages = {1-27}, institution = {Canadian Coast Guard}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @article {, title = {Sedimentation in Canada Basin, Western Arctic}, year = {2010}, month = {Dec 13 - Dec 17}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {David C Mosher and Shimeld, J and Jackson, R and Hutchinson, D R and Chapman, B and Chian, D and Childs, J R and Larry A Mayer and Edwards, D B and Verhoef, J} } @article {, title = {New Broadband Methods for Resonance Classification and High-resolution Imagery of Fish with Swimbladders using a Modified Commercial Broadband Echosounder}, volume = {67}, year = {2010}, pages = {365-378}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Stanton, T K and Chu, D and Jech, J M and Irish, James D} } @book {, title = {The Electronic Chart: Functions, Potential and Limitations of a New Navigation System}, year = {2010}, pages = {1-441}, publisher = {GeoMares Publishing}, organization = {GeoMares Publishing}, edition = {3}, address = {Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Hecht, H and Berking, B and Jonas, M and Alexander, Lee} } @proceedings {, title = {4D Multimodal Visualization and Analysis of Seafloor Vents and Plumes}, year = {2010}, month = {Jun 21 - Jun 23}, pages = {1-2}, address = {Quebec City, Quebec, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Doucet, Maurice and Paton, Mark and James V. Gardner and Greinert, J} } @article {, title = {EM302 Multibeam Survey of the Sangihe-Talaud Region, North Sulawesi, Indonesia}, year = {2010}, month = {Dec 13 - Dec 17}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Elizabeth Lobecker and Mashkoor A Malik and Johnson, Joel and Margaret S Boettcher} } @proceedings {, title = {Modeling the Effect of Oceanic Internal Waves on the Accuracy of Multibeam Echosounders}, year = {2010}, month = {Jun 21 - Jun 23}, address = {Quebec City, Quebec, Canada}, keywords = {Multibeam Sonars}, author = {Hamilton, T and Beaudoin, Jonathan} } @article {, title = {More than the Bottom: Multibeam Sonars and Water-column Imaging}, year = {2010}, month = {Dec 13 - Dec 17}, pages = {1-1}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Larry A Mayer and Thomas C Weber and James V. Gardner and Mashkoor A Malik and Beaudoin, Jonathan and Doucet, Maurice} } @article {, title = {Trip Report for Nancy Foster IOCM Project 2010}, year = {2010}, institution = {National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminiatration (NOAA)}, address = {Internal Report}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Glen A Rice} } @proceedings {, title = {Bathymetric Attributed Grids (BAGs): Discovery of Marine Datasets and Geospatial Metadata Visualization}, year = {2010}, month = {Jun 21 - Jun 23}, address = {Quebec City, Quebec, Canada}, keywords = {The Nave Surface and BAG{\textquoteright}s}, author = {Schwehr, Kurt and Andrew A. Armstrong and Brennan, Rick T and Fischman, David and Sellars, Jon and Smith, Shep M} } @article {, title = {CHARTS Data Fusion: Multi-sensor Imagery Co-registration.}, year = {2010}, month = {May 25 - May 27}, chapter = {11th}, address = {Mobil, AL, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Yuri Rzhanov and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri} } @article {, title = {Large Scale Observations of Fine-scale Seabed Morphology and Sediment Characterization in Tidally Modulated Inlets}, year = {2010}, pages = {1-5}, institution = {Office of Naval Reasearch (ONR) }, keywords = {Other}, author = {Thomas C Lippmann} } @article {, title = {Modelling Uncertainty Caused by Internal Waves on the Accuracy of MBES}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, pages = {55-65}, publisher = {Geomatics Information \& Trading Center - GITC}, address = {Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Hamilton, T and Beaudoin, Jonathan} } @proceedings {, title = {Hydrographic Products/Services as a Fundamental Component of the e-Navigation Concept of Operation}, year = {2010}, month = {Jun 21 - Jun 23}, address = {Quebec City, Quebec, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee and Ward, Robert} } @proceedings {, title = {Test Methodology for Evaluation of Linearity of Multibeam Echosounder Backscatter Performance}, year = {2010}, month = {Sep 20 - Sep 23}, chapter = {2010}, address = {Seattle, WA, USA}, keywords = {Sonar Calibration}, author = {Greenaway, Samuel F and Thomas C Weber} } @article {, title = {Simulating an Airborne Lidar Bathymetry (ALB) System}, year = {2010}, month = {Jun 7 - Jun 8}, address = {Tucson, AZ, USA}, keywords = {LIDAR}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Kumar, Amaresh M and Brian R Calder} } @article {, title = {Acoustic Estimates of Size Distribution for Bubbles Released from the Seabed}, year = {2010}, month = {Nov 15 - Nov 19}, chapter = {160th Meeting}, address = {Cancun, Quintana Roo, Mexico}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Thomas C Weber and Williams, K and Tang, D} } @inbook {, title = {Southeast Australia:\  A Cenozoic Continental Margin Dominated by Mass Transport}, booktitle = {Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences}, volume = {28}, year = {2010}, pages = {491-502}, publisher = {Springer Science}, organization = {Springer Science}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Multibeam Sonars}, author = {Boyd, R and Keene, J and Hubble, T and James V. Gardner and Glenn, K and Ruming, K and Exon, N} } @article {, title = {Retrieval of Substrate Bearing Strength from Hyperspectral Imagery during the Virginia Coast Reserve (VCR{\textquoteright}07) Multi-Sensor Campaign}, volume = {33}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, pages = {101-116}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, keywords = {Optical Imagery}, author = {Bachmann, Charles M and Nichols, C R and Montes, Marcos J and Rongxing Li and Woodward, P and Fusina, Robert A and Chen, W and V Mishra and Kim, W and Monty, J and McIlhany, K and Kessler, K and Korwan, D and Millar, W D and Bennert, E and Gabriel M Smith and Gillis, D and Sellars, Jon and Christopher E Parrish and Schwarzschild, A and Truitt, B} } @proceedings {, title = {Establishing a Regional AIS Application Specific Message Register}, year = {2010}, month = {Mar 22 - Mar 27}, chapter = {7th}, address = {Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee and Schwehr, Kurt and Zetterberg, R} } @proceedings {, title = {New Developments in Lidar Shoreline Mapping and Full-Waveform Lidar at NOAA}, year = {2010}, month = {Nov 30 - Dec 1}, chapter = {2010}, address = {The Hague, South Holland, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Christopher E Parrish and White, Stephen A and Aslaksen, Michael} } @proceedings {3243, title = {Acquisizione marina dell\’alto strutturale del Mt. Vercelli (Mar Tirreno Centrale) e del golfo di Napoli: descrizione dei rilievi e primi risultati}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {Oct 26 - Oct 28}, pages = {517-518}, chapter = {29th}, address = {Prato, Italy, Italy}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Cocchi, L. and Muccini, F. and Carmisciano, C. and Vagni, R. and Giuseppe Masetti} } @article {3904, title = {Blue Carbon: The role of healthy oceans in binding carbon}, year = {2010}, pages = {1-80}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Nellemann, C and Corcoran, E and Duarte, C M and Valdes, L and DeYoung, C and Fonseca, Luciano and Grimsditch, G} } @proceedings {3242, title = {Caratterizzazione remota del fondale marinotramite analisi e mosaicatura del backscatter}, year = {2010}, month = {Nov 9 - Nov 12}, pages = {1275-1280}, address = {Brescia, Brescia, Italy}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti and Sacile, R. and A. Trucco} } @article {3901, title = {Correction of Bathymetric Artifacts Resulting from Surface-Wave Inducted Modulations of an AUV Pressure Sensor}, year = {2010}, pages = {1-13}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {AUV \& Harbor Tracking}, author = {Val Schmidt and Nicole A Raineault and Skarke, Adam and Arthur Trembanis and Larry A Mayer} } @article {6427, title = {Geophysical seismic investigation using high resolution sub-bottom profiler in the Eastern Harbor of Alexandria, Egypt}, volume = {36 (2)}, year = {2010}, publisher = {National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries}, author = {Tamer Nada} } @article {6428, title = {Geophysical seismic investigation using high resolution sub-bottom profiler in the Eastern Harbor of Alexandria, Egypt}, year = {2010}, month = {December 7-9}, pages = {Alexandria, Egypt}, url = {http://aquacomgroup.com/wordpress/2010/05/10/4th-international-conference-on-aquatic-resources-icar-2010/}, author = {Tamer Nada} } @article {2883, title = {GIS e GeoDB: due acronimi per capire il mondo. Elementi teorici e spunti argomentativi sull{\textquoteright}integrazione dei dati geografici}, volume = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {91-100}, publisher = {Italian Ministero Della Difesa}, address = {Rome, Rome, Italy}, keywords = {Other}, url = {http://www.marina.difesa.it/conosciamoci/editoria/marivista/Pagine/201003.aspx}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti and Carnevale, L.} } @mastersthesis {7295, title = {Linearity Tests of a Multibeam Echosounder}, volume = {Ocean Engineering}, year = {2010}, month = {December}, pages = {80}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

The backscatter information available from many modern multibeam echosounder systems (MBES) has been shown to be useful for a number of purposes such as habitat classification and bottom type classification. Linearity of the system response is posited to be an important requirement for many backscatter processing techniques. A procedure to measure the system linearity is developed for the Reson 7125. These measurements are performed both in a controlled test tank environment and with systems installed on operational platforms. The linearity of the system with respect to power, gain, and the returned signal level is evaluated. It is possible to drive the Reson 7125 to nonlinear behavior. The consequences of nonlinearity on both bathymetric measurements and backscatter intensity values are developed theoretically and tested against experimental observations. Nonlinear performance generally complicates and degrades both backscatter and bathymetric data products.

}, url = {https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis/596}, author = {Greenaway, Samuel F} } @article {2870, title = {Looking into the Future of Ocean Sciences: an IOC Perspective}, volume = {23}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {160-175}, publisher = {The Oceanography Society}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Valdes, L. and Fonseca, Luciano and Tedesco, K} } @article {5010, title = {Multibeam mapping of the United States continental margin: Supporting the effort to delinieate the extended continental shelf under Article 76 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea}, year = {2010}, month = {2010}, address = {Cape Town, South Africa}, author = {Andrew A. Armstrong}, editor = {Larry A Mayer} } @proceedings {3226, title = {New Approaches for Evaluating Lidar-Derived Shoreline}, year = {2010}, month = {Jun 6 - Jun 8}, address = {Tucson, AZ, USA}, keywords = {LIDAR}, author = {Christopher E Parrish and White, Stephen A and Brian R Calder and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Yuri Rzhanov} } @article {3905, title = {R/V Thompson EM302 SAT -- Cruise Report}, year = {2010}, pages = {1-41}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Beaudoin, Jonathan and Val Schmidt} } @article {2873, title = {Seafloor Mapping In The Arctic:Support For a Potential US Extended Continental Shelf}, volume = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {14-23}, publisher = {Geomatics Information \& Trading Center - GITC}, address = {Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Law of the Sea}, author = {Larry A Mayer and Andrew A. Armstrong and Brian R Calder and James V. Gardner} } @proceedings {3229, title = {Seamless Online Distribution of Amundsen Multibeam Data}, year = {2010}, month = {Jun 21 - Jun 23}, pages = {1-19}, address = {Quebec City, Quebec, Canada}, keywords = {Multibeam Sonars}, author = {Muggah, J and Church, I and Beaudoin, Jonathan and John E. Hughes Clarke} } @article {2879, title = {Shallow and Deep Lunge Feeding of Humpback Whales in Fjords of the West Antarctic Penninsula}, volume = {27}, year = {2010}, pages = {587-605}, publisher = {Wiley}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Colin Ware and Friedlaender, A S and Nowacek, D P} } @article {2878, title = {Underwater Tracking of Humpback Whales (Megaptera Novaeangliae) with High-Frequency Pingers and Acoustic Recording Tags}, volume = {35}, year = {2010}, pages = {821-836}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Val Schmidt and Thomas C Weber and David N Wiley and Johnson, M P} } @article {3902, title = {U.S. Law of the Sea Cruise to Map the Southern Flank of the Kingman Reef-Palmyra Atoll section of the Line Islands, Equatorial Pacific Ocean}, year = {2010}, month = {June 20}, pages = {81}, institution = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping / Joint Hydrographic Center}, address = {Durham, NH}, keywords = {Law of the Sea}, author = {James V. Gardner and Brian R Calder} } @article {3903, title = {U.S. Law of the Sea cruises to map sections of the Mariana Trench and the eastern and southern insular margins of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands}, year = {2010}, pages = {1-82}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {Law of the Sea}, author = {James V. Gardner} } @article {2867, title = {The West Mariana Ridge, Western Pacific Ocean: Geomorphology and Processes from New Multibeam Data}, volume = {122}, number = {9}, year = {2010}, pages = {1378-1388}, publisher = {The Geological Society of America (GSA)}, keywords = {Law of the Sea}, author = {James V. Gardner} } @article {, title = {Creating GeoTIFF Photomosaics from Seafloor Video}, year = {2009}, month = {Mar 2 - Mar 5}, address = {Myrtle Beach, SC, USA}, keywords = {Optical Imagery}, author = {Ackerman, S and Yuri Rzhanov and Barnhardt, W} } @article {, title = {Precise Naviation and Maneuverin in Ports, Evaluation Report for EFFORTS Project Work Package 1.2}, year = {2009}, pages = {1-5}, institution = {ISSUS/Hamberg Port Authority}, address = {EC Contract No FP6-031486}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @article {, title = {Consecutive Acoustic Observations of an Atlantic Herring School in the Northwest Atlantic}, volume = {66}, year = {2009}, pages = {1270-1277}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Water Column Mapping}, author = {Thomas C Weber and Pena, H and Jech, J M} } @proceedings {, title = {Marine Spatial Data Infrastructure (MSDI) Challenges and Opportunities: The Cuban Experience}, year = {2009}, month = {Feb 9 - Feb 13}, address = {Havana, Havana, Cuba}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Calderon, Hilario and Alexander, Lee} } @article {, title = {Using Moored Arrays and Hyperspectral Aerial Imagery to Develop Eelgrass-based Nutrient Criteria for New Hampshire{\textquoteright}s Great Bay Estuary}, year = {2009}, month = {Mar 2 - Mar 5}, pages = {60-61}, address = {Myrtle Beach, SC, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Morrison, John R and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Trowbridge, Philip and Frederick, Short} } @article {, title = {Optimally Displaying 2D Vector Fields of Meteorology and Oceanography}, year = {2009}, month = {Jan 11 - Jan 16}, address = {Phoenix, AZ, USA}, keywords = {Flow Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware and Mitchell, J and Roland Arsenault and John G Kelley} } @article {, title = {The New IHO Hydrographic Geospatial Standard for Marine Data and Information}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, pages = {44-55}, publisher = {Geomatics Information \& Trading Center - GITC}, address = {Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Ward, R W and Alexander, Lee and Greenslade, B} } @proceedings {, title = {High-resolution Seafloor Mapping and an Assessment of the Effectiveness of the Western Gulf of Maine Closure Area (WGOMCA)}, year = {2009}, month = {Apr 15 - Apr 16}, address = {Portland, ME, USA}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Raymond E Grizzle and Mashkoor A Malik and Larry G Ward} } @article {, title = {Okeanos Explorer - Aligning Today{\textquoteright}s Technology to a New Paradigm of Ocean Exploration}, year = {2009}, month = {Apr 21 - Apr 24}, address = {Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Mashkoor A Malik and Weirich, J and Russel, Craig and Stuart, Elaine and Colleen Peters and Larry A Mayer and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @article {, title = {Right Whale AIS Project (RAP): Acoustic Detections in the Boston Approaches}, year = {2009}, month = {Feb 3 - Feb 4}, address = {Vicksburg, MS, USA}, keywords = {Chart of the Future}, author = {Schwehr, Kurt and Alexander, Lee} } @article {, title = {Improved Approach to LIDAR Airport Obstruction Surveying Using Full-Waveform Data}, volume = {135}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, pages = {72-82}, publisher = {Amercian Society of Civil Engineers }, address = {Reston, VA, USA}, keywords = {LIDAR}, author = {Christopher E Parrish and Nowak, Robert D} } @proceedings {, title = {Development of Port ENC Standard}, year = {2009}, month = {Sep 6 - Sep 9}, address = {Vienna, Vienna, Austria}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee and Seefeldt, Dieter} } @article {, title = {Physiography of the Eastern Mendocino Ridge, NE Pacific Ocean}, year = {2009}, month = {Dec 14 - Dec 18}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {James V. Gardner and Mashkoor A Malik} } @article {, title = {Assimilation of Airborne Imagery with Lidar for Surf Zone Bathymetric Estimation}, year = {2009}, pages = {1-32}, institution = {U.S. Army}, address = {Joint Airborne Lidar Bathymetry Technical Center of Expertise (JALBTCX)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Thomas C Lippmann} } @mastersthesis {, title = {Geomorphologic Inputs for the Determination of Hydrographic Survey Prioritization}, year = {2009}, pages = {97}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Soraruf, Rachel E} } @article {, title = {A Deployment of Broadband Seismic Stations in Two Deep Gold Mines}, year = {2009}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, keywords = {Other}, author = {McGarr, Art and Margaret S Boettcher and Fletcher, J B} } @article {, title = {e-Navigation: Challenges and Opportunities.}, year = {2009}, month = {Feb 3 - Feb 4}, address = {Vicksburg, MS, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @article {, title = {The Vertical Structure of Shallow Water Flow in the Surf Zone}, year = {2009}, institution = {Department of Defense (DoD)}, address = {Office of Naval Research (ONR)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Thomas C Lippmann} } @article {, title = {Fine-scale Prey Aggregations and Foraging Ecology of Humpback Whales (Megaptera Novaeangliae)}, volume = {395}, year = {2009}, pages = {75-89}, publisher = {Inter-Research}, address = {Nordbunte, Oldendorf, Germany}, keywords = {Whale Tracking}, author = {Hazen, E L and Friedlaender, A S and Thompson, Michael A and Colin Ware and Weinrich, M T and Halpin, P N and David N Wiley} } @proceedings {, title = {Data Density and Grid Resolution}, year = {2009}, month = {May 11 - May 14}, address = {Norfolk, VA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Glen A Rice and Brian R Calder} } @article {, title = {Registration of the Hyperspectral Data to Aerial Photography (USACE{\textquoteright}s CHARTS Systems).}, year = {2009}, month = {Mar 27 - Mar 28}, chapter = {2nd}, address = {Montreal, Quebec, Canada}, keywords = {LIDAR}, author = {Yuri Rzhanov and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri} } @article {, title = {Port ECDIS. Evaluation Report for EFFORTS Project Work Package 1.3}, year = {2009}, pages = {1-5}, institution = {ISSUS/Hamberg Port Authority}, address = {EC Contract No FP6-031486}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @article {, title = {Measurements of Acoustic Backscatter and Density of Captive Atlantic Cod with Synchronized 300-kHz Multibeam and 120-kHz Split-Beam Echosounders}, volume = {66}, year = {2009}, pages = {1303-1309}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Water Column Mapping}, author = {Gurshin, C W and Jech, J M and Howell, W H and Thomas C Weber and Larry A Mayer} } @proceedings {, title = {e-Navigation and Electronic Charting: Implications for Hydrographic Community}, year = {2009}, month = {May 11 - May 14}, address = {Norfolk, VA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @article {, title = {Current Research on Airborne LIDAR Bathymetry (ALB) Shoreline Mapping}, year = {2009}, month = {Mar 27 - Mar 28}, chapter = {2nd}, address = {Montreal, Quebec, Canada}, keywords = {LIDAR}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Morgan, Lynnette V and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @article {, title = {Minimizing Vessel Strikes to Endangered Whales: A Crash Course in Conservation Science and Policy}, year = {2009}, month = {May 20 - May 20}, chapter = {Beyond the Obituaries: Success Stories in Ocean Conservation}, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Chart of the Future}, author = {David N Wiley and Brown, Moira W and Clark, C and Hatch, Leila and L. Johnson and Koyama, K and Merrick, R and Schwehr, Kurt and Siber, G and Tetreault, B and Thompson, Michael A} } @proceedings {, title = {High-resolution Delineation of Acoustically Homogeneous Areas in Multibeam Backscatter Maps}, year = {2009}, month = {Oct 4 - Oct 9}, address = {St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada}, keywords = {GeoCoder}, author = {Yuri Rzhanov and Fonseca, Luciano and Larry A Mayer} } @book {, title = {The Electronic Chart: Functions, Potential and Limitations of a New Navigation System}, year = {2009}, pages = {1-322}, publisher = {GeoMares Publishing}, organization = {GeoMares Publishing}, edition = {3}, address = {Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Hecht, H and Berking, B and Jonas, M and Alexander, Lee} } @article {, title = {Macroalgae and Eelgrass Mapping in Great Bay Estuary Using AISA Hyperspectral Imagery}, year = {2009}, month = {Mar 2 - Mar 5}, pages = {110-111}, address = {Myrtle Beach, SC, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Morrison, John R and Frederick, Short and Mathieson, Arthur and Trowbridge, Philip} } @article {, title = {Concept: IALA AIS Binary Messages Web Site for Message Catalog and Register}, year = {2009}, month = {Jan 15 - Jan 15}, address = {Key West, FL, USA}, keywords = {Chart of the Future}, author = {Alexander, Lee and Schwehr, Kurt} } @article {, title = {Correction of Bathymetric Survey Artifacts Resulting from Apparent Wave-induced Vertical Movement of an AUV}, year = {2009}, pages = {1-10}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {AUV \& Harbor Tracking}, author = {Val Schmidt and Nicole A Raineault and Skarke, Adam and Arthur Trembanis and Larry A Mayer} } @proceedings {, title = {Advanced Mid-Water Tools for 4D Marine Data Fusion and Visualization}, year = {2009}, month = {Oct 26 - Oct 29}, address = {Biloxi, MS, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Doucet, Maurice and Lindsay Gee and Thomas C Weber and Roland Arsenault and Larry A Mayer and Colin Ware and Mashkoor A Malik} } @article {, title = {Evaluation of Airborne LIDAR Bathymetry (ALB) in Sub Tidal Coastal Environments}, year = {2009}, month = {Oct 5 - Oct 6}, address = {Silver Springs, MD, USA}, keywords = {LIDAR}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri} } @article {, title = {A Proposal to Completely Chart the World{\textquoteright}s Oceans}, year = {2009}, pages = {1-41}, institution = {National Oceanographic Partnership Program (NOPP)}, address = {Ocean Research and Resources Advisory Panel (ORRAP)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Cormier, Marie H and Vogt, Peter R and Monahan, Dave and Smith, Walter H} } @article {, title = {Precise Distributed Timekeeping in Hydrographic Survey}, volume = {29}, number = {8}, year = {2009}, publisher = {Flatdog Media Inc.}, address = {Frederick, MD, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Brian R Calder and Brennan, Rick T and Hill, R and Lear, R} } @article {, title = {A Synoptic Model of Slip on Mid Ocean Ridge Transform Faults - Insights from Earthquakes and Laboratory Experiments}, year = {2009}, month = {Mar 23 - Mar 27}, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Margaret S Boettcher} } @article {, title = {Observations of River Topography and Flow Around Bridges}, year = {2009}, pages = {1-18}, institution = {Ohio State University }, address = {USGS Water Resources Research Institute}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Thomas C Lippmann} } @article {, title = {Dirl Changes in Humpback Whale (Megaptera Novaeangliae) Feeding Behavior in Response to Sand Lance (Ammodytes SPP.) Behavior and Distribution}, volume = {395}, year = {2009}, pages = {91-100}, publisher = {Inter-Research}, address = {Nordbunte, Oldendorf, Germany}, keywords = {Whale Tracking}, author = {Friedlaender, A S and Hazen, E L and Nowacek, D P and Halpin, P N and Colin Ware and Weinrich, M T and Hurst, T and David N Wiley} } @proceedings {, title = {Uncertainty Wedge Analysis: Quantifying the Impact of Sparse Sound Speed Profiling Regimes on Sounding Uncertainty}, year = {2009}, month = {May 11 - May 14}, address = {Norfolk, VA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Beaudoin, Jonathan and Hiebert, J and Brian R Calder and Imahori, Gretchen} } @article {, title = {Simultaneous Water Column and Seafloor Mapping with the Simard ME70}, year = {2009}, month = {Apr 21 - Apr 24}, address = {Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Thomas C Weber and Clark, Tyler J and Christopher D Wilson} } @article {, title = {Inland Navigation Technology {\textquoteright}09 - Digital Technology Impact on Safety and Efficiency}, year = {2009}, pages = {1-5}, institution = {U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center}, address = {Coastal and Hydrologic Laboratory}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @article {, title = {Estimation of Sounding Uncertainty from Measurements of Water Mass Variability}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, pages = {20-38}, publisher = {Geomatics Information \& Trading Center - GITC}, address = {Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Data Processing}, author = {Beaudoin, Jonathan and Brian R Calder and Hiebert, J and Imahori, Gretchen} } @proceedings {, title = {e-Navigation: Challenges and Opportunities}, year = {2009}, month = {May 11 - May 14}, address = {Norfolk, VA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @article {, title = {Evaluation of Airborne LIDAR Bathymetry (ALB) in Sub-tidal Coastal Environments}, year = {2009}, month = {Jun 16 - Jun 18}, chapter = {10th Annual}, address = {Portland, OR, USA}, keywords = {LIDAR}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and James V. Gardner} } @article {, title = {Multiple Scattering Through Clouds of Gas Bubbles in Liquids: Accounting for Clustering in the Higher-order Moments}, year = {2009}, month = {Oct 26 - Oct 30}, edition = {158th}, chapter = {Meeting of the}, address = {San Antonio, TX, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Thomas C Weber and Bradley, David L and Anthony P. Lyons} } @article {, title = {Effects of a Large Fishing Closure on Benthic Communitites in the Western Gulf of Maine: Recovery from the Effects of Gillnets and Otter Trawls}, volume = {107}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, pages = {308-317}, publisher = {National Marine Fisheries Service Scientific Publications Office}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Raymond E Grizzle and Larry G Ward and Larry A Mayer and Mashkoor A Malik and Cooper, Andrew B and Abeels, Holly A and Jennifer K Greene and Brodeur, Melissa A and Rosenberg, Andrew A} } @proceedings {, title = {Enhancing AIS to Improve Whale-Ship Collision Avoidance and Maritime Security}, year = {2009}, month = {Oct 26 - Oct 29}, address = {Biloxi, MS, USA}, keywords = {Chart of the Future}, author = {McGillivary, Philip A and Schwehr, Kurt and Fall, Kevin} } @article {, title = {CHARTS data fusion: Multi-sensor imagery co-registration}, year = {2009}, month = {Mar 2 - Mar 5}, pages = {62-63}, address = {Myrtle Beach, SC, USA}, keywords = {LIDAR}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Yuri Rzhanov} } @article {, title = {Analysis of Lidar Leaf Penetration Indices for Selected Plant Species in a Coastal Marsh and Correlation with Terrain Elevation Accuracy}, year = {2009}, month = {Mar 9 - Mar 13}, address = {Baltimore, MD, USA}, keywords = {LIDAR}, author = {Wijekoon, N and Christopher E Parrish and Scott, G} } @article {, title = {Discovery of Marine Datasets and Geospatial Metadata Visualization}, year = {2009}, month = {Dec 14 - Dec 18}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Chart of the Future}, author = {Schwehr, Kurt and Brennan, Rick T and Sellars, Jon and Smith, Shep M} } @article {, title = {Development and Analysis of a Bathymetric Database for Great Bay Estuary, New Hampshire}, year = {2009}, pages = {1-34}, institution = {New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services (DES)}, address = {New Hampshire Coastal Program (NHCP)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Larry G Ward} } @article {, title = {e-Navigation: Concept and Reality}, volume = {50}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, pages = {7-7}, publisher = {Compass Publications Inc.}, address = {Deer Isle, ME, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @proceedings {, title = {Comparison Between Physical Sediment Samples and Grain-size Estimates from GeoCoder}, year = {2009}, month = {Nov 10 - Nov 12}, address = {Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa}, keywords = {GeoCoder}, author = {Huff, Lloyd C and Fonseca, Luciano and Hou, Tianhang and McConnaughey, Robert} } @article {, title = {Environmental Response Management Application (ERMA) - Web-based GIS Data Display and Management System for Oil Spill Planning and Environmental Response}, year = {2009}, month = {Mar 2 - Mar 5}, address = {Myrtle Beach, SC, USA}, keywords = {Chart of the Future}, author = {Jacobi, Michele and Braswell, Rob and Merten, Amy A and Kinner, Nancy E and Schwehr, Kurt} } @article {, title = {Macroalgae and Eelgrass Mapping in Great Bay Estuary Using AISA Hyperspectral Imagery.}, year = {2009}, pages = {1-45}, institution = {The New Hampshire Estuaries Project}, address = {Piscataqua Regional Estuary Program}, keywords = {Optical Imagery}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Morrison, John R and Frederick, Short and Mathieson, Arthur and Brook, Anna and Trowbridge, Philip} } @article {, title = {Long-Term Moored Array Measurements of Currents and Hydrography over Georges Bank: 1994-1999}, volume = {82}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, pages = {191-223}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Brink, K H and Beardsley, R C and Limeburner, R and Irish, James D and Caruso, M} } @proceedings {, title = {USCG Development, Test and Evaluation of AIS Binary Messages for Enhanced VTS Operations}, year = {2009}, month = {Jan 26 - Jan 28}, address = {Anaheim, CA, USA}, keywords = {Chart of the Future}, author = {Gonin, I and Johnson, G and Shalaev, R and Tetreault, B and Alexander, Lee} } @article {, title = {Assimilation of Airborne Imagery with LIDAR for Bathymetric Estimation}, year = {2009}, month = {Mar 27 - Mar 28}, pages = {1-1}, chapter = {2nd}, address = {Montreal, Quebec, Canada}, keywords = {LIDAR}, author = {Monfort, Chad and Thomas C Lippmann} } @article {, title = {Oceanic Transform Fault Seismicity Earthquakes of a Different Kind}, year = {2009}, month = {Apr 12 - Apr 16}, chapter = {6th}, address = {Lake Tahoe, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Margaret S Boettcher and Jeffrey J McGuire} } @article {, title = {Daily Surface Currents from Argus Video at Benson Beach, WA}, year = {2009}, pages = {1-20}, institution = {U.S. Army}, address = {U.S. Army Corps of Engineers}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Thomas C Lippmann} } @article {, title = {ME70 Seafloor Characterization and 4D Water Column Visualization}, year = {2009}, month = {May 19 - May 22}, address = {Ancona, Ancona, Italy}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Thomas C Weber and Clark, Tyler J and Doucet, Maurice} } @article {, title = {Africa Partnership Station}, year = {2009}, pages = {1-4}, institution = {Department of Defense (DoD)}, address = {Office of Naval Research (ONR)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Thomas C Lippmann} } @article {, title = {Quantitative Texton Sequences for Legible Bivariate Maps}, volume = {15}, number = {6}, year = {2009}, pages = {1523-1529}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware} } @proceedings {, title = {Traffic Analysis for the Calibration of Risk Assessment Models}, year = {2009}, month = {May 11 - May 14}, address = {Norfolk, VA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Brian R Calder and Schwehr, Kurt} } @article {3420, title = {Advances in the study of marine mammal predator-prey interactions: a novel real-time visualization of independently collected echosounder data using GeoZui4D}, year = {2009}, month = {Oct 12 - Oct 16}, chapter = {18th Biennial Conference}, address = {Quebec City, Quebec, Canada}, keywords = {Whale Tracking}, author = {Roland Arsenault and Friedlaender, A S and Hazen, E L and Colin Ware and David N Wiley} } @proceedings {3193, title = {Analytic solution for the forced mean cross-shore flow in the surf zone}, year = {2009}, month = {Sep 2 - Sep 5}, pages = {789-797}, publisher = {ASCE}, chapter = {31st}, address = {Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Thomas C Lippmann} } @article {2845, title = {Angular Range Analysis of Acoustic Themes from Stanton Banks Ireland: A Link Between Visual Interpretation and Multibeam Echosounder Angular Signatures}, volume = {70}, year = {2009}, pages = {1298-1304}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Fonseca, Luciano and Craig Brown and Brian R Calder and Larry A Mayer and Yuri Rzhanov} } @proceedings {3209, title = {Automatic Construction of Acoustic Themes for Benthic Habitat Mapping at Stanton Banks, UK}, year = {2009}, month = {May 5 - Jun 8}, address = {Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Fonseca, Luciano and Yuri Rzhanov and McGonigle, C and Craig Brown} } @article {3900, title = {Baseline Survey of Habitats and Resources of the North Mill Pond}, year = {2009}, pages = {1-37}, institution = {New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services (DES)}, address = {New Hampshire Coastal Program (NHCP)}, keywords = {LIDAR}, author = {Burdicki, Dave M and Moore, Gregg and Raymond E Grizzle and Ward, Krystin and Mathieson, Arthur and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri} } @mastersthesis {1829, title = {Bathymetric Uncertainty Model for the L-3 Klein 5410 Sidescan Sonar}, year = {2009}, pages = {91}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Moser, Marc S} } @article {2856, title = {Broadband Records of Earthquakes in Deep Gold Mines and a Comparison with Results from SAFOD, California}, volume = {99}, number = {5}, year = {2009}, pages = {2815-2824}, publisher = {Seismological Society of America}, keywords = {Other}, author = {McGarr, Art and Margaret S Boettcher and Fletcher, J B and Sell, R and Johnston, Malcolm J and Durrheim, R and Spottiswoode, S and Milev, A} } @proceedings {3218, title = {Carte nautiche elettroniche dell{\textquoteright}I.I.M. e cartografia tecnica regionale: studio di fattibilita per una necessaria integrazione}, year = {2009}, month = {Dec 1 - Dec 4}, pages = {1387-1392}, address = {Bari, Bari, Italy}, abstract = {

With this work we tried to move a little step to find which information presented in the Electronic Navigational Charts (ENC) produced by the Italian Hydrographic Office and in the regional topographic databases could be integrated.

The backbone idea is to operate at the level of finished products, skipping any problem about the source data, collected with different rules and specifications. At this theoretical study is followed the realization, with the Ligurian Region\’s cooperation, of a demonstrative ENC named \“Chiavari Harbour\”. The easiness with whose the aforesaid ENC\’s \“landing part\” has been created let us suppose a quick qualitative improvement of the Italian Hydrographic Office\’s portfolio of ENC.

On the other hand, from the integration of ENC\’s data, the Regions could obtain a set of \“marine\” information at the moment largely uncared.

}, keywords = {Other}, url = {http://atti.asita.it/Asita2009/Pdf/042.pdf}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti} } @article {3886, title = {Climate Change Impacts and Research Needs for DoD Assets in Alaska{\textquoteright}s Coastal Regions}, year = {2009}, pages = {1-23}, institution = {U.S. Army}, address = {Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Kinner, Nancy E and Thomas C Lippmann and Ravens, T and Zufeldt, J} } @mastersthesis {1828, title = {Detecting Bedform Migration from High Resolution Multibeam Bathymetry in Portsmouth Harbor, New Hampshire, USA}, volume = {Earth Sciences/Ocean Mapping}, year = {2009}, month = {09/2009}, pages = {107}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

A study was undertaken to quantify dune migration in Portsmouth Harbor, New Hampshire, USA from repeat high-resolution multibeam echosounder (MBES) surveys. Repeat MBES surveys were conducted in June 2007 and July 2008 over periods ranging from 6 hours to 7 days in order to capture the response of dune morphology to ebb-flood and spring-neap tidal cycles. A new technique was developed for detecting bedform migration. This approach utilizes a fingerprint-detection algorithm (Bishnu et al., 2002) to convert the bathymetric surface to a binary map of bedform crests, which are subsequently tracked using a spatial cross-correlation technique (Duffy and Hughes-Clarke, 2005). Acoustic current-meter observations from July 2008 provided context for the observed bedform-migration patterns, and were subsequently used to compute bed shear stress. Results indicate that dune migration occurred over periods as short as 6 hours. Dune migration distances in excess of 2 m were observed over 6- and 7-day periods.\ 

}, keywords = {bedform migration, portsmouth harbor}, author = {Felzenberg, Janice} } @article {2862, title = {Environmental Risks Monitoring of Shipwrecks in Italian Seas}, volume = {11}, year = {2009}, pages = {52-60}, publisher = {International Hydrographic Bureau}, address = {Monaco, Monaco Cedex, Monaco}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti and Orsini, F.} } @article {2848, title = {Extension of Gutenberg-Richter Distribution to Mw -1.3, No Lower Limit in Sight}, volume = {36}, year = {2009}, pages = {1-}, publisher = {American Geophysical Union }, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Margaret S Boettcher and McGarr, Art and Johnston, Malcolm J} } @proceedings {3201, title = {GeoCoastPilot: A Better Way of Organizing and Displaying Information in Support of Port Familiarization}, year = {2009}, month = {Oct 26 - Oct 29}, address = {Biloxi, MS, USA}, keywords = {Chart of the Future}, author = {Plumlee, Matt D and Schwehr, Kurt and Alexander, Lee and Briana M Sullivan and Colin Ware} } @article {6028, title = {Killer Whale Discrete Pulsed Call Variation}, journal = {Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, year = {2009}, abstract = {

Animals can increase and diversify vocal complexity and call content by altering internal features within a call. The Northern Resident orca pods, residing off British Columbia, each have their own dialect of structurally discrete and highly stable pulsed calls. The objective of this study is to determine if there are distinctive internal acoustic features within the defined envelope of a single discrete pulsed call (N04) which could potentially relay the signaler\’s behavioral circumstance. Orca discrete pulsed calls are highly complex with varying time-frequency slopes and multiple sidebands. This analysis began with the parsing of the N04 call into different subtypes based on distinctive changes in time-frequency slopes found in the call spectrograms. Call subtypes were verified using discriminant analysis, and changes in slope trends (ascending, descending, or constant frequency) at designated locations along the calls were compared. Variations in slopes were found between subtypes predominantly in the calls\’ front and terminal regions. Clear and reliable acoustic cues within a discrete pulsed call could not only provide receivers with the physical location and group affiliation of the signaler but also would alert receivers to the signaler\’s behavioral state or prey catch which would be vital information for a prey-sharing species.

}, keywords = {Call Variation, Killer Whale}, doi = {10.1121/1.3249300}, author = {D.M. Grebner and Bradley, David L and D.E. Capone and S. Parks and Jennifer Miksis-Olds and J.K.B. Ford} } @article {2839, title = {Longshore Surface Currents Measured by Doppler Radar and Video PIV Techniques}, volume = {47(8)}, number = {8}, year = {2009}, pages = {2787-2800}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Other}, doi = {10.1109/TGRS.2009.2016556}, author = {Perkovic, Dragana and Thomas C Lippmann and Steve J Frasier} } @article {2861, title = {L{\textquoteright}Unione Europea contro la pirateria marittima nel Golfo di Aden}, volume = {6}, year = {2009}, pages = {10-15}, publisher = {Italian Ministero Della Difesa}, address = {Rome, Rome, Italy}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti and Orsini, F.} } @article {5987, title = {Manatee (Trichechus manatus) Vocalization Usage in Relation to Environmental Noise Levels}, volume = {125}, year = {2009}, month = {March}, pages = {1806-1815}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, abstract = {

Noise can interfere with acoustic communication by masking signals that contain biologically important information. Communication theory recognizes several ways a sender can modify its acoustic signal to compensate for noise, including increasing the source level of a signal, its repetition, its duration, shifting frequency outside that of the noise band, or shifting the timing of signal emission outside of noise periods. The extent to which animals would be expected to use these compensation mechanisms depends on the benefit of successful communication, risk of failure, and the cost of compensation. Here we study whether a coastal marine mammal, the manatee, can modify vocalizations as a function of behavioral context and ambient noise level. To investigate whether and how manatees modify their vocalizations, natural vocalization usage and structure were examined in terms of vocalization rate, duration, frequency, and source level. Vocalizations were classified into two call types, chirps and squeaks, which were analyzed independently. In conditions of elevated noise levels, call rates decreased during feeding and social behaviors, and the duration of each call type was differently influenced by the presence of calves.\ These results suggest that ambient noise levels do have a detectable effect on manatee communication and that manatees modify their vocalizations as a function of noise in specific behavioral contexts.

}, keywords = {Manatee, Noise Levels, Vocalization}, doi = {10.1121/1.3068455.}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19275337}, author = {Jennifer Miksis-Olds and Peter L Tyack} } @proceedings {3200, title = {Mapping in the Arctic Ocean in Support of a Potential Extended Continental Shelf}, year = {2009}, month = {May 11 - May 14}, pages = {0-13}, address = {Norfolk, VA, USA}, keywords = {Law of the Sea}, author = {Larry A Mayer and Andrew A. Armstrong and James V. Gardner} } @article {3987, title = {Mid-Ocean Ridge Transform Faults}, year = {2009}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Margaret S Boettcher} } @article {2844, title = {Plume 1400 Meters High Discovered at the Seafloor off the Northern California Margin}, volume = {90}, number = {32}, year = {2009}, pages = {275-275}, publisher = {American Geophysical Union }, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {James V. Gardner and Mashkoor A Malik and Walker, Sharon} } @inbook {3953, title = {Seafloor Terrain Analysis and Geomorphology of the Greater Los Angeles Margin and San Pedro Basin, Southern California}, booktitle = {Earth Science in the Urban Ocean: The Southern California Continental Borderland.}, year = {2009}, pages = {9-28}, publisher = {The Geological Society of America (GSA)}, organization = {The Geological Society of America (GSA)}, keywords = {Law of the Sea}, author = {Dartnell, Peter and James V. Gardner} } @proceedings {3208, title = {Shallow Surveying in Hazardous Waters}, year = {2009}, month = {May 11 - May 14}, pages = {1-12}, publisher = {THSOA}, address = {Norfolk, VA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, url = {http://www.thsoa.org/us09papers.htm}, author = {Thomas C Lippmann and Gabriel M Smith} } @proceedings {3210, title = {Southeast Australia: A Cenozoic continental margin dominated by mass transport}, year = {2009}, month = {Nov 7 - Nov 12}, pages = {491-502}, chapter = {4th International Symposium}, address = {Austin, TX, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Boyd, R and Keene, J and Hubble, T and James V. Gardner and Glenn, K and Ruming, K and Exon, N} } @inbook {3954, title = {Surf on Tropical Islands}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Islands}, volume = {2}, year = {2009}, pages = {879-883}, publisher = {University of California Press}, organization = {University of California Press}, edition = {1}, address = {Los Angeles, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Symonds, G and Thomas C Lippmann} } @article {2863, title = {Tutela dell\’ambiente marino: Le responsabilit\à degli Stati costieri nell\’individuazione e nel monitoraggio dei relitti marini presenti nelle acque di propria giurisdizione}, volume = {5}, year = {2009}, pages = {26-31}, publisher = {Gazzetta Ambiente}, address = {Rome, Rome, Italy}, keywords = {Other}, url = {http://www.gazzettaambiente.it/scheda.cfm?id=392\&le_responsabilita_degli_stati_costieri_nell_individuazione_e_nel_monitoraggio_dei_relitti_marini}, author = {Giuseppe Masetti and Orsini, F.} } @article {3882, title = {U.S. Law of the Sea Cruise to Map the Eastern Mendocino Ridge, Eastern Pacific Ocean}, year = {2009}, pages = {34}, institution = {University of New Hampshire}, chapter = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center}, address = {Durham, NH}, keywords = {eastern mendocino, eastern pacific, Law of the Sea}, author = {James V. Gardner and Mashkoor A Malik} } @article {3897, title = {U.S. Law of the Sea cruise to map the foot of the slope and 2500-m isobath of the US Arctic Ocean margin, cruise report for 2009}, year = {2009}, pages = {1-118}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {Law of the Sea}, author = {Larry A Mayer and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @article {3894, title = {Using Moored Arrays and Hyperspectral Aerial Imagery to Develop Nutrient Criteria for New Hampshire{\textquoteright}s Estuaries}, year = {2009}, pages = {1-65}, institution = {The New Hampshire Estuaries Project}, address = {Piscataqua Regional Estuary Program}, keywords = {Optical Imagery}, author = {Morrison, John R and Gregory, Thomas K and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and McDowell, William and Trowbridge, Philip} } @proceedings {, title = {Open Geoscience: Using Free and Open Source Software for Research and Education}, year = {2008}, month = {Mar 2 - Mar 7}, chapter = {Ocean Sciences Meeting}, address = {Orlando, FL, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Braswell, Rob and Schwehr, Kurt and Milliman, T and Fisk, J} } @inbook {, title = {Why Do We Keep Turning Time into Space?}, booktitle = {Understanding Dynamics of Geographic Domains}, year = {2008}, pages = {3-12}, publisher = {CRC Press, LLC}, organization = {CRC Press, LLC}, chapter = {University Consortium for Geographic Information Science}, address = {Boca Raton, FL, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware} } @article {, title = {Development of Advanced Technologies for Surveying Sea Scallops and Other Benthic Organisms}, year = {2008}, month = {Jun 12 - Jun 18}, edition = {9th Annual}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Optical Imagery}, author = {Gallager, S and York, A and Howland, J and Taylor, R and Vine, N and Prasad, L and Swaminagayan, S and Larry A Mayer and Yuri Rzhanov and Rosencranz, G and Hart, D and Rago, P} } @article {, title = {Google{\textquoteright}s Spatial Tools in the Marine Environment - Decision Support}, year = {2008}, month = {Dec 16 - Dec 16}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Chart of the Future}, author = {Schwehr, Kurt} } @article {, title = {The Use of Portable Piloting Units}, volume = {8}, number = {9}, year = {2008}, pages = {54-55}, publisher = {Digital Ship Ltd.}, address = {London, London, UK}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee and Casey, M J} } @proceedings {, title = {Portable Piloting Units (PPUs): Current Use, Future Trends}, year = {2008}, month = {May 4 - May 10}, chapter = {Annual Assembly Meeting}, address = {San Diego, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @proceedings {, title = {Lidar Obstruction Surveys and Imagery Data for Airport Applications}, year = {2008}, month = {Apr 24 - Apr 26}, chapter = {First }, address = {Beijing, Beijing, China}, keywords = {LIDAR}, author = {Uddin, W and Christopher E Parrish} } @article {, title = {Airborne Lidar Bathymetry Products for Shoreline Mapping}, year = {2008}, month = {Jun 12 - Jun 18}, edition = {9th Annual}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {LIDAR}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Morgan, Lynnette V and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @book {, title = {Visual Thinking for Design}, series = {Understanding Dynamics of Geographic Domains}, year = {2008}, publisher = {CRC Press, LLC}, organization = {CRC Press, LLC}, chapter = {University Consortium for Geographic Information Science}, address = {Boca Raton, FL, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware} } @article {, title = {Application of the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) Digital Atlas in the Delineation of Continental Shelves Under Article 76}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, pages = {24-29}, publisher = {Journal of Ocean Technology (JOT)}, keywords = {Law of the Sea}, author = {Monahan, Dave} } @proceedings {, title = {Validating coastal flooding models using ALB-derived shorelines}, year = {2008}, month = {May 5 - May 8}, address = {Victoria, British Columbia, Canada}, keywords = {LIDAR}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and James V. Gardner and Larry G Ward} } @proceedings {, title = {Environmental Response Management Application}, year = {2008}, month = {May 4 - May 8}, address = {Savannah, GA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Jacobi, Michele and Kinner, Nancy E and Braswell, Rob and Schwehr, Kurt and Newman, K S and Merten, Amy A} } @article {, title = {Going Autonomous Seafloor Mapping from an AUV, Recent Results and Challenges}, year = {2008}, month = {Oct 21 - Oct 24}, edition = {5th}, chapter = {International}, address = {Durham, NH, USA}, keywords = {AUV \& Harbor Tracking}, author = {Arthur Trembanis and Hiller, T and Fonseca, Luciano and Larry A Mayer} } @proceedings {, title = {Hyperspectral airborne remote sensing for assessing water quality and clarity in the Great Bay Estuary of New Hampshire}, year = {2008}, month = {Mar 2 - Mar 7}, address = {Orlando, FL, USA}, keywords = {LIDAR}, author = {Morrison, John R and Trowbridge, Philip and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Gregory, Thomas K and Novak, M} } @article {, title = {MIOs: The What, Why, and How: Seaways}, year = {2008}, pages = {13-15}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @article {, title = {Approaches and Requirements of Quantitative Comparison of the Multibeam Sonar Benthic Acoustic Backscatter}, year = {2008}, month = {Oct 21 - Oct 24}, edition = {5th}, chapter = {International}, address = {Durham, NH, USA}, keywords = {Multibeam Sonars}, author = {Mashkoor A Malik and Larry A Mayer and Fonseca, Luciano and Larry G Ward and Huff, Lloyd C and Brian R Calder} } @article {, title = {Improved Lidar Shoreline Mapping Using Spectrally-Derived Shallow-Water Bathymetry}, year = {2008}, month = {Jun 17 - Jun 18}, chapter = {9th Annual}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Christopher E Parrish} } @proceedings {, title = {Observations of High Frequency, Long Range Acoustic Propagation in a Harbor Environment}, year = {2008}, month = {Aug 25 - Aug 28}, chapter = {1st International Conference and Exhibition}, address = {Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Weirathmueller, Michelle and Thomas C Weber and Larry A Mayer} } @article {, title = {Clustered Scatters: The Effect on the Mean Acoustic Field}, year = {2008}, month = {Jun 30 - Jul 4}, address = {Paris, Paris, France}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Thomas C Weber} } @article {, title = {Ground-truth Results of Comparison or Airborne LIDAR Bathymetry in Subtidal Coastal Environments}, volume = {89}, number = {53}, year = {2008}, month = {Dec 15 - Dec 19}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and James V. Gardner and Morrison, John R and Larry G Ward} } @proceedings {, title = {Marine Technology Advances to Reduce Incidence of Whale Ship Strikes}, year = {2008}, month = {Apr 8 - Apr 11}, chapter = {Kobe-Techno}, address = {Kobe, Kobe, Japan}, keywords = {Whale Tracking}, author = {McGillivary, Philip A and Schwehr, Kurt and Curcio, J and Hine, E and Terrill, S and Wiggins, E and Roth, Ethan H. and Fall, Kevin} } @article {, title = {Crossmodal binding in working memory}, year = {2008}, month = {Jul 23 - Jul 26}, pages = {201-201}, address = {Austin, TX, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Gilman, Anne T and Colin Ware} } @article {, title = {The Natural Earthquake Laboratory in South Africa Gold Mines Project}, year = {2008}, month = {Nov 17 - Nov 19}, address = {Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Margaret S Boettcher} } @article {, title = {Mosaicking Tools for Aerial Imagery from a LIDAR Bathymetry Survey}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, pages = {35-44}, publisher = {Geomatics Information \& Trading Center - GITC}, address = {Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Optical Imagery}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Yuri Rzhanov} } @proceedings {, title = {e-Navigation, ECDIS and MIOs: At Present and in the Future}, year = {2008}, month = {Nov 18 - Nov 19}, address = {Seattle, WA, USA}, keywords = {Chart of the Future}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @article {, title = {Development and Assessment of Airborne LIDAR Bathymetry Products for Shoreline Mapping}, year = {2008}, month = {Oct 21 - Oct 24}, edition = {5th}, chapter = {International}, address = {Durham, NH, USA}, keywords = {LIDAR}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Morgan, Lynnette V and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @article {, title = {A Proposal to Complete Mapping of the World Ocean Floors}, year = {2008}, month = {Dec 15 - Dec 19}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Monahan, Dave and Vogt, Peter R and Cormier, Marie H} } @proceedings {, title = {International Research and Law of the Sea, Navigating A Course Toward Ocean Renewable Energy}, year = {2008}, month = {Mar 2 - Mar 7}, chapter = {Ocean Sciences Meeting}, address = {Orlando, FL, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Monahan, Dave} } @article {, title = {The impacts of a non-accepted boundary claim: Russia{\^a}{\texteuro}{\texttrademark}s frontier in the Arctic Ocean}, year = {2008}, month = {Apr 15 - Apr 19}, address = {Boston, MA, USA}, keywords = {Law of the Sea}, author = {Monahan, Dave} } @article {, title = {A Workable Schema for Editing Multibeam Backscatter}, year = {2008}, month = {Oct 21 - Oct 24}, edition = {5th}, chapter = {International}, address = {Durham, NH, USA}, keywords = {FishPac LRSS Sonar}, author = {Huff, Lloyd C and Fonseca, Luciano and Hou, Tianhang and McConnaughey, Robert} } @proceedings {, title = {Use of Portable Piloting by Maritime Pilots}, year = {2008}, month = {May 5 - May 8}, pages = {1-9}, address = {Victoria, British Columbia, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee and Casey, M J} } @article {, title = {An Improved Bathymetric Portrayal of the Arctic Ocean: Implications for Ocean Modeling and Geological, Geophysical and Oceanographic Analyses}, volume = {35}, year = {2008}, pages = {0-1}, publisher = {American Geophysical Union }, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Macnab, Ron and Larry A Mayer and Anderson, Robert M and Edwards, Margo and Hatzky, Jorn and Schenke, H-W. and Paul Johnson} } @article {, title = {Automatic Construction of Acoustic Themes from Multibeam Backscatter Data}, year = {2008}, month = {Oct 21 - Oct 24}, edition = {5th}, chapter = {International}, address = {Durham, NH, USA}, keywords = {ARA Analysis}, author = {Fonseca, Luciano and Yuri Rzhanov} } @article {, title = {New Approach to Autoextraction and Attribution of Airport Obstructions from LIDAR Data}, year = {2008}, month = {Jan 13 - Jan 17}, chapter = {87th Annual Meeting}, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {LIDAR}, author = {Christopher E Parrish} } @article {, title = {Detecting bedform migration in Portsmouth Harbor, New Hampshire, USA, on relatively short spatial and temporal scales}, year = {2008}, month = {Dec 15 - Dec 19}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Multibeam Sonars}, author = {Felzenberg, Janice and Larry G Ward and Yuri Rzhanov and Irish, James D and Larry A Mayer} } @article {, title = {Quantification of Glacimarine Sediment Yields Using Multibeam Sonar in Alaskan Fjords}, volume = {89}, number = {53}, year = {2008}, month = {Dec 15 - Dec 19}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Trusel, L D and Willems, Bryce A and Powell, Ross D and Larry A Mayer} } @article {, title = {Clustered Scatterers: The Effect on the Mean Acoustic Field}, volume = {123}, number = {5}, year = {2008}, pages = {3897-3898}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Thomas C Weber} } @proceedings {, title = {Marine Electronic Chart Highway Project: The MIO Component}, year = {2008}, month = {Sep 22 - Sep 26}, address = {Bath, Bath, UK}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @article {, title = {Analysis of Coastal Morphology for Crescent and Sea Point Beaches, Maine Ground-truth Airborne LIDAR Bathymetry Digital Elevation Models}, year = {2008}, month = {Oct 21 - Oct 24}, edition = {5th}, chapter = {International}, address = {Durham, NH, USA}, keywords = {LIDAR}, author = {Rochelle Wigley and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Larry G Ward} } @article {, title = {Dredged Rock Samples from the Alpha Ridge, Arctic Ocean: Implications for the Tectonic History and Origin of the Amerasian Basin}, volume = {89}, number = {53}, year = {2008}, month = {Dec 15 - Dec 19}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Brumley, K and Larry A Mayer and Miller, E L and Coakley, Bernie} } @article {, title = {Towards a perceptual theory of flow visualization}, volume = {28}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {6-11}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware} } @proceedings {, title = {A Qualitative Assessment of Two Multibeam Echo Sounder (MBES) Backscatter Analysis Approach}, year = {2008}, month = {May 5 - May 8}, pages = {1}, address = {Victoria, British Columbia, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Fonseca, Luciano and Robidoux, Lorraine and Watt, G} } @article {, title = {Registration of the hyperspectral data to aerial photography (USACE{\textquoteright}s CHARTS systems)}, year = {2008}, month = {Jun 12 - Jun 18}, edition = {9th Annual}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {LIDAR}, author = {Yuri Rzhanov and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri} } @article {, title = {Arctic Sound Speed: A Desktop Study for Single Beam Echo Sounding}, volume = {89}, number = {53}, year = {2008}, month = {Dec 15 - Dec 19}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Val Schmidt} } @article {, title = {High-precision, High-accuracy Timekeeping in Distributed Survey Systems}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, pages = {9-24}, publisher = {Geomatics Information \& Trading Center - GITC}, address = {Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Sonar Capabilities}, author = {Brian R Calder and Brennan, Rick T and Marcus, J and Malzone, C and Canter, P} } @article {, title = {Glaciogenic Bedforms on the Chukchi Borderland, Morris Jesup Rise and Yermak Plateau: Three Prolongations of the Arctic Ocean Continental Margin}, year = {2008}, month = {Dec 15 - Dec 19}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Larry A Mayer} } @article {, title = {Visual Thinking with Interactive Diagram}, volume = {5223}, year = {2008}, pages = {118-126}, publisher = {Springer Publisher}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware and Gilman, Anne T} } @proceedings {, title = {e-Navigation, ECDIS and PPUs: Challenges and Opportunities}, year = {2008}, month = {Aug 4 - Aug 8}, chapter = {XIXth}, address = {Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @proceedings {, title = {Visualizing the Operations of the Phoenix Mars Lander}, year = {2008}, month = {Dec 15 - Dec 19}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Schwehr, Kurt and Andres, P and Craig, J. and Deen, R and De Jong, E. and Fortino, N and Gorjian, Z. and Kuramura, K and Lemmon, M. and Levoe, S and Leung, C and Lutz, N and Ollerenshaw, R and Smith, P and Stetson, M and Suzuki, S and the Phoenix Science Team,} } @article {, title = {Detecting bedform migration in Portsmouth Harbor on relatively short time-scales from high-resolution multibeam bathymetry}, year = {2008}, month = {Oct 21 - Oct 24}, edition = {5th}, chapter = {International}, address = {Durham, NH, USA}, keywords = {Multibeam Sonars}, author = {Felzenberg, Janice and Larry G Ward and Yuri Rzhanov and Larry A Mayer} } @article {, title = {Shoreline Mapping with Lidar and HSI-Derived Bathymetry}, year = {2008}, month = {Oct 7 - Oct 8}, address = {Silver Springs, MD, USA}, keywords = {LIDAR}, author = {Christopher E Parrish and Sellars, Jon and White, Stephen A and Bachmann, Charles M and Montes, Marcos J and Fusina, Robert A} } @proceedings {, title = {Use of Portable Piloting Units (PPUs) by Maritime Pilots: Study Findings and Implications}, year = {2008}, month = {Oct 20 - Oct 24}, address = {Kauai, HI, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @article {, title = {High-frequency One-way Propagation Experiments in Portsmouth Harbor, NH}, year = {2008}, month = {Nov 10 - Nov 14}, address = {Miami, FL, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Thomas C Weber and Weirathmueller, Michelle and Larry A Mayer} } @mastersthesis {1824, title = {Acoustic Ranging in a Dynamic, Multipath Environment}, year = {2008}, pages = {102}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Weirathmueller, Michelle} } @article {2829, title = {Characterizing the Relative Contributions of Large Vessels to Total Ocean Noise Fields: A Case Study Using the Gerry E. Studds Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary}, volume = {42}, number = {5}, year = {2008}, pages = {735-752}, publisher = {Springer Publisher}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Hatch, Leila and Clark, C and Merrick, R and Van Parijs, S and Ponirakis, D and Schwehr, Kurt and Thompson, Michael A and David N Wiley} } @article {4908, title = {Concurrent Assessment of Eelgrass Beds (Zostera narina) and Salt Marsh Communities Along the Estuarine Gradient of the South Slough, Oregon}, volume = {SI 55}, year = {2008}, month = {November 2008}, pages = {121-134}, abstract = {

Salt marshes, eelgrass beds (Zostera marina), and benthic macroalgae frequently occur in close proximity along the steep tidal channels of Pacific Northwest estuaries, where they constitute distinct patches of transitional land-margin habitat. The eelgrass beds and adjacent salt marshes within the South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve, Oregon, provide an opportunity to investigate commonalities and differences between two ecological-indicator communities that are often separated by only a few meters. The principal objectives of this study are to establish a series of adjacent eelgrass and salt marsh assessment and monitoring sites within different hydrographic regions of the South Slough estuary and to characterize initial temporal and spatial changes in the composition of the plant communities in accordance with new field protocols developed by the National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERRS) and by SeagrassNet. Eelgrass beds and emergent salt marsh communities were sampled at three study sites located along the estuarine gradient of the South Slough (43\°20\′N, 124\°19\′W). Study sites were established at (1) Collver Point (marine-dominated region), (2) Valino Island (polyhaline region), and (3) Danger Point (riverine/mesohaline region). Ambient water parameters and water column nutrients were monitored throughout the study period (2004\–05) as part of the South Slough NERR System-Wide Monitoring Program. Periodic assessment of Rod Sediment Elevation Table (RSET) stations established within the eelgrass beds revealed that surface elevation increased at a rate of about 0.84 mm mo\−1 at the Valino Island site but decreased at a rate of about 0.44 mm mo\−1 at the Danger Point study site. Metrics of community richness, diversity, and species equitability indicate that the adjacent salt marshes and eelgrass beds develop community characteristics within the South Slough that are strongly reflective of their location along the estuarine gradient. The community composition, spatial cover, and density of macrophytes within the salt marsh and eelgrass communities were very similar between the Collver Point and Valino Island study sites, where mean monthly salinities in the tidal channel ranged between 25 and 32, and water temperatures were moderate (10\–16 \°C) throughout the year. In contrast, the salt marsh communities and eelgrass beds were distinctly different at the Danger Point study site, where mean monthly salinities ranged between 10 and 20, and water temperatures were much warmer in summer (20 \°C) than in winter (9 \°C). These intertidal salt marshes and eelgrass beds are highly productive and ecologically important components of the South Slough estuarine ecosystem despite their low richness of macrophyte species and relatively low metrics of community diversity. Recognition of these landscape-level differences in composition and productivity of submersed and emergent vegetation is important in the South Slough because the plant communities have potential to serve as reference sites to gauge the effectiveness of off-site habitat restoration and enhancement efforts.

}, keywords = {estuarine gradient; eelgrass beds; salt marsh communities}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2112/SI55-016.1}, author = {Rumrill, Steven S.}, editor = {Derek Sowers} } @article {5973, title = {Field verification of a CFD model for wave transformation and breaking in the surf zone}, volume = {134 (2)}, year = {2008}, month = {March 1}, pages = {71-80}, publisher = {ASCE}, abstract = {

The commercial computational fluid dynamics model FLOW-3D Flow Science, Inc., Santa Fe, N.M. is used to simulate two-dimensional wave transformation and breaking across a naturally barred beach profile. Fine scale pressures and velocities are computed for a 35.5 min period over a two-dimensional beach profile measured during the 1990 Delilah field experiment. The model is driven by observed wave spectra obtained in 8 m water depth, and results compared with a cross-shore array of pressure sensors and current meters extending from near the shoreline to beyond the surf zone and the spatial distribution of wave breaking patterns obtained from video data. In the calculations, wave breaking is a natural consequence of the fluid dynamics and does not require the use of empirical formulations or breaking criteria. Good agreement between modeled and observed wave height transformation, mean crossshore flow, and wave breaking variability suggests that the model can be used as a numerical laboratory to study the wave breaking and dissipation process in detail, and perhaps lead to improved parametrizations for more computationally efficient numerical models.

}, keywords = {Breaking waves, Coastal processes, Computational fluid dynamics technique, Fluid dynamics, Nearshore, Surf zone, Surface waves Turbulence}, doi = {10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(2008)134:2(71)}, author = {Sreenivas Chopakatla and Thomas C Lippmann and John Richardson} } @proceedings {3176, title = {From the Arctic to the Tropics: The U.S. UNCLOS Bathymetric Mapping Program}, year = {2008}, month = {May 5 - May 8}, pages = {1-11}, address = {Victoria, British Columbia, Canada}, keywords = {Law of the Sea}, author = {James V. Gardner and Larry A Mayer and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @proceedings {4994, title = {From the Arctic to the tropics: The U.S. UNCLOS bathymetryic mapping program.}, year = {2008}, month = {May 5-May 8}, keywords = {Law of the Sea, unclos}, author = {James V. Gardner and Larry A Mayer and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @article {3419, title = {GEBCO Visual Library, Proof of Concept}, year = {2008}, month = {May 27 - May 27}, pages = {1-1}, address = {Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan}, keywords = {GEBCO}, author = {Monahan, Dave and Schwehr, Kurt and Rochelle Wigley and Uddin, Mohammad J and Tinmouth, Neil and Jinadasa, Priyantha and Ito, Koji and Goncalves, Daniela} } @proceedings {3191, title = {GeoCoastPilot - Linking the Coast Pilot with Geo-referenced Imagery \& Chart Information}, year = {2008}, month = {Oct 21 - Oct 24}, edition = {5th}, chapter = {International}, address = {Durham, NH, USA}, keywords = {Chart of the Future}, author = {Schwehr, Kurt and Plumlee, Matt D and Briana M Sullivan and Colin Ware} } @mastersthesis {1826, title = {Geological Interpretations of a Low-backscatter Anomaly Found in 12-kHz Multibeam Data on the New Jersey Continental Margin}, volume = {Earth Sciences/Ocean Mapping}, year = {2008}, month = {12/2008}, pages = {167}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

A low-backscatter acoustic anomaly was recently mapped on the New Jersey continental margin between Hudson and Wilmington channels using a 12-kHz multibeam echo-sounder (MBES). The presence of the low-backscatter anomaly indicates a change in the physical properties of the seafloor or near sub-surface. Analyses of seafloor and sub-surface acoustic data with previously collected sediment cores suggest three hypotheses as possible geological causes for the anomalously low-backscatter strength: (1) a sediment deposit, (2) an outcrop of sediment strata due to sediment removal and non-deposition, or (3) the presence of gas in the sub-surface sediments. Multibeam bathymetry and backscatter data, high-resolution 3.5-kHz chirp sonar profiles, airgun single-channel seismic-reflection profiles, and sediment cores collected nearby the low-backscatter anomaly most strongly support the hypothesis that the low-backscatter anomaly is an outcrop of older sediments that have been exposed by Western Boundary Undercurrent (WBUC) erosion and non-deposition induced by local seafloor morphology.\ 

}, keywords = {12-kHz multibeam data, continental margin, low-backscatter, new jersey}, author = {Sweeney, Ed} } @article {3442, title = {Hyperspectral Airborne Remost Sensing for Assesing Water Quality and Clarity in the Great Bay Estuary of New Hampshire}, year = {2008}, month = {Mar 2 - Mar 7}, address = {Orlando, FL, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Morrison, John R and Trowbridge, Philip and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Gregory, Thomas K and Novak, M} } @proceedings {3179, title = {IHO S-100: The New Hydrographic Geospatial Standard for Marine Data and Information}, year = {2008}, month = {May 5 - May 8}, pages = {1-18}, address = {Victoria, British Columbia, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Ward, R W and Alexander, Lee and Greenslade, B and Pharaoh, A} } @proceedings {5974, title = {Marine Doppler radar surface current measurements in the surf zone}, volume = {1}, year = {2008}, month = {March 17-19}, pages = {194-202}, publisher = {IEEE/OES/CMTC}, address = {Charleston, SC}, abstract = {

This paper presents a comparison of microwave radar surface velocity estimates to the estimates derived from video observations in the surf zone. The data presented here were collected during the Nearshore Canyon Experiment (NCEX) in the fall of 2003. The radar estimates are inferred from the Doppler shift of the backscattered radiation while video velocity estimates were produced using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique. Comparisons of longshore velocity estimates show high spatial correlation within the central surf zone. The comparisons of the near cross-shore velocity shows the importance of bore velocity removal while showing high spatial correlation when the bias is removed. Both alongshore and cross-shore velocity estimates display discrepancies in the breaker and the swash zones.

}, author = {Perkovic, Dragana and Steve J Frasier and Thomas C Lippmann} } @article {3501, title = {Multibeam Sonar Calibration Techniques}, year = {2008}, month = {Jun 30 - Jul 4}, address = {Paris, Paris, France}, keywords = {Sonar Calibration}, author = {de Moustier, Christian and Kraft, Barbara J and McGillicuddy, Glenn} } @proceedings {3194, title = {Neural Modeling of Flow Rendering Effectiveness}, year = {2008}, month = {Aug 9 - Aug 10}, pages = {171-178}, chapter = {APGV 08}, address = {Los Angeles, CA, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Pineo, Daniel and Colin Ware} } @article {2837, title = {Observations of clustering inside oceanic bubble clouds and the effect on short-range acoustic propagation}, volume = {124}, number = {5}, year = {2008}, pages = {2783-2792}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, address = {Melville, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Thomas C Weber} } @mastersthesis {1827, title = {Offshore Vertical Datum Separations Derived from Post-Processed Kinematic (PPK) Heights Observed Along a Scheduled Ferry Route}, volume = {Earth Sciences/Ocean Mapping}, year = {2008}, month = {12/2008}, pages = {133}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Eight months of GPS data were used to determine tidal constituents along a ferry route across the Bay of Fundy, Canada. The GPS data were aggregated into 62 spatial zones and analyzed as if all the data within each zone were from a single Virtual Tide Gauge (VTG). Tidal models were developed from the VTG data using a weighted least-squares solution. Chart Datum with respect to the ITRF2000 was computed for each spatial zone using 8 months of predicted water-levels.

The time between ferry crossings results in sampling intervals longer than the tide signal in the Bay of Fundy, thus traditional methods of harmonic analysis are not applicable. Instead, a priori knowledge of the tide signal at each end of the ferry route is used to overcome the large and non-uniform sampling intervals. The results were confirmed by a close match between Mean Seal Level and the local Geoid.

}, keywords = {post-processed kinematic heights, ppk, vertical datum}, author = {Wardwell, Nathan C} } @proceedings {3182, title = {Production of Marine Information Overlays (MIOs) for Marine Environmental Protectoin}, year = {2008}, month = {Apr 29 - May 2}, pages = {1-18}, address = {Sitka, AK, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee and McLean, C} } @article {5000, title = {Recent Mapping and Sampling on the Chukchi Borderland and Alpha/Medeleev Ridge}, year = {2008}, month = {December 2008}, address = {San Francisco, CA, United States}, author = {Larry A Mayer}, editor = {Brumley, K} } @article {3508, title = {Recent Mapping and Sampling on the Chukchi Borderland and Alpha/Medeleev Ridge}, volume = {89}, number = {53}, year = {2008}, month = {Dec 15 - 19}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Larry A Mayer and Brumley, K and Andronikov, A and Dale N Chayes and Andrew A. Armstrong and Brian R Calder and John K Hall and Clyde, W C and Bothner, W A and James V. Gardner} } @article {2840, title = {Seismic-py: Reading Seismic Data with Python}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {0-8}, publisher = {The Python Papers}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Schwehr, Kurt} } @article {3502, title = {Shallow Surveying in Hazardous Water}, year = {2008}, month = {Oct 21-24}, pages = {Portsmouth, NH}, edition = {5th}, chapter = {International}, address = {Durham, NH, USA}, keywords = {Single Beam Sonar}, author = {Thomas C Lippmann and Gabriel M Smith} } @article {2838, title = {Stratigraphy, Pollen History and Geochronology of Tidal Marshes in a Gulf of Maine Estuarine System: Climatic and Relative Sea Level Impacts}, volume = {256}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, pages = {1-17}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Larry G Ward and Zaprowski, B J and Trainer, K D and Davis, P T} } @article {3498, title = {Uncertainty Representation in Hydrographic Surveys and Products}, year = {2008}, month = {Oct 21 - Oct 24}, edition = {5th}, chapter = {International}, address = {Durham, NH, USA}, keywords = {Data Processing}, author = {Brian R Calder} } @mastersthesis {1825, title = {Underwater Tracking of Humpback Whales with High-frequency Pingers and Acoustic Recording Tags}, year = {2008}, pages = {68}, keywords = {Whale Tracking}, author = {Val Schmidt} } @article {3879, title = {U.S. Law of the Sea Cruise to Map the Foot of the Slope and 2500-m Isobath of the U.S. Arctic Ocean Margin. Cruise Report for 2008}, year = {2008}, pages = {1-179}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {Law of the Sea}, author = {Larry A Mayer and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @article {3880, title = {U.S. Law of the Sea Cruise to Map the Foot of the Slope of the Northeast U.S. Atlantic Continental Margin: Leg 6}, year = {2008}, pages = {131}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {Law of the Sea}, author = {Brian R Calder and James V. Gardner} } @article {2835, title = {US UNCLOS Multibeam Data: The Processing of Multibeam Bathymetry and Backcatter}, volume = {8}, number = {9}, year = {2008}, pages = {14-17}, publisher = {Geomatics Information \& Trading Center - GITC}, address = {Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Law of the Sea}, author = {Andrew A. Armstrong and Brian R Calder and Fonseca, Luciano and James V. Gardner and Larry A Mayer} } @proceedings {3181, title = {Use of Portable Piloting Units by Maritime Pilots}, year = {2008}, month = {Apr 21 - Apr 25}, pages = {1-9}, address = {Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @proceedings {4995, title = {Validating coastal flooding models using ALB-derived shorelines}, year = {2008}, month = {May 5-May 8}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and James V. Gardner and Larry G Ward} } @proceedings {3198, title = {Very Shallow Water Bathymetry Retrieval from Hyperspectral Imagery at the Virginia Coast Reserve (VCR\’07) Multi-Sensor Campaign}, year = {2008}, month = {Jul 6 - Jul 11}, edition = {28th}, address = {Boston, MA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Bachmann, Charles M and Montes, Marcos J and Fusina, Robert A and Christopher E Parrish and Sellars, Jon and Weidemann, A and Goode, W and Hill, V and Zimmerman, R and Nichols, C R and Woodward, P and McIlhany, K and Korwan, D and Crawford, M and Monty, J and Truitt, B and Schwarzschild, A} } @article {2834, title = {Visualizing Graphs in Three Dimensions}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, pages = {1-15}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Mitchell, Peter and Colin Ware} } @proceedings {, title = {Integrating Imagery from Hull Mounted Sidescan Sonars with Multibeam Bathymetry}, year = {2007}, month = {May 14 - May 18}, pages = {0-0}, address = {Norfolk, VA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Pohner, F and Bakke, J and Nilsen, O and Kjaer, T and Fonseca, Luciano} } @proceedings {, title = {Mosaic tools for lidar surveying}, year = {2007}, month = {May 23 - May 24}, edition = {8th Annual}, address = {Seattle, WA, USA}, keywords = {LIDAR}, author = {Yuri Rzhanov and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri} } @article {, title = {GEBCO and Deep Water: data assembler, converter, interpreter and disseminator}, volume = {11}, year = {2007}, pages = {7-9}, publisher = {Geomatics Information \& Trading Center - GITC}, address = {Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, keywords = {GEBCO}, author = {Monahan, Dave} } @proceedings {, title = {European North American-Russian Federation Inland ENC Harmonization Group}, year = {2007}, month = {May 14 - May 18}, address = {Norfolk, VA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Niles, A and Birklhuber, L and Alexander, Lee and Kluytenaar, P and Sekachev, V} } @proceedings {, title = {Future impacts of fresh water resource management: sensitivity of coastal deltas}, volume = {314}, year = {2007}, pages = {231-238}, chapter = {Symposium at IUGG}, address = {Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Vorosmarty, C J and Ericson, J P and Dingman, S L and Larry G Ward} } @article {, title = {Encoding AIS Binary Messages in XML Format for Providing Hydrographic-related Information}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, pages = {36-57}, publisher = {Geomatics Information \& Trading Center - GITC}, address = {Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Schwehr, Kurt and Alexander, Lee} } @proceedings {, title = {Assessing Bottom Gear Impact in the WGOM Closure Area: A Multifaceted Approach}, year = {2007}, month = {May 10 - May 11}, address = {Durham, NH, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Mashkoor A Malik and Larry A Mayer} } @proceedings {, title = {Multibeam and single-beam sonar observations of Atlantic herring in the Gulf of Maine}, year = {2007}, month = {Nov 27 - Dec 1}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {154th}, chapter = {Meeting of the }, address = {New Orleans, LA, USA}, keywords = {Water Column Mapping}, author = {Thomas C Weber and Pena, H and Jech, J M} } @article {, title = {Origin of continental margin morphology: submarine-slide or downslope current-controlled bedforms, a rock magnetic approach}, volume = {240}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {19-41}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Schwehr, Kurt and Driscoll, Neal W and Tauxe, L} } @proceedings {, title = {High-Precision Absolute Time Synchronization in Distributed Data Capture Systems}, year = {2007}, month = {May 10 - May 11}, address = {Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Brian R Calder and McLeod, M} } @article {, title = {Vertical Object Identification in Full-Waveform Topographic Lidar Data}, year = {2007}, month = {May 23 - May 24}, edition = {8th Annual}, address = {Seattle, WA, USA}, keywords = {LIDAR}, author = {Christopher E Parrish} } @proceedings {, title = {An experimental study on the causes of non-Rayleigh scattered envelope statistics}, year = {2007}, month = {Jun 25 - Jun 29}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {2nd}, chapter = {International Conference}, address = {Heraklion, Crete, Greece}, keywords = {Data Processing}, author = {Anthony P. Lyons and Thomas C Weber and Gustafson, M J} } @proceedings {, title = {CCOM Research Brief 2006}, year = {2007}, month = {May 10 - May 11}, address = {Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Brian R Calder} } @article {, title = {Investigation of Seabed Fishing Impacts on Benthic Structure using Multi-beam Sonar, Sidescan Sonar, and Video}, volume = {64}, year = {2007}, pages = {1053-1065}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Mashkoor A Malik and Larry A Mayer} } @article {, title = {Oceanographic Structuring of Fish Distribution and Fine Scale Foraging of Humpback Whales (Megaptera novaeangliae), Stellwagen Bank Marine Sanctuary}, year = {2007}, month = {May 10 - May 11}, address = {Scituate, MA, USA}, keywords = {Whale Tracking}, author = {Hazen, E L and Friedlaender, A S and David N Wiley and Thompson, Michael A and Colin Ware and Weinrich, M T} } @proceedings {, title = {Acoustic positioning and tracking in Portsmouth Harbour, New Hampshire}, year = {2007}, month = {Sep 29 - Oct 4}, pages = {0-0}, address = {Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Weirathmueller, Michelle and Thomas C Weber and Val Schmidt and McGillicuddy, Glenn and Larry A Mayer and Huff, Lloyd C} } @proceedings {, title = {Electronic Navigational Charts and Marine Information Objects for Navigation Safety and Marine Environmental Protection}, year = {2007}, month = {Oct 20 - Oct 30}, chapter = {12th}, address = {Veracruz, Veracruz, Mexico}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @article {, title = {Multi-algorithm Swath Consistency Detection for Multibeam Echosounder Data}, volume = {8}, year = {2007}, pages = {5-22}, publisher = {Geomatics Information \& Trading Center - GITC}, address = {Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Brian R Calder} } @article {, title = {Multibeam Bathymetry Mapping for U.S. UNCLOS Concerns: A Gold Mine for Marine Geology}, year = {2007}, month = {Dec 10 - Dec 14}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Law of the Sea}, author = {Andrew A. Armstrong and James V. Gardner and Larry A Mayer} } @proceedings {, title = {AIS Binary Messages, Domain Examples and a Case for a XML Message Definition Language}, year = {2007}, month = {Nov 13 - Nov 14}, pages = {1-47}, address = {Seattle, WA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Schwehr, Kurt} } @proceedings {, title = {Quality Assurance of Airborne Lidar Bathymetry Products for Shoreline Mapping}, year = {2007}, month = {Dec 10 - Dec 14}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {LIDAR}, author = {Morgan, Lynnette V and S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri} } @article {, title = {Multibeam Observations of Mine Burial Near Clearwater, FL, Including Comparisons to Predictions of Wave-induced Burial}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {103-118}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Monica L Wolfson-Schwehr and Naar, D L and Howd, P A and Locker, S D and Donahue, B T and Friedrichs, C T and Arthur Trembanis and Richardson, M D and Wever, T F} } @proceedings {, title = {Enhancement of Underwater Video Mosaics for Post-Processing}, year = {2007}, month = {Sep 29 - Oct 4}, address = {Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Yuri Rzhanov and Gu, Fan} } @proceedings {, title = {Lidar as a Shoreline Mapping Tool}, year = {2007}, month = {May 14 - May 18}, address = {Norfolk, VA, USA}, keywords = {LIDAR}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Morgan, Lynnette V and Philpot, William D and Guenther, G} } @article {, title = {Acoustic Propagation in Bubble Clouds Exhibiting Spatial Structure in the Fluctuating Number Density}, volume = {32}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, pages = {513-523}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Thomas C Weber and Anthony P. Lyons and Bradley, David L} } @proceedings {, title = {How Much of the Seafloor Has Ever Been Ensonified?}, year = {2007}, month = {Oct 11 - Mar 20}, address = {Palisades, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Monahan, Dave} } @proceedings {, title = {Clustering Acoustic Backscatter in the Angular Response Space}, year = {2007}, month = {May 14 - May 18}, pages = {0-0}, address = {Norfolk, VA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Fonseca, Luciano and Brian R Calder} } @proceedings {, title = {An Experimental Test for Scattered Envelope Statistics}, year = {2007}, month = {Nov 27 - Dec 1}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {154th}, chapter = {Meeting of the }, address = {New Orleans, LA, USA}, keywords = {Data Processing}, author = {Anthony P. Lyons and Parks, S and Thomas C Weber} } @article {, title = {Geophysical Insights into the Transition Fault Debate: Propagating Strike Slip in Response to Stalling Yakutat Block Subduction in the Gulf of Alaska}, volume = {35}, year = {2007}, pages = {763-766}, publisher = {The Geological Society of America (GSA)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Gulick, Sean P. and Lowe, Lindsay A and Pavlis, Terry L and James V. Gardner and Larry A Mayer} } @proceedings {, title = {Bathymetry of West Mariana Ridge and Eastern Parece Vela Basin: A Lot of Surprises, Subduction Factory Studies in the Izu-Bonin-Mariana Arc System}, year = {2007}, month = {May 10 - May 11}, address = {Honolulu, HI, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {James V. Gardner} } @proceedings {, title = {A multibeam sonar survey for benthic lake habitat: Assessing the impact of invasive mussels in Seneka Lake, New York}, year = {2007}, month = {Jun 25 - Jun 29}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {2nd}, chapter = {International Conference}, address = {Heraklion, Crete, Greece}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Anthony P. Lyons and Thomas C Weber} } @proceedings {, title = {Marine Heritage Monitoring with High Resolution Survey Tools: ScapaMAP 2001-2006}, year = {2007}, month = {May 14 - May 18}, address = {Norfolk, VA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Brian R Calder and Forbes, B and Mallace, D} } @article {, title = {High Resolution Mapping of Mines and Ripples at the Martha{\textquoteright}s Vineyard Coastal Observatory}, volume = {32}, year = {2007}, pages = {133-149}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Larry A Mayer and Raymond, Rick and Glang, Gerd and Richardson, M D and Traykovski, P and Arthur Trembanis} } @proceedings {, title = {Combining Single Frequency Multibeam with Multifrequency Singlebeam Sonars: An Example with Atlantic Herring}, year = {2007}, month = {Jun 25 - Jun 29}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {2nd}, chapter = {International}, address = {Crete, Greece, Greece}, keywords = {Water Column Mapping}, author = {Thomas C Weber and Pena, H} } @proceedings {, title = {Status Report on International Inland ENC Developmnet and Standardization}, year = {2007}, month = {Nov 5 - Nov 10}, address = {St. Petersburg Beach, FL, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @article {, title = {Ultraprecise Absolute Time Synchronization for Distribute Aquisition Systems}, volume = {32}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, pages = {772-785}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Brian R Calder and McLeod, M} } @article {, title = {the WEND Concept for Worldwide ENC Database - Past or Future: A Review of Progress and a Look to the Future}, volume = {8}, year = {2007}, pages = {73-79}, publisher = {Geomatics Information \& Trading Center - GITC}, address = {Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Hecht, H and Kampfer, A and Alexander, Lee} } @article {, title = {First Recovery of Submarine Basalts from the Chukchi Borderland and Alpha/Mendeleev Ridge, Arctic Ocean}, volume = {89}, number = {53}, year = {2007}, month = {Dec 10 - Dec 14}, pages = {2123-2124}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Andronikov, A and Mukasa, S B and Larry A Mayer and Brumley, K} } @proceedings {, title = {Marine Ship Automatic Identification System (AIS) for Enhanced Coastal Security Capabilities: An Oil Spill Tracking Application}, year = {2007}, month = {Sep 29 - Oct 4}, pages = {1-9}, address = {Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Schwehr, Kurt and McGillivary, Philip A} } @proceedings {, title = {History and Activities of GEBCO Guiding Committee}, year = {2007}, month = {Oct 17 - Oct 19}, pages = {4-13}, edition = {2nd}, chapter = {International}, address = {Incheon, Sudogwon, Korea}, keywords = {GEBCO}, author = {Monahan, Dave} } @article {, title = {Development of IHO S-100: The New IHO Geospatial Standard for Hydrographic Data}, volume = {8}, year = {2007}, pages = {56-62}, publisher = {Geomatics Information \& Trading Center - GITC}, address = {Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee and Brown, M and Greenslade, B and Pharaoh, A} } @proceedings {, title = {Proposed AIS Binary Message Format Using XML for Providing Hydrographic-related Information}, year = {2007}, month = {May 14 - May 18}, address = {Norfolk, VA, USA}, keywords = {Chart of the Future}, author = {Schwehr, Kurt and Alexander, Lee} } @article {, title = {Tide Aware ENC: Demonstration of an Operational Concept}, year = {2007}, month = {May 14 - May 18}, pages = {0-0}, address = {Norfolk, VA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Brennan, Rick T and Gallagher, B and Riley, Jack and Schwehr, Kurt and Alexander, Lee} } @proceedings {, title = {The seafloor as key component for the success of lidar in bottom detection}, year = {2007}, month = {May 23 - May 24}, edition = {8th Annual}, address = {Seattle, WA, USA}, keywords = {LIDAR}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and James V. Gardner and Larry G Ward and Morrison, John R and Lillycrop, J} } @proceedings {, title = {Five Years of the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans}, year = {2007}, month = {May 10 - May 11}, pages = {1-18}, address = {Monaco, Monaco, Monaco}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Monahan, Dave} } @proceedings {, title = {A Surprise Occurrence in Acoustic Bottom Backscatter Measurements Conducted in the Eastern Bering Sea}, year = {2007}, month = {May 14 - May 18}, pages = {0-0}, address = {Norfolk, VA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Huff, Lloyd C and Fonseca, Luciano} } @proceedings {, title = {Whale tracking underwater: high frequency acoustic pingers and the instrumented tag (DTAG)}, year = {2007}, month = {Nov 27 - Dec 1}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {154th}, chapter = {Meeting of the }, address = {New Orleans, LA, USA}, keywords = {Whale Tracking}, author = {Val Schmidt and Thomas C Weber and Colin Ware and Roland Arsenault and David N Wiley and Johnson, M P and Dawe, E and Friedlaender, A S} } @article {, title = {Remote estimation of surficial seafloor properties through the application Angular Range Analysis to multibeam sonar data}, volume = {28}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, pages = {119-126}, publisher = {Springer Publisher}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Fonseca, Luciano and Larry A Mayer} } @proceedings {, title = {Multibeam sonar observations of near-surface bubbles during a storm}, year = {2007}, month = {Nov 27 - Dec 1}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {154th}, chapter = {Meeting of the }, address = {New Orleans, LA, USA}, keywords = {Water Column Mapping}, author = {Thomas C Weber} } @article {, title = {Dissolution of biogenic ooze over basement edifices in the equatorial Pacific with implications for hydrothermal ventilation of the oceanic crust}, volume = {35}, number = {8}, year = {2007}, pages = {679-682}, publisher = {The Geological Society of America (GSA)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Bekins, Barbara A and Spivack, Arthur J and Davis, Earl E and Larry A Mayer} } @proceedings {, title = {Application of High-precision Timing Systems to Distributed Survey Systems}, year = {2007}, month = {May 14 - May 18}, address = {Norfolk, VA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Brian R Calder and Brennan, Rick T and Malzone, C and Marcus, J and Canter, P} } @article {, title = {{\textquoteright}Megaclicks{\textquoteright}: Acoustic Click Trains and Buzzes Produced During Night-time Foraging of Humpback Whales (Megaptera Novaeangliae)}, volume = {3}, number = {5}, year = {2007}, pages = {467-470}, publisher = {Royal Society Publishing}, keywords = {Whale Tracking}, author = {Stimpert, A K and David N Wiley and Au, W W and Johnson, M P and Roland Arsenault} } @article {, title = {Imaging in Various Regions of the EM Spectrum for Mapping the National Shoreline}, year = {2007}, month = {Apr 3 - Apr 4}, address = {Silver Springs, MD, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Christopher E Parrish} } @proceedings {, title = {Identify Bubble Clustering: Comparisons of the Coherent and Incoherent Fields}, year = {2007}, month = {Jun 25 - Jun 29}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {2nd}, chapter = {International Conference}, address = {Heraklion, Crete, Greece}, keywords = {Water Column Mapping}, author = {Thomas C Weber and Anthony P. Lyons and Bradley, David L} } @proceedings {, title = {Portsmouth Harbor Response Initiative Web Interface}, year = {2007}, month = {May 10 - May 11}, address = {Durham, NH, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Braswell, Rob and Jacobi, Michele and Schwehr, Kurt} } @article {, title = {Drowned shelf-edge delta complexes and barrier islands and related features along the outer continental shelf north of the head of De Sotot Canyon, NE Gulf of Mexico}, volume = {89}, year = {2007}, pages = {370-390}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {James V. Gardner and Brian R Calder and John E. Hughes Clarke and Larry A Mayer and Elston, Gareth R and Yuri Rzhanov} } @article {, title = {The Early Miocene Onset of a Ventilated Circulation Regime in the Arctic Ocean}, volume = {447}, year = {2007}, pages = {986-990}, publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Backman, Jan and Rudels, J and Nycander, J and Frank, M and Larry A Mayer and Jokat, W and Sangiorgi, F and O{\textquoteright}Regan, M A and Brinkhuis, H and King, J W and Moran, K} } @article {, title = {Clearance of Harbor Navigation Channels with High-resolution Bottom Surveys}, year = {2007}, month = {Jun 4 - Jun 8}, edition = {153rd}, chapter = {Meeting of the }, address = {Salt Lake City, UT, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Glynn, Jim and de Moustier, Christian and Huff, Lloyd C} } @proceedings {, title = {Specification Format for AIS Binary Messages for Providing Hydrographic-related Information}, year = {2007}, month = {May 14 - May 18}, pages = {0-21}, address = {Norfolk, VA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Schwehr, Kurt and Alexander, Lee} } @article {, title = {Relationship of Marine Information Overlays (MIOs) to Current/Future IHO Standards}, volume = {8}, year = {2007}, pages = {80-82}, publisher = {Geomatics Information \& Trading Center - GITC}, address = {Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee and Huet, M} } @proceedings {, title = {Identifying Bubble Clustering: Comparisons of the Coherent and Incoherent Fields}, year = {2007}, month = {Jun 25 - Jun 29}, edition = {2nd}, chapter = {International Conference}, address = {Heraklion, Crete, Greece}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Thomas C Weber and Pena, H and Bradley, David L} } @article {, title = {Identifying subtidal coastal environments using airborne lidar bathymetry (ALB)}, year = {2007}, month = {Dec 10 - Dec 14}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {LIDAR}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and James V. Gardner and Larry G Ward and Morrison, John R and Lillycrop, J} } @mastersthesis {1821, title = {Acoustic Calibration and Bathymetric Processing with an L-3 Klein 5410 Sidescan Sonar}, year = {2007}, pages = {173}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Glynn, Jim} } @article {3986, title = {AIS Binary Message Format Using XML to Provide Hydrographic-related Information}, year = {2007}, month = {May 15-17}, publisher = {The Hydrographic Society of America}, address = {Norfolk, VA}, keywords = {ais, xml}, author = {Schwehr, Kurt and Alexander, Lee} } @article {5527, title = {Depositional systems on the New Hampshire continental shelf: formation and controlling processes}, year = {2007}, author = {Larry G Ward} } @proceedings {3175, title = {Detection of Vertical Objects in Full-Waveform Lidar Data Using a 3D Wavelet-Based Approach}, year = {2007}, month = {May 7 - May 11}, chapter = {Annual Conference}, address = {Tampa, FL, USA}, keywords = {LIDAR}, author = {Christopher E Parrish and Scarpace, F L} } @proceedings {3174, title = {Exploiting Full-Waveform Lidar Data and Multiresolution Wavelet Analysis for Vertical Object Detection and Recognition}, year = {2007}, month = {Jul 23 - Jul 27}, address = {Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain}, keywords = {LIDAR}, author = {Christopher E Parrish} } @proceedings {3135, title = {Google Earth Visualizations: Preview and Delivery of Hydrographic and Other Marine Datasets}, year = {2007}, month = {May 14 - May 18}, pages = {0-0}, address = {Norfolk, VA, USA}, keywords = {Chart of the Future}, author = {Schwehr, Kurt and Briana M Sullivan and James V. Gardner} } @proceedings {3166, title = {High Resolution Mapping in support of UNCLOS Article 76: Seeing the seafloor with new eyes}, year = {2007}, month = {May 14 - May 18}, pages = {12-13}, address = {Norfolk, VA, USA}, keywords = {Law of the Sea}, author = {James V. Gardner and Larry A Mayer and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @article {5008, title = {High-resolution mapping in support of UNCLOS Article 76: Seeing the seafloor with new eyes}, year = {2007}, address = {Norfolk, VA}, author = {James V. Gardner}, editor = {Larry A Mayer} } @article {3418, title = {Linking Images and Sound in a 3D Museum Exhibit Demonstration}, year = {2007}, month = {Jun 25 - Jun 29}, pages = {0-0}, address = {St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Briana M Sullivan and Colin Ware and Plumlee, Matt D} } @proceedings {3157, title = {Multibeam Echo Sounding as a Tool for FIsheries Habitat Studies}, year = {2007}, month = {May 21 - May 25}, pages = {1-2}, chapter = {Joint Assembly}, address = {Acapulco, Acapulco, Mexico}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Fonseca, Luciano and Larry A Mayer} } @article {2822, title = {New Iinsights into the Transition Fault Debate: Propagating Strike-slip in Response to Stalled Subduction in the Gulf of Alaska}, volume = {35}, number = {8}, year = {2007}, pages = {763-766}, publisher = {The Geological Society of America (GSA)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Gulick, Sean P. and Lowe, Lindsay A and Pavlis, Terry L and Larry A Mayer and James V. Gardner} } @article {5993, title = {Noise Level Correlates with Manatee Use of Foraging Habitats}, volume = {121}, year = {2007}, month = {May}, pages = {3011-3020}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, abstract = {

The introduction of anthropogenic sound to coastal waters is a negative side effect of population growth. As noise from boats, marine construction, and coastal dredging increases, environmental and behavioral monitoring is needed to directly assess the effect these phenomena have on marine animals. Acoustic recordings, providing information on ambient noise levels and transient noise sources, were made in two manatee habitats: grassbeds and dredged habitats. Recordings were made over two 6-month periods from April to September in 2003 and 2004. Noise levels were calculated in one-third octave bands at nine center frequencies ranging from 250 Hz to 64 kHz. Manatee habitat usage, as a function of noise level, was examined during four time periods: morning, noon, afternoon, and night. Analysis of sightings data in a variety of grassbeds of equal species composition and density indicate that manatees select grassbeds with lower ambient noise for frequencies below 1 kHz. Additionally, grassbed usage was negatively correlated with concentrated boat presence in the morning hours; no correlation was observed during noon and afternoon hours. This suggests that morning boat presence and its associated noise may affect the use of foraging habitat on a daily time scale.

}, keywords = {acoustic noise, agroacoustics, Foraging Habitats, Manatee, Marine vehicle noise, Marine vessels, Noise Level Marine ecology}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2713555}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17550199}, author = {Jennifer Miksis-Olds and P.L. Donaghay and Miller, J H and Peter L Tyack and J.A. Nystuen} } @mastersthesis {1823, title = {The Perceptual Optimization of 2D Flow Visualizations Using Human-in-the-loop Local Hill Climbing}, volume = {Computer Science}, year = {2007}, month = {12/2007}, pages = {91}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Flow visualization is the graphical representation of vector fields or fluids that enables an observer to visually perceive the forces or motions involved. The fields being displayed are typically dynamic and complex, with a vector direction and magnitude at every point in the field, and often with additional underlying data that is also of interest to the observer. Distilling this mass of data into a static, two-dimensional image that captures the essential patterns and features in a way that is intuitively understandable can be a daunting task.

Historically, there have been many different techniques and algorithms to generate visualizations of a flow field. These methods differ widely in implementation, but conceptually they involve the association of significant aspects of the data field (e.g., direction, velocity, temperature, vorticity) to certain visual parameters used in the graphic representation (e.g., size and orientation of lines or arrows, foreground and background color, density/sparsity of graphical elements). For example, the velocity of a field could be mapped to color, line width, line length, arrow head or glyph size, etc. There are many such potential parameter mappings within each technique, and many value ranges that can be used to constrain each parameter within a given mapping, resulting in a virtually limitless number of possible permutations for visually representing a flow field. So, how does one optimize the output? How can one determine which mappings and what values within each mapping produce the best results? Such optimization requires the ability to rapidly generate high-quality visualizations across a wide variety of parameter mappings and settings.

We address this need by providing a highly-configurable interactive software system that allows rapid, human-in-the-loop optimization of two-dimensional flow visualization. This software is then used in a study to generate quality visual solutions to a two-dimensional ocean current flow plus surface temperature over a variety of parameter mappings. The results of this study are used to identify relevant rules and patterns governing the efficacy of each combination of parameters, and to draw some general conclusions concerning 2D flow visualization parameter mapping and values.

}, keywords = {2d flow visualizations, Flow Visualization, perceptual optimization}, author = {Mitchell, Peter} } @mastersthesis {1822, title = {Seafloor Characterization of the Historic Area Remediation Site Using Angular Range Analysis}, volume = {Ocean Engineering/Ocean Mapping}, year = {2007}, month = {09/2007}, pages = {110}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Angular Range Analysis (ARA) is a physics-based approach to acoustic remote seafloor characterization. In order to better understand the capabilities and limitations of this technique, ARA analyses were performed on multibeam sonar data collected at the Historic Area Remediation Site, an area with high spatial variability. The remotely derived results were compared to grain size information derived from grab samples and Sediment Profile Imaging. Uncertainties in the determination of mean grain size from ground truth were identified and when possible quantified. ARA proved to be an effective remote sensing tool at a regional scale in its main operational mode that has a spatial resolution limited to half-swath width of the sonar and to thirty pings. When the seafloor is heterogeneous within half-swath width of the sonar, textural segmentation of the backscatter mosaic allows the definition of \“themes\” out which ARA solutions can be calculated, improving the correlation with ground truth.

}, keywords = {angular range analysis, historic area remediation, Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Soares Rosa, Luis} } @article {3481, title = {Three Dimensional Prey Aggregations and Fine Scale Foraging Patterns of Humpback whales (Megaptera novaengliae), Stellwagen Bank Marine Sanctuary}, year = {2007}, month = {Sep 17 - Sep 21}, address = {Heraklion, Crete, Greece}, keywords = {Whale Tracking}, author = {Hazen, E L and Friedlaender, A S and David N Wiley and Thompson, Michael A and Colin Ware and Weinrich, M T} } @article {3878, title = {U.S. Law of the Sea Cruise to Map the Foot of the Slope and 2500-m Isobath of the Florida Escarpment and Sigsbee Escarpment, Northern Gulf of Mexico Continental Marg. Cruise Report}, year = {2007}, pages = {40}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {Law of the Sea}, author = {James V. Gardner} } @article {3876, title = {U.S. Law of the Sea Cruise to Map the Foot of the Slope and 2500-m Isobath of the U.S. Arctic Ocean Margin. Cruise Report for 2007}, year = {2007}, pages = {182}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {Law of the Sea}, author = {Larry A Mayer and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @article {3877, title = {U.S. Law of the Sea Cruise to Map the Western Insular Margin and 2500-m Isobath of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands. Cruise Report}, year = {2007}, pages = {45}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {Law of the Sea}, author = {James V. Gardner} } @article {, title = {Maximum A Posteriori Resampling of Noisy, Spatially Correlated Data}, volume = {7}, number = {8}, year = {2006}, pages = {1-1}, publisher = {American Geophysical Union }, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Goff, John A and Jenkins, Chris and Brian R Calder} } @article {, title = {High Resolution Benthic Mapping Using Multibeam Sonar, Videography, and Sediment Sampling in the Gulf of Maine: Application to Geologic and Fisheries Research.}, volume = {38}, number = {7}, year = {2006}, month = {Nov 5 - Nov 8}, pages = {0-377}, address = {Boston, MA, USA}, keywords = {Multibeam Sonars}, author = {Larry G Ward and Mashkoor A Malik and Randy G Cutter Jr. and Brouder, M A and Raymond E Grizzle and Larry A Mayer and Huff, Lloyd C} } @proceedings {, title = {Acoustic Backscatter and Remote Seafloor Characterization}, year = {2006}, month = {Oct 17 - Oct 19}, address = {Woods Hole, MA, USA}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Fonseca, Luciano} } @article {, title = {Fred Fisher{\textquoteright}s high pressure work with eyewash and epsom salts}, volume = {120}, year = {2006}, pages = {3299-3299}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, address = {Melville, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {de Moustier, Christian} } @article {, title = {Automated generation of geo-referenced mosaics from video collected by deep submergence vehicles: an example from Rosebud vent (Galapagos Rift)}, year = {2006}, pages = {1-1}, edition = {11th}, chapter = {International}, address = {London, London, UK}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Beaulieu, S E and Shank, T M and Soule, S A and Fornari, D J and Yuri Rzhanov and Larry A Mayer} } @proceedings {, title = {Comparative Evaluation of Official Electronic Chart Data in U.S. Waters}, year = {2006}, month = {Jun 5 - Jun 9}, address = {Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee and Roman, D and Casey, M J} } @article {, title = {Nippon Foundation/GEBCO Training Project at the University of New Hampshire 4/2004 - 8/2005}, year = {2006}, pages = {19}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {GEBCO}, author = {Monahan, Dave} } @proceedings {, title = {Predictive Displays for Survey Vessels}, year = {2006}, month = {Oct 16 - Oct 20}, pages = {1-5}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Briana M Sullivan and Colin Ware and Plumlee, Matt D} } @proceedings {, title = {A multibeam survey of mid-Seneca Lake: bathymetry, backscatter, and invasive species}, year = {2006}, month = {Oct 1 - Oct 1}, pages = {1-17}, edition = {2nd Annual}, address = {Geneva, NY, USA}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Thomas C Weber and Anthony P. Lyons} } @article {, title = {Detecting Compaction Disequilibrium with Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility}, volume = {7}, number = {11}, year = {2006}, pages = {0-18}, publisher = {American Geophysical Union }, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Schwehr, Kurt and Tauxe, L and Driscoll, Neal W and Lee, H J} } @article {, title = {Acoustic Scattering from Mud Volcanoes and Carbonate Mounts}, volume = {120}, number = {6}, year = {2006}, pages = {3553-3565}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, address = {Melville, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Holland, C W and Thomas C Weber and Etiope, G} } @article {, title = {CUBE User Guide}, year = {2006}, pages = {46}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {CUBE}, author = {Brian R Calder and David E Wells} } @article {, title = {Comparison of Extended Kalman Filtering with Split-aperture Processing for Angle of Arrival Estimation in Multibeam Echo-sounding}, journal = {Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, volume = {119}, number = {5}, year = {2006}, pages = {0-3}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, address = {Melville, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {de Moustier, Christian and Brogan, Daniel S} } @proceedings {, title = {Multi resolution quality improvement for patch-bases texture synthesis in wavelet domain}, year = {2006}, month = {Aug 14 - Aug 16}, edition = {8th}, chapter = {International Conference on Signal and Image Processing (SIP)}, address = {Honolulu, HI, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Yuri Rzhanov and Gu, Fan} } @article {, title = {Recommendation for Involving the Private Sector in Producing Small-scale ENCs from INT Charts}, year = {2006}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @article {, title = {Shoreline Mapping Using LIDAR Red-channel Waveforms}, year = {2006}, month = {Dec 11 - Dec 15}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {LIDAR}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Philpot, William D and Guenther, G and James V. Gardner} } @proceedings {, title = {Optical Image Blending for Underwater Mosaics}, year = {2006}, month = {Sep 18 - Sep 22}, chapter = {Americas}, address = {Boston, MA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Gu, Fan and Yuri Rzhanov} } @article {, title = {Manuscript Management}, volume = {31}, year = {2006}, pages = {1-1}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {de Moustier, Christian} } @article {, title = {Effects of the Western Gulf of Maine Closure Area on Bottom Habitats: A Preliminary GIS-based Assessment}, year = {2006}, month = {Apr 11 - Apr 11}, chapter = {GIS and Ocean Mapping in Support of Fisheries Research and Managment Conference}, address = {Cambridge, MA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Raymond E Grizzle and Larry G Ward and Larry A Mayer and Cooper, Andrew B and Rosenberg, Andrew A and Brouder, M A and Jennifer K Greene and Abeels, Holly A and Mashkoor A Malik} } @proceedings {, title = {New Multibeam Mapping of the Gulf of Maine}, year = {2006}, month = {Apr 11 - Apr 11}, chapter = {GIS and Ocean Mapping in Support of Fisheries Research and Managment Conference}, address = {Cambridge, MA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Andrew A. Armstrong and Larry A Mayer and Case, James D and Fonseca, Luciano} } @article {, title = {Electronic Charts: A Real-time GIS for Vessel Navigation}, year = {2006}, pages = {20-22}, publisher = {PV Publications Ltd}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @proceedings {, title = {Self-Positioning Smart Buoys, The {\textquoteright}Un-Buoy{\textquoteright} Solution: Logistic Considerations Using Autonomous Surface Craft Technology and Improved Communications Infrastructure}, year = {2006}, month = {Sep 18 - Sep 22}, pages = {0-5}, chapter = {Americas}, address = {Boston, MA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Curcio, J and McGillivary, Philip A and Fall, Kevin and Andrew Maffei and Schwehr, Kurt and Twiggs, B and Kitts, C and Ballou, P} } @proceedings {, title = {Multiple Frequency Acoustic Propagation Through Clusters of Bubbles}, year = {2006}, month = {Nov 27 - Dec 1}, pages = {3346-3347}, edition = {154th}, chapter = {Meeting of the }, address = {New Orleans, LA, USA}, keywords = {Data Processing}, author = {Thomas C Weber and Anthony P. Lyons and Bradley, David L} } @proceedings {, title = {Motion Coding for Pattern Detection}, year = {2006}, month = {Jul 30 - Aug 3}, pages = {107-110}, edition = {33rd}, address = {Boston, MA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Colin Ware and Babrow, R} } @article {, title = {UNCLOS Mapping of Marianas Western Margin, Technical Report}, year = {2006}, pages = {37}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {James V. Gardner} } @article {, title = {High Resolution Mapping and Backscatter Studies in Support of the Ripples Program}, journal = {Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, volume = {120}, year = {2006}, pages = {3180-3180}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, address = {Melville, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Kraft, Barbara J and de Moustier, Christian and Brian R Calder and Larry A Mayer} } @proceedings {, title = {Deep Sea Geo-referenced Video Mosaics}, year = {2006}, month = {Sep 18 - Sep 22}, chapter = {Americas}, address = {Boston, MA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Yuri Rzhanov and Larry A Mayer and Beaulieu, S E and Shank, T M and Soule, S A and Fornari, D J} } @article {, title = {Preliminary Report on Issues Affecting the Usability of Data Collected During October 2006 WASSP Tests in New Hampshire}, year = {2006}, pages = {22}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Brogan, Daniel S and de Moustier, Christian} } @article {, title = {Capacity building in Ocean Bathymetry}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, pages = {69-75}, publisher = {Geomatics Information \& Trading Center - GITC}, address = {Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Karlipata, Srinivas and Monahan, Dave and Caceres, H M and Morishita, Taisei and Mustapha, Abubakar and Reynoso, Walter and Sharma, Shereen} } @proceedings {, title = {Long Range Side Scan Sonar for Fishery Research}, year = {2006}, month = {Mar 21 - Mar 23}, address = {London, London, UK}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Huff, Lloyd C} } @article {, title = {WASSP sea tests M/V Acheron}, year = {2006}, institution = {US Army Corps of Engineers(USACE)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {de Moustier, Christian} } @article {, title = {A Process for Producing Ice Coverage Marine Information Objects (MIOs) in IHO S-57 Format}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, pages = {55-63}, publisher = {Geomatics Information \& Trading Center - GITC}, address = {Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Dias, G and Coleman, D. F. and El-Rabbany, A and Agi, B and Alexander, Lee} } @article {, title = {The Alpha-Mendeleev Magmatic Province, Arctic Ocean: A New Synthesis}, year = {2006}, month = {May 26 - May 26}, chapter = {Joint Assembly}, address = {Baltimore, MD, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Vogt, Peter R and Jung, W and Martin Jakobsson and Larry A Mayer and Williamson, M} } @proceedings {, title = {How Rapidly Can Ee Respond to an Urgent Need? Producing a Bathymetry Map of the 2004 Tsunami Area}, year = {2006}, month = {Jun 14 - Jun 23}, address = {Bremerhaven, Bremen, Germany}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Bashir, Muhammad and Bustamante, J L and Hartoyo, Djoko and Heap, Brian and Lagonsin, Apolonio M and Monahan, Dave and Weirathmueller, Michelle and Yoshida, Tsuyoshi} } @article {, title = {NOAA{\textquoteright}s OKEANOS EXPLORER and Telepresence Technology}, volume = {49}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, pages = {24-33}, publisher = {Maritime Activity Reports, Inc.}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Robert Ballard and Hammond, S and Larry A Mayer} } @book {, title = {The Electronic Chart. Functions, Potential and Limitations of a New Navigation System}, series = {The Electronic Chart: A Revolution in Marine Navigation}, year = {2006}, pages = {293}, publisher = {Geomatics Information \& Trading Center - GITC}, organization = {Geomatics Information \& Trading Center - GITC}, address = {Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Hecht, H and Berking, B and Buttgenbach, G and Jonas, M and Alexander, Lee} } @proceedings {, title = {Experiments for multibeam Backscatter Adjustments on the NOAA Ship FAIRWEATHER}, year = {2006}, month = {Sep 18 - Sep 22}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Americas}, address = {Boston, MA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Fonseca, Luciano and Brian R Calder} } @proceedings {, title = {Effect of nonlinear internal waves on midfrequency acoustic propagation on the continental shelf}, year = {2006}, month = {Jun 5 - Jun 9}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {151st}, chapter = {Meeting of the }, address = {Providence, RI, USA}, keywords = {Data Processing}, author = {Henyey, F S and Tang, D and Williams, K and Lien, R and Becker, K and Culver, R L and Gabel, P and Lyons, J and Thomas C Weber} } @article {, title = {FishPAC Field Report for the Free-fall Cone Penetrometer}, year = {2006}, pages = {4}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {McGillicuddy, Glenn and Huff, Lloyd C} } @proceedings {, title = {Uncertainty Patch Tests}, year = {2006}, month = {Jan 23 - Jan 23}, pages = {0-0}, address = {Seattle, WA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Brian R Calder} } @proceedings {, title = {Use of Seafloor Electromagnetic and Acoustic Backscatter Data for Seafloor Classification: An Example from Martha{\textquoteright}s Vineyard, Massachusetts}, year = {2006}, month = {Dec 11 - Dec 15}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Evans, R L and Kraft, Barbara J and Larry A Mayer} } @proceedings {, title = {Non-iterative Global Alignment of Image Sequences}, year = {2006}, month = {Aug 14 - Aug 16}, edition = {8th}, chapter = {International Conference on Signal and Image Processing (SIP)}, address = {Honolulu, HI, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Yuri Rzhanov and Larry A Mayer and Beaulieu, S E and Soule, S A and Fornari, D J} } @article {, title = {Upgraded Seafloor Detection Algorithm for Swath Bathymetry Applications of the Volume Search Sonar}, year = {2006}, pages = {35}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Brogan, Daniel S and de Moustier, Christian} } @article {, title = {Stratigraphic model predictions of Geoacoustic properties}, volume = {31}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, pages = {266-283}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Kraft, Barbara J and Overeem, I and Holland, C W and Pratson, L F and Syvitski, J P and Larry A Mayer} } @proceedings {, title = {Detection of Bottom Fishing Impacts on Benthic Structure Using Multibeam Sonar, Side Scan Sonar, Video and Interactive 3-D GIS}, year = {2006}, month = {Apr 11 - Apr 11}, chapter = {GIS and Ocean Mapping in Support of Fisheries Research and Managment Conference}, address = {Cambridge, MA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Mashkoor A Malik and Larry A Mayer} } @article {, title = {Proposed Test Bed Project on Production of Large-scale ENCs in the MACHC Region}, year = {2006}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @proceedings {3129, title = {3D Contour Perception for Flow Visualization}, year = {2006}, month = {Jul 30 - Aug 3}, pages = {101-106}, edition = {33rd}, address = {Boston, MA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Colin Ware} } @article {2800, title = {An Approach to the Perceptual Optimization of Complex Visualizations}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, year = {2006}, pages = {509-521}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {House, Don H and Blair, A D and Colin Ware} } @article {6042, title = {Are Manatees Modifying Their Vocalizations to Compensate for Noise?}, journal = {Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

Elevated environmental noise levels have the potential to interfere with the acoustic communication system of manatees by masking signals containing biologically important information. Communication theory recognizes several ways a sender can modify its acoustic signal to compensate for noise. These include increasing the source level of a signal, its repetition, its duration, or shifting frequency outside of the noise band. To test whether manatees can modify their vocalizations to compensate for noise, vocalization usage and structure were examined in terms of vocalization rate, duration, frequency, and source level. Results imply that manatees do increase their vocalization energy expenditure, or vocalization effort, as a function of behavior and calf presence. Increases in vocalization rate, duration, and source level were most pronounced when calves were present and during behaviors whereby animals tended to be more dispersed, which may suggest a cohesion function. In conditions of elevated noise levels, manatees increased call duration during feeding and milling behaviors when calves were present, suggesting that ambient noise levels do have a detectable effect on manatee communication and that manatees modify their vocalizations as a function of noise.

}, keywords = {Acoustic signal processing, agroacoustics, Information and communication theory, Manatees, Noise, Vocalizations}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4786759}, author = {Jennifer Miksis-Olds} } @mastersthesis {1820, title = {Development and Characterization of a Side Scan Sonar Towfish Stabilization Device}, year = {2006}, pages = {167}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Conrad, Rebecca} } @article {2788, title = {Effective sea-level rise in deltas: Causes of change and human dimension implications}, volume = {50}, year = {2006}, month = {January 2006}, pages = {63-82}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Ericson, J P and Vorosmarty, C J and Dingman, S L and Larry G Ward and Meybeck, M} } @article {2814, title = {Increasing the Existence of Very Shallow-water LIDAR Measurements Using the Red-channel Waveforms}, volume = {75}, number = {5}, year = {2006}, pages = {1217-1223}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {LIDAR}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Philpot, William D} } @article {3875, title = {Law of the Sea Cruise to Map the Western Insular Margin and 2500-m Isobath of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands. Cruise Report}, year = {2006}, pages = {37}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {Law of the Sea}, author = {James V. Gardner} } @article {2792, title = {Linking Audio And Visual Information While Navigating In A Virtual Reality Kiosk Display}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, pages = {217-241}, publisher = {Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education}, address = {Chesapeake, VA, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Briana M Sullivan and Colin Ware and Plumlee, Matt D} } @article {2791, title = {Mapping Supports Potential Submission to U.N. Law of the Sea}, volume = {87}, number = {16}, year = {2006}, pages = {157-159}, publisher = {American Geophysical Union }, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Law of the Sea}, author = {James V. Gardner and Larry A Mayer and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @article {3985, title = {Mariner Perceptions regarding the Display of Uncertainty on Nautical Charting Products}, year = {2006}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Heap, Brian} } @article {2807, title = {Mosaicing Tool for Aerial Imagery from a Lidar Bathymetry Survey}, volume = {9}, year = {2006}, pages = {35-44}, publisher = {Geomatics Information \& Trading Center - GITC}, address = {Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, keywords = {LIDAR}, author = {S. Pe{\textquoteright}eri and Yuri Rzhanov} } @article {3984, title = {Optimal Image Blending for Underwater Mosaics}, year = {2006}, month = {September 18-21}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Boston, MA}, keywords = {image blending, underwater mosaics}, author = {Gu, Fan and Yuri Rzhanov} } @article {3469, title = {Significant Tectonic and Climatic Events for the Yakutat Block Collision, Gulf of Alaska: Pleistocene Glacial Intensification in the St. Elias Mountains and the Relationship Between the Fairweather and Transition Faults}, year = {2006}, month = {Apr 3 - Apr 7}, pages = {1-2}, address = {Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Gulick, Sean P. and Willems, Bryce A and Feymueller, J and Powell, Ross D and Jaeger, John M and Kalbas, Jay and Pavlis, Terry L and Lowe, Lindsay A and Larry A Mayer and James V. Gardner} } @article {5995, title = {Transmission Loss in Manatee Habitats}, volume = {120}, year = {2006}, month = {October}, pages = {2320-2327}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, abstract = {

The Florida manatee is regularly exposed to high volumes of vessel traffic and other human-related noise because of its coastal distribution. Quantifying specific aspects of the manatee\’s acoustic environment will allow for a better understanding of how these animals respond to both natural and human-induced changes in their environment. Transmission loss measurements were made in 24 sampling sites that were chosen based on the frequency of manatee presence. The Monterey-Miami Parabolic Equation model was used to relate environmental parameters to transmission loss in two extremely shallow water environments: seagrass beds and dredged habitats. Model accuracy was verified by field tests at all modeled sites. Results indicated that high-use grassbeds have higher levels of transmission loss for frequencies above 2 kHz compared to low-use sites of equal food species composition and density. This also happens to be the range of most efficient sound propagation inside the grassbed habitat and includes the dominant frequencies of manatee vocalizations. The acoustic environment may play a more important role in manatee grassbed selection than seagrass coverage or species composition, as linear regression analysis showed no significant correlation between usage and either total grass coverage, individual species coverage, or aerial pattern.

}, keywords = {Manatee Habitats, Transmission Loss}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2258832}, url = {http://asa.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1121/1.2258832}, author = {Jennifer Miksis-Olds and Miller, J H} } @article {2805, title = {On the Uncertainty of Archive Hydrographic Datasets}, volume = {31}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, pages = {249-265}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Brian R Calder} } @article {2804, title = {Visualizing the Underwater Behavior of Humpback Whales}, volume = {26}, number = {4}, year = {2006}, pages = {14-18}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Whale Tracking}, author = {Colin Ware and Roland Arsenault and Plumlee, Matt D} } @article {2803, title = {Zooming vs. Multiple Window Interfaces: Cognitive Costs of Visual Comparisons}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, pages = {1-31}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Plumlee, Matt D and Colin Ware} } @proceedings {, title = {Geocoder: An Efficient Backscatter Map Constructor}, year = {2005}, month = {Mar 29 - Mar 31}, pages = {0-0}, address = {San Diego, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Fonseca, Luciano and Brian R Calder} } @proceedings {, title = {Reevaluating Stereo and Motion Cues for Visualizing Graphs in Three Dimensions}, year = {2005}, month = {Aug 26 - Aug 28}, pages = {51-58}, edition = {2nd}, chapter = {test}, address = {Coruna, Coruna, Spain}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Colin Ware and Mitchell, Peter} } @article {, title = {High-Resolution Mapping of Mines and Ripples at the Martha{\textquoteright}s Vineyard Coastal Observatory}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, pages = {133-149}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Larry A Mayer and Raymond, Rick and Glang, Gerd and Richardson, M D and Traykovski, P and Traykovski, P} } @inbook {, title = {Visual Queries: The Foundation of Visual Thinking}, booktitle = {Knowledge and Information Visualization: Searching for Synergies}, year = {2005}, pages = {25-33}, publisher = {Springer Publisher}, organization = {Springer Publisher}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Colin Ware} } @proceedings {, title = {Multibeam Swath Consistency Detection and Downhill Filtering from Alaska to Hawaii}, year = {2005}, month = {Mar 29 - Mar 31}, pages = {0-0}, address = {San Diego, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Brian R Calder} } @proceedings {, title = {UVSD: Software for Detection of Color Underwater Features}, year = {2005}, month = {Sep 18 - Sep 23}, pages = {0-4}, address = {St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Yuri Rzhanov and Mamaenko, Anton and Yoklavich, M} } @article {, title = {High-resolution Mapping and Backscatter Studies in Support of the Ripples DRI, Ripples DRI Program}, year = {2005}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Larry A Mayer and de Moustier, Christian and Kraft, Barbara J and Brian R Calder} } @proceedings {, title = {Northwest Passage Marine Sediments: A Record of Quaternary History and Climate Change}, year = {2005}, month = {Mar 9 - Mar 12}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {35th}, chapter = {Annual}, address = {St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Blasco, S M and MacLean, B and Mudie, P and Sonnichsen, G and Bennett, R and Rainey, W and Scott, D and Praeg, D and John E. Hughes Clarke and Barglett, J and Larry A Mayer and Monahan, Dave} } @article {, title = {Automated Generation of Geo-referenced Mosaics from Video Data Collected by Deep Submergence Vehicles: Preliminary Results}, year = {2005}, month = {Dec 5 - Dec 9}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Yuri Rzhanov and Larry A Mayer and Beaulieu, S E and Soule, S A and Shank, T M and Fornari, D J} } @proceedings {, title = {Multi-dimensional, multi-national, multi-faceted hydrographic training: the Nippon Foundation GEBCO training program at the University of New Hampshire}, year = {2005}, month = {Mar 29 - Mar 31}, pages = {0-0}, address = {San Diego, CA, USA}, keywords = {GEBCO}, author = {Monahan, Dave and Angwenyi, Clive and Montoro, Hugo and Morishita, Taisei and Abdullahi, A and Reynoso, Walter and Sharma, Shereen} } @article {, title = {Ground-truthing benthic habitat characteristics using video mosaic images: Benthic Habitats and the Effects of Fishing}, volume = {41}, year = {2005}, pages = {171-179}, publisher = {American Fisheries Society}, address = {Bethesda, MD, USA}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Randy G Cutter Jr. and Yuri Rzhanov and Larry A Mayer and Raymond E Grizzle} } @article {, title = {R/V Kilo Moana EM1002 Status Report}, year = {2005}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {de Moustier, Christian} } @proceedings {, title = {Next Edition of IHO S-57 (Edition 4): Much more than ENCs}, year = {2005}, month = {Mar 29 - Mar 31}, pages = {0-0}, address = {San Diego, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee and Brown, M and Greenslade, B} } @proceedings {, title = {A system for real-time spatio-temporal 3-D Data Visualization in Underwater Robotic Exploration}, year = {2005}, month = {Apr 18 - Apr 22}, pages = {0-0}, address = {Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Martin, S C and Whitcomb, Louis L and Roland Arsenault and Plumlee, Matt D and Colin Ware} } @article {, title = {Multibeam Bathymetric and Sediment Profiler Evidence for Ice Grounding on the Chukchi Borderland, Arctic Ocean}, volume = {63}, year = {2005}, pages = {150-160}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and James V. Gardner and Vogt, Peter R and Larry A Mayer and Andrew A. Armstrong and Backman, Jan and Brennan, Rick T and Brian R Calder and John K Hall and Kraft, Barbara J} } @article {, title = {3-D Spatial Sampling with a Cylindrical Multibeam Sonar Array, Final Report on Bathymetry and Co-registered Backscatter Extraction from the Volume Search Sonar of the AQS-20 Mine Countermeasure System}, year = {2005}, pages = {61}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Brogan, Daniel S and de Moustier, Christian} } @article {, title = {Configuring an Airborne Laser Scanner for Detecting Airport Obstructions}, volume = {71}, year = {2005}, pages = {37-46}, publisher = {ASPRS: The Imaging and Geospatial Information Society}, address = {Bethesda, MD, USA}, keywords = {LIDAR}, author = {Christopher E Parrish and Tuel, G H and Carter, W E and Shrestha, Ramesh} } @proceedings {, title = {The Optimization of Visualization of Complex Phenomena}, year = {2005}, month = {Oct 23 - Oct 28}, pages = {87-94}, address = {Minneapolis, MN, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {House, Don H and Bair, A and Colin Ware} } @proceedings {, title = {Observations of a geoclutter feature in the straits of Sicily}, year = {2005}, month = {May 16 - May 20}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {149th}, chapter = {Meeting Held Jointly with the Canadian Acoustical Association}, address = {St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada}, keywords = {Data Processing}, author = {Thomas C Weber and Holland, C W and Etiope, G} } @proceedings {, title = {Seafloor Characterization Through the Application of AVO Analysis to Multibeam Sonar Data}, year = {2005}, month = {Sep 5 - Sep 9}, pages = {0-0}, address = {Bath, UK, UK}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Fonseca, Luciano and Larry A Mayer and Kraft, Barbara J} } @proceedings {, title = {Underwater behavior of humpback whales in a western North Atlantic foraging area}, year = {2005}, month = {Dec 12 - Dec 16}, edition = {16th}, address = {San Diego, CA, USA}, keywords = {Whale Tracking}, author = {David N Wiley and Colin Ware and Barton, K L and Shorter, K A and Johnson, M P and Roland Arsenault and Moller, J C and Weinrich, M T} } @article {, title = {Applying the Test of Appurtenance Globally: a new inventory of wide margin states from public domain data}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {77-84}, publisher = {Geomatics Information \& Trading Center - GITC}, address = {Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Monahan, Dave and Poll, R V and Cockburn, S} } @inbook {, title = {Temporal variability in salinity, temperature and suspended sediments in a Gulf of Maine Estuary (Great Bay Estuary, New Hampshire)}, booktitle = {High Resolution Morphodynamics and Sedimentary Evolution of Estuaries}, volume = {8}, year = {2005}, pages = {115-142}, publisher = {Springer Publisher}, organization = {Springer Publisher}, chapter = {Coastal Systems and Continental Margins}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Larry G Ward and Bub, F L} } @proceedings {, title = {Field Verification of MBES Error Models}, year = {2005}, month = {Sep 12 - Sep 15}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {4th}, address = {Plymouth, Devon, UK}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Brian R Calder and Mashkoor A Malik} } @proceedings {, title = {A Novel Sound Recorded in Association with Bottom Feeding in Humpback Whales}, year = {2005}, month = {Dec 12 - Dec 16}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {16th}, address = {San Diego, CA, USA}, keywords = {Whale Tracking}, author = {Stimpert, A K and David N Wiley and Shorter, K A and Barton, K L and Johnson, M P and Colin Ware and Roland Arsenault and Lammers, M O and Au, W W} } @article {, title = {A 60 k.y. record of extension across the western boundary of the Basin and Range Province: Estimate of slip-rates from offset shoreline terraces and a catastrophic slide beneath Lake Tahoe}, volume = {33}, number = {5}, year = {2005}, pages = {365-368}, publisher = {The Geological Society of America (GSA)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Kent, G M and Babcock, J A and Driscoll, Neal W and Harding, A J and Dingler, J A and Seitz, G G and James V. Gardner and Larry A Mayer and Goldman, C R and Heyvaert, A C and Richards, B C and Karlin, R and Morgan, C W and Gayes, P T and Owen, L A} } @article {, title = {Measurement of InSitu Acoustic Properties for the ONR Geoclutter Program, Annual Report, Geoclutter Program}, year = {2005}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Larry A Mayer and Fonseca, Luciano and Kraft, Barbara J} } @inbook {, title = {Making Useful and Useable Geovisualization: Design and Evaluation Issues}, booktitle = {Exploring Geovisualization}, year = {2005}, pages = {541-554}, publisher = {Elsevier}, organization = {Elsevier}, chapter = {International Cartographic Association}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Fuhrmann, S and Ahonen-Rainio, P and Edsall, R and Fabrikant, O S and Koua, E L and Tolon, C and Colin Ware and Wilson, S} } @proceedings {, title = {Perceptually optimizing textures for layered surfaces}, year = {2005}, month = {Aug 26 - Aug 28}, pages = {67-74}, edition = {2nd}, chapter = {test}, address = {Coruna, Coruna, Spain}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Bair, A and House, Don H and Colin Ware} } @article {, title = {Seafloor Sounding in Polar and Remote Regions (SSPARR) Project - Initial Field Trials}, year = {2005}, month = {Dec 5 - Dec 9}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Rognstad, M and Anderson, Robert M and Dale N Chayes and Larry A Mayer} } @proceedings {, title = {Univ. of New Hampshire Exploring Causal Influences}, volume = {5669}, year = {2005}, month = {Jan 16 - Jan 20}, pages = {52-62}, edition = {17th Annual Symposium}, chapter = {IS\&T/SPIE}, address = {San Jose, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Neufeld, E M and Kristtorn, S K and Guan, Q and Sanscartier, M and Colin Ware} } @article {, title = {Protocols for Calibrating Multibeam Sonar}, volume = {117}, year = {2005}, pages = {2013-2027}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, address = {Melville, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Foote, K G and Chu, D and Hammar, T R and Dr. Ken C Baldwin and Larry A Mayer and Hufnagle Jr., L C and Jech, J M} } @article {, title = {Shoals Lidar Waveform Characterization and Bottom Classification: Final Report}, year = {2005}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {LIDAR}, author = {Elston, Gareth R} } @proceedings {, title = {Coral Reef Electronic Chart Initiative, Protecting Corals, Saving Ships}, year = {2005}, month = {Mar 29 - Mar 31}, pages = {0-0}, address = {San Diego, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee and Ries, K L} } @article {, title = {GEBCO: A New 1:35000000 Scale Printed Map}, year = {2005}, month = {Dec 5 - Dec 9}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {GEBCO}, author = {Anderson, Robert M and Martin Jakobsson and Monahan, Dave and John K Hall and Montoro, Hugo and Mustapha, Abubakar} } @proceedings {, title = {An in-depth look at shallow water multibeam}, year = {2005}, pages = {0-0}, address = {St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Monahan, Dave} } @article {, title = {Future Edition of IHO S-57 (4.0)}, volume = {6}, year = {2005}, pages = {66-72}, publisher = {Geomatics Information \& Trading Center - GITC}, address = {Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee and Brown, M and Greenslade, B and Pharaoh, A} } @article {, title = {Demonstration Project: Supervised LFH Texture Feature Classification of Gridded Bathymetric Data from Saint John, U.S. Virgin Island Survey, Western Subarea for Habitat Structure Class Prediction (Saint John West - LFH)}, year = {2005}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Randy G Cutter Jr.} } @proceedings {, title = {Insitu Measurement of Sediment Acoustic Properties}, year = {2005}, month = {Jun 28 - Jul 1}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Technologies and Results}, address = {Heraklion, Crete, Greece}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Kraft, Barbara J and Ressler, J and Larry A Mayer and Fonseca, Luciano and McGillicuddy, Glenn} } @proceedings {, title = {Close-range acoustic scattering from mud volcanoes}, year = {2005}, month = {May 16 - May 20}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {149th}, chapter = {Meeting Held Jointly with the Canadian Acoustical Association}, address = {St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Holland, C W and Thomas C Weber and Etiope, G} } @proceedings {, title = {Concurrent optical and acoustic scattering measurements in bubble clouds}, year = {2005}, month = {Jun 28 - Jul 1}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {1st}, chapter = {International Conference}, address = {Heraklion, Crete, Greece}, keywords = {Water Column Mapping}, author = {Thomas C Weber and Anthony P. Lyons and Bradley, David L} } @article {, title = {Mine Burial Experiments at the Martha{\textquoteright}s Vineyard Coastal Observatory}, volume = {32}, year = {2005}, pages = {150-166}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Traykovski, P and Richardson, M D and Larry A Mayer and Irish, James D} } @proceedings {, title = {Benthic Habitat Classification and Characterization Using Multibeam Sonar Data: The Provisional Truth of Ground-truth}, year = {2005}, month = {Jun 28 - Jul 1}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Technologies and Results}, address = {Heraklion, Crete, Greece}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Randy G Cutter Jr.} } @proceedings {, title = {Interactively Visualizing Oceanographic Time-varying Oceanographic Data}, year = {2005}, month = {May 2 - May 5}, pages = {0-0}, address = {Houston, TX, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Colin Ware and Roland Arsenault and Plumlee, Matt D} } @article {, title = {Frontiers in Seafloor Mapping and Visualization}, volume = {27}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, pages = {7-17}, publisher = {Springer Publisher}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Larry A Mayer} } @article {, title = {ABYSS-Lite: A Radar Altimeter for Bathymetry, Geodesy and Mesoscale Oceanography, A Mission Concept Submitted to the NRC Decadal Survey}, year = {2005}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Smith, Walter H and Monahan, Dave} } @inbook {, title = {Challenges of Collecting Law of the Sea Data in the Arctic: The Arctic and Law of the Sea}, booktitle = {International Energy Policy, the Arctic and the Law of the Sea}, year = {2005}, pages = {125-140}, publisher = {Martinus Nijhoff legacy_publishers}, organization = {Martinus Nijhoff legacy_publishers}, edition = {9}, chapter = {Center for Oceans Law and Policy, 8}, address = {Leiden, South Holland, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Law of the Sea}, author = {Larry A Mayer and Martin Jakobsson and John K Hall} } @proceedings {, title = {3-D Spatial Sampling with a Cylindrical Multibeam Sonar ,}, year = {2005}, month = {May 16 - May 20}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {149th}, chapter = {Meeting Held Jointly with the Canadian Acoustical Association}, address = {St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Brogan, Daniel S and de Moustier, Christian} } @proceedings {, title = {Panoramic Images for Situational Awareness in a 3D Chart-of-the-Future Display}, year = {2005}, month = {Mar 29 - Mar 31}, pages = {0-8}, address = {San Diego, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Plumlee, Matt D and Colin Ware and Roland Arsenault and Brennan, Rick T} } @proceedings {, title = {GeoZui4D: A New Method for Viewing Multisensor Tag-derived Data to Investigate the Underwater Behavior of Marine Mammals}, year = {2005}, month = {Dec 12 - Dec 16}, pages = {0-18}, edition = {16th}, chapter = {Biennial}, address = {San Diego, CA, USA}, keywords = {GeoZui4D}, author = {Roland Arsenault and David N Wiley and Colin Ware and Barton, K L and Shorter, K A and Johnson, M P and Moller, J C and Plumlee, Matt D and Sardi, K} } @proceedings {, title = {Tsunamis and bathymetry- A little on their relationship}, year = {2005}, month = {Apr 11 - Apr 15}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {3rd}, address = {Monaco, Monaco, Monaco}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Monahan, Dave} } @article {, title = {The Open Navigation Surface Project}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {1-10}, publisher = {Geomatics Information \& Trading Center - GITC}, address = {Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Brian R Calder and Shannon Byrne and Lamey, B and Brennan, Rick T and Case, James D and Fabre, D and Gallagher, B and Ladner, R W and Moggert, Friedhelm and Paton, Mark} } @article {, title = {WASSP Sea Trials}, year = {2005}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {de Moustier, Christian} } @proceedings {, title = {North American European Inland ENC Harmonization Group: Building on IHO S-57 for an International Brownwater Standard}, year = {2005}, pages = {0-0}, address = {St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @proceedings {, title = {Bottom fishing impacts on benthic structure using multibeam sonar, sidescan and video}, year = {2005}, month = {Mar 29 - Mar 31}, pages = {0-0}, address = {San Diego, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Mashkoor A Malik and Larry A Mayer} } @proceedings {, title = {On the Optimization of Visualizations of Complex Phenomena}, year = {2005}, month = {Oct 23 - Oct 28}, pages = {87-94}, address = {Minneapolis, MN, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {House, Don H and Bair, A and Colin Ware} } @article {, title = {High-Resolution Multibeam Bathymetry and Acoustic Backscatter of Selected Northwestern Gulf of Mexico Outer Shelf Banks}, volume = {23}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, pages = {5-29}, publisher = {Marine Environmental Sciences Consortium of Alabama}, keywords = {Other}, author = {James V. Gardner and Beaudoin, Jonathan} } @article {, title = {Inland ENC Encoding Guide}, year = {2005}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @article {, title = {On the use of historical bathymetric data to determine changes in bathymetry}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, year = {2005}, pages = {25-41}, publisher = {Geomatics Information \& Trading Center - GITC}, address = {Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Andrew A. Armstrong and Brian R Calder and Huff, Lloyd C and Larry A Mayer and Larry G Ward} } @proceedings {, title = {Adapting CUBE for Phase Measuring Bathymetric Sonars}, year = {2005}, month = {Sep 12 - Sep 15}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {4th}, address = {Plymouth, Devon, UK}, keywords = {CUBE}, author = {Hiller, R and Brian R Calder and Hogarth, P and Lindsay Gee} } @proceedings {, title = {The Use of Multibeam Sonars to Image Bubbly Shipwakes}, year = {2005}, month = {Jun 28 - Jul 1}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {1st}, chapter = {International Conference}, address = {Heraklion, Crete, Greece}, keywords = {Water Column Mapping}, author = {Culver, R L and Thomas C Weber and Bradley, David L} } @mastersthesis {1818, title = {Automatic Illustration of Ocean Currents}, year = {2005}, pages = {82}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Quinn, Matthew} } @mastersthesis {1816, title = {Characterization of Weak Rope Through the Design and Construction of a Portable Tensile Testing Machine}, year = {2005}, pages = {167}, keywords = {Other}, author = {McGillicuddy, Glenn} } @proceedings {3114, title = {Empirical Analysis of Aerial Camera Filters for Shoreline Mapping}, year = {2005}, month = {Mar 7 - Mar 11}, address = {Baltimore, MD, USA}, keywords = {Optical Imagery}, author = {Christopher E Parrish and Sault, Maryellen and White, Stephen A and Sellars, Jon} } @article {6043, title = {Environmental Noise Levels Affect the Activity Budget of the Florida Manatee}, journal = {Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

Manatees inhabit coastal bays, lagoons, and estuaries because they are dependent on the aquatic vegetation that grows in shallow waters. Food requirements force manatees to occupy the same areas in which human activities are the greatest. Noise produced from human activities has the potential to affect these animals by eliciting responses ranging from mild behavioral changes to extreme aversion. This study quantifies the behavioral responses of manatees to both changing levels of ambient noise and transient noise sources. Results indicate that elevated environmental noise levels do affect the overall activity budget of this species. The proportion of time manatees spend feeding, milling, and traveling in critical habitats changed as a function of noise level. More time was spent in the directed, goal-oriented behaviors of feeding and traveling, while less time was spent milling when noise levels were highest. The animals also responded to the transient noise of approaching vessels with changes in behavioral state and movements out of the geographical area. This suggests that manatees detect and respond to changes in environmental noise levels. Whether these changes legally constitute harassment and produce biologically significant effects need to be addressed with hypothesis-driven experiments and long-term monitoring.

}, keywords = {Activity Budget, Environmental Noise, Florida Manatee}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4780209}, author = {Jennifer Miksis-Olds and P.L. Donaghay and Miller, J H and Peter L Tyack} } @article {2787, title = {An Estimate of the Gas Transfer Rate from Oceanic Bubbles Derived from Multibeam Sonar Observations of a Ship Wake}, volume = {110}, year = {2005}, pages = {1-11}, publisher = {American Geophysical Union}, address = {Washington, DC}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Thomas C Weber and Anthony P. Lyons and Bradley, David L} } @mastersthesis {1815, title = {Identification of Bottom Fishing Impacted Areas Using Multibeam Sonar and Videography}, year = {2005}, pages = {138}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Mashkoor A Malik} } @proceedings {3951, title = {Mapping and Characterizing Oyster Reefs using Acoustic Techniques, Underwater Videography and Quadrat Sampling}, year = {2005}, pages = {153-159}, publisher = {American Fisheries Society}, address = {Bethesda, MD, USA}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Raymond E Grizzle and Larry G Ward and Adams, J R and Semme J Dijkstra and Smith, Brian} } @article {3417, title = {Mapping Near-Surface Gas with Acoustic Remote Sensing Methods, Examples from Eel River Margin, CA and Skjalfandi Bay, Iceland}, year = {2005}, pages = {0-0}, address = {St. Louis, MO, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Fonseca, Luciano and Larry A Mayer} } @mastersthesis {1819, title = {Multibeam Observations of Mine Scour and Burial Near Clearwater, Florida, Including a Test of the VIMS 2D Burial Model}, year = {2005}, pages = {256}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Monica L Wolfson-Schwehr} } @mastersthesis {1817, title = {A New Method for Perceptually Optimized Visualization of Two Layered Flow Fields}, year = {2005}, pages = {63}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Natham, Karthikyan A} } @article {3864, title = {New Views of the Gulf of Alaska Margin Mapped for UNCLOS Applications}, year = {2005}, pages = {2}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {Law of the Sea}, author = {Larry A Mayer and James V. Gardner and Andrew A. Armstrong and Brian R Calder and Mashkoor A Malik and Angwenyi, Clive and Karlipata, Srinivas and Montoro, Hugo and Morishita, Taisei and Mustapha, Abubakar} } @article {3466, title = {New Views of the U.S. Atlantic Margin Mapped for UNCLOS Applications}, volume = {86}, year = {2005}, month = {Dec 5 - Dec 9}, pages = {0-2}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {James V. Gardner and Larry A Mayer and Andrew A. Armstrong and Donaldson, Paul and Infantino, Jason and Davis, Gary and Smith, Debra and Elizabeth Lobecker and Cartwright, Doug and Iwachiw, John and Farr, Stephen and Meadows, Diane and Dorsey, Shirley and Marsh, Gordon and Owen, Wayne} } @proceedings {3092, title = {New Views of the U.S. Continental Margins}, year = {2005}, month = {Mar 29 - Mar 31}, pages = {29-31}, address = {San Diego, CA, USA}, keywords = {Law of the Sea}, author = {James V. Gardner and Larry A Mayer and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @mastersthesis {1814, title = {Seafloor Habitat Characterization, Classification and Maps for the Lower Piscataqua River Estuary}, year = {2005}, pages = {307}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Randy G Cutter Jr.} } @article {3464, title = {Seafloor Sounding in Polar and Remote Regions - A New Instrument for Unattended Bathymetric Observations}, year = {2005}, month = {May 23 - May 27}, pages = {0-2}, address = {New Orleans, LA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Anderson, Robert M and Chayes, M and Larry A Mayer and Rognstad, M and Val Schmidt} } @proceedings {3113, title = {A Sensor Fusion Approach to Coastal Mapping}, year = {2005}, month = {Jul 17 - Jul 21}, chapter = {14th Biennial }, address = {New Orleans, LA, USA}, keywords = {LIDAR}, author = {Sault, Maryellen and Christopher E Parrish and White, Stephen A and Sellars, Jon and Woolard, J} } @article {2779, title = {Shelf-edge Deltas and Drowned Barrier-island Complexes on the Northwest Florida Outer Continental Shelf}, volume = {64}, number = {3}, year = {2005}, pages = {133-166}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {James V. Gardner and Dartnell, Peter and Larry A Mayer and John E. Hughes Clarke and Brian R Calder and Duffy, G} } @article {2786, title = {Supporting visual queries on medium sized node-link diagrams}, volume = {4}, year = {2005}, pages = {4-58}, publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware and Bobrow, R} } @article {3865, title = {U.S. Law of the Sea Cruise to Map the Foot of the Slope and 2500-m Isobath of the Northeast U.S. Atlantic Continental Margin: Legs 4 and 5. Cruise Report}, year = {2005}, pages = {30}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {Law of the Sea}, author = {Cartwright, Doug and James V. Gardner} } @article {3860, title = {U.S. Law of the Sea Cruise to Map the Foot of the Slope and 2500-m Isobath of the Gulf of Alaska Continental Margin. Cruise Report}, year = {2005}, month = {October 1}, pages = {111}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {Law of the Sea}, author = {James V. Gardner and Larry A Mayer} } @article {2780, title = {U.S. Law of the Sea Mapping}, volume = {9}, year = {2005}, pages = {42-45}, publisher = {Geomatics Information \& Trading Center - GITC}, address = {Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Law of the Sea}, author = {James V. Gardner and Larry A Mayer and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @proceedings {, title = {Bottom Segmentation and Classification Using Expectation-maximization Clustering Methods on SHOALS Data}, year = {2004}, month = {May 23 - May 28}, pages = {0-0}, address = {Denver, CO, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Semme J Dijkstra and Elston, Gareth R} } @proceedings {, title = {Frames of Reference in Virtual Object Rotation}, year = {2004}, month = {Aug 7 - Aug 8}, chapter = {First}, address = {San Diego, CA, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware and Roland Arsenault} } @article {, title = {DNews Configuration for Private Ship to Shore Usenet Communication}, year = {2004}, pages = {21}, institution = {National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminiatration (NOAA)}, address = {National Ocean Service (NOS) / Office of Response and Restoration (ORR)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Paquin, Nathan and Brian R Calder} } @proceedings {, title = {The Global Ocean Mapping Project (GOMap): Promoting international collaboration for a systematic, high-resolution mapping of the world{\textquoteright}s oceans}, year = {2004}, month = {Aug 24 - Aug 27}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {32nd}, address = {Florence, Florence, Italy}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Cormier, Marie H and de Moustier, Christian and John K Hall and Larry A Mayer and Monahan, Dave and Vogt, Peter R} } @proceedings {, title = {Acoustic Propagation Through Bubbles: An Exploration of the 1st and 2nd Moments in Various Flow Conditions}, year = {2004}, month = {Aug 11 - Aug 15}, pages = {448-469}, edition = {6th}, address = {Honolulu, HI, USA}, keywords = {Water Column Mapping}, author = {Thomas C Weber and Bradley, David L and Anthony P. Lyons and Bjorno, L} } @article {, title = {Drowned barrier-island complexes and shelf-edge deltas on the northwest Florida outer continental self}, volume = {64}, year = {2004}, pages = {133-166}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {James V. Gardner and Dartnell, Peter and Larry A Mayer and John E. Hughes Clarke and Brian R Calder and Duffy, G} } @article {, title = {Bathymetric Uncertainty Assessment}, year = {2004}, pages = {6}, institution = {Office of Naval Reasearch (ONR) }, address = {DRI}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Larry A Mayer and Brian R Calder} } @proceedings {, title = {On the Uncertainty of Archive Hydrographic Datasets}, year = {2004}, month = {May 28 - May 31}, pages = {0-0}, address = {Toronto, Ontario, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Brian R Calder} } @proceedings {, title = {Deep-sea image processing}, year = {2004}, month = {Nov 9 - Nov 12}, pages = {647-652}, address = {Kobe, Kobe, Japan}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Yuri Rzhanov and Larry A Mayer and Fornair, D} } @inbook {, title = {Determination of the Foot of the Continental Slope as the Point of Maximum Change in the Gradient at Its Base}, booktitle = {Legal and Scientific Aspects of Continental Shelf Limits}, year = {2004}, pages = {91-120}, publisher = {Martinus Nijhoff legacy_publishers}, organization = {Martinus Nijhoff legacy_publishers}, edition = {8}, chapter = {Center for Oceans Law and Policy, 8}, address = {Leiden, South Holland, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Monahan, Dave} } @article {, title = {A Time Comparison of Computer-Assisted and Manual Bathymetric Processing}, volume = {5}, year = {2004}, pages = {10-23}, publisher = {Geomatics Information \& Trading Center - GITC}, address = {Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Brian R Calder and Smith, Shep M} } @article {, title = {Visualizing the Geology of Lake Trout Spawning Sites: Northern Lake Michigan}, year = {2004}, institution = {U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Dartnell, Peter and Barnes, P and James V. Gardner and Lee, K} } @proceedings {, title = {A study of Haptic Linear and Pie Menus in a 3D Fish Tank VR Environment}, year = {2004}, month = {Mar 27 - Mar 28}, pages = {224-231}, edition = {12th}, address = {Chicago, IL, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Komerska, Rick and Colin Ware} } @proceedings {, title = {Automatic Radar Positioning as a Backup to DGPS}, year = {2004}, pages = {0-0}, address = {St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Lanziner, H H and Alexander, Lee and Ringuette, G and Virnot, A D} } @article {, title = {Security in the Open Navigation Surface Model}, year = {2004}, pages = {12}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Brian R Calder} } @proceedings {, title = {Seabed Characterization Using Normalized Backscatter Data by Best Estimated Grazing Angles}, year = {2004}, month = {Apr 20 - Apr 23}, pages = {153-160}, address = {St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Hou, Tianhang and Huff, Lloyd C} } @proceedings {, title = {Data Fusion - Hyperspectral, Topo Lidar and High-Resolution Imagery}, year = {2004}, month = {Jun 9 - Jun 10}, chapter = {5th Annual}, address = {St. Petersburg Beach, FL, USA}, keywords = {LIDAR}, author = {Christopher E Parrish} } @article {, title = {High-resolution Holocene Records of Paleoceanographic and Paleoclimatic Variability from the Southern Alaskan Continental Margin}, year = {2004}, month = {Dec 13 - Dec 17}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Finney, B P and Jaeger, John M and Mix, A C and Cowan, E A and Gulick, Sean P. and Larry A Mayer and Pisias, N G and Powell, Ross D and Prahl, F and Stoner, J S} } @article {, title = {Activities of IHO-IEC Harmonization Group on Marine Information Objects (HGMIO)}, year = {2004}, institution = {International Hydrographic Office (IHO)}, address = {CHRIS}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @article {, title = {Ice-dammed Lakes and Rerouting of the Drainage of Northern Eurasia during the Last Glaciation}, volume = {23}, year = {2004}, pages = {1313-1332}, publisher = {Wiley InterScience}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Mangerud, Jan and Martin Jakobsson and Alexanderson, H and Astakov, Valery and Clarke, G and Henriksen, M and Hjort, C and Krinner, G and Lunkka, J P and Moller, P and Murray, Andrew and Nikolskaya, O and Saarnisto, M and Svendsen, John I} } @proceedings {, title = {Robust Characterization of SHOALS Lidar Signals for Bottom Segmentation and Classification: A Combined Parameter-estimation and Curve Fitting Approach}, year = {2004}, month = {May 23 - May 28}, pages = {0-0}, address = {Denver, CO, USA}, keywords = {LIDAR}, author = {Semme J Dijkstra} } @proceedings {, title = {Haptic Gdraw: A fun and Easy to Use 3D Haptically Enhanced Sculpting Program}, year = {2004}, month = {Jun 5 - Jun 7}, pages = {436-439}, address = {Munich, Bavaria, Germany}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Colin Ware and Komerska, Rick} } @article {, title = {GEBCO: The Second Century. Looking Towards a General Bathymetric Chart}, volume = {8}, year = {2004}, pages = {45-47}, publisher = {Geomatics Information \& Trading Center - GITC}, address = {Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, keywords = {GEBCO}, author = {Monahan, Dave} } @article {, title = {Digital Security in the Open Navigation Surface Model}, year = {2004}, pages = {12}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Brian R Calder} } @proceedings {, title = {Descriptions of seafloor roughness from sediment profile images}, year = {2004}, month = {Apr 5 - Apr 7}, pages = {0-0}, address = {Galway, Galway, Ireland}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Randy G Cutter Jr.} } @proceedings {, title = {Multibeam sonar observations of hydrodynamic forcing functions and bubble persistence in a ship wake}, year = {2004}, month = {Nov 15 - Nov 19}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {148th}, chapter = {Meeting of the }, address = {San Diego, CA, USA}, keywords = {Water Column Mapping}, author = {Thomas C Weber and Anthony P. Lyons and Bradley, David L} } @article {, title = {Measurement of In Situ Acoustic Properties for the ONR Geoclutter Program}, year = {2004}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Larry A Mayer and Kraft, Barbara J and Fonseca, Luciano} } @proceedings {, title = {Modelbased Refraction Correction in Intermediate Depth Multibeam Echosounder Survey}, year = {2004}, month = {Jul 5 - Jul 8}, pages = {795-800}, edition = {7th}, address = {Delft, Delft, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Brian R Calder and Kraft, Barbara J and de Moustier, Christian and Lewis, J and Stein, P} } @proceedings {, title = {Visualizing the Marine Geology off Southern California}, year = {2004}, month = {Mar 24 - Mar 25}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Northeastern Section - 39 Annual Meeting}, address = {St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {James V. Gardner} } @article {, title = {Visual Interactive Stimuli Techniques: Exploring Data Using Behavioral Animation}, volume = {15}, year = {2004}, pages = {161-181}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Doerner, R and Colin Ware} } @article {, title = {Predicted Seafloor Facies of Central Santa Monica Bay, California}, year = {2004}, institution = {U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Dartnell, Peter and James V. Gardner} } @book {, title = {Information Visualization: Perception for Design}, series = {Information Visualization: Perception for Design}, year = {2004}, pages = {435}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufman}, organization = {Morgan Kaufman}, edition = {2}, address = {Burlington, MA, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware} } @proceedings {, title = {Detection of Direct-path Arrivals for Multi-narrowband Sequences (3-30 kHz) in Shallow Water}, volume = {728}, year = {2004}, month = {Mar 1 - Mar 5}, pages = {478-488}, chapter = {High Frequency Ocean Acoustics Conference}, address = {La Jolla, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Zoksimovski, Arsen and de Moustier, Christian} } @proceedings {, title = {CUBE and Navigation Surface: New Approaches for Hydrographic Data Processing and Management}, year = {2004}, pages = {0-0}, address = {St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada}, keywords = {CUBE}, author = {Brian R Calder} } @proceedings {, title = {Enhanced stereoscopic imaging}, year = {2004}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {2nd}, address = {St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Le, N and Pochec, P R and Colin Ware} } @inbook {, title = {Input/Output Devices and Interaction Techniques}, booktitle = {The Computer Science and Engineering Handbook}, year = {2004}, publisher = {CRC Press, LLC}, organization = {CRC Press, LLC}, edition = {2}, address = {Boca Raton, FL, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Hinckley, K and Jacob, R K and Colin Ware} } @article {, title = {Revival of ECDIS?}, volume = {8}, year = {2004}, pages = {34-35}, publisher = {Geomatics Information \& Trading Center - GITC}, address = {Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @article {, title = {PHB Evaluation Report on CUBE/Navigation Surface, Snow Passage, Memo for NOS}, year = {2004}, pages = {4}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {CUBE}, author = {Brian R Calder} } @proceedings {, title = {Variable Bandwidth Filter for Multibeam Echosounding Bottom Detection}, year = {2004}, month = {Nov 9 - Nov 12}, pages = {1154-1158}, address = {Kobe, Kobe, Japan}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Kraft, Barbara J and de Moustier, Christian} } @proceedings {, title = {Using Lidar in Obstruction Chart Surveys}, year = {2004}, month = {Jan 11 - Jan 15}, chapter = {83rd Annual Meeting}, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {LIDAR}, author = {Christopher E Parrish} } @article {, title = {Glacial Advances and Retreats in Tectonic Southeast Alaska During the Little Ice Age and Last Glacial Maximum: Preliminary Results from EW0408}, year = {2004}, month = {Dec 13 - Dec 17}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Gulick, Sean P. and Powell, Ross D and Jaeger, John M and Cowan, E A and Larry A Mayer and Mix, A C and Finney, B P and Pisias, N G and Prahl, F and Stoner, J S} } @article {, title = {Predicting Seafloor Facies from Multibeam Bathymetry and Backscatter Data}, volume = {70}, number = {9}, year = {2004}, pages = {1081-1091}, publisher = {ASPRS: The Imaging and Geospatial Information Society}, address = {Bethesda, MD, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Dartnell, Peter and James V. Gardner} } @article {, title = {Inland ECDIS Development and Standardization}, year = {2004}, pages = {4}, institution = {International Hydrographic Office (IHO)}, address = {CHRIS}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @article {, title = {Variations in physical properties and water quality in the Webhannet River Estuary (Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve, Maine)}, volume = {45}, year = {2004}, pages = {39-58}, publisher = {Coastal Education \& Research Foundation, Inc. [CERF]}, address = {West Palm Beach, FL, USA}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Larry G Ward} } @proceedings {, title = {Waveform characterization, clustering and segmentation of SHOALS}, year = {2004}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {5th Annual}, address = {St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Elston, Gareth R and Semme J Dijkstra} } @article {, title = {Investigations for Ergonomic Presentation of AIS Symbols for ECDIS}, volume = {5}, year = {2004}, pages = {26-36}, publisher = {Geomatics Information \& Trading Center - GITC}, address = {Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Motz, F and Widdel, H and Oei, P and Mackinnon, S and Patterson, A and Alexander, Lee} } @article {, title = {Hydrographic Interoperability Report}, year = {2004}, pages = {11}, institution = {Marine Magnetics}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @article {, title = {Bathymetry and Seafloor Acoustic Backscatter Imagery with a Volume Search Sonar}, journal = {Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, volume = {115}, number = {5}, year = {2004}, pages = {0-1}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, address = {Melville, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Brogan, Daniel S and de Moustier, Christian} } @proceedings {, title = {Benthic Habitat Characterization of the Lower Piscataqua River Estuary}, year = {2004}, pages = {0-0}, address = {St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Randy G Cutter Jr.} } @proceedings {, title = {The impacts of a non-accepted boundary claim: Russia{\textquoteright}s frontier in the Arctic Ocean}, year = {2004}, month = {Apr 15 - Apr 19}, address = {Boston, MA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Monahan, Dave} } @article {, title = {Multibeam Error Management: New Data Processing Trends in Hydrography}, volume = {8}, year = {2004}, pages = {6-9}, publisher = {Geomatics Information \& Trading Center - GITC}, address = {Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Hare, R and Brian R Calder and Alexander, Lee and Sebastian, S} } @article {, title = {Investigations for Ergonomic Design of AIS Symbols for ECDIS}, year = {2004}, institution = {U.S. Army}, address = {U.S. Army Corps of Engineers / Topographic Engineering Center (TEC)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Motz, F and Widdel, H and Oei, P and Mackinnon, S and Patterson, A and Baldauf, M and Alexander, Lee} } @proceedings {, title = {Mapping Paleo-Coastlines and Cultural Resources in Boston Harbor, MA}, year = {2004}, pages = {0-0}, address = {Montreal, Quebec, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Claesson, S and Huff, Lloyd C and Martin Jakobsson} } @proceedings {, title = {The effects of fluctuating spatial structures in bubble clouds on the statistics of acoustic propagation}, year = {2004}, month = {Sep 12 - Sep 15}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {4th}, address = {Plymouth, Devon, UK}, keywords = {Water Column Mapping}, author = {Thomas C Weber and Anthony P. Lyons and Bradley, David L} } @article {, title = {Pseudospectral time-domain modeling of non-Rayleigh reverberation: synthesis and statistical analysis of a sidescan sonar image of sand ripples}, volume = {29}, year = {2004}, pages = {317-329}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Elston, Gareth R and Bell, J M} } @article {, title = {Los Angeles and San Diego Margin High-resolution Multibeam Bathymetry and Backscatter Data}, year = {2004}, institution = {U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Dartnell, Peter and James V. Gardner and Larry A Mayer and John E. Hughes Clarke} } @proceedings {, title = {Integrated Navigation System: Not a Sum of Its Parts}, year = {2004}, month = {May 28 - May 31}, pages = {0-0}, address = {St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee and Ryan, J F and Casey, M J} } @proceedings {, title = {Tackling Modern Multibeam Data with CUBE}, year = {2004}, month = {Nov 22 - Nov 25}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {9th}, address = {Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany}, keywords = {CUBE}, author = {Brian R Calder} } @proceedings {, title = {The CCOM Chart of the Future Project: Maximizing Mariner Effectiveness Through Fusion of Marine \& Visualization Technologies}, year = {2004}, month = {Nov 16 - Nov 17}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {7th}, address = {St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Plumlee, Matt D and Roland Arsenault and Brennan, Rick T and Colin Ware} } @inbook {, title = {Evaluating U.S. data holdings relevant to the definition of continental shelf limits}, booktitle = {Legal and Scientific Aspects of Continental Shelf Limits}, year = {2004}, pages = {313-330}, publisher = {Martinus Nijhoff legacy_publishers}, organization = {Martinus Nijhoff legacy_publishers}, edition = {8}, chapter = {Center for Oceans Law and Policy, 8}, address = {Leiden, South Holland, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Larry A Mayer and Martin Jakobsson and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @article {, title = {Estimation and Visualization of Seafloor Uncertainty - Annual Report}, year = {2004}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Brian R Calder and Kraft, Barbara J and Larry A Mayer} } @proceedings {, title = {Inland ECS: More than just ECDIS in Montreal Canada}, year = {2004}, pages = {0-0}, address = {St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Lanziner, H H and Alexander, Lee} } @article {, title = {Mosaicking Techniques for Deep Submergence Vehicle Video Imagery - Applications to Ridge2000 Science}, year = {2004}, month = {Dec 13 - Dec 17}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Larry A Mayer and Yuri Rzhanov and Fornari, D J and Soule, S A and Shank, T M and Beaulieu, S E and Schouten, H and Tivey, M} } @article {, title = {Temperature and Video Logs from the Upper Oceanic Crust, Holes 504B and 896A, Costa Rica Rift Flank: Implications for the Permeability of Upper Oceanic Crust}, volume = {222}, year = {2004}, pages = {881-896}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Becker, K and Davis, Earl E and Spiess, F N and de Moustier, Christian} } @article {, title = {Open ECDIS Forum (OEF) Activities}, year = {2004}, pages = {2}, institution = {International Hydrographic Office (IHO)}, address = {CHRIS}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @proceedings {, title = {The Marine Geology off Southern California}, year = {2004}, month = {Mar 24 - Mar 25}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Northeastern Section - 39 Annual Meeting}, address = {St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {James V. Gardner} } @article {, title = {Tectonic Details of the Tjornes Fracture Zone, an Onshore-Offshore Ridge-transform in N-Iceland}, year = {2004}, month = {Dec 13 - Dec 17}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Brandsdottir, B and Richter, B and Riedel, C and Dahm, T and Helgadottir, G and Kjartansson, E and Detrick, R S and Magnusson, A and Asgrimmsson, A L and Palsson, B H and Karson, J and S{\textquoteright}mundsson, K and Larry A Mayer and Brian R Calder and Driscoll, Neal W} } @article {, title = {The Next Edition of IHO-S-57 (4.0)}, year = {2004}, institution = {International Hydrographic Bureau}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @article {, title = {Calibration of a Reson SeaBat 8101 Multibeam Echosounder}, year = {2004}, pages = {4-10}, institution = {Penn State University}, keywords = {Sonar Calibration}, author = {Thomas C Weber} } @article {, title = {Calibrated Seafloor Acoustic Backscatter Imagery with a 160 kHz Multibeam Sonar}, journal = {Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, volume = {116}, number = {4}, year = {2004}, pages = {0-2}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, address = {Melville, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {de Moustier, Christian and Brogan, Daniel S and Alexandre C. G. Schimel} } @article {6045, title = {The Acoustics Environment of the Florida Manatee: Correlation of Noise and Level of Habitat Use}, journal = {Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, year = {2004}, abstract = {

The Florida manatee is regularly exposed to high volumes of vessel traffic and other human-related noise pollutants because of their coastal distribution. Quantifying specific aspects of the manatees\’ acoustic environment will allow for a better understanding of how these animals are responding to both natural and human induced changes in their environment. Acoustic recordings and transmission loss measurements were made in two critical manatee habitats: seagrass beds and dredged basins. Twenty-four sampling sites were chosen based on the frequency of manatee presence in specific areas from 2000\–2003. Recordings were composed of both ambient noise levels and transient noise sources. The Monterey-Miami Parabolic Equation Model (MMPE) was used to relate environmental parameters to transmission loss, and model outputs were verified by field tests at all sites. Preliminary results indicate that high-use grassbeds have higher levels of transmission loss compared to low-use sites. Additionally, high-use grassbeds have lower ambient noise in the early morning and later afternoon hours compared to low-use grassbeds. The application of noise measurements and model results can now be used to predict received levels, signal-to-noise ratios, and reliable detection of biologically relevant signals in manatee habitats and in the many different environments that marine mammals live.

}, keywords = {acoustics, Environment, Florida Manatee, Habitat, Level, Noise}, doi = { http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4783911}, author = {Jennifer Miksis-Olds and Miller, J H and Peter L Tyack} } @article {3416, title = {AVO Analysis of Multibeam Backscatter, an Example from Little Bay, NH and Skjalfandi Bay, Iceland}, year = {2004}, month = {Dec 13 - Dec 17}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Fonseca, Luciano and Larry A Mayer and Kraft, Barbara J and Brandsdottir, B and Richter, B} } @article {6044, title = {Differential Response by Manatees to Playbacks of Sounds Simulating Approaching Vessels}, journal = {Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, year = {2004}, abstract = {

One of the most pressing concerns associated with the endangered Florida manatee is mortality due to collisions with watercraft. Watercraft collisions are the leading identified cause of adult mortality, resulting in greater than 30\% of manatee deaths each year. Reducing adult mortalities is critical to the recovery of the manatee population, as population trends are more sensitive to adult deaths than to those of other age groups. Acoustic playback experiments were conducted to assess the behavioral responses of manatees to watercraft approaches. Playback stimuli were constructed to simulate a vessel approach to approximately 10 m in seagrass habitats. Stimulus categories were (1) silent control; (2) idle outboard approach; (3) planing outboard approach; and (4) fast personal watercraft approach. These results are the first to document responses of wild manatees to playback stimuli. Analyses of swim speed, changes in behavioral state, and respiration rate indicate that the animals respond differentially to the playback categories. The most pronounced responses, relative to the controls, were elicited by the personal watercraft. Quantitative documentation of response during playbacks will provide data that may be used as the basis for future models to predict the impact of specific human activities on manatee and other marine mammal populations.

}, keywords = {Approaching Vessels, Mantatees, Responses, Sounds}, doi = { http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4785203}, author = {Jennifer Miksis-Olds and Miller, J H and Peter L Tyack and J.E. Reynolds and P.L. Donaghay} } @article {2767, title = {Haptic State-Surface Interactions}, volume = {24}, number = {6}, year = {2004}, pages = {52-59}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Komerska, Rick and Colin Ware} } @article {2760, title = {The Importance of Stereo, Eye Coupled Perspective and Touch for Eye Hand Coordination}, volume = {13}, year = {2004}, pages = {549-559}, publisher = {MIT Press}, address = {Cambridge, MA, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Roland Arsenault and Colin Ware} } @mastersthesis {1812, title = {Linking Audio and Visual Information while Navigating in a Virtual Reality Kiosk Display}, year = {2004}, pages = {85}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Briana M Sullivan} } @mastersthesis {1811, title = {Linking Focus and Context in 3D Multiscale Environments}, year = {2004}, pages = {195}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Plumlee, Matt D} } @article {2770, title = {Motion to Support Rapid Interactive Queries on Node-link Diagrams}, volume = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {1-15}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware and Bohannon, R G} } @mastersthesis {1810, title = {Narrow-beam Monopulse Technique for Bathymetry and Seafloor Acoustic Backscatter Imagery with a Volume Search Sonar}, year = {2004}, pages = {228}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Brogan, Daniel S} } @article {3415, title = {Quantitative Inter-channel Calibration of SHOALS Signals for Consistent Bottom Segmentation and Characterization}, year = {2004}, month = {May 23 - May 28}, pages = {0-0}, address = {Denver, CO, USA}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Semme J Dijkstra and Elston, Gareth R} } @article {2765, title = {Seabed characterization on the New Jersey middle and outer shelf: Correlability and spatial variably of seafloor sediment properties}, volume = {209}, year = {2004}, pages = {147-172}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Goff, John A and Kraft, Barbara J and Larry A Mayer and Schock, Steven G and Sommerfield, Christopher K and Olson, Hilary C and Gulick, Sean P. and Nordfjord, Sylvia} } @article {5007, title = {Sedimentary processes of the lower Monterey Fan channel and channel-mouth lobe}, volume = {206}, year = {2004}, month = {2004}, pages = {181-198}, author = {Klaucke, I. and James V. Gardner}, editor = {Masson, D.G.} } @proceedings {3077, title = {A study of Linear Haptic and Pie Menus in a Fish Tank VR Environment}, year = {2004}, month = {Mar 27 - Mar 28}, pages = {224-231}, address = {Chicago, IL, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Komerska, Rick and Colin Ware} } @article {2758, title = {Submarine landslides of San Pedro Sea Valley, southwest of Long Beach, California}, volume = {203}, year = {2004}, pages = {261-268}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Bohannon, R G and James V. Gardner} } @proceedings {3049, title = {A System for Visualizing Time-varying Oceanographic 3D Data}, year = {2004}, month = {Nov 9 - Nov 12}, pages = {0-5}, address = {Kobe, Kobe, Japan}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Roland Arsenault and Colin Ware and Plumlee, Matt D and Martin, S C and Whitcomb, Louis L and David N Wiley and Gross, T and Bilgili, A} } @mastersthesis {1813, title = {Underwater Communication Channel Characterization in the Southern California Off-shore Range}, year = {2004}, pages = {174}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Zoksimovski, Arsen} } @article {3852, title = {U.S. Law of the Sea Cruise to Map the Foot of the Slope and 2500-m Isobath of the Northeast US Atlantic Continental Margin: Legs 1, 2 and 3. Cruise Report}, year = {2004}, pages = {61}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {Law of the Sea}, author = {James V. Gardner} } @article {3853, title = {U.S. Law of the Sea Cruise to Map the Foot of the Slope and 2500-m Isobath of the U.S. Arctic Ocean Margin. Cruise Report for 2004}, year = {2004}, pages = {47}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {Law of the Sea}, author = {Larry A Mayer} } @proceedings {3076, title = {View Direction, Surface Orientation and Texture Orientation for Perception of Surface Shape}, year = {2004}, month = {May 1 - May 5}, pages = {97-106}, address = {London, London, UK}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware and Sweet, Graeme} } @proceedings {, title = {Do Quaternary Sediments Register Paleoseismicity or Neotectonic Rejuvenation of Ancient Faults Beneath Lake Ontario?}, year = {2003}, month = {Mar 27 - Mar 29}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {38th Annual Meeting}, chapter = {Northeastern Section}, address = {Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Lewis, C F and Blasco, S M and Forsyth, D A and Larry A Mayer and Semme J Dijkstra and Jacobi, R D and Todd, B J and Coakley, J P and King, J W} } @article {, title = {Physiographic Provinces of the Arctic Ocean Seafloor}, volume = {115}, number = {12}, year = {2003}, pages = {1443-1455}, publisher = {The Geological Society of America (GSA)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Grantz, Arthur and Kristoffersen, Yngue and Macnab, M} } @article {, title = {Crater Lake Revealed - Investigations I-2790}, year = {2003}, institution = {U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Ramsey, D W and Dartnell, Peter and Bacon, C R and Robinson, J E and James V. Gardner} } @proceedings {, title = {Haptic Task Constraints for 3D Interaction}, year = {2003}, month = {Mar 22 - Mar 23}, pages = {270-277}, address = {Los Angeles, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Komerska, Rick and Colin Ware} } @proceedings {, title = {Joint USM-NAVOCEANO ECDIS Laboratory}, year = {2003}, month = {Oct 7 - Oct 9}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {2nd}, address = {Singapore, Singapore, Singapore}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Smith, D H and Alexander, Lee} } @article {, title = {Lost in Iceland? Fracture Zone Complications Along the mid-Atlantic Plate Boundary}, volume = {84}, number = {46}, year = {2003}, month = {Dec 8 - Dec 12}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Brandsdottir, B and Einarsson, P and Detrick, R S and Larry A Mayer and Brian R Calder and Driscoll, Neal W and Richter, B} } @article {, title = {The Importance of Physical and Biogenic Structure to Juvenile Fishes on the Shallow Inner Continental Shelf}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, pages = {12-20}, publisher = {The Estuarine Research Federation}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Diaz, R J and Randy G Cutter Jr. and Able, K W} } @article {, title = {Bathymetry and Acoustic Backscatter of the Mid and Outer Continental Shelf, Head of De Soto Canyon, Northeastern Gulf of Mexico Data, Images, and GIS}, year = {2003}, institution = {U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Dartnell, Peter and James V. Gardner and John E. Hughes Clarke and Larry A Mayer} } @proceedings {, title = {Comparison and Combination of Shallow Survey 2003 Datasets}, year = {2003}, month = {Nov 17 - Nov 20}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {3rd}, address = {St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Brian R Calder} } @article {, title = {Sonar Image Synthesis - techniques and applications}, volume = {28}, number = {4}, year = {2003}, pages = {24-29}, publisher = {Institute of Acoustics}, address = {Sanford, Sanford, UK}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Bell, J M and Elston, Gareth R} } @article {, title = {Development Notes: The CCOM Implementation of CUBE}, year = {2003}, pages = {23}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {CUBE}, author = {Brian R Calder} } @book {, title = {Mapping and Characterizing Subtidal Oyster Reefs Using Acoustic Techniques, Underwater Videography and Quadrat Counts}, series = {Benthic Habitats and the Effects of Fishing}, year = {2003}, publisher = {American Fisheries Society}, organization = {American Fisheries Society}, address = {Bethesda, MD, USA}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Raymond E Grizzle and Adams, J R and Semme J Dijkstra and Smith, Brian and Ward, R W} } @proceedings {, title = {Converting High-Density Bathymetry into the {\textquoteright}Next Generation{\textquoteright} ENC}, year = {2003}, month = {Nov 17 - Nov 20}, pages = {0-0}, address = {St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee and Brennan, Rick T and Moggert, Friedhelm} } @proceedings {, title = {Hydrographic Learning 24/7}, year = {2003}, month = {Mar 24 - Mar 27}, pages = {0-0}, address = {Biloxi, MS, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Monahan, Dave and Chance, J and Dare, P and Semme J Dijkstra and Dodd, D and Howden, D and Richer, J and Santos, M and David E Wells and Wiesenburg, D} } @article {, title = {Analysis of Data Relevant to Extending a Coastal State{\textquoteright}s Continental Margin Under Law of the Sea Article 76}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, pages = {2-18}, publisher = {Geomatics Information \& Trading Center - GITC}, address = {Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Law of the Sea}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Larry A Mayer and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @article {, title = {A Synopsis of Electronic Charting Standards and Organizations, with Recommendations for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Involvement}, year = {2003}, pages = {14}, institution = {U.S. Army}, address = {U.S. Army Corps of Engineers / Topographic Engineering Center (TEC)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @proceedings {, title = {The International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO): An Improved Morphological Framework for Oceanographic Investications}, year = {2003}, month = {Apr 6 - Apr 11}, pages = {0-0}, address = {Nice, Nice, France}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Macnab, M and Martin Jakobsson} } @proceedings {, title = {Inferring the Vertical Turbulent Diffusion Coefficient from Backscatter Measurements with a Multibeam Sonar}, year = {2003}, month = {Nov 10 - Nov 14}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {146th}, chapter = {Meeting of the }, address = {Austin, TX, USA}, keywords = {Water Column Mapping}, author = {Thomas C Weber and Bradley, David L and Culver, R L and Anthony P. Lyons} } @article {, title = {Automatic Statistical Processing of Multibeam Echosounder Data}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, pages = {0-16}, publisher = {Geomatics Information \& Trading Center - GITC}, address = {Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Brian R Calder} } @article {, title = {The seafloor a key factor in lidar bottom detection}, year = {2003}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {LIDAR}, author = {James V. Gardner and Morrison, John R and Larry G Ward} } @proceedings {, title = {Integrating Multiple 3D Views through Frame-of-reference Interaction}, year = {2003}, month = {Jul 15 - Jul 15}, pages = {34-43}, address = {London, London, UK}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Plumlee, Matt D and Colin Ware} } @article {, title = {Hypsometry, Volume and Physiography of the Arctic Ocean and Their Paleoceanographic Implications}, year = {2003}, month = {Apr 6 - Apr 11}, pages = {0-0}, address = {Nice, Nice, France}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Macnab, M and Grantz, Arthur and Kristoffersen, Yngue} } @article {, title = {In-situ Measurement of Geoacoustic Sediment Properties: An Example from the ONR Mine Burial Program, Martha{\textquoteright}s Vineyard Coastal Observatory}, volume = {113}, number = {4}, year = {2003}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, address = {Melville, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Kraft, Barbara J and Smith, Shep M and Larry A Mayer and Simpkin, Peter G} } @article {, title = {Bathymetry and Selected Perspective Views of 6 Reef and Coastal Areas in Northern Lake Michigan}, year = {2003}, institution = {U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Barnes, P and Fleisher, G and James V. Gardner and Lee, K} } @proceedings {, title = {The Grounding of an Ice Shelf in the Central Arctic Ocean: A Modeling Experiment}, year = {2003}, month = {Sep 30 - Oct 3}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {4th}, address = {Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Siegert, M and Paton, Mark} } @article {, title = {The Tectonic Evolution of the Tjornes Fracture Zone, Offshore Northern Iceland-ridge Jumps and Rift Propagation}, volume = {84}, number = {46}, year = {2003}, month = {Dec 8 - Dec 12}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Detrick, R S and Brandsdottir, B and Driscoll, Neal W and Richter, B and Larry A Mayer and Fornair, D and Brian R Calder and Kent, G M} } @article {, title = {Diagramming Information Structures Using 3D Perceptual Primitives}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, pages = {1-19}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Irani, P and Colin Ware} } @proceedings {, title = {Lidar Waveform Characterization for Bottom Classification}, year = {2003}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {4th}, address = {Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA}, keywords = {LIDAR}, author = {Elston, Gareth R} } @proceedings {, title = {Seafloor Segmentation Based on Bathymetric Measurements from Multibeam Echosounders Data}, year = {2003}, month = {Jul 1 - Jul 4}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {7th}, address = {Paris, Paris, France}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Yuri Rzhanov and Randy G Cutter Jr. and Larry A Mayer} } @article {, title = {The Importance of Stereo, Eye Coupled Perspective and Touch for Eye-Hand Coordination}, year = {2003}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {MIT Press}, address = {Cambridge, MA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Roland Arsenault and Colin Ware} } @article {, title = {How to Run CUBE (Server Processing Installation)}, year = {2003}, pages = {12}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {CUBE}, author = {Brian R Calder} } @proceedings {, title = {The Integrated Seafloor: Efficient Multi Sensor Processing and Visualization Techniques for Seafloor Mapping Data}, year = {2003}, month = {Nov 23 - Nov 27}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {4th}, chapter = {Australasian Hydrographic Symposium}, address = {Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Paton, Mark and Lindsay Gee and Brian R Calder and Larry A Mayer} } @article {, title = {Time dependent seafloor acoustic backscatter (10-100kHz)}, volume = {114}, number = {5}, year = {2003}, pages = {2709-2725}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, address = {Melville, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Sternlicht, D S and de Moustier, Christian} } @article {, title = {Constructing Composite Chart/Bathymetry Hybrids with Fledermaus}, year = {2003}, pages = {4}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Brian R Calder} } @proceedings {, title = {The Rise and Stall of ECDIS: Where are We heading?}, year = {2003}, month = {Oct 7 - Oct 9}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {2nd}, address = {Singapore, Singapore, Singapore}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee and Casey, M J} } @proceedings {, title = {Measuring Ambient Ocean Bubble Fields Uusing a Multibeam Sonar}, year = {2003}, month = {Apr 25 - May 2}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {145th}, chapter = {Meeting of the }, address = {Austin, TX, USA}, keywords = {Water Column Mapping}, author = {Adelman, S G and Bradley, David L and Culver, R L and Thomas C Weber} } @inbook {, title = {Characteristics of Several Tsunamigenic Submarine Landslides}, booktitle = {Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences: First International Symposium}, year = {2003}, pages = {357-366}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic}, organization = {Kluwer Academic}, address = {Amsterdam, North Holland, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Lee, H J and Kayen, R E and James V. Gardner and Locat, J} } @article {, title = {A Comparison of Two Methods for Estimating the Status of Benthic Habitat Quality in the Virginia Chesapeake Bay}, volume = {285}, year = {2003}, pages = {371-381}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Diaz, R J and Randy G Cutter Jr. and Dauer, D M} } @proceedings {, title = {Navigation Surface Creation and Use for Charting Example - Seacoast New Hampshire}, year = {2003}, month = {Mar 24 - Mar 27}, pages = {0-6}, address = {Biloxi, MS, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Smith, Shep M} } @article {, title = {High-resolution Photo-mosaicing of the Rosebud Hydrothermal Vent Site and Surrounding Lava Flows, Galapagos Rift 86W: Techniques and Interpretation}, volume = {84}, number = {46}, year = {2003}, month = {Dec 8 - Dec 12}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Yuri Rzhanov and Larry A Mayer and Fornair, D and Shank, T M and Humphris, S and Scheirer, D and Kinsey, J and Whitcomb, Louis L} } @article {, title = {A World Class ECDIS Laboratory}, volume = {7}, number = {5}, year = {2003}, pages = {7-9}, publisher = {Geomatics Information \& Trading Center - GITC}, address = {Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Smith, D H and Alexander, Lee and Van Norden, M F} } @proceedings {, title = {Impact of Ice-dammed Lakes on the Early Weichselian Climate of Northern Eurasia}, year = {2003}, month = {Jul 23 - Jul 30}, pages = {0-0}, address = {Reno, NV, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Krinner, G and Mangerud, Jan and Martin Jakobsson and Cruicifix, M and Ritz, C and Svendsen, John I and Genthon, C} } @proceedings {, title = {Central Arctic Ocean Sedimentation: mm/ka-scale or cm/ka-scale Rates?}, year = {2003}, month = {Jul 23 - Jul 30}, pages = {0-0}, address = {Reno, NV, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Backman, Jan and Martin Jakobsson and Lovlie, Reidar and Polyak, Leonid and Febo, L A} } @article {, title = {A Modeling Experiment on the Grounding of an Ice Shelf in the Central Arctic Ocean During MIS 6}, volume = {83}, number = {47}, year = {2003}, month = {Dec 8 - Dec 12}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Siegert, M and Paton, Mark} } @article {, title = {Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dating Supports Central Arctic Ocean CM-scale Sedimentation Rates}, volume = {4}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, pages = {0-11}, publisher = {American Geophysical Union }, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Backman, Jan and Murray, Andrew and Lovlie, Reidar} } @article {, title = {Processing Klein 5410 Data from Trawlex-01, Alaska Fisheries Science Center}, year = {2003}, institution = {National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminiatration (NOAA)}, address = {National Ocean Service (NOS) / Office of Response and Restoration (ORR)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Huff, Lloyd C and Hou, Tianhang} } @proceedings {, title = {Maintaining Intra-line Details in a Multi-line DEM}, year = {2003}, month = {Nov 17 - Nov 20}, pages = {0-0}, address = {St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Huff, Lloyd C and Yuri Rzhanov and Glang, Gerd and Raymond, Rick and Mashkoor A Malik} } @proceedings {, title = {High-resolution Multibeam Mapping and Habitat Characterization of Topographic Features in the Northwest Gulf of Mexico}, year = {2003}, month = {Mar 24 - Mar 27}, pages = {0-0}, address = {Biloxi, MS, USA}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Schmal, G P and Hickerson, E L and Weaver, D C and James V. Gardner} } @article {, title = {Is the central Arctic Ocean a sediment-starved basin?}, volume = {5}, year = {2003}, pages = {0-0}, address = {St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Backman, Jan and Martin Jakobsson and Lovlie, Reidar and Polyak, Leonid and Febo, L A} } @article {, title = {Automated Segmentation of Seafloor Bathymetry from Multibeam Echosounder Data Using Local Fourier Histogram Texture Features}, volume = {285}, number = {286}, year = {2003}, pages = {355-370}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Randy G Cutter Jr. and Yuri Rzhanov and Larry A Mayer} } @article {, title = {On Variable Resolution Grids in R}, year = {2003}, pages = {12}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Brian R Calder} } @proceedings {, title = {Electronic Chart of the Future: The Hampton Roads Project}, year = {2003}, month = {Mar 24 - Mar 27}, pages = {0-8}, address = {Biloxi, MS, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Brennan, Rick T and Colin Ware and Alexander, Lee and Andrew A. Armstrong and Larry A Mayer and Huff, Lloyd C and Brian R Calder and Smith, Shep M and Plumlee, Matt D and Roland Arsenault and Glang, Gerd} } @proceedings {, title = {Automated and Visual Inspection Tools for Multibeam Quality Assurance and Data Analysis}, year = {2003}, month = {Nov 17 - Nov 20}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {3rd}, address = {St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Paton, Mark and Brian R Calder and Sebastian, S} } @article {, title = {Remote sensing of sediment characteristics by optimized echo-envelope matching}, volume = {114}, number = {5}, year = {2003}, pages = {2727-2743}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, address = {Melville, NY, USA}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Sternlicht, D S and de Moustier, Christian} } @article {, title = {How to Run CUBE (with the Baseline CCOM/JHC Implementation)}, year = {2003}, pages = {8}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {CUBE}, author = {Brian R Calder} } @proceedings {, title = {Harmonization of European and North American Inland ECDIS Standards}, year = {2003}, month = {Oct 7 - Oct 9}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {2nd}, address = {Singapore, Singapore, Singapore}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee and Klutenaar, P} } @proceedings {, title = {New Paradigms for Hydrographic Data Processing and Products}, year = {2003}, month = {Nov 17 - Nov 20}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {3rd}, address = {St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Larry A Mayer and Brian R Calder and Brennan, Rick T and Lindsay Gee and Smith, Shep M and Colin Ware and Alexander, Lee and Andrew A. Armstrong and Roland Arsenault and Jurley, M and Moggert, Friedhelm and Plumlee, Matt D and Paton, Mark} } @proceedings {, title = {Preliminary Studies of the Impact of Sea Level Rise on Coastal Environments (New Hampshire, USA)}, year = {2003}, month = {May 18 - May 23}, pages = {0-13}, chapter = {Fifth}, address = {Clearwater Beach, FL, USA}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Larry G Ward and Burdicki, Dave M and Adams, J R} } @inbook {, title = {Bathymetry and Physiography of the Arctic Ocean and Its Constituent Seas}, booktitle = {Arctic Ocean Organic Carbon Cycle: Present and Past}, year = {2003}, publisher = {Springer Publisher}, organization = {Springer Publisher}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Grantz, Arthur and Kristoffersen, Yngue and Macnab, M} } @proceedings {, title = {Laboratory Measurements of the 1st and 2nd Moments of Propagation Through Bubbles in a Flow}, year = {2003}, month = {Nov 10 - Nov 14}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {146th}, chapter = {Meeting of the }, address = {Austin, TX, USA}, keywords = {Water Column Mapping}, author = {Thomas C Weber and Bradley, David L and Culver, R L and Anthony P. Lyons} } @inbook {, title = {Design as Applied Perception}, booktitle = {HCI Models, Theories and Frameworks}, year = {2003}, pages = {10-26}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufman}, organization = {Morgan Kaufman}, address = {Burlington, MA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Colin Ware} } @article {, title = {High-Frequency Volume and Boundary Acoustic Backscatter Fluctuations in Shallow Water}, volume = {114}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, pages = {707-725}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, address = {Melville, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Gallaudet, T C and de Moustier, Christian} } @proceedings {, title = {Paleomagnetic Chronology of Arctic Ocean Sediment Cores: Reversals and Excursions -The Conundrum}, year = {2003}, month = {Apr 6 - Apr 11}, pages = {0-0}, address = {Nice, Nice, France}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Lovlie, Reidar and Martin Jakobsson and Backman, Jan} } @article {5996, title = {Advances in Defining Fine- and Micro-Scale Pattern in Marine Plankton}, volume = {16}, year = {2003}, pages = {131-136}, publisher = {Cambridge}, abstract = {

Since the June 1995 ICES Symposium on Fisheries and Plankton Acoustics in Aberdeen (MacLennan and Holliday, 1996), the use of acoustics for studying zooplankton has seen important advances. Acoustical monitoring of small-scale zooplankton distributions can now be done at intervals of a fraction of a minute. Resolution at vertical spatial scales of tens of centimeters is now easily achieved with commercially available sensors. Multiple-frequency echo-ranging sensors (TAPS\™) have been deployed in an up-looking mode on the bottom, and on moorings looking up, down and horizontally. Real-time telemetry provides data on plankton distributions at ranges up to tens of meters from the sensors for periods of weeks to months. These sensors allow one to estimate total zooplankton biomass and the size-abundance spectrum of the animals in the water column at different depths and times. When a profiling CTD and multi-spectral optical sensors were used to define the physical environment and phytoplankton distributions near an acoustical zooplankton profiler, strong relationships were observed between measured spatial and temporal patterns. New methods in\ zooplankton acoustics are illustrated with data collected from these sensors whilemonitoring thin, sub-meter thick layers of plankton and diel migrations of benthopelagic crustaceans.\ 

}, keywords = {Advances, Benthopelagic migrators, Bioacoustics, Fine-Scale Pattern, Micro-Scale Pattern, Plankton acoustics, Thin layers}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0990-7440(03)00023-8}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0990744003000238}, author = {D.V. Holliday and P.L. Donaghay and C.F. Greenlaw and D.E. McGehee and M.M. McManus and J.M. Sullivan and Jennifer Miksis-Olds} } @inbook {3940, title = {Detection of Sonar Induced Measurement Uncertainties in Environment Sensing: A Case Study with the Torodial Volume Search Sonar}, booktitle = {Impact of Littoral Environmental Variability on Acoustic Predictions and Sonar Performance}, year = {2003}, pages = {571-577}, publisher = {Kluwer Press}, organization = {Kluwer Press}, address = {Dordrecht, Dordrecht, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Other}, author = {de Moustier, Christian and Gallaudet, T C} } @inbook {3943, title = {Electronic Charts (Chapter 14)}, booktitle = {The American Practical Navigator}, year = {2003}, pages = {199-215}, publisher = {National Imaging and Mapping Agency}, organization = {National Imaging and Mapping Agency}, address = {Bethesda, MD, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @proceedings {3033, title = {An Evaluation of Methods for Linking 3D Views}, year = {2003}, month = {Apr 27 - Apr 30}, pages = {193-201}, edition = {8th}, address = {Monterey, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Plumlee, Matt D and Colin Ware} } @proceedings {3018, title = {Fusing Information in a 3D Chart of the Future Display}, year = {2003}, month = {Mar 24 - Mar 27}, pages = {0-7}, address = {Biloxi, MS, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Roland Arsenault and Smith, Shep M and Colin Ware and Larry A Mayer and Plumlee, Matt D} } @article {3983, title = {Fusing Information in a 3D Chart-of-the-Future Display}, year = {2003}, month = {March 24-27}, publisher = {The Hydrographic Society of America}, address = {Biloxi, MS}, keywords = {3d chart of the future}, author = {Roland Arsenault and Plumlee, Matt D and Smith, Shep M and Colin Ware and Brennan, Rick T and Larry A Mayer} } @article {2741, title = {Geomorphology acoustic backscatter and processes in Santa Monica Bay from multibeam mapping}, volume = {56}, year = {2003}, pages = {15-46}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {James V. Gardner and Dartnell, Peter and Larry A Mayer and John E. Hughes Clarke} } @proceedings {3024, title = {Haptic-GeoZui3D: Exploring the Use of Haptics in AUV Path Planning}, year = {2003}, month = {Aug 1 - Aug 5}, pages = {0-9}, edition = {13th}, chapter = {International}, address = {Durham, NH, USA}, keywords = {GeoZui4D}, author = {Komerska, Rick and Colin Ware} } @article {3982, title = {Haptic-GeoZui3D: Exploring the Use of Haptics in AUV Path Planning}, year = {2003}, month = {August 1-5}, publisher = {Autonomous Undersea Systems Institute }, address = {Durham, NH}, keywords = {auv path planning, GeoZui4D, haptics}, author = {Komerska, Rick and Colin Ware and Plumlee, Matt D and Roland Arsenault} } @article {3457, title = {High-Resolution Multibeam Sonar Survey and Interactive 3-D Exploration of the D-day Wrecks off Normandy}, volume = {84}, number = {46}, year = {2003}, month = {Dec 8 - Dec 12}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Larry A Mayer and Brian R Calder and Schmidt, J S} } @proceedings {3014, title = {Marine Information Objects (MIO) and ECDIS: Concept and Practice}, year = {2003}, month = {Jun 25 - Jun 29}, pages = {0-5}, edition = {2nd}, chapter = {International Conference}, address = {Heraklion, Crete, Greece}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @article {2738, title = {Moticons: Detection, Distraction and Task}, volume = {58}, number = {5}, year = {2003}, pages = {515-545}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Bartram, L and Colin Ware and Calvert, T} } @mastersthesis {1809, title = {The Navigation Surface: A Multipurpose Bathymetric Database}, year = {2003}, pages = {74}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Smith, Shep M} } @proceedings {3028, title = {Providing the Third Dimension: High-resolution Multibeam Sonar as a Tool for Archaeological Investigations - An Example from the D-day Beaches of Normandy}, year = {2003}, month = {Mar 24 - Mar 27}, pages = {0-16}, address = {Biloxi, MS, USA}, keywords = {D-Day, Other}, author = {Larry A Mayer and Brian R Calder and Schmidt, J S and Malzone, C} } @article {3830, title = {Report on the LOTS Cruise to Map Foot of the Slope and 2500-m Isobath of Bowers Ridge and Beringian Margin, Bering Sea. Cruise Report}, year = {2003}, pages = {52}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {Law of the Sea}, author = {James V. Gardner} } @article {3834, title = {U.S. Law of the Sea Cruise to Map the Foot of the Slope and 2500-m Isobath of the U.S. Arctic Ocean Margin, Barrow to Barrow. Cruise Report}, year = {2003}, pages = {47}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {arctic, ECS, Healy, Law of the Sea, unclos}, author = {Larry A Mayer} } @proceedings {6046, title = {Using Parabolic Equations to Model Sound Propagation in Manatee Habitats}, year = {2003}, month = {March 8}, publisher = {European Cetacean Society}, address = {Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain}, keywords = {Manatee Habitats, Parabolic Equations, Sound Propagation}, author = {Jennifer Miksis-Olds and Miller, J H} } @article {2737, title = {We Visited for You - 2nd International ECDIS Conference}, volume = {7}, year = {2003}, pages = {1-38}, publisher = {Geomatics Information \& Trading Center - GITC}, address = {Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee and Ward, R W} } @inbook {, title = {Chapter 14 - Electronic Charts}, booktitle = {The American Practical Navigator}, year = {2002}, publisher = {National Imaging and Mapping Agency}, organization = {National Imaging and Mapping Agency}, edition = {9}, address = {Bethesda, MD, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @article {, title = {Multibeam Mapping of the West Florida Shelf, Gulf of Mexico}, year = {2002}, institution = {U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {James V. Gardner and Dartnell, Peter and Sulak, K J} } @proceedings {, title = {NATO Warship ECDIS and Additional Military Layers (AMLs)}, year = {2002}, month = {Sep 2 - Sep 4}, pages = {0-0}, address = {Norfolk, VA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @proceedings {, title = {Sensor-assisted Video Mapping of the Seafloor}, year = {2002}, month = {Oct 29 - Oct 31}, pages = {0-0}, address = {Biloxi, MS, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Yuri Rzhanov and Huff, Lloyd C and Randy G Cutter Jr. and Larry A Mayer} } @article {, title = {Bathymetry and Selected Perspective Views Offshore Greater Los Angeles, CA}, year = {2002}, institution = {U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {James V. Gardner and Dartnell, Peter and Stone, J C and Larry A Mayer and John E. Hughes Clarke} } @proceedings {, title = {Back-up Arrangements for ECDIS: Different Options and Perspectives}, year = {2002}, month = {May 28 - May 31}, pages = {0-0}, address = {Toronto, Ontario, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee and Ward, R W} } @article {, title = {On the Effect of Random Errors in Gridded Bathymetric Compilations}, volume = {107}, number = {12}, year = {2002}, pages = {1-11}, publisher = {American Geophysical Union }, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Brian R Calder and Larry A Mayer} } @article {, title = {Resolving the Ripples (and a Mine): High-Resolution Multibeam Survey of Martha{\textquoteright}s Vineyard ONR Mine Burial Program Field Area}, volume = {83}, number = {47}, year = {2002}, month = {Dec 6 - Dec 10}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Larry A Mayer and Raymond, Rick and Glang, Gerd and Huff, Lloyd C} } @article {, title = {SHARED Project: Extension to Caribbean - Gulf of Mexico Region}, year = {2002}, institution = {NH Sea Grant College}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @article {, title = {Insiders View-overcoming a Misperception}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, year = {2002}, pages = {65-65}, publisher = {Geomatics Information \& Trading Center - GITC}, address = {Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @article {, title = {Dynamic 3D Visualization of Merged Geophysical and Geological Data Sets from the Arctic}, volume = {83}, number = {47}, year = {2002}, month = {Dec 6 - Dec 10}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Martin Jakobsson} } @proceedings {, title = {Automated Interpretation of Sidescan and Single-beam Sonar for Characterization and Mapping the Extent of Subtidal Oyster Reefs}, year = {2002}, month = {Apr 14 - Apr 18}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {94th Annual}, address = {Mystic, CT, USA}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Semme J Dijkstra and Raymond E Grizzle} } @article {, title = {Interactive 3-D Visualization: An Important Element in Dealing with Increasing Data Volumes and Decreasing Resources}, volume = {83}, number = {47}, year = {2002}, month = {Dec 6 - Dec 10}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Lindsay Gee and Reed, B and Larry A Mayer} } @article {, title = {3-D Visualization of IBCAO}, year = {2002}, pages = {40-43}, institution = {University of Hawaii}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Macnab, M} } @proceedings {, title = {A Comparison of the Automated Navigation Surface to Traditional Smooth Sheet Compilation}, year = {2002}, month = {May 28 - May 31}, pages = {0-0}, address = {Toronto, Ontario, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Brian R Calder and Smith, Shep M} } @proceedings {, title = {Development of a high frequency underwater acoustic intensity probe}, year = {2002}, month = {Oct 29 - Oct 31}, pages = {0-0}, address = {Biloxi, MS, USA}, keywords = {Sonar Capabilities}, author = {McConnel, J A and Thomas C Weber and Lauchle, G C and Gabrielson, T B} } @inbook {, title = {Calculation of in situ acoustic wave properties in marine sediments}, booktitle = {Impact of Littoral Environmental Variability on Acoustic Predictions and Sonar Performance}, year = {2002}, pages = {115-130}, publisher = {Kluwer Press}, organization = {Kluwer Press}, address = {Dordrecht, Dordrecht, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Kraft, Barbara J and Larry A Mayer and Simpkin, Peter G and P Lavoie and Jabs, E and Goff, John A} } @article {, title = {Multibeam Mapping of the Pinnacles Region, Gulf of Mexico}, year = {2002}, institution = {U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {James V. Gardner and Sulak, K J} } @proceedings {, title = {Frustum Angle View Angle and Virtual Environment Navigation}, year = {2002}, month = {Mar 24 - Mar 28}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {IV}, address = {Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Roland Arsenault and Colin Ware} } @article {, title = {The Seafloor off Greater Los Angeles: Visualizing Gigabytes of Data}, journal = {EOS Transactions, American Geophysical Union}, volume = {83}, number = {47}, year = {2002}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {American Geophysical Union }, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {James V. Gardner} } @proceedings {, title = {Near bottom sediment characterization offshore SW San Clemente Island}, year = {2002}, month = {Oct 29 - Oct 31}, pages = {2086-2092}, address = {Biloxi, MS, USA}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Sternlicht, D S and de Moustier, Christian} } @article {, title = {Shallow Water Survey 2001:High Resolution Surveys in Shallow Water}, volume = {34}, number = {4}, year = {2002}, pages = {3-4}, publisher = {Marine Technology Society}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Larry A Mayer and Dr. Ken C Baldwin} } @article {, title = {Bathymetry and Acoustic Backscatter of the Mid and outer continental shelf, head of De Soto Canyon, Northeastern Gulf of Mexico}, year = {2002}, pages = {51}, institution = {U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {James V. Gardner and John E. Hughes Clarke and Larry A Mayer and Dartnell, Peter} } @proceedings {, title = {Harmonizing the Display of ECDIS and AIS information}, year = {2002}, month = {Apr 3 - Apr 4}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Transportation Research Board, Committee for Shipboard Display of AIS}, address = {New Orleans, LA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @proceedings {, title = {Underwater Video Survey: Planning and Data Processing}, year = {2002}, month = {Aug 12 - Aug 14}, pages = {0-4}, address = {Kauai, HI, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Yuri Rzhanov and Huff, Lloyd C and Randy G Cutter Jr.} } @article {, title = {On the Estimation of Errors in Sparse Geophysical Datasets}, volume = {107}, number = {12}, year = {2002}, pages = {14-14}, publisher = {American Geophysical Union }, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Brian R Calder and Larry A Mayer} } @article {, title = {An Integrated Bathymetric and Topographic Digital Terrain Model of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago}, volume = {83}, number = {47}, year = {2002}, month = {Dec 5 - Dec 9}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alm, Goran and Macnab, M and Martin Jakobsson and Kleman, Johan and McCracken, Mark} } @article {, title = {Distribution Options Based on WEND}, year = {2002}, pages = {18}, institution = {Gulf of Mexico Hydrographic Commission}, address = {Electronic Chart Working Group}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @proceedings {, title = {Status of Electronic Charting Standards}, year = {2002}, month = {Feb 16 - Feb 16}, pages = {0-0}, address = {Havana, Havana, Cuba}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @proceedings {, title = {Using MGE Applications and Geomedia in Marine Geophysical/Geological Research}, year = {2002}, month = {Mar 31 - Apr 5}, pages = {0-16}, chapter = {Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, address = {New Orleans, LA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Larry A Mayer} } @article {, title = {Multibeam volume acoustic backscatter imagery and reverberation measurements in the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico}, volume = {112}, number = {2}, year = {2002}, pages = {489-503}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, address = {Melville, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Gallaudet, T C and de Moustier, Christian} } @article {, title = {Lake Tahoe{\textquoteright}s submerged record of active faulting is characteristic of the Basin and Range}, volume = {33}, number = {4}, year = {2002}, month = {May 7 - May 9}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {54th Annual Meeting}, chapter = {Rocky Mountain}, address = {Cedar City, UT, USA}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Kent, G M and Driscoll, Neal W and James V. Gardner} } @proceedings {, title = {A Reappraisal of Deepwater Reefs Along the NW Florida Outer Continental Shelf}, year = {2002}, pages = {0-0}, address = {St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {James V. Gardner} } @article {, title = {Assessing Damage on the Major Submarine Deltas of Southern Puget Sound After the 2001 Nisqually Earthquake Using High-Resolution Seafloor Multibeam Mapping}, volume = {34}, number = {5}, year = {2002}, month = {May 13 - May 15}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {98th Annual Meeting}, chapter = {Cordilleran Section}, address = {Corvallis, OR, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Gelfenbaum, G and James V. Gardner} } @proceedings {, title = {Dealing with increasing data volumes and decreasing resources}, year = {2002}, month = {Oct 29 - Oct 31}, pages = {0-21}, address = {Biloxi, MS, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Depner, J and Reed, B and Shannon Byrne and Parker, J and Paton, Mark and Larry A Mayer and Colin Ware} } @proceedings {, title = {Measurements of ambient bubble populations with a multibeam sonar}, year = {2002}, month = {Dec 2 - Dec 6}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {144th}, chapter = {Meeting of the }, address = {St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada}, keywords = {Water Column Mapping}, author = {Thomas C Weber and Bradley, David L and Culver, R L and Anthony P. Lyons and Adelman, S G} } @article {, title = {Rates of Sedimentation in the Central Arctic Ocean}, volume = {83}, number = {47}, year = {2002}, month = {Dec 6 - Dec 10}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Backman, Jan and Martin Jakobsson and Lovlie, Reidar and Polyak, Leonid} } @inbook {, title = {3D Geovisualization and the Structure of Visual Space}, booktitle = {Exploring Geovisualization}, year = {2002}, pages = {555-564}, publisher = {Elsevier}, organization = {Elsevier}, chapter = {International Cartographic Association}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Colin Ware and Plumlee, Matt D} } @article {, title = {Multibeam Mapping of Selected Areas of the Outer Continental Shelf, Northwestern Gulf of Mexico - Data, Images and GIS}, year = {2002}, institution = {U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {James V. Gardner and Beaudoin, Jonathan and Dartnell, Peter} } @proceedings {, title = {Geometric and Radiometric Correction of Multibeam Backscatter Derived from Reson 8101 Systems}, year = {2002}, month = {May 28 - May 31}, pages = {1-22}, address = {Toronto, Ontario, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Beaudoin, Jonathan and John E. Hughes Clarke and Van Den Ameele, E J and James V. Gardner} } @proceedings {, title = {Open Access Learning at Sea}, year = {2002}, month = {May 28 - May 31}, pages = {0-0}, address = {Toronto, Ontario, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {David E Wells and Richer, J and Santos, M and Dare, P and Allen, I and Wiesenburg, D and Dodd, D and Howden, D and Davis, J and Andrew A. Armstrong and Semme J Dijkstra and Alexander, Lee and Monahan, Dave and Chance, J and Fruge, F} } @article {, title = {The Navigation Surface: A New Database Approach to Creating Multiple Products from High-Density Surveys}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, year = {2002}, pages = {12-16}, publisher = {Geomatics Information \& Trading Center - GITC}, address = {Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Smith, Shep M and Alexander, Lee and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @article {, title = {Multibeam Mapping of the Los Angeles, California Margin}, year = {2002}, institution = {U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {James V. Gardner and Dartnell, Peter} } @proceedings {, title = {Warship ECDIS and additional Military Layers (AMLs)}, year = {2002}, month = {Oct 29 - Oct 31}, pages = {0-0}, address = {Biloxi, MS, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee and Smith, D M} } @proceedings {, title = {Seafloor Video Mapping: Modeling, Algorithms, Apparatus}, year = {2002}, month = {Sep 22 - Sep 25}, pages = {0-4}, address = {Rochester, NH, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Yuri Rzhanov and Huff, Lloyd C and Randy G Cutter Jr.} } @article {, title = {Comparison of In-situ Compressional Wave Speed and Attenuation Measurements to Biot-stoll Model Predictions}, volume = {112}, year = {2002}, pages = {2254-2254}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, address = {Melville, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Kraft, Barbara J and Larry A Mayer and Simpkin, Peter G and Goff, John A} } @article {, title = {Bathymetry and Acoustic Backscatter of Selected Areas of the Outer Continental Shelf, Northwestern Gulf of Mexico}, year = {2002}, pages = {34}, institution = {U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Beaudoin, Jonathan and James V. Gardner and John E. Hughes Clarke} } @proceedings {, title = {Alternative Uses of Hydrographic Data}, year = {2002}, month = {Jun 24 - Jun 28}, pages = {0-0}, address = {Monaco, Monaco, Monaco}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @proceedings {, title = {Frame of Reference Interaction. User Interface Software Technology Demonstration}, year = {2002}, month = {Oct 27 - Oct 30}, pages = {41-42}, edition = {15th}, chapter = {Annual ACM Symposium on}, address = {Paris, Paris, France}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Plumlee, Matt D and Colin Ware} } @article {, title = {Hypsometry and Volume of the Arctic Ocean and Its Constituent{\textquoteright}s Seas}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, year = {2002}, pages = {1-18}, publisher = {American Geophysical Union }, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Martin Jakobsson} } @article {, title = {Paleointensity Confirms cm-scale Sedimentation Rates and Suggests Intervals with Non-uniform Deposition on the Lomonosov Ridge, Central Arctic Ocean}, volume = {83}, number = {47}, year = {2002}, month = {Dec 6 - Dec 10}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Lovlie, Reidar and Martin Jakobsson and Backman, Jan} } @proceedings {, title = {Application of Wavelet Multi-resolution to Multibeam Backscatter for the Seabed Characterization}, year = {2002}, month = {Mar 5 - Mar 8}, pages = {0-0}, address = {London, London, UK}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Hou, Tianhang and Larry A Mayer and Yuri Rzhanov} } @article {, title = {Site Survey of the Martha{\textquoteright}s Vineyard Coastal Observatory: Backscatter, Grain Size and Temporal Evolution of Rippled Scour Depressions}, volume = {83}, number = {47}, year = {2002}, month = {Dec 6 - Dec 10}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Goff, John A and Larry A Mayer and Schwab, Bill and Traykovski, P and Wilkins, R and Jenkins, Chris and Kraft, Barbara J and Evans, R L and Buynevich, I} } @article {, title = {The Compilation and Analysis of Data Relevant to a U.S. Claim Under United Nations Law of the Sea Article 76: Maps}, year = {2002}, institution = {U.S. Congress}, keywords = {Law of the Sea}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Larry A Mayer and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @proceedings {, title = {Mapping Benthic Habitat at Various scales in the Olympic National Marine Sanctuary, WA}, year = {2002}, pages = {0-0}, address = {New Orleans, LA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Semme J Dijkstra and Intelmann, S} } @proceedings {, title = {Deep-water {\textquoteright}Reefs{\textquoteright} of the Northern Gulf of Mexico}, year = {2002}, month = {Apr 28 - May 3}, address = {San Jose, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {James V. Gardner} } @article {, title = {Lake Tahoe bottom characteristics extracted from SHOALS lidar waveform data and compared to backscatter data from a Multibeam echo sounder}, volume = {83}, number = {47}, year = {2002}, month = {Dec 6 - Dec 10}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {LIDAR}, author = {Elston, Gareth R and James V. Gardner} } @article {, title = {A Prototype 1:6 Million Map }, year = {2002}, pages = {5-7}, institution = {University of Hawaii}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Martin Jakobsson} } @proceedings {, title = {An ECDIS Lab: Facilitating Electronic Charting for Navy Missions}, year = {2002}, month = {May 28 - May 31}, pages = {0-0}, address = {Toronto, Ontario, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Brunt, D and Alexander, Lee and Barbor, K} } @proceedings {, title = {Detection Near-surface Gas with Acoustic Remote Sensing Data}, year = {2002}, month = {Oct 20 - Oct 24}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {8th}, address = {Cartagena, Cartagena, Columbia}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Fonseca, Luciano and Larry A Mayer} } @article {3411, title = {Arctic Ocean Physiography}, volume = {83}, number = {47}, year = {2002}, month = {Dec 6 - Dec 10}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Grantz, Arthur and Kristoffersen, Yngue and Macnab, Ron} } @article {3977, title = {Automated Texture-based Segmentation of Multibeam Sonar Bathymetry Data for Benthic Habitat Mapping in the Piscataqua River, New Hampshire}, year = {2002}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Randy G Cutter Jr. and Yuri Rzhanov and Larry A Mayer} } @article {3410, title = {Automatic Estimation of the Seafloor Geomorphology of the Santos Basin, Brazil}, volume = {83}, number = {47}, year = {2002}, month = {Dec 6 - Dec 10}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Brian R Calder and Fonseca, Luciano and Francolin, Joao B} } @article {5997, title = {Captive Dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, Develop Signature Whistles That Match Acoustic Features of Human-Made Model Sounds}, volume = {112 (2)}, year = {2002}, pages = {728-739}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, keywords = {Acoustic Features, Captive Dolphins, Human-Made Model, Signature Whistles}, doi = {10.1121/1.1496079}, url = {http://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/handle/1912/2490}, author = {Jennifer Miksis-Olds and Peter L Tyack and J.R. Buck} } @article {2735, title = {Cognitive Measurements of Graph Aesthetics}, volume = {1}, number = {2}, year = {2002}, pages = {103-110}, publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware and Purchase, H and Colpoys, L and McGill, M} } @article {3821, title = {The Compilation and Analysis of Data Relevant to a U.S. Claim Under United Nations Law of the Sea Article 76: A Preliminary Report}, year = {2002}, pages = {75}, institution = {University of New Hampshire (UNH)}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, keywords = {Law of the Sea}, author = {Larry A Mayer and Martin Jakobsson and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @article {6562, title = {The Compilation and Analysis of Data Relevant to a U.S. Claim Under United Nations Law of the Sea Article 76: Appendices}, year = {2002}, pages = {98}, institution = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC)}, author = {Larry A Mayer and Martin Jakobsson and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @article {2736, title = {Filtering and Brushing with Motion}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, year = {2002}, pages = {66-79}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Bartram, L and Colin Ware} } @article {3412, title = {Haptic Interface for Center of Workspace Interaction}, year = {2002}, month = {Mar 24 - Mar 28}, pages = {352-353}, edition = {10th}, address = {Orlando, FL, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Komerska, Rick and Colin Ware and Plumlee, Matt D} } @article {3980, title = {In Situ Measurement of Geoacoustic Properties: An Example From the ONR Mine Burial Program, Martha{\textquoteright}s Vineyard Coastal Observatory}, year = {2002}, month = {December 6-10}, publisher = {American Geophysical Union }, address = {San Francisco, CA}, keywords = {geoacoustic properties, martha{\textquoteright}s vineyard, mine burial, onr}, url = {http://www.agu.org/meetings/fm02/}, author = {Kraft, Barbara J and Larry A Mayer and Simpkin, Peter G and Goff, John A and Schwab, Bill and Jenkins, Chris} } @article {3975, title = {An Integrated Bathymetric and Topographic Digital Terrain Model of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago}, year = {2002}, month = {December 6-10}, publisher = {American Geophysical Union }, address = {San Francisco, CA}, keywords = {arctic archipelago, digital terrain model}, url = {http://www.agu.org/meetings/fm02/}, author = {Alm, Goran and Macnab, Ron and Martin Jakobsson and Kleman, Johan and McCracken, Mark} } @article {3979, title = {Lake Tahoe Bottom Characteristics Extracted from SHOALS Lidar Waveform Data and Compared to Backscatter Data From a Multibeam Echo Sounder}, year = {2002}, month = {December 6-10}, publisher = {American Geophysical Union }, address = {San Francisco, CA}, keywords = {bottom characteristics, lake tahoe, LIDAR}, url = {http://www.agu.org/meetings/fm02/}, author = {Elston, Gareth R and James V. Gardner} } @proceedings {3001, title = {A Method for the Perceptual Optimization of Complex Visualizations}, year = {2002}, month = {May 22 - May 24}, pages = {148-158}, edition = {6th}, chapter = {International Working Conference}, address = {St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {House, Don H and Colin Ware} } @article {5004, title = {Morphology, volcanism, and mass wasting in Crater Lake, Oregon}, volume = {114}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {675-692}, author = {Bacon, C R and James V. Gardner and Larry A Mayer} } @article {3413, title = {Multi-scale Visualization of Remote Sensing and Topographic Data of the Amazon Rain Forest}, year = {2002}, month = {Dec 6 - Dec 10}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Fonseca, Luciano and Miranda, F P and Beisl, C} } @article {3978, title = {Quantitative Ground-Truthing of Habitat Characteristics Using Video Mosaic Images}, year = {2002}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Randy G Cutter Jr. and Yuri Rzhanov and Larry A Mayer} } @article {3976, title = {Rates of Sedimentation in the Central Arctic Ocean}, year = {2002}, month = {December 6-10}, publisher = {American Geophysical Union }, address = {San Francisco, CA}, keywords = {Arctic Ocean, sedimentation}, url = {http://www.agu.org/meetings/fm02/}, author = {Backman, Jan and Martin Jakobsson and Lovlie, Reidar and Polyak, Leonid} } @article {3981, title = {Resolving the Ripples (and a Mine): High-Resolution Multibeam Survey of Martha{\textquoteright}s Vineyard ONR Mine Burial Program Field Area}, year = {2002}, month = {December 6-10}, publisher = {American Geophysical Union }, address = {San Francisco, CA}, keywords = {martha{\textquoteright}s vineyard, mine burial, multibeam survey, onr}, url = {http://www.agu.org/meetings/fm02/}, author = {Larry A Mayer and Raymond, Rick and Glang, Gerd and Huff, Lloyd C} } @article {2732, title = {Rivalry and Interference with a Head Mounted Display}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, pages = {1-14}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Laramee, R and Colin Ware} } @article {3414, title = {Seafloor Characterization from Spatial Variation of Multibeam Backscatter vs."Best Estimated" Grazing Angle}, year = {2002}, month = {Dec 6 - Dec 10}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Hou, Tianhang and Larry A Mayer and de Moustier, Christian and Kraft, Barbara J} } @mastersthesis {1808, title = {Seafloor Geology, Deglacial History, and Early Post Glacial Evolution of Eastern Juan De Fuca Strait}, volume = {Earth Science}, year = {2002}, month = {05/2002}, pages = {135}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

Seismic-reflection data, bathymetric data, and sediment cores were used to map the seafloor geology of eastern Juan de Fuca Strait, and interpret the stratigraphy in terms of the latest deglacial episode and associated sealevel change. The surficial geologic units comprise bedrock (unit 1), ice-contact diamicton (unit 2), glacial-marine sediments (unit 3), and post-glacial sediments (unit 4). Bedrock crops out near Vancouver Island, and diamicton crops out in the numerous morainal banks. A series of banks running roughly north-south in the middle of the strait divides it into two areas based on the main surficial units; post-glacial sediments dominate to the east and glacial-marine sediments to the west. Subunits within the glacial-marine sediments suggest progression from an ice-proximal to ice-distal depositional environment during glacier retreat. There is currently little sediment input to the strait, so most modern sediments consist of reworked glacial deposits that occur in banks and coastal exposures.

The strait was deglaciated rapidly; in about 100 years at a rate of 475 m/yr. Ice retreat was probably episodic, however, with times of rapid calving retreat separated by periods when retreat paused on morainal banks.

After the period of maximum marine submergence following deglaciation, isostatic rebound caused relative sealevel to fall to a level lower than present. A number of drowned features indicate sealevel fell to 55 m below present sealevel (\−55 m) by 11,280 yr B.P., then reached the low stand maximum of around \−60 m by 10,720 yr B.P. During regression, sealevel fell 150.4 m at an average rate of 59.0 mm/yr; meanwhile the eustatic rise was 37.3 m, yielding an average rate of crustal uplift of 73.6 mm/yr. During the subsequent transgression, sealevel rose to a depth of \−55 m by 10,630 yr B.P., then a depth of \−44 m by 9,880 yr B.P., and \−33 m by 8,910 yr B.P. by 10,700 yr B.P. most isostatic adjustment was complete and eustatic rise dominated, resulting in a gradual transgression toward the present. Relative sealevel rose 60.4 m during transgression at 5.6 mm/yr, while the eustatic sealevel rise was 61.4 m, giving an average rate of crustal uplift of less than 1 mm/yr.

}, keywords = {Earth sciences; Deglacial; Glacial-marine sediments; Juan de Fuca Strait; Seafloor; Stratigraphy}, author = {Hewitt, A T} } @article {5005, title = {The significance of pockmarks to understanding fluid flow processes and geohazards}, volume = {2}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {127-136}, author = {Hovland, M. and James V. Gardner and Judd, A.G.} } @proceedings {3004, title = {Zooming, Multiple Windows, and Visual Working Memory}, year = {2002}, month = {May 22 - May 24}, pages = {59-68}, edition = {6th}, chapter = {International Working Conference}, address = {St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Plumlee, Matt D and Colin Ware} } @article {, title = {Suspended Sediment Dynamics in the Great Bay Estuary, NH: Patterns and Controlling Processes}, volume = {33}, number = {6}, year = {2001}, month = {Nov 5 - Nov 8}, chapter = {Annual Meeting}, address = {Boston, MA, USA}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Larry G Ward and Bub, F L} } @proceedings {, title = {Visual Interference with a Transparent Head Mounted Display}, year = {2001}, month = {Mar 31 - Apr 5}, pages = {323-324}, chapter = {Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, address = {Seattle, WA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Laramee, R and Colin Ware} } @article {, title = {Huge Iceage Lakes in Russia}, volume = {16}, number = {9}, year = {2001}, pages = {773-777}, publisher = {Wiley InterScience}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Mangerud, Jan and Astakov, Valery and Martin Jakobsson and Svendsen, John I} } @article {, title = {Sedimentation in the Central Arctic Ocean: What We Knew in 1996 and What We Know Today}, year = {2001}, month = {Nov 5 - Nov 7}, pages = {0-0}, address = {St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Martin Jakobsson} } @article {, title = {On the Estimation of Errors in Sparse Bathymetric Data Sets}, year = {2001}, pages = {0-31}, publisher = {American Geophysical Union }, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Brian R Calder and Larry A Mayer} } @article {, title = {Differential Strain Accumulation Across Lake Tahoe as Measured From Submerged Paleo-shorelines}, volume = {82}, number = {47}, year = {2001}, month = {Dec 10 - Dec 14}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Dingler, J A and Kent, G M and Babcock, J A and Driscoll, Neal W and Harding, A J and Seitz, G G and James V. Gardner and Goldman, C R and Larry A Mayer and Morgan, C W and Richards, B C} } @proceedings {, title = {Field Evaluation of Sounding Accuracy in Deep Water Multibeam Swath Bathymetry}, volume = {3}, year = {2001}, month = {Nov 5 - Nov 8}, pages = {1761-1765}, address = {Honolulu, HI, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {de Moustier, Christian} } @proceedings {, title = {RTCA Special Committee 193/EUROCAE Working Group 44 Airport and Terrain Database Acquisition for Aviation Applications}, year = {2001}, month = {Nov 5 - Nov 8}, chapter = {54th Annual }, address = {Athens, Attica, Greece}, keywords = {LIDAR}, author = {Kearse, W B and Christopher E Parrish and Schiefele, J and Friedrich, A and Kubbat, W} } @article {, title = {Corrections to: On Optimal Shading for Arrays of Irregularly-spaced or Noncoplanar Elements}, volume = {26}, number = {3}, year = {2001}, pages = {416-419}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Gallaudet, T C and de Moustier, Christian} } @article {, title = {IASC/IOC/IAO Editorial Board for the International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean}, year = {2001}, pages = {1-33}, institution = {Geological Survey of Canada (GSC)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Macnab, M and Martin Jakobsson and Svendsen, John I} } @proceedings {, title = {Robustness in Automatic Processing of Multibeam Echosounder Data}, year = {2001}, month = {Sep 24 - Sep 24}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {2nd}, address = {Portsmouth, NH, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Brian R Calder} } @proceedings {, title = {Seafloor Habitat Mapping: Considering Techniques for Expansion of Spatial Scales}, year = {2001}, month = {Jan 31 - Feb 2}, pages = {0-0}, address = {Bergen, Bergen, Norway}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Randy G Cutter Jr. and Larry A Mayer and Yuri Rzhanov} } @article {, title = {Analysis of the Effects of Numerical Dispersion on Pulses in Finite-difference and Pseudospectral Time-domain Methods}, volume = {110}, number = {5}, year = {2001}, pages = {2618-2618}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, address = {Melville, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Elston, Gareth R and Bell, J M and Capus, C G} } @article {, title = {Seafloor Geology of the Eastern Strait of Juan de Fuca, British Columbia and Washington}, volume = {177}, number = {3}, year = {2001}, pages = {295-316}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Hewitt, A T} } @proceedings {, title = {ECDIS Development Laboratory and Navigation Technology Demonstration Center}, year = {2001}, month = {Nov 5 - Nov 8}, pages = {0-0}, address = {Honolulu, HI, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee and Van Norden, M F and Fralick, C M} } @article {, title = {Derivation of del180 from sediment cores log data: Implications for Millennial-scale climate change in the Labordor Sea}, volume = {16}, number = {5}, year = {2001}, pages = {503-514}, publisher = {American Geophysical Union }, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Weber, M E and Larry A Mayer and Hillaire-Marcel, C and Bilodeau, G and Rack, F and Hiscott, R N and Aksu, A E} } @proceedings {, title = {Interactive 3-D Visualization and Exploration of Deepwater Geohazards}, year = {2001}, month = {May 3 - May 6}, pages = {0-11}, address = {Houston, TX, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Larry A Mayer and Fonseca, Luciano and Colin Ware and Paton, Mark and Lindsay Gee and James V. Gardner and Orange, Dan} } @article {, title = {3-D visualization for pelagic fisheries assessment and research}, volume = {59}, year = {2001}, pages = {216-225}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Larry A Mayer and Li, Y and Melvin, G} } @proceedings {, title = {Implications of Fast Sedimentation Rates in the Central Arctic Ocean}, year = {2001}, month = {Oct 31 - Nov 2}, pages = {0-0}, address = {St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Backman, Jan and Lovlie, Reidar and Murray, Andrew} } @article {, title = {Pleistocene Stratigraphy and Paleoenvironmental Variation from Lomonosov Ridge Sediments Central Artic Ocean}, volume = {31}, number = {1}, year = {2001}, pages = {1-21}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Lovlie, Reidar and Arnold, E M and Backman, Jan and Polyak, Leonid and Knutsen, J O and Musatov, E} } @article {, title = {Crater Lake Revealed: Using GIS to Visualize and Analyze Post Caldera Volcanoes Beneath Crater Lake}, volume = {82}, number = {47}, year = {2001}, month = {Dec 10 - Dec 14}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Ramsey, D W and Robinson, J E and Dartnell, Peter and Bacon, C R and James V. Gardner and Larry A Mayer and Buktenica, M} } @article {, title = {Assessing the {\textquoteright}GEO{\textquoteright} in GEOCLUTTER: New Chirp Sonar, Sampling, and Compressional Wave Veolcity Results from the New Jersey Shelf}, volume = {82}, number = {47}, year = {2001}, month = {Dec 10 - Dec 14}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Austin, J. A. and Goff, John A and Gulick, Sean P. and Fulthorpe, C and Nordfjord, Sylvia and Wiederspahn, M and Saustrup, S and Schock, Steven G and Wulf, J and Gjerding, K and Larry A Mayer and Sommerfield, Christopher K} } @article {, title = {Surficial Geology of the Eastern Juan de Fuca Strait}, year = {2001}, institution = {Geological Survey of Canada (GSC)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {David C Mosher and Kung, R and Hewitt, A T} } @proceedings {, title = {Robust Automatic Multi-beam Bathymetric Processing}, year = {2001}, month = {May 21 - May 24}, pages = {0-20}, address = {Norfolk, VA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Brian R Calder and Larry A Mayer} } @article {, title = {Enhanced Acoustic Reflectivity Due to High Abundance of Sand Dollars, Dendraster excentricus}, volume = {19}, year = {2001}, pages = {135-145}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Fenstermacher, L E and Crawford, G B and Borgeld, J C and Britt, T and George, M and Klien, A and Driscoll, Neal W and Larry A Mayer} } @article {, title = {Manganese, Carbon, and Nitrogen Isotope Composition of Deep Sediments: Tools for Monitoring Paleoceanographic Conditions in Central Arctic Ocean}, year = {2001}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Al-Hanbali, H and Holm, N and Martin Jakobsson} } @proceedings {, title = {ECDIS and ENCs: Where are We Heading?}, year = {2001}, month = {Oct 30 - Nov 2}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Extending Your Boundaries}, address = {San Diego, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @article {, title = {Harmonizing Chart and Navigation-related Information on ECDIS}, volume = {2}, number = {3}, year = {2001}, pages = {0-13}, publisher = {Geomatics Information \& Trading Center - GITC}, address = {Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @article {, title = {Automatic Processing of High-rate, High-density Multibeam Echosounder Data}, volume = {4}, year = {2001}, pages = {0-24}, publisher = {American Geophysical Union }, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Brian R Calder and Larry A Mayer} } @proceedings {, title = {From High Density Bathymetry to Next Generation ENC}, year = {2001}, month = {Sep 24 - Sep 24}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {2nd}, address = {Portsmouth, NH, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee and Buttgenbach, G} } @proceedings {, title = {Monitoring Distributed Autonomous Entities Through Linkable 3D Windows}, year = {2001}, month = {Aug 26 - Aug 29}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {10th International}, address = {Durham, NH, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Plumlee, Matt D and Colin Ware and Komerska, Rick and Chappell, A G and Roland Arsenault} } @article {, title = {Automated tools for sonar logging on commercial fishing vessels}, volume = {59}, year = {2001}, pages = {226-245}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Melvin, G and Li, Y and Larry A Mayer and Clay, A} } @article {, title = {Hypsometry and Volume of the Arctic Ocean and It{\textquoteright}s Constituent Seas}, year = {2001}, month = {Nov 5 - Nov 7}, pages = {0-1}, chapter = {Progress in Arctic Ocean Research Over the Past Decades}, address = {Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Martin Jakobsson} } @inbook {, title = {ArcView Objects in the Fledermaus Interactive 3-D Visualization System: Examples from the STRATAFORM GIS}, booktitle = {Undersea with GIS}, year = {2001}, pages = {23}, publisher = {ESRI Press}, organization = {ESRI Press}, address = {Redlands, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Fonseca, Luciano and Larry A Mayer and Paton, Mark} } @article {, title = {Improvements to the International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean: Updating the database and the grid model}, volume = {84}, year = {2001}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {American Geophysical Union }, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and I.B.C.A.O Board Members,} } @article {, title = {Discovery of an Active Submarine Mud Volcano Along the Nootka Fault West of Vancouver Island}, volume = {82}, number = {47}, year = {2001}, month = {Dec 10 - Dec 14}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Reidel, M and Kelley, D S and Delaney, J R and Spence, G D and Hyndman, R D and Larry A Mayer and Brian R Calder and Lilley, M D and Olson, Hilary C and Schrenk, M O and Coffin, R} } @proceedings {, title = {Interactive 3-D Visualization and Analysis of Multi-sensor, Multi-resolution Data Sets}, year = {2001}, month = {Sep 24 - Sep 24}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {2nd}, address = {Portsmouth, NH, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Lindsay Gee and Paton, Mark and Larry A Mayer and James V. Gardner and Depner, J} } @article {, title = {Automatic Processing of Bathymetric Data from Multibeam Echosounders}, volume = {82}, number = {47}, year = {2001}, month = {Dec 10 - Dec 14}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Brian R Calder} } @article {, title = {Modern Surface Morphology of the Eastern Juan de Fuca Strait}, year = {2001}, institution = {Geological Survey of Canada (GSC)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {David C Mosher and Kung, R and Hewitt, A T} } @proceedings {, title = {Subtidal Benthic Habitat Mapping Method Development Using Portsmouth Shallow Survey Data}, year = {2001}, month = {Sep 24 - Sep 24}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {2nd}, address = {Portsmouth, NH, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Randy G Cutter Jr. and Larry A Mayer and Yuri Rzhanov} } @proceedings {, title = {Interactive 3D visualization and analysis of multi-sensor, multi-relolution data sets}, year = {2001}, month = {Sep 24 - Sep 24}, edition = {2nd}, address = {Portsmouth, NH, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Lindsay Gee and Paton, Mark and Larry A Mayer and Colin Ware and James V. Gardner and Depner, J} } @book {, title = {The Electronic Chart: A Revolution in Marine Navigation}, series = {The Electronic Chart: A Revolution in Marine Navigation}, year = {2001}, publisher = {Geomatics Information \& Trading Center - GITC}, organization = {Geomatics Information \& Trading Center - GITC}, address = {Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Hecht, H and Berking, B and Buttgenbach, G and Jonas, M and Alexander, Lee} } @article {, title = {The High Frequency Backscattering Angular Response of Gassy Sediments: Model/Data Comparisons from the Eel River Margin, California}, volume = {111}, number = {6}, year = {2001}, pages = {2621-2631}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, address = {Melville, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Fonseca, Luciano and Larry A Mayer and Orange, Dan and Driscoll, Neal W} } @article {, title = {250,000 Years of Glacier Advance and Retreat in Southern Alaska Recorded by Ice-rafted Debris in Deep-sea Cores from the Northeast Pacific}, year = {2001}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Bornold, B D and Hewitt, A T and McDonald, D} } @article {, title = {Oyster River Project: Mapping of Historic and Present Navigation Channel: Interim Report}, year = {2001}, institution = {US Army Corps of Engineers(USACE)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @proceedings {, title = {From High-Denisty Bathymetry to Next Generation ENC}, year = {2001}, month = {Oct 7 - Oct 9}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {2nd}, address = {Singapore, Singapore, Singapore}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee and Brennan, Rick T} } @article {, title = {Filtering and Intergrating Visual Information with Motion}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, year = {2001}, pages = {66-79}, publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Bartram, L and Colin Ware} } @proceedings {, title = {Simultaneous Display of Chart and Navigation-related Information}, year = {2001}, pages = {0-0}, address = {St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexander, Lee} } @proceedings {, title = {Improvement of Image Alignment Using Camera Attitude Information}, year = {2001}, month = {Aug 13 - Aug 16}, pages = {0-4}, edition = {6th}, address = {Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Yuri Rzhanov and Huff, Lloyd C and Randy G Cutter Jr.} } @article {3970, title = {Automatic Processing of Bathymetric Data from Multibeam Echosounders}, year = {2001}, month = {December 10-14}, publisher = {American Geophysical Union }, address = {San Francisco, CA}, keywords = {automatic processing, bathymetric data, multibeam echosounders}, author = {Brian R Calder} } @proceedings {2972, title = {Comparing Historical and Contemporary Hydrographic Data Sets: An Example from Great Bay, New Hampshire}, year = {2001}, month = {Sep 24 - Sep 24}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {2nd}, address = {Portsmouth, NH, USA}, keywords = {Great Bay, Other}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Andrew A. Armstrong and Brian R Calder and Larry A Mayer} } @proceedings {2983, title = {Comparison of Acoustic Techniques, Videography, and Quadrant Sampling for Characterizing Subtidal Oyster Reefs}, year = {2001}, month = {Apr 14 - Apr 18}, edition = {94th}, chapter = {Annual}, address = {Mystic, CT, USA}, keywords = {Great Bay, Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Adams, J R and Semme J Dijkstra and Raymond E Grizzle and Nelson, J and Larry G Ward} } @article {2719, title = {Designing with a 2 1/2-D Attitude}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, year = {2001}, pages = {255-262}, publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing Company}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware} } @proceedings {2974, title = {Error Estimation of Bathymetric Grid Models Derived from Historic and Contemporary Data Sets}, year = {2001}, month = {May 21 - May 24}, pages = {0-17}, address = {Norfolk, VA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Brian R Calder and Larry A Mayer and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @article {3972, title = {On the Estimation of Errors in Gridded Bathymetric Compilations}, year = {2001}, month = {December 10-14}, publisher = {American Geophysical Union }, address = {San Francisco, CA}, keywords = {estimation of errors, gridded bathymetric compilations}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Brian R Calder and Larry A Mayer and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @article {3439, title = {On the Estimation of Errors in Sparse Bathymetric Geophysical Data Sets}, volume = {82}, number = {20}, year = {2001}, month = {May 29 - Jun 2}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Spring Meeting}, address = {Boston, MA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Brian R Calder and Larry A Mayer and Andrew A. Armstrong} } @proceedings {2980, title = {GeoZui3D: Data Fusion for Interpreting Oceanographic Data}, year = {2001}, month = {Nov 5 - Nov 8}, pages = {2498-2502}, address = {Honolulu, HI, USA}, keywords = {GeoZui4D}, author = {Colin Ware and Plumlee, Matt D and Roland Arsenault and Larry A Mayer and Smith, Shep M and House, Don H} } @article {3407, title = {Hypsometry and Volume of the Arctic Ocean and Its Constituent{\textquoteright}s Seas}, year = {2001}, month = {Nov 5 - Nov 7}, pages = {0-0}, address = {St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Martin Jakobsson} } @article {3409, title = {Improvement to the International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO): Updating the Data Base and the Grid Model}, volume = {84}, year = {2001}, month = {Dec 10 - Dec 14}, pages = {1-5}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Cherkis, Norman} } @article {2722, title = {Mapping Southern Puget Sound Delta Fronts after the 2001 Nisqually Earthquake}, volume = {82}, number = {42}, year = {2001}, pages = {485-489}, publisher = {American Geophysical Union }, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {James V. Gardner} } @article {3974, title = {Martha{\textquoteright}s Vineyard Survey: Data collected by Bill Schwab and Bill Danforth - USGS}, year = {2001}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Larry A Mayer} } @article {3973, title = {The Maximum Extent of the Saalian and Weichselian Glaciations in Eurasis}, year = {2001}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Svendsen, John I and Astakov, Valery and Alexanderson, H and Demidov, I and Dowdeswell, J and Gataulin, V. and Henriksen, M and Hjort, C and Martin Jakobsson} } @mastersthesis {1807, title = {A Model for Backscattering Angular Response of Gassy Sediments: Applications to Petroleum Exploration and Development Programs}, volume = {Ocean Engineering}, year = {2001}, month = {12/2001}, pages = {131}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

The location and distribution of near-surface gas in continental margins is of particular interest for oil exploration and development programs. The presence of gas seepages can be evidence of the possible existence of subsurface hydrocarbon reservoirs. Gas is also a potential hazard for offshore facilities, as it decreases the strength of unconsolidated sediments increasing the risk of seafloor failures and slumps.

Acoustic remote sensing systems such as multibeam and sidescan sonars can be used for mapping and detection of near-surface gas in marine sediments. These systems provide a realistic depiction of the seafloor by means of the simultaneous acquisition of co-registered high-resolution bathymetry and calibrated seafloor backscatter. The recognition of gas signatures in acoustic remote sensing data depends on the proper modeling of the acoustic backscatter response. In this thesis, a high frequency backscatter model that takes into account the amount of free gas in the sediments is proposed. Inversion of this model is used to estimate the distribution of near-surface gas in the sedimentary basin Additionally, analysis of backscatter images and detailed bathymetry reveals anomalous seafloor features, which are associated with gas expulsion.

The acoustic remote sensing data is analyzed in conjunction with other layers of information available in the exploration region, including a core database, structural maps, location of wells, geochemical data and geophysical data. This analysis attempts to link anomalous acoustic backscatter on the seafloor to sub-surface structures, a necessary step toward the understanding of the stratigraphic or tectonic control of seafloor seepages. New visualization techniques, which take advantage of 3D tools and GIS integration, are used to help analyze and understand these complex relationships in a natural and intuitive manner.

}, keywords = {Applied sciences; Earth sciences; Angular response; Backscattering; Gassy sediments; Petroleum exploration}, author = {Fonseca, Luciano} } @proceedings {2965, title = {Moving Icons, Detection and Distraction}, year = {2001}, month = {Jul 9 - Jul 13}, pages = {0-9}, address = {Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Bartram, L and Colin Ware and Calvert, T} } @article {2711, title = {Physiography and Late Quaternary-Holocene Processes of Northeastern Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf off Mississippi and Alabama}, number = {2}, year = {2001}, pages = {132-157}, publisher = {Marine Environmental Sciences Consortium of Alabama}, keywords = {Other}, author = {James V. Gardner and Dartnell, Peter and Sulak, K J and Brian R Calder and Hellequin, L} } @article {6534, title = {A Preliminary Assessment of Tidal Flooding Along the New Hampshire Coast: Past, Present and Future}, year = {2001}, month = {December 21}, pages = {67}, institution = {University of New Hampshire}, address = {Durham, NH}, abstract = {

This report presents the results of a preliminary study that examines several critical coastal issues for New Hampshire including sea level fluctuations (past, present and future), shoreline migrations, and tidal flooding. Included are: 1) an analysis of sea level changes over the Holocene and resulting shoreline migrations, 2) an assessment of low-lying areas with elevations below selected tidal flooding datums in coastal areas, and 3) an assessment of increases in low-lying areas that are potentially at risk to tidal flooding over the next century due to sea level rise.

}, author = {Larry G Ward and J.R. Adams} } @article {3406, title = {Seafloor Characterization from Spatial Variation of Multibeam Backscatter vs. Grazing Angle}, volume = {83}, number = {47}, year = {2001}, month = {Dec 10 - Dec 14}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Hou, Tianhang and Huff, Lloyd C and Yuri Rzhanov and Larry A Mayer} } @proceedings {2970, title = {Seafloor Characterization Using Vertical Incidence Echosounders: A Study in Portsmouth Harbor and the Great Bay Estuary, New Hampshire}, year = {2001}, month = {Sep 24 - Sep 24}, pages = {0-0}, edition = {2nd}, address = {Portsmouth, NH, USA}, keywords = {Great Bay, Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Semme J Dijkstra} } @proceedings {2979, title = {Sensor-Assisted Video Mosaicing for Seafloor Mapping}, year = {2001}, month = {Oct 7 - Oct 10}, pages = {0-4}, address = {St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada}, keywords = {Great Bay, Other}, author = {Yuri Rzhanov and Randy G Cutter Jr. and Huff, Lloyd C} } @article {3405, title = {The STRATAFORM GIS: Interactive Exploration in 2 and 3 Dimensions}, volume = {82}, number = {47}, year = {2001}, month = {Dec 10 - Dec 14}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Larry A Mayer and Fonseca, Luciano and Paton, Mark and McLeod, Pam and Martin Jakobsson} } @article {3971, title = {Surficial Backscatter of the Eel River Margin: IT{\textquoteright}S JUST GAS!}, year = {2001}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Fonseca, Luciano and Larry A Mayer and Yun, Janet and Driscoll, Neal W and Orange, Dan} } @article {2712, title = {Using Perceptual Syntax to Enhance Semantic Content in Diagrams}, volume = {21}, number = {5}, year = {2001}, pages = {76-85}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Irani, P and Colin Ware and Tingley, M} } @article {3408, title = {Volumes and Areas of Early Weichselian Ice Dammed Lakes in Northern Russia}, year = {2001}, month = {Dec 10 - Dec 14}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Mangerud, Jan and Astakov, Valery and Svendsen, John I} } @article {, title = {Multibeam sonar backscatter lineaments and anthropogenic organi components in lacustrine silty clay, evidence of shipping in western Lake Ontario}, volume = {43}, year = {2000}, pages = {307-324}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Lewis, C F and Larry A Mayer and Mukhopadhyay, P K and Kruge, M A and Coakley, J P and Smith, D M} } @proceedings {, title = {Interactive 3-D Visualization: A tool for seafloor navigation, exploration, and engineering}, year = {2000}, month = {Sep 11 - Sep 14}, pages = {913-920}, address = {Providence, RI, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Larry A Mayer and Pato, C W and Lindsay Gee and James V. Gardner and Colin Ware} } @article {, title = {TracEd: A Remote Acoustic Seafloor Characterization System for Use with Vertical Incidence Echosounders}, year = {2000}, pages = {1211-1217}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Semme J Dijkstra and Larry A Mayer} } @article {, title = {Physical Properties and Their Relation to High Frequency Climate Change as Recoded by IMAGES Cores From the Labrador Sea}, volume = {81}, number = {48}, year = {2000}, month = {Dec 15 - Dec 19}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Weber, M E and Larry A Mayer and Hillaire-Marcel, C} } @article {, title = {High-resolution Multibeam Mapping of Crater Lake, Oregon}, volume = {81}, number = {48}, year = {2000}, month = {Dec 15 - Dec 19}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {James V. Gardner and Larry A Mayer and Buktenica, M and Bacon, C R and Dartnell, Peter and Hellequin, L and Ramsey, D W and Robinson, J E} } @article {, title = {Statistical Processing of Multibeam Sonar Data from SAX-99}, volume = {81}, number = {48}, year = {2000}, month = {Dec 15 - Dec 19}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Brian R Calder and Yuri Rzhanov and Fonseca, Luciano and Larry A Mayer and Flood, R D} } @article {, title = {On Optimal Shading for Arrays of Irregularly-spaced or Noncoplanar Elements}, volume = {25}, number = {4}, year = {2000}, pages = {553-567}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Gallaudet, T C and de Moustier, Christian} } @book {, title = {Information Visualization Perception for Design}, series = {Information Visualization: Perception for Design}, year = {2000}, pages = {438}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufman}, organization = {Morgan Kaufman}, edition = {1}, address = {Burlington, MA, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware} } @article {, title = {Joe Kravitz and the Chirp Sonar: The Vision of a Prophet, the Patience of a Saint}, volume = {81}, number = {48}, year = {2000}, month = {Dec 15 - Dec 19}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Larry A Mayer and LeBlanc, L R and Schock, Steven G} } @article {, title = {Multibeam Bathymetry and Backscatter at 300 kHz in the SAX99 Study Area, West Florida Shelf}, volume = {81}, number = {48}, year = {2000}, month = {Dec 15 - Dec 19}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Flood, R D and Vicki L Ferrini and Larry A Mayer} } @article {, title = {Morphology and processes in Lake Tahoe (California-Nevada)}, volume = {112}, number = {5}, year = {2000}, pages = {736-746}, publisher = {The Geological Society of America (GSA)}, keywords = {Other}, author = {James V. Gardner and Larry A Mayer and John E. Hughes Clarke} } @article {, title = {The Development of Chirp Sonar Technology and Its Applications}, volume = {81}, number = {48}, year = {2000}, month = {Dec 15 - Dec 19}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Schock, Steven G and LeBlanc, L R and Larry A Mayer} } @article {, title = {Modeling High-Frequency Seafloor Backscattering of Gassy Sediments: The Eel River Margin Case}, volume = {81}, number = {48}, year = {2000}, month = {Dec 15 - Dec 19}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Fonseca, Luciano and Larry A Mayer} } @proceedings {2958, title = {Diagrams Based on Structured Object Perception}, year = {2000}, month = {May 23 - May 26}, pages = {61-67}, address = {Palermo, Palermo, Italy}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Irani, P and Colin Ware} } @proceedings {2960, title = {Eye-Hand Co-ordination with Force Feedback}, year = {2000}, month = {Apr 1 - Apr 6}, pages = {0-8}, address = {The Hague, South Holland, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Roland Arsenault and Colin Ware} } @article {6010, title = {"Kerplunking": Surface Fluke-Splashes During Shallow-Water Bottom Foraging by Bottlenose Dolphins}, volume = {16 (3)}, year = {2000}, pages = {646-653}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, keywords = {Bottlenose Dolphins, Bottom Foraging, Kerplunking, Surface Fluke-Splashes}, doi = {10.1111/j.1748-7692.2000.tb00959.x}, author = {R.C. Connor and M.R. Heithaus and P. Berggren and Jennifer Miksis-Olds} } @article {3969, title = {Modeling High-Frequency Seafloor Backscattering of Gassy Sediments: The Eel River Margin Case}, year = {2000}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Fonseca, Luciano and Larry A Mayer} } @article {2703, title = {The NOAA Joint Hydrographic Center and the UNH Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping: An Educational and Research Partnership of the Federal Government}, volume = {1}, year = {2000}, pages = {705-710}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Andrew A. Armstrong and Larry A Mayer} } @article {3404, title = {OSL Dating Supports "High" Sedimentation Rates in Central Arctic Ocean}, volume = {81}, number = {48}, year = {2000}, month = {Dec 6 - Dec 10}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Martin Jakobsson and Murray, Andrew and Backman, Jan and Lovlie, Reidar} } @article {5001, title = {Using high-resolution multibeam bathymetry to identify seafloor surface rupture along the Palos Verdes fault complex in offshore southern California}, volume = {28}, year = {2000}, month = {2000}, pages = {587-590}, publisher = {Geological Society of America}, address = {Boulder, CO}, author = {Marlow, M.S and James V. Gardner and Normark, W.R.} } @proceedings {, title = {The STRATAFORM GIS}, year = {1999}, pages = {0-0}, address = {St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Larry A Mayer and Fonseca, Luciano and Pacheco, M and Galway, S and Martinez, J and Hou, Tianhang} } @article {, title = {The target strength of the northern right whale (Eubalaena glacialis)}, volume = {105}, number = {2}, year = {1999}, pages = {0-992}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, address = {Melville, NY, USA}, keywords = {Whale Tracking}, author = {Miller, J H and Potter, D C and Thomas C Weber and Felix, J} } @proceedings {, title = {Visualizing Causal Relations}, year = {1999}, month = {Oct 24 - Oct 29}, pages = {39-42}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware and Neufeld, E M and Bartram, L} } @article {, title = {Sedimentology of the New Hampshire Inner Continental Shelf Based on Subbottom Seismics, Side Scan Sonar, Bathymetry and Bottom Samples}, volume = {17}, year = {1999}, pages = {165-172}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Larry G Ward and Birch, F S} } @article {, title = {The dependence of target strength of the northern right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) on the acoustic properties of blubber}, volume = {106}, number = {4}, year = {1999}, pages = {0-2163}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, address = {Melville, NY, USA}, keywords = {Whale Tracking}, author = {Miller, J H and Thomas C Weber and Tuttle, A and Potter, D C} } @article {4909, title = {Benefits of Geographic Information Systems for State and Regional Ocean Management}, year = {1999}, month = {October 1999}, institution = {Oregon State University }, chapter = {Oregon Sea Grant, Special Report 99-01}, address = {Corvallis, OR, USA}, abstract = {

The principal goal of this study was to determine the potential benefits of using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to manage marine resources and ocean space, emphasizing state ocean interests. We also wanted to know how these benefits might foster more integration in ocean management, as well as more equity, efficiency, and effectiveness in decision making. Another question was the perceived value and utility of the regional approaches, such as the Southeast Ocean Planning Information System (OPIS), versus less ambitious, more limited geographic area approaches. The role of the Internet in GIS data sharing was also of interest, given the exponential growth in its use over the last decade and expected growth in the future. To answer these questions, we developed 23 coastal state \“profiles\” on ocean management activities and GIS use, based on literature review and interviews of key state personnel. Two states that illustrated a range of ocean management activism were selected for more in-depth cases (Maine and Florida), along with the regional Southeast OPIS. Because of its proximity to the researchers, Oregon was also examined in more depth than other states, but was not the subject of a full case study. In addition, a special workshop in conjunction with the conference, Coastal Geotools 99, was held to get face-to-face perspectives and examples to supplement the interview and case study process.

}, keywords = {Sea grant; Geographic Information Systems; Ocean Management}, url = {ftp://reef.csc.noaa.gov/pub/opis/bnftrpt.pdf}, author = {Good, James W.}, editor = {Derek Sowers} } @proceedings {2955, title = {Data handling methods and target detection results for multibeam and sidescan data collected as part of the search for SwissAir Flight 111}, year = {1999}, month = {Oct 20 - Oct 23}, pages = {0-11}, edition = {1st}, chapter = {International}, address = {St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {John E. Hughes Clarke and Larry A Mayer and Shaw, J and Parrott, R and Lamplugh, Mike and Bradford, J} } @article {5002, title = {High-resolution multibeam bathymetry of East and West Flower Gardens and Stetson Banks, Gulf of Mexico}, volume = {16}, year = {1999}, month = {19998}, pages = {131-143}, author = {James V. Gardner}, editor = {Larry A Mayer} } @proceedings {2954, title = {Mapping a Continental Shelf and Slope in the 1990s: A Tale of Three Multibeams}, year = {1999}, month = {Oct 20 - Oct 23}, pages = {0-11}, edition = {1st}, chapter = {International}, address = {Sydney, Australia}, keywords = {Other}, author = {James V. Gardner and John E. Hughes Clarke and Larry A Mayer and Kleiner, A and Paton, Mark} } @article {2698, title = {Rotating Virtual Objects with Real Handles}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, year = {1999}, pages = {162-180}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware and Rose, Jeff} } @inbook {5003, title = {Using multibeam sonar surveys for submarine landslide investigations}, booktitle = {Slope Stability Engineering}, year = {1999}, month = {05/1999}, pages = {127-134}, publisher = {Balkema}, organization = {Balkema}, author = {Locat, J and James V. Gardner and Lee, H J and Larry A Mayer and John E. Hughes Clarke} } @proceedings {, title = {Real Handles, Virtual Images}, year = {1998}, month = {Apr 18 - Apr 23}, pages = {235-236}, address = {Los Angeles, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Colin Ware and Rose, Jeff} } @article {, title = {Semivariogram textural classification of JERS-1 (Fuyo-1) SAR data obtained over a flooded area of the Amazon rainforest}, volume = {19}, year = {1998}, pages = {549-556}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Miranda, F P and Fonseca, Luciano and Carr, J} } @proceedings {, title = {High Resolution Side-Scan and Seismic Images of Landslides on the Northern California Continental Shelf}, year = {1998}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {Fall Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Driscoll, Neal W and Orange, Dan and Fonseca, Luciano and Larry A Mayer} } @article {, title = {Variations in sedimentary environments and accretionary processes in estuarine marshes undergoing rapid sea level rise, Chesapeake Bay}, volume = {151}, year = {1998}, pages = {111-134}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Seafloor Characterization}, author = {Larry G Ward and Kearney, M S and Stevenson, J C} } @article {2694, title = {Dynamic adjustment of stereo display parameters}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, year = {1998}, pages = {56-65}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware and Gobrecht, Cyril and Paton, Mark} } @article {2690, title = {The limits of spatial resolution achievable using a 30kHz multibeam sonar: model predictions and field results}, volume = {3}, year = {1998}, pages = {1823-1827}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {John E. Hughes Clarke and James V. Gardner and Torresan, M and Larry A Mayer} } @article {2693, title = {Visualization of large nested graphs in 3D: Navigation and Interaction}, volume = {9}, year = {1998}, pages = {299-317}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Parker, Greg and Franck, Glenn and Colin Ware} } @proceedings {, title = {Layout for Visualizing Large Software Structures in 3D}, year = {1997}, month = {Dec 15 - Dec 17}, pages = {215-223}, chapter = {2nd}, address = {San Diego, CA, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware and Franck, Glenn and Parkhi, G and Dudley, T} } @article {, title = {Three Dimensional Imaging of the Belousov Zhabotinsky Reaction using Magnetic Resonance}, volume = {15}, number = {6}, year = {1997}, pages = {719-728}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Cross, A R and Armstrong, R L and Gobrecht, Cyril and Paton, Mark and Colin Ware} } @proceedings {, title = {Interactive 3-D Tools for Pipeline Route Planning}, volume = {2}, year = {1997}, month = {Oct 6 - Oct 9}, pages = {1216-1222}, address = {Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Paton, Mark and Larry A Mayer and Colin Ware} } @proceedings {2951, title = {Context Sensitive Flying Interface}, year = {1997}, month = {Jun 23 - Jun 27}, pages = {39-46}, address = {Hasselt, Limburg, Belgium}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware and Fleet, D} } @article {2689, title = {Selection using a one-eyed cursor in a Fish Tank VR environment}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, year = {1997}, pages = {309-322}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware and Lowther, Kathy} } @article {, title = {Multimedia Output Devices and Techniques}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, year = {1996}, pages = {181-183}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware} } @proceedings {, title = {Corre\ç\ões radiom\étricas dos dados sonogr\áficos da Bacia de Campos (Radiometric Corrections of sidescan sonar data from Campos Basin.)}, year = {1996}, pages = {0-0}, chapter = {8th}, address = {Salvador, Bahia, Brazil}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Fonseca, Luciano} } @proceedings {, title = {Moving Motion Metaphors}, year = {1996}, month = {Apr 13 - Apr 18}, pages = {225-226}, address = {Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware} } @proceedings {, title = {Research Cooperation Between the National Space Development Agency of Japan and Petrobras for Monitoring a Tropical Rain Forest Environment using JERS-1 Sar Data: Preliminary Results of Geologic Studies}, year = {1996}, pages = {647-648}, chapter = {8th}, address = {Salvador, Bahia, Brazil}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Miranda, F P and Bentz, C and Fonseca, Luciano and Almeida, R} } @proceedings {, title = {Vection}, year = {1996}, month = {Apr 13 - Apr 18}, pages = {233-234}, address = {Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Lowther, Kathy and Colin Ware} } @proceedings {, title = {Structuring the First Course In HCI}, year = {1996}, month = {Aug 1 - Aug 5}, pages = {69-73}, chapter = {4th Annual}, address = {Dublin, Leinster, Ireland}, keywords = {Other}, author = {L. Johnson and Colin Ware} } @article {, title = {Analysis of JERS-1 SAR data for vegetation discrimination in northwestern Brasil using the semivariogram textural classifier (STC)}, volume = {17}, number = {17}, year = {1996}, pages = {3523-3529}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Miranda, F P and Fonseca, Luciano and Carr, J and Taranik, J} } @proceedings {, title = {In-Situ Far-Field Calibration of Multibeam Sonar Arrays for Precise Backscatter Imagery}, year = {1996}, month = {Sep 23 - Sep 26}, pages = {47-49}, chapter = {Prospects for the 21st Century}, address = {St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Fusillo, Larry and de Moustier, Christian and Satriano, John H and Zietz, Stanley} } @proceedings {, title = {PVMtrace: A 3D distibuted program visualizer}, year = {1996}, month = {Jun 5 - Jun 7}, chapter = {10th Annual }, address = {Ottawa, Ontario, Canada}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Gobrecht, Cyril and Bhavsar, V and Colin Ware} } @article {2687, title = {Evaluating Stereo and Motion Cues for Visualizing Information Nets in Three Dimensions}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, year = {1996}, pages = {121-139}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware and Franck, Glenn} } @proceedings {, title = {Aplica{\~A}{\textsection}{\~A}{\textsterling}o de geoprocessamento, processamento digital de imagens e fotogrametria terrestre no rastreamento litofaciol{\~A}{\textthreesuperior}gico de afloramentos (Use of geoprocessing, digital image processing and terrestrial photogrametry for tracing lithof}, year = {1995}, pages = {0-0}, address = {Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brazil}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Fonseca, Luciano and Carrasco, B} } @article {, title = {Using Visual Texture for Information Display}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, year = {1995}, pages = {3-20}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware and Knight, W} } @proceedings {, title = {Algorithm for dynamic disparity adjustment}, volume = {2409}, year = {1995}, month = {Feb 5 - Feb 7}, pages = {150-156}, chapter = {Electronic Imaging }, address = {San Jose, CA, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware and Gobrecht, Cyril and Paton, Mark} } @proceedings {, title = {Acquisition of sonography, bathymetric and high-frequency profile data in Campos Basin}, year = {1995}, month = {Aug 20 - Aug 24}, address = {Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Piauilino, P and Fonseca, Luciano and Maldonado, P} } @proceedings {, title = {Dynamic Stereo Displays}, year = {1995}, month = {May 7 - May 11}, pages = {311-316}, address = {Denver, CO, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware} } @proceedings {2940, title = {The DragMag Image Magnifier}, year = {1995}, month = {May 7 - May 11}, pages = {407-408}, address = {Denver, CO, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware and Lewis, Marlon} } @proceedings {2936, title = {Use of geographical information system, digital image processing and terrestrial photogrametry for tracing elements and lithofacies on outcrop images}, year = {1995}, address = {Edinburgh, UK}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Fonseca, Luciano and Carrasco, B} } @article {, title = {First Results From a Deep Tow Multibeam Echo-Sounder*}, year = {1994}, pages = {244-249}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {de Moustier, Christian and Spiess, F N and Pantzartzis, D and Zimmerman, R and Lawhead, R M and Pavlicek, F V} } @proceedings {, title = {Virtual Hand Tool with Force Feedback}, year = {1994}, month = {Apr 24 - Apr 28}, pages = {83-84}, address = {Boston, MA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Balakrishnan, Ravin and Colin Ware and Smith, T} } @proceedings {, title = {Representing Nodes and Arcs in 3D Networks}, year = {1994}, month = {Oct 4 - Oct 7}, pages = {189-190}, address = {St. Louis, MO, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Franck, Glenn and Colin Ware} } @article {, title = {Geometric Corrections on Sidescan Sonar Images Based on Bathymetry. Application with SeaMARC II and Sea Beam Data}, volume = {16}, year = {1994}, pages = {365-383}, publisher = {Springer Publisher}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Cervenka, P and de Moustier, Christian and Lonsdale, P F} } @proceedings {, title = {Passive Force Feedback for Velocity Control}, year = {1994}, month = {Apr 24 - Apr 28}, pages = {255-256}, address = {Boston, MA, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Paton, Mark and Colin Ware} } @article {, title = {Application of a maximum likelihood processor to acoustic backscatter for the estimation of seafloor roughness parameters}, volume = {95}, number = {5}, year = {1994}, pages = {2467-2477}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, address = {Melville, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Michalopoulou, Z and de Moustier, Christian} } @proceedings {, title = {Viewing a Graph in a Virtual Reality Display is Three Times as Good as a 2D Diagram}, year = {1994}, month = {Oct 4 - Oct 7}, pages = {182-183}, address = {St. Louis, MO, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware and Franck, Glenn} } @article {, title = {Postprocessing and Corrections of Bathymetry Derived from Sidscan Sonar Systems: Application with SeaMARC II}, volume = {19}, number = {4}, year = {1994}, pages = {619-629}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Cervenka, P and de Moustier, Christian} } @article {, title = {Accuracy of the Spatial Representation of the Seafloor with Bathymetric Sidescan Sonars}, volume = {16}, year = {1994}, pages = {407-425}, publisher = {Springer Publisher}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Cervenka, P and Herzfeld, Ute C and de Moustier, Christian} } @proceedings {, title = {Target acquisition in Fish Tank VR: The effects of Lag and Frame Rate}, year = {1994}, month = {May 18 - May 20}, pages = {1-7}, address = {Banff, Alberta, Canada}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware and Balakrishnan, Ravin} } @proceedings {, title = {The GIS and image processing state of the art in PETROBRAS}, year = {1994}, month = {Sep 26 - Sep 30}, address = {Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Bentz, C and Fonseca, Luciano and Miranda, F P and Cunha, F} } @article {2683, title = {Object Acquisition in VR displays: Lag and Frame Rate}, volume = {1}, number = {4}, year = {1994}, pages = {331-357}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware and Balakrishnan, Ravin} } @article {, title = {Seafloor Acoustic Remote Sensing with Multibeam Echo-Sounders and Bathymetric Sidescan Sonar Systems}, volume = {15}, year = {1993}, pages = {27-42}, publisher = {Springer Publisher}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {de Moustier, Christian and Matsumoto, Haruyoshi} } @proceedings {, title = {Application of high-resolution beamforming to multibeam swath bathymetry}, volume = {2}, year = {1993}, month = {Oct 18 - Oct 21}, pages = {77-82}, address = {St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Pantzartzis, D and de Moustier, Christian and Alexandrou, D} } @inbook {, title = {Signal Processing for Swath Bathymetry and Concurrent Seafloor Acoustic Imaging}, booktitle = {Acoustic Signal Processing for Ocean Exploration}, year = {1993}, pages = {329-354}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic}, organization = {Kluwer Academic}, address = {Amsterdam, North Holland, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Other}, author = {de Moustier, Christian} } @article {, title = {Sidescan Sonar Image Processing Techniques}, volume = {18}, number = {2}, year = {1993}, pages = {108-122}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Cervenka, P and de Moustier, Christian} } @proceedings {, title = {Lag as a Determinant of Human Performance in Iteractive Systems}, year = {1993}, month = {Apr 24 - Apr 29}, pages = {488-493}, chapter = {Proceedings of the INTERACT {\textquoteright}93 and CHI {\textquoteright}93 conference on Human factors in computing systems }, address = {Amsterdam, North Holland, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Other}, author = {MacKenzie, I S and Colin Ware} } @proceedings {, title = {Visualizing Object Oriented Software in Three Dimensions}, year = {1993}, month = {Oct 24 - Oct 28}, pages = {612-620}, address = {Toronto, Ontario, Canada}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware and Franck, Glenn} } @article {, title = {The Foundations of Experimental Semiotics}, volume = {4}, year = {1993}, pages = {91-100}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware} } @article {2677, title = {Evaluating Human Performance for Fishtank Virtual Reality}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, year = {1993}, pages = {239-265}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Arthur, K and Booth, Kellogg S and Colin Ware} } @proceedings {2928, title = {Fishtank Virtual Reality}, year = {1993}, month = {Apr 24 - Apr 29}, pages = {37-42}, chapter = {Proceedings of the INTERACT {\textquoteright}93 and CHI {\textquoteright}93 conference on Human factors in computing systems }, address = {Amsterdam, North Holland, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Colin Ware and Arthur, K and Booth, Kellogg S} } @proceedings {2927, title = {A multi-faceted acoustic ground-truthing experiment in the Bay of Fundy}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, year = {1993}, month = {Oct 24 - Oct 28}, pages = {203-220}, address = {Bath, UK, UK}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Larry A Mayer and John E. Hughes Clarke and David E Wells and Colin Ware} } @article {2673, title = {Thoughts on User Studies: Why, How and When}, year = {1993}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Kosara, R and Healey, C G and Interrante, V and Laidlaw, D H and Colin Ware} } @article {, title = {A System for Cleaning High Volume Bathymetry}, volume = {69}, number = {2}, year = {1992}, pages = {77-94}, publisher = {Geomatics Information \& Trading Center - GITC}, address = {Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware and Slipp, L and Wong, K W and Nickerson, B and David E Wells and Lee, Y C and Dodd, D and Costello, G} } @proceedings {, title = {The Orderable Dimensions of Visual texture Useful for Data Display: Orientation, Size and Contrast}, year = {1992}, month = {May 3 - May 7}, pages = {203-209}, address = {Monterey, CA, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware and Knight, W} } @article {, title = {Downhole logging as a paeoceanographic tool on ocean drilling program leg 138: Interface between high-resolution stratigraphy and regional syntheses}, volume = {7}, number = {6}, year = {1992}, pages = {691-700}, publisher = {American Geophysical Union }, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Lyle, Mitchell and Larry A Mayer and Pisias, Micklas and Hagelburg, Terri and Dadey, Kathy and Bloomer, Stephen and the Shipboard Scientific Party of Leg 138,} } @article {, title = {Simple Animation as a Human Interrupt}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, year = {1992}, pages = {341-348}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware and Bonner, J and Cater, R and Knight, W} } @article {, title = {Differential Phase Estimation with the SeaMARC II Bathymetric Sidescan Sonar System}, volume = {17}, number = {3}, year = {1992}, pages = {239-251}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Masnadi-Shirazi, M A and de Moustier, Christian and Cervenka, P and Zisk, Stanley H} } @proceedings {, title = {3-d visualization of evolutionary spectra of Leg 138 carbonate records}, year = {1992}, month = {Sep 1 - Sep 5}, pages = {192-193}, chapter = {4th}, address = {Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Larry A Mayer and Shackleton, N J and Hagelburg, Terri and Pisias, N G and Colin Ware and Marinelli, K} } @article {2668, title = {Evaluation and Verification of Bottom Acoustic Reverberation Statistics Predicted by the Point Scattering Model}, volume = {91}, number = {3}, year = {1992}, pages = {1403-1413}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, address = {Melville, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexandrou, D and de Moustier, Christian and Haralabus, G} } @article {2672, title = {Manipulating the Future: Predictor Based Feedback for Velocity Control in Virtual Environment Navigation}, volume = {63}, number = {66}, year = {1992}, pages = {63-66}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Chapman, D and Colin Ware} } @proceedings {, title = {Using Velocity Control to Navigate 3D Graphical Environments: A comparison of Three Interfaces}, year = {1991}, month = {Sep 2 - Sep 6}, pages = {300-304}, chapter = {35th Annual Meeting}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware and Slipp, L} } @proceedings {, title = {Ocean Mapping Initiatives in Canada}, year = {1991}, month = {Sep 2 - Sep 6}, pages = {1-7}, address = {Rimouski, Quebec, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {David E Wells and Colin Ware} } @article {, title = {Integrated processing for bathymetry and sidescan data in swath bathymetry sidelooking sonars}, volume = {72}, number = {44}, year = {1991}, pages = {249-250}, publisher = {American Geophysical Union }, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {de Moustier, Christian and Masnadi-Shirazi, M A and Cervenka, P and the Scientific Party of the N Ocean SeaMARC II exp,} } @article {, title = {Memory Intensive Statistical Algorithms for Multibeam Bathymetric Data}, volume = {17}, number = {7}, year = {1991}, pages = {985-993}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware and Knight, W and David E Wells} } @proceedings {, title = {Sidescan Sonar Image Enchancement Using a Decomposition Based on Orthogonal Functions. Applications with Chebyshev Polynomials}, year = {1991}, month = {Oct 1 - Oct 3}, pages = {942-947}, chapter = {Ocean Technologies and Opportunities in the Pacific for the 90{\textquoteright}s}, address = {St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Cervenka, P and de Moustier, Christian} } @article {2664, title = {Angular dependence of 12-kHz seafloor acoustic backscatter}, volume = {90}, number = {1}, year = {1991}, pages = {522-531}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, address = {Melville, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {de Moustier, Christian and Alexandrou, D} } @inbook {, title = {Animation Using Behaviour Functions}, booktitle = {Visual Languages and Application}, year = {1990}, publisher = {Emerald Group Publishing Limited}, organization = {Emerald Group Publishing Limited}, address = {Bingly, West Yorkshire, UK}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Lethbridge, T C and Colin Ware} } @article {, title = {A Color Sequence Editor}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, year = {1990}, pages = {338-341}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Guitard, R and Colin Ware} } @proceedings {, title = {Seafloor Acoustic Remote Sensing with Multibeam Echo-Sounders and Bathymetric Sidescan Sonar Systems}, year = {1990}, pages = {0-6}, address = {St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {de Moustier, Christian and Matsumoto, Haruyoshi} } @article {, title = {The RGYB Color Geometry}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, year = {1990}, pages = {226-232}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware and Cowan, W B} } @article {, title = {Simultaneous Operation of the Sea Beam Multibeam Echo-Sounder and the SeaMARC II Bathymetric Sidescan Sonar System}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, year = {1990}, pages = {84-94}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {de Moustier, Christian and Lonsdale, P F and Shor, A N} } @article {, title = {Using Hand Position for Virtual Object Placement}, volume = {6}, year = {1990}, pages = {245-253}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware} } @article {2663, title = {Explorations and Virtual Camera Control in Virtual Three Dimensional Enivronments}, volume = {24}, number = {2}, year = {1990}, pages = {175-183}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware and Osborne, S} } @proceedings {, title = {Bat Brushes: On the uses of six position and orientation parameters in a paint program}, volume = {189}, year = {1989}, month = {Apr 30 - May 5}, pages = {155-160}, chapter = {Special Issue of SIGCHI}, address = {Austin, TX, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Colin Ware and Baxter, C} } @article {, title = {Geoid and Density Anomalies}, volume = {70}, number = {22}, year = {1989}, pages = {0-625}, publisher = {American Geophysical Union }, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Christou, N and Vanicek, P and Colin Ware} } @proceedings {, title = {Strokes for Representing Univariate Vector Field Maps}, year = {1989}, month = {Jun 19 - Jun 23}, pages = {249-253}, address = {London, Ontario, Canada}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Fowler, D and Colin Ware} } @article {, title = {Sea Beam Survey of an Active Strike-Slip Fault: The San Clemente Fault in the California Continental Borderland}, volume = {94}, number = {2}, year = {1989}, pages = {1727-1744}, publisher = {American Geophysical Union }, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Legg, Mark R and Luyendyk, Bruce P and Mammerickx, Jacqueline and de Moustier, Christian and Tyce, Robert C} } @proceedings {, title = {Displaying Correlations using Position, Motion, PointSize or Point Colour}, year = {1989}, month = {Jun 19 - Jun 23}, pages = {262-265}, address = {London, Ontario, Canada}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Limoges, S and Colin Ware and Knight, W} } @article {, title = {A Simple Heuristically-Based Method for Expressive Stimulus-Response Animations}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, year = {1989}, pages = {297-303}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Lethbridge, T C and Colin Ware} } @proceedings {, title = {ESCIM: A System for the Investigation of Meaningful Motion}, year = {1989}, month = {Jun 19 - Jun 23}, pages = {9-13}, address = {London, Ontario, Canada}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Yang, S H and Colin Ware} } @article {, title = {Fast Hill Shading with Specular Reflection and Cast Shadows}, volume = {15}, year = {1989}, pages = {1327-1334}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware} } @article {, title = {Using Color Dimensions to Display Data Dimensions}, volume = {30}, number = {2}, year = {1988}, pages = {127-142}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware and Beatty, J C} } @proceedings {, title = {Multiple Sound Source Synchronizer for Seafloor Surveying}, year = {1988}, month = {May 5 - May 8}, pages = {0-8}, address = {Houston, TX, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Phillips, J C and Abbott, J L and de Moustier, Christian} } @article {, title = {Adaptive Noise Canceling Applied to Sea Beam Sidelobe Interference Rejection}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, year = {1988}, pages = {70-76}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Alexandrou, D and de Moustier, Christian} } @proceedings {, title = {Multi-Sensor Real-Time Data Acquistion and Preprocessing at Sea}, year = {1988}, month = {Oct 31 - Nov 2}, pages = {509-517}, chapter = {A Partnership of Marine Interests}, address = {St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Moore, J M and Charters, J S and de Moustier, Christian} } @article {, title = {Using the Bat: A Six Dimensional Mouse for Object Placement}, year = {1988}, pages = {65-70}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware and Jessome, D} } @article {, title = {State of the Art in Swath Bathymetry Survey Systems}, volume = {65}, number = {2}, year = {1988}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Geomatics Information \& Trading Center - GITC}, address = {Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Other}, author = {de Moustier, Christian} } @proceedings {, title = {Modifications and Improvements to the Sea Beam System on Board R/V Thomas Washington}, year = {1988}, month = {Oct 31 - Nov 2}, pages = {372-378}, chapter = {A Partnership of Marine Interests}, address = {St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {de Moustier, Christian and Hylas, T and Phillips, J C} } @article {, title = {State of the Art in Swath Bathymetry Survey Systems (in French)}, volume = {65}, number = {2}, year = {1988}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Geomatics Information \& Trading Center - GITC}, address = {Lemmers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Other}, author = {de Moustier, Christian} } @proceedings {, title = {Using the Bat, a Six Dimensional Mouse for Object Placement}, year = {1988}, month = {Jun 6 - Jun 10}, pages = {119-124}, address = {Edmonton, Alberta, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Colin Ware and Jessome, D} } @article {2653, title = {Color Sequences for Univariate Maps: Theory, Experiments and Principles}, volume = {8}, number = {5}, year = {1988}, pages = {41-49}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware} } @proceedings {, title = {A fully transportable Sea Beam complex acoustic data acquisition system}, volume = {3}, year = {1987}, month = {May 2 - May 5}, pages = {269-274}, address = {Houston, TX, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {de Moustier, Christian and Pavlicek, F V} } @article {, title = {Chromatic Mach Bands: Behavioural Evidence for Lateral Inhibition in Color Vision}, volume = {47}, year = {1987}, pages = {173-178}, publisher = {Psychonomic Society}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware and Cowan, W B} } @proceedings {, title = {On-Line Sea Beam Acoustic Imaging}, year = {1987}, month = {Oct 1 - Oct 5}, pages = {1197-1201}, address = {Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {de Moustier, Christian and Pavlicek, F V} } @article {, title = {An evaluation of an Eye Tracker as a Device for Computer Input}, year = {1987}, pages = {183-188}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware and Mikaelian, H} } @proceedings {, title = {Animations Using Behaviour Functions}, year = {1987}, month = {Aug 1 - Aug 5}, address = {Link{\~A}{\textparagraph}ping, {\~A}{\textendash}sterg{\~A}{\textparagraph}tland, Sweden}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Lethbridge, T C and Colin Ware} } @article {, title = {On the Brightness of Colours that Differ in Hue or Saturation}, volume = {28}, number = {4}, year = {1987}, pages = {312-314}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Cowan, W B and Colin Ware} } @article {, title = {Using Colour to Display Structures in Multidimensional Discrete Data}, volume = {11}, year = {1986}, pages = {11-14}, publisher = {Wiley InterScience}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware and Beatty, J C} } @proceedings {, title = {Approaches to Acoustic Backscattering Measurements From the Deep Seafloor}, year = {1986}, pages = {137-143}, address = {St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada}, keywords = {Other}, author = {de Moustier, Christian} } @proceedings {, title = {Choosing a Colour Sequence for Univariate Maps}, year = {1986}, month = {Oct 1 - Oct 5}, pages = {41-45}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Colin Ware} } @article {, title = {Bathymetric Artifacts in Sea Beam Data: How to Recognize Them and What Causes Them}, volume = {91}, number = {3}, year = {1986}, pages = {3407-3424}, publisher = {American Geophysical Union }, address = {Washington DC, Washington DC, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {de Moustier, Christian and Kleinrock, M C} } @article {, title = {Beyond bathymetry: Mapping acoustic backscattering from the deep seafloor with Sea Beam}, volume = {79}, number = {2}, year = {1985}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, address = {Melville, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {de Moustier, Christian} } @article {, title = {Inference of Manganese Nodule Coverage from Sea Beam Acoustic Backscattering Data}, volume = {50}, number = {6}, year = {1985}, pages = {989-1001}, publisher = {Society of Exploration Geophysicists}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {de Moustier, Christian} } @article {, title = {Evidence for an Independent Luminance Channel}, volume = {73}, year = {1983}, pages = {1379-1382}, publisher = {The Optical Society of America}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware} } @article {, title = {The Chromatic Cornsweet Effect}, volume = {11}, year = {1983}, pages = {1075-1077}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware and Cowan, W B} } @article {, title = {Changes in Perceived Color Due to Chromatic Interactions in Striped Test Fields}, volume = {11}, year = {1982}, pages = {1353-1363}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware and Cowan, W B} } @article {, title = {Human Axial Chromatic Aberration Found Not to Decline with Age, Graefes Archiv}, volume = {218}, year = {1982}, pages = {39-41}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware} } @article {, title = {Subjective Contours Independent of Subjective Brightness}, volume = {29}, year = {1981}, pages = {500-504}, publisher = {Psychonomic Society}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware} } @article {, title = {A Coloured Subjective Triangle Due to Assimilation}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, year = {1980}, pages = {103-107}, publisher = {Pion Ltd}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware} } @article {, title = {Illusory Contours Can Arise in Dot Figures}, volume = {7}, year = {1978}, pages = {191-194}, publisher = {Pion Ltd}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Kennedy, J M and Colin Ware} } @article {, title = {Perception of Subjective Lines, Surfaces and Volumes in Three-dimensional Constructions}, volume = {11}, year = {1978}, pages = {111-114}, publisher = {The International Society for the Arts, Sciences, and Technology}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware and Kennedy, J M} } @proceedings {, title = {Contour Perception and Components of the Visual Array}, year = {1977}, month = {Apr 1 - Apr 5}, address = {Rochester, NY, USA}, keywords = {Other}, author = {Colin Ware} } @article {, title = {Illusory Line Linking Solid Rods}, volume = {6}, year = {1977}, pages = {601-602}, publisher = {Pion Ltd}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware and Kennedy, J M} } @article {, title = {Interocular Transfer of a Visual After-Effect in Normal and Stereoblind Humans}, volume = {236}, year = {1974}, pages = {707-721}, publisher = {The Physiological Society}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Mitchell, D E and Colin Ware} } @article {, title = {On Interocular Transfer of Various Visual After-Effects in Normal and Stereoblind Observers}, volume = {14}, year = {1974}, pages = {732-734}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware and Mitchell, D E} } @article {, title = {The Spatial Selectivity of the Tilt After-Effect}, volume = {14}, year = {1974}, pages = {735-737}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Data Visualization}, author = {Colin Ware and Mitchell, D E} }